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"content": "\u003cp>As revelers uncorked wine bottles to celebrate the holidays and ring in the New Year, more of them were celebrating with a glass of California-grown Pinot Noir than a decade ago. But the growing market for this complex, subtle wine could soon run up against climate conditions that make it increasingly difficult to grow top-quality wines in the state, especially ones that do best in cool climates, like Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It just goes to show, scientists say, that which wines become popular has more to do with personal taste and marketing than with warming temperatures and water availability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, a professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. “The public wants it, and so we’re making it, even if it’s not that great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 260,000 tons of Pinot Noir grapes were crushed in California in 2013. That’s four times the 58,000 tons crushed in 2003, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Pinot Noir has been extensively planted in coastal Sonoma County, where the grapes produce top-quality wines. But the grape has also spread to warmer parts of California. In 2013, some 23,000 tons of Pinot Noir were crushed in the hot Central Valley, in the area between Madera and Kern counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinot Noir is a particularly finicky grape, said David Graves, the co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley’s Carneros region, which produces renowned Pinot Noir wines. The marine fog that enters San Francisco Bay blankets Carneros and makes it an ideal place to grow good Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t flourish in a lot of climates. It’s not a very forgiving grape,” said Graves. “It tends to like cooler spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford, Purdue, Utah State University and two other research institutes estimate that by 2040 global warming is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/2/024024/fulltext/\">cut in half the area in Napa and Sonoma valleys\u003c/a> where temperatures are suitable to grow top-quality wine grapes. To come up with their calculations, researchers estimated that global temperature would climb one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit), which is on the lower end of global warming estimates, said Stanford’s Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for long periods of time, can hurt wine quality. To produce good wines, grapes need heat, but it has to be followed by a cooling-off period. Heat produces the sugars that will become alcohol, while cooling slows this process long enough for the compounds that produce the flavors in wine to develop. Temperatures above 95 degrees, without subsequent cooling, degrade compounds called anthocyanins, which give red wines their deep color and contribute to their complex flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The boom in Pinot Noir is part of the consolidation of a handful of well-known, popular wines in the state – Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel. Scientists say that more effort should be put into testing wine varieties new to California that might do well as temperatures climb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a warming climate we need more diversity,” said Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest wine and beer companies, Constellation Brands, is collaborating with UC Davis on research into warm-climate varieties. They’re testing grapes like Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot, which are somewhat known in California already, and some more obscure varieties like white wine grapes Fiano and Petit Manseng, said UC Davis’ Matthew Fidelibus, in charge of the trials at the university’s Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, in Parlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether or not wines made from these grapes catch on depends not just on whether researchers can produce good-quality grapes and abundant yields. Marketing and economics are key, said Walker. And for now, wines like Pinot Noir, which are fetching a good price for growers and are popular at the store, reign supreme, climate predictions aside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video, originally posted on July 31, 2007, was updated on Jan. 6, 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More from QUEST:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California’s Napa Valley has a microclimate that produces world-famous wines, but what happens as the climate warms up? Vintners are using advanced technology to conserve water, while scientists are testing varieties that could replace the cool-climate Pinot Noirs of today.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As revelers uncorked wine bottles to celebrate the holidays and ring in the New Year, more of them were celebrating with a glass of California-grown Pinot Noir than a decade ago. But the growing market for this complex, subtle wine could soon run up against climate conditions that make it increasingly difficult to grow top-quality wines in the state, especially ones that do best in cool climates, like Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73658\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73658\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Andrew-Walker_UC-Davis_02_6-26-07_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. He examines a Listán Prieto vine on the UC Davis campus. This wine grape was brought to California by Spaniards and was the first to be planted in the state. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It just goes to show, scientists say, that which wines become popular has more to do with personal taste and marketing than with warming temperatures and water availability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pinot Noir is being grown in hot areas of California where it doesn’t grow so well,” said Andrew Walker, a professor of viticulture at the University of California, Davis. “The public wants it, and so we’re making it, even if it’s not that great.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 260,000 tons of Pinot Noir grapes were crushed in California in 2013. That’s four times the 58,000 tons crushed in 2003, according to the California Department of Food and Agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Pinot Noir has been extensively planted in coastal Sonoma County, where the grapes produce top-quality wines. But the grape has also spread to warmer parts of California. In 2013, some 23,000 tons of Pinot Noir were crushed in the hot Central Valley, in the area between Madera and Kern counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pinot Noir is a particularly finicky grape, said David Graves, the co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley’s Carneros region, which produces renowned Pinot Noir wines. The marine fog that enters San Francisco Bay blankets Carneros and makes it an ideal place to grow good Pinot Noir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/David_Graves_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Graves, co-owner of Saintsbury Winery, in the Carneros region of the Napa Valley, an area known for the quality of its Pinot Noir wines. Graves stands next to a weather station that monitors conditions in his vineyards. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t flourish in a lot of climates. It’s not a very forgiving grape,” said Graves. “It tends to like cooler spots.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at Stanford, Purdue, Utah State University and two other research institutes estimate that by 2040 global warming is likely to \u003ca href=\"http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/6/2/024024/fulltext/\">cut in half the area in Napa and Sonoma valleys\u003c/a> where temperatures are suitable to grow top-quality wine grapes. To come up with their calculations, researchers estimated that global temperature would climb one degree Celsius (about two degrees Fahrenheit), which is on the lower end of global warming estimates, said Stanford’s Noah Diffenbaugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Temperatures above 95 degrees Fahrenheit, for long periods of time, can hurt wine quality. To produce good wines, grapes need heat, but it has to be followed by a cooling-off period. Heat produces the sugars that will become alcohol, while cooling slows this process long enough for the compounds that produce the flavors in wine to develop. Temperatures above 95 degrees, without subsequent cooling, degrade compounds called anthocyanins, which give red wines their deep color and contribute to their complex flavors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73659\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73659\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2007/07/Pinot_Noir_Saintsbury_winery_2007_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinot Noir is a variety that does well in cool climates and is particularly vulnerable to warming temperatures. These vines were planted at Saintsbury Winery, in Napa Valley. (Photo by Joan Johnson Miller/KQED, 2007).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The boom in Pinot Noir is part of the consolidation of a handful of well-known, popular wines in the state – Chardonnay, Merlot, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel. Scientists say that more effort should be put into testing wine varieties new to California that might do well as temperatures climb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In a warming climate we need more diversity,” said Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest wine and beer companies, Constellation Brands, is collaborating with UC Davis on research into warm-climate varieties. They’re testing grapes like Petite Sirah and Petit Verdot, which are somewhat known in California already, and some more obscure varieties like white wine grapes Fiano and Petit Manseng, said UC Davis’ Matthew Fidelibus, in charge of the trials at the university’s Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, in Parlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whether or not wines made from these grapes catch on depends not just on whether researchers can produce good-quality grapes and abundant yields. Marketing and economics are key, said Walker. And for now, wines like Pinot Noir, which are fetching a good price for growers and are popular at the store, reign supreme, climate predictions aside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video, originally posted on July 31, 2007, was updated on Jan. 6, 2015.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More from QUEST:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/30/warm-temps-mean-less-snow-for-the-sierra/\">Warm Temps Mean Less Snow for the Sierra\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/08/californias-drought-is-it-global-warming/\">California’s Drought: Is it Global Warming?\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fill up a glass of water to quench your thirst. Wonder where it comes from? Chances are it’s from underground water sources called aquifers, which provide fresh water for most people on Earth. Unlike highly visible rivers and streams or lakes and ponds, aquifers are beneath the surface, so finding them is tricky\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71469\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71469 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Goeke\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke shows how a rocky outcrop is a model for understanding an aquifer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water scientists, like University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke, know where to look for clues to groundwater deposits. Goeke took us to a rocky outcrop along a rural highway to see exposed layers of rock, sand, and gravel. “Aquifers are water-saturated layers of gravels and sands,” he said. “The open spaces between these grains store and transmit water. These outcrops give us an idea of what aquifers look like below the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Great Plains is one of the world’s largest aquifer systems, stretching from the Dakotas to Texas. Other regions in the U.S. contain a patchwork of aquifers, so locating them is no easy task. And as more states grapple with prolonged drought, it’s become critical for leaders of natural resource districts to map and manage aquifers that provide water for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71472\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71472\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling core samples is how hydrogeologists map aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, Jim Goeke and his colleagues have had only one practical option to find aquifers. They drill a series of test holes in search of samples of sediments that store and transmit water. “Depending on where you are, you can find sands and gravels and silts and clays,” explained Goeke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71490\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples-187x169.jpg\" alt=\"Drill Core Samples\" width=\"150\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydrogeologist Jim Goeke examines drill core samples.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At each drill hole, geologists analyze the samples, layer by layer, to map the water-bearing sands and gravels that form aquifers. But drilling is costly and time consuming, so test holes are only drilled every three to six miles. And since they are so far apart, geologists can only estimate the shape of an aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71501\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71501\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Cannia\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Cannia is a geologist for Exploration Resources International.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Cannia, a geologist for Exploration Resources International, “Our method has been analyzing a series of drill holes and using our training and imagination to fill in the dots between sites to define aquifers.” So, getting results from drill surveys may take months or years to complete. That’s been the practice for 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Cannia is meeting with leaders of Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District to use a new option. Cannia’s company is pioneering a high-tech device to detect groundwater reserves that can map aquifers in a matter of days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71492\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71492 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM Rig\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians prepare the SkyTEM rig for aerial mapping.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tool is called SkyTEM. It’s an aerial geophysical survey system -- towed by helicopter -- that measures aquifers electronically. SkyTEM uses electromagnetics, a global positioning system, lasers, loggers, and a computer strapped to a giant hexagon-shaped frame. Constructed from nonconductive fiberglass and wood, the frame will not interfere with SkyTEM’s electronics as they probe the ground for electrically conductive layers. Ringing the bottom of the frame is a cable of wound copper wires that acts as a transmitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71479\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"in flight, the SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers from 100 feet in the air.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the helicopter flies 50 miles per hour, it pulls the SkyTEM rig 100 feet above the ground, traveling back and forth in parallel lines along a predetermined mapped grid. The target for this survey is a 150-square-mile area in southeast Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannia explained that SkyTEM creates precise records by shooting rapid-fire electromagnetic waves, similar to radio signals, into the ground every 9 feet -- to a depth of 900 feet -- all the way to bedrock. “The rocks feel that radio signal and then get a little energy and send energy back out,” said Cannia. “It says, ‘I’m a sandstone’ or ‘I’m a sand and gravel body’ or ‘I’m clay and silt.’ And that’s what we’re mapping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71478\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71478 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM sends electromagnetic waves into the ground to map sands and gravels that make up aquifers. Graphic: Scott Beachler/NET Television.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM measures electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity. The sand and gravel aquifer materials resist. “So, that’s what we want to see if you want to know where the aquifer is,” he added. But clays and silts are electrically conductive, like putty. Cannia explained, “Not much water gets through putty, so that tells us where the aquifer isn’t. Between those two we map that difference and we make a map of where everything is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along each flight line, the SkyTEM signals are averaged together to produce a virtual borehole that displays in vivid colors. Blue and green mark silts and clays, while yellow and red reveal the sands and gravels that make up aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71476\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71476 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM images portray detailed 3-D maps of the area’s geology, showing the size and shape of aquifers, how much water they hold, and whether they're connected to other aquifers or surface water streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71509\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71509\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71509\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all done,” said Cannia, “you’ll look at a picture sideways through that map and see what geologists always want to see. We want to know what’s real, knowing where we have aquifer material and where we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes SkyTEM a good alternative to traditional aquifer mapping using drill holes? SkyTEM maps reduce the number of drill holes required to understand an aquifer. And to ensure SkyTEM images are accurate, geologists compare them to existing drill-hole sediment samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time of uncertain climate future, SkyTEM maps are an invaluable asset for natural resource districts, precisely identifying the location of aquifers and helping to manage groundwater use for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The broadcast version of this story is titled \"Mapping Hidden Waters.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fill up a glass of water to quench your thirst. Wonder where it comes from? Chances are it’s from underground water sources called aquifers, which provide fresh water for most people on Earth. Unlike highly visible rivers and streams or lakes and ponds, aquifers are beneath the surface, so finding them is tricky\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71469\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71469 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Goeke\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke shows how a rocky outcrop is a model for understanding an aquifer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water scientists, like University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke, know where to look for clues to groundwater deposits. Goeke took us to a rocky outcrop along a rural highway to see exposed layers of rock, sand, and gravel. “Aquifers are water-saturated layers of gravels and sands,” he said. “The open spaces between these grains store and transmit water. These outcrops give us an idea of what aquifers look like below the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Great Plains is one of the world’s largest aquifer systems, stretching from the Dakotas to Texas. Other regions in the U.S. contain a patchwork of aquifers, so locating them is no easy task. And as more states grapple with prolonged drought, it’s become critical for leaders of natural resource districts to map and manage aquifers that provide water for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71472\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71472\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling core samples is how hydrogeologists map aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, Jim Goeke and his colleagues have had only one practical option to find aquifers. They drill a series of test holes in search of samples of sediments that store and transmit water. “Depending on where you are, you can find sands and gravels and silts and clays,” explained Goeke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71490\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples-187x169.jpg\" alt=\"Drill Core Samples\" width=\"150\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydrogeologist Jim Goeke examines drill core samples.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At each drill hole, geologists analyze the samples, layer by layer, to map the water-bearing sands and gravels that form aquifers. But drilling is costly and time consuming, so test holes are only drilled every three to six miles. And since they are so far apart, geologists can only estimate the shape of an aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71501\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71501\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Cannia\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Cannia is a geologist for Exploration Resources International.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Cannia, a geologist for Exploration Resources International, “Our method has been analyzing a series of drill holes and using our training and imagination to fill in the dots between sites to define aquifers.” So, getting results from drill surveys may take months or years to complete. That’s been the practice for 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Cannia is meeting with leaders of Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District to use a new option. Cannia’s company is pioneering a high-tech device to detect groundwater reserves that can map aquifers in a matter of days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71492\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71492 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM Rig\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians prepare the SkyTEM rig for aerial mapping.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tool is called SkyTEM. It’s an aerial geophysical survey system -- towed by helicopter -- that measures aquifers electronically. SkyTEM uses electromagnetics, a global positioning system, lasers, loggers, and a computer strapped to a giant hexagon-shaped frame. Constructed from nonconductive fiberglass and wood, the frame will not interfere with SkyTEM’s electronics as they probe the ground for electrically conductive layers. Ringing the bottom of the frame is a cable of wound copper wires that acts as a transmitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71479\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"in flight, the SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers from 100 feet in the air.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the helicopter flies 50 miles per hour, it pulls the SkyTEM rig 100 feet above the ground, traveling back and forth in parallel lines along a predetermined mapped grid. The target for this survey is a 150-square-mile area in southeast Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannia explained that SkyTEM creates precise records by shooting rapid-fire electromagnetic waves, similar to radio signals, into the ground every 9 feet -- to a depth of 900 feet -- all the way to bedrock. “The rocks feel that radio signal and then get a little energy and send energy back out,” said Cannia. “It says, ‘I’m a sandstone’ or ‘I’m a sand and gravel body’ or ‘I’m clay and silt.’ And that’s what we’re mapping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71478\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71478 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM sends electromagnetic waves into the ground to map sands and gravels that make up aquifers. Graphic: Scott Beachler/NET Television.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM measures electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity. The sand and gravel aquifer materials resist. “So, that’s what we want to see if you want to know where the aquifer is,” he added. But clays and silts are electrically conductive, like putty. Cannia explained, “Not much water gets through putty, so that tells us where the aquifer isn’t. Between those two we map that difference and we make a map of where everything is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along each flight line, the SkyTEM signals are averaged together to produce a virtual borehole that displays in vivid colors. Blue and green mark silts and clays, while yellow and red reveal the sands and gravels that make up aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71476\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71476 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM images portray detailed 3-D maps of the area’s geology, showing the size and shape of aquifers, how much water they hold, and whether they're connected to other aquifers or surface water streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71509\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71509\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71509\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all done,” said Cannia, “you’ll look at a picture sideways through that map and see what geologists always want to see. We want to know what’s real, knowing where we have aquifer material and where we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes SkyTEM a good alternative to traditional aquifer mapping using drill holes? SkyTEM maps reduce the number of drill holes required to understand an aquifer. And to ensure SkyTEM images are accurate, geologists compare them to existing drill-hole sediment samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time of uncertain climate future, SkyTEM maps are an invaluable asset for natural resource districts, precisely identifying the location of aquifers and helping to manage groundwater use for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The broadcast version of this story is titled \"Mapping Hidden Waters.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27612\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27612\" title=\"Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_MODIFICATIONS_poster-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant Modifications poster by Kandis Elliot. Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kandis Elliot didn’t think she’d make art her profession. “When I was in high school and thinking of a career, we were told back then that you can't make a living as an artist and if you're smart enough you go into the sciences,” said Elliot. She was smart enough- and interested enough- in the sciences to graduate from the University of Wisconsin with a BA in biology and Masters in zoology. “In all these courses I drew like crazy without letting too many people see these drawings,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But art drew her back and after her advanced degree Elliot returned to school, this time in a technical college program in commercial art. Shortly after that, the perfect opportunity came knocking. “I was out about a month when four people, four or five people called me up the same day and said, ‘The botany artist is leaving, go apply for a position,’\" Elliot says. The position was as staff artist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.botany.wisc.edu/\">University of Wisconsin’s Botany department\u003c/a>, one of the best in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliot was strong on science and gifted in art, but she also had another card up her sleeve, “I knew back in 1988 there was this new thing called Apple Computer where you could draw a perfect square. You didn't need a right angle. You could draw a perfect circle, you didn't need a compass. And I said, ‘Surely you want to do this kind of work on a computer.’ And they said, ‘Alright, let's try it.’\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27621\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-27621\" title=\"Elliot_fungi_poster10\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Elliot_fungi_poster101-238x360.jpg\" alt=\"fungi poster\" width=\"238\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kandis Elliot's poster \"Introduction to Fungi\". Click on the image for a larger size.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea of using computers appealed to the scientists, but Elliot had never actually used one. So she went to the campus computer center, held up a hundred dollar bill, offering it to anyone who could teach her how to use an Apple. That investment paid off in a position she held for over two decades. As the botany artist, she created charts and graphs for countless scientific publications and perfected the art of digital painting. Starting with less-than-perfect images taken by scientists in the field, or dried, pressed plant samples, Elliot’s job was to transform them into striking, painterly objects that could hold a student’s attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes your eye dwell on the picture a little bit longer,” says Elliot, “I guess the only way I can describe it is that the paintings say, ‘Look at me.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After years spent shining the spotlight on nature’s botanical beauty, Kandis Elliot retired from the University of Wisconsin in 2011. But not before receiving one of the highest honors in her profession. A poster titled \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/news/images/Elliot_fungi_poster10.jpg\">“Introduction to Fungi”\u003c/a> won the 2010 prize for information graphics in the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/scivis/winners_2010.jsp\">International Science & Engineering Visualization Challenge\u003c/a>. Mushrooms capped a brilliant career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video was updated from the original by producer Eleanor Nelson.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ten years ago this week, a massive earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Sumatra triggered a tsunami that killed more than 230,000 people in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and other countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six years later, another huge quake - with a magnitude 9.0, the fourth largest in the world since 1900 - erupted off the east coast of Japan. It caused another devastating tsunami that generated waves rising to more than 100 feet tall. Buildings and homes were toppled and hundreds of thousands of people were evacuated as the flooding water caused a meltdown at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 16,000 people died in that disaster. And the effects were felt as far away as California and Oregon, where surging waves caused an estimated $50 million in damage to six coastal California counties, including Santa Cruz, where docks were smashed and boats that were pried loose from their moorings were wrecked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72521\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72521\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg\" alt=\"Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tsunamis_MCorley_2_IMG_3906-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just after a devastating tsunami struck the coast of Japan in March 2011, the tsunami waves struck the coast of California, where they damaged harbors, including the Santa Cruz harbor. Image courtesy Matt Corley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The two tragedies ratcheted up the pressure to shore up California’s tsunami preparedness and response efforts. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/geologic_hazards/earthquakes/Pages/index.aspx\">California Geological Survey\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calema.ca.gov/PlanningandPreparedness/Pages/Earthquakes-and-Tsunamis.aspx\">California Office of Emergency Services\u003c/a>, along with federal assistance from\u003ca href=\"http://www.fema.gov/\"> FEMA\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/\">NOAA\u003c/a>, began creating “playbooks” for California coastal communities, such as Alameda, that are vulnerable to tsunamis. The playbooks model the strength of the currents and the amount of flooding possible from mild, moderate and severe tsunamis, which would help coastal communities update evacuation plans and minimize the damage to harbors and boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, there are now more than 6,000 tsunami hazard signs posted along the California coast help direct residents to higher ground in the event of this potentially deadly natural disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s not possible to predict when the next big earthquake will erupt on the ocean floor and generate another massive tsunami, monitoring signs of tsunami activity in the ocean can yield precious minutes to alert residents to move to higher ground, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A tsunami will actually travel at hundreds of miles per hour,” said Tom Evans, a meteorologist and the Director of Operations at the National Weather Service in Honolulu. “So a warning system in place is very necessary,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, a real-time tsunami monitoring system already exists through the \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) program\u003c/a> which is operated by NOAA. In all, 39 buoys that ring the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean measure signs of early tsunami waves and relay the measurements to warning centers in Hawaii and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72523\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72523\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg\" alt=\"Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/807_tsunamis_update_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Although rare, massive tsunamis such as the ones that have struck the coasts of Banda Aceh, Japan and Chile, could also strike the California coast.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the system has been hampered by malfunctions and legislative inaction on bills that would fund tsunami preparedness and outreach to vulnerable coastal communities. At the end of July 2014, 10 of the 39 DART buoy stations were “non-operational due to some sort of failure,” according to Michael Angove, the NOAA / National Weather Service Tsunami Program Manager. Maintenance work to fix the malfunctioning buoys would not begin until spring 2015, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tsunamis do occur along the (California) coast here, in San Francisco, we’ve had them in the bay. So yes, they are a real threat,” said Evans. “Nature is very powerful. And we have to respect it,” he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A new generation of entrepreneurs - sprung from the high-risk, high-tech culture of Silicon Valley - is launching private, for-profit ventures to open up space for tourism, transportation, rapid earth imaging and even mining the moon. It's a far cry from the early days of space exploration, where \u003ca href=\"http://nasa.gov\">NASA\u003c/a> led the way, culminating in Neil Armstrong's first bold steps on the moon in July 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://virgingalactic.com\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>, which bills itself as the world's first commercial spaceliner, and rocket maker \u003ca href=\"http://spacex.com\">SpaceX\u003c/a>, which in 2012 became the first private company to deliver cargo to the International Space Station, are rapidly creating new commercial opportunities in an arena long believed to be out of reach to private companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But opening up space to lucrative, ambitious commercial ventures carries not only rewards, but also risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 31, Virgin Galactic’s SpaceShipTwo crashed during a test flight 25 miles north of the Mojave Air and Space Port, killing one of the two pilots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Space is hard and today was a tough day,” said Virgin Galactic CEO George Whitesides at a press conference held a few hours later. \"Our future rests in many ways on hard days like this, but we believe we owe it to the folks who were flying these vehicles as well as the folks who have been working so hard on them to understand this and move forward,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just days earlier, an unmanned rocket owned by another company, Orbital Sciences, and re-supplying the International Space Station, exploded in Virginia shortly after takeoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space industry leaders say the industry will rebound, and already has significant accomplishments in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 700 people have put down deposits for a $250,000 rocketship ride into the edge of space with Virgin Galactic that had been expected as soon as 2015, for example. In September, SpaceX completed its fourth successful resupply mission to the space station, returning with nearly 4,000 pounds of science experiments and cargo. The company hopes to eventually transport astronauts to the space station, for considerably cheaper than the $70 million NASA has had to pay the Russians for astronaut transport since the retirement of the Space Shuttle. Other entrepreneurs have announced plans to land on the moon or even Mars in the coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video and article, originally posted on July 26, 2011, were updated on Nov. 26, 2014.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73277\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73277 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_lab_2011-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Millie Hughes-Fulford in her lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center in March 2011.\u003cbr> (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When SpaceX sends its next spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station on Dec. 16, along with M&M’s and khaki pants for the six astronauts, the rocket will also carry some 40 experiments. Among them will be a cooler with several vials of human cells, sent up by University of California-San Francisco molecular biologist and former astronaut Millie Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hughes-Fulford hopes to figure out why the human immune system takes a beating in space. Her research could help astronauts stay healthy during the months or years it might take to reach Mars. Her findings could also help aging people here on Earth stay healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that we can apply the new knowledge across the board to anyone who has an immune problem,” said Hughes-Fulford, \u003ca href=\"http://www.hughesfulfordlab.com/index.html\">whose lab is at the San Francisco VA Medical Center\u003c/a> and who is employed by the Veterans Health Research Institute. The longtime Marin County resident recently moved to Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Space is a useful place to study the human aging process, because in space the immune suppression process is sped up, said Camille Alleyne, assistant program scientist for the International Space Station (ISS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73278 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Millie_Hughes-Fulford_in_space_head_gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the Space Shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1991, Millie Hughes-Fulford traveled to space on the shuttle Columbia as a payload specialist responsible for carrying out experiments for other scientists. She was the first woman to travel into space as a working scientist. (Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Hughes-Fulford’s experiment, which is funded by the National Institutes of Health, human immune cells will remain at the ISS for one month, exposed to microgravity – the technical term used to describe the lack of gravity experienced in space. After 30 days, the cells will return to Earth on board the same SpaceX spacecraft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Hughes-Fulford was the first woman to travel to space as a working scientist, when she spent nine days on board the Space Shuttle Columbia during its first mission dedicated exclusively to the medical sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that mission, Hughes-Fulford conducted experiments for scientists from around the world, including one with rats that investigated why space travelers become sick. The study found that, in space, cells called T-cells, which regulate the entire immune system, don’t send out the signals they’re supposed to. As a result, space travelers can become sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now we believe it’s gravity that’s causing the changes, the T-cell needing gravity in order to function properly,” said Hughes-Fulford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73279\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73279 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Tara_Candelario_holds_blood-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario, who is still with the lab, is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014.<br /> (Michael Goode/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tara Candelario held up a vial with human blood at Millie Hughes-Fulford’s lab at the San Francisco VA Medical Center, in March 2011. Candelario is currently extracting immune cells from human blood to send up to the International Space Station on Dec. 16, 2014. (Michael Goode/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With her new experiment, and another one that went up on SpaceX in April, Hughes-Fulford’s goal is to understand which specific genes malfunction in space and what causes them to fail. The experiment will be one of the last things to be loaded onto the spacecraft, and one of the first to be unloaded once it docks with the ISS, said Alleyne. This is because the human cells need to be in a controlled temperature environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experiments traveling to the ISS in December include NASA’s Cloud Aerosol Transport System (CATS), a device that will use lasers to identify sea salt, carbon, water vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. With CATS, scientists are trying to understand what’s happening in the Earth and atmosphere, to inform climate change models, said Alleyne.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resupply mission will leave Cape Canaveral, Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The medical animation in this video was produced by Nucleus Media, which holds the copyright.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You may also be interested in the QUEST documentary \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/video/silicon-valley-goes-to-space/\">Silicon Valley Goes to Space.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73251 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City, more than 70 members of Gloria So’s family are raucously celebrating her mother-in-law’s 80th birthday. The Chinese banquet is a nine-dish affair, in which servers bring in one mouth-watering plate after another. There are shiny shiitake mushrooms, over a bed of mustard greens; noodles, which represent longevity; a whole fish, for a plentiful future, and an exotic – and expensive – soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the steaming chicken and pork broth would most likely have been topped with brownish, crunchy shark fin, and would have cost anywhere between $20 and $100 per bowl, depending on the size of the fin pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The person that’s serving shark fin soup to their guests is really showing them that they have wealth and that they treat their guests with respect,” said So.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73241 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But since a ban on shark fin sales in California went into effect in July of last year, chefs and restaurant owners have replaced the controversial delicacy with ingredients that are equivalent in texture and price – with mixed results. At Koi Palace, owner Willy Ng said that he was unable to get patrons excited over a shark fin substitute made out of gelatin. And his attempt to substitute shark fins with the fins of elephant fish, which come from Australian waters, failed as well. Elephant fish fins just don’t pack a punch the way that the large, fan-shaped shark fins did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re tiny,” he said. “It’s like they’re from a goldfish,” he added with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When shark fins were legal in California, Ng prided himself in offering his patrons something “rare and sophisticated,” he said. Some species of shark were so difficult to catch that their sun-dried fins fetched prices that made them almost “a collectible item.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like wine; same thing,” said Ng.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73240 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Precisely because sharks were becoming rare, environmentalists pushed to ban the sale of their fins, said Peter Knights, the executive director of the San Francisco-based group WildAid. His organization estimates that some 73 million sharks are caught each year exclusively for their fins. Video provided by WildAid shows fishermen on board a boat in Costa Rican waters cutting off the fins of a writhing shark, then dumping it back into the water, where the animals sink and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We always see this with these products, be it elephant ivory or rhino horn or shark fin,” said Knights. “When one particular component of an animal becomes very valuable all the rules go out the window and it’s a free-for-all. And those animals are going to be in serious trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found that close to half of the world’s 500 shark species are threatened, and their decline is already impacting marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, the skates and rays have increased because the shark numbers have gone down. And that’s led to shellfish declines, because they eat the shellfish,” said Knights. “Tuna might reduce in certain areas because the animals preying on the tuna, like sea birds and other species, were being kept down and kept in check by sharks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of nine U.S. states that have implemented a ban on shark fin sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73239 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The ban closes off the borders to the shark's fin trade,” said Paul Fong, former California assemblymember from San José who co-sponsored AB376, which banned shark fin sale, distribution and consumption. “California is the port that it comes into. And so we close off the port, and we close off the shark's fin trade to North America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California Gov. Jerry Brown signed the bill into law in 2011, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington had passed similar laws. Since then, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Delaware and Maryland have also approved bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state bans, by themselves, aren’t enough to curb demand, said environmentalists. Groups like WildAid have focused their attention on mainland China, where economic growth since the 1990s has created a middle class 300 million strong that can afford luxury items like shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To counter demand, WildAid has been running public service announcements starring famous Chinese figures. In one, former NBA player Yao Ming pushes away a bowl of shark fin soup as he says, “When the buying stops, the killing can too.” And larger forces in China are also helping to reduce shark fin sales. In 2013, the Chinese government banned shark fin soup from government banquets, in an effort to reduce corruption. Businesses would serve the soup as a way to curry favor with officials. WildAid believes the PSAs and the ban in China have brought down the price of shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73242\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had people go undercover to fishing villages in Indonesia,” said Knights, “and what we found there was that between 2007 and 2014 the price that the fishermen were being paid for the shark fin had dropped by 80 percent. And therefore the fishermen were deciding not to target sharks anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace, Gloria So’s guests sipped bird’s nest soup, made with dehydrated swallows’ nests, which are harvested from caves in Indonesia and Vietnam. Restaurant owner Ng has replaced all his business in shark fin soup with bird’s nest soup. Because the nests are harvested by hand, in the wild, they’re pricey, and thus bird’s nest soup, at $35 to $50 per bowl, fulfills the role that shark fin soup once did as a way to show respect for one’s guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird’s nest soup isn’t devoid of controversy. For starters, swallows make the nests with their spittle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask my children, they’ll tell you that’s really gross,” said So with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harvesting of bird’s nests might impact swallow populations, but the impact to swallows is nowhere as negative as the impact of shark fin soup on sharks, said Knights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73244\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73244 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloria So said her family was OK not serving shark fin soup at her mother-in-law’s banquet, and that they understood the need to protect shark species. But she said that she wished that instead of banning shark fins, lawmakers had focused on educating the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restaurant’s owner is even more unhappy with the ban. Although Ng is complying with the law, he supports the Chinese Neighborhood Association’s efforts to overturn the ban. The San Francisco nonprofit group argues that California allows every other part of the shark except the fin to be sold in the state, and that nearly 170,000 pounds of shark were legally caught in the state’s waters in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There shouldn’t be a reason why they can’t use the fins from sharks that are legally caught in California and U.S. waters,” said Joseph Breall, the group’s lawyer. “My clients have no problem with the objective of stopping finning in foreign waters. But the fact that fins legally caught in U.S. waters have to be discarded, it makes no sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73245 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group also argues that the ban discriminates against Chinese-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shark fin has been a gourmet, prestigious ingredient for Chinese banquets,” said Ng. “So when they ban shark fins, I feel like it’s discrimination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge ruled in 2014 that the ban isn’t discriminatory. Breall said the group is appealing the judge’s decision before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ng said he hopes that shark fins will one day be legal in California again. Meanwhile, when patrons ask him where they can get shark fin soup, he recommends they visit Nevada, where it’s still legal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit/\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a>\u003cem> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós and Monica Lam.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Shark fin soup was once served at celebratory banquets in Chinese restaurants across California. But since a ban on shark fins went into effect in 2013, restaurants like Koi Palace, in Daly City, have been experimenting with alternatives.",
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"description": "Shark fin soup was once served at celebratory banquets in Chinese restaurants across California. But since a ban on shark fins went into effect in 2013, restaurants like Koi Palace, in Daly City, have been experimenting with alternatives.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73251\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73251 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Banquet_WS_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">More than 70 guests celebrated the 80th birthday of Helen Hong (not pictured) at Koi Palace, in Daly City, on Aug. 17. Her daughter-in-law Gloria So, in orange dress, organized the party. (Photos by Gabriela Quirós/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City, more than 70 members of Gloria So’s family are raucously celebrating her mother-in-law’s 80th birthday. The Chinese banquet is a nine-dish affair, in which servers bring in one mouth-watering plate after another. There are shiny shiitake mushrooms, over a bed of mustard greens; noodles, which represent longevity; a whole fish, for a plentiful future, and an exotic – and expensive – soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the steaming chicken and pork broth would most likely have been topped with brownish, crunchy shark fin, and would have cost anywhere between $20 and $100 per bowl, depending on the size of the fin pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The person that’s serving shark fin soup to their guests is really showing them that they have wealth and that they treat their guests with respect,” said So.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73241\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73241 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Elephant-fish-fin-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The fins from elephant fish, left, which are fished in Australian waters, can be used as a substitute for shark fin. The owner of Koi Palace restaurant, in Daly City, said that his guests aren’t interested in elephant fish fins, which are much smaller than shark fins and also come in a shredded presentation, right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But since a ban on shark fin sales in California went into effect in July of last year, chefs and restaurant owners have replaced the controversial delicacy with ingredients that are equivalent in texture and price – with mixed results. At Koi Palace, owner Willy Ng said that he was unable to get patrons excited over a shark fin substitute made out of gelatin. And his attempt to substitute shark fins with the fins of elephant fish, which come from Australian waters, failed as well. Elephant fish fins just don’t pack a punch the way that the large, fan-shaped shark fins did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re tiny,” he said. “It’s like they’re from a goldfish,” he added with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When shark fins were legal in California, Ng prided himself in offering his patrons something “rare and sophisticated,” he said. Some species of shark were so difficult to catch that their sun-dried fins fetched prices that made them almost “a collectible item.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Like wine; same thing,” said Ng.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73240\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73240 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_soup-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Koi Palace, in Daly City, a chicken and pork broth is topped with a translucent paste made with rehydrated swallows' nests. The dish, called bird's nest soup, has replaced shark fin soup at banquets.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Precisely because sharks were becoming rare, environmentalists pushed to ban the sale of their fins, said Peter Knights, the executive director of the San Francisco-based group WildAid. His organization estimates that some 73 million sharks are caught each year exclusively for their fins. Video provided by WildAid shows fishermen on board a boat in Costa Rican waters cutting off the fins of a writhing shark, then dumping it back into the water, where the animals sink and die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We always see this with these products, be it elephant ivory or rhino horn or shark fin,” said Knights. “When one particular component of an animal becomes very valuable all the rules go out the window and it’s a free-for-all. And those animals are going to be in serious trouble.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have found that close to half of the world’s 500 shark species are threatened, and their decline is already impacting marine ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some cases, the skates and rays have increased because the shark numbers have gone down. And that’s led to shellfish declines, because they eat the shellfish,” said Knights. “Tuna might reduce in certain areas because the animals preying on the tuna, like sea birds and other species, were being kept down and kept in check by sharks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is one of nine U.S. states that have implemented a ban on shark fin sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73239 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Birds_nest_CU-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bird’s nests have replaced shark fin as an ingredient in a celebratory soup served at Chinese restaurants. The nests, made by swallows with their own spittle, are harvested in Indonesia and Vietnam. The cook soaks the nests in water before adding them to the soup.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The ban closes off the borders to the shark's fin trade,” said Paul Fong, former California assemblymember from San José who co-sponsored AB376, which banned shark fin sale, distribution and consumption. “California is the port that it comes into. And so we close off the port, and we close off the shark's fin trade to North America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When California Gov. Jerry Brown signed the bill into law in 2011, Hawaii, Oregon and Washington had passed similar laws. Since then, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, Delaware and Maryland have also approved bans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But state bans, by themselves, aren’t enough to curb demand, said environmentalists. Groups like WildAid have focused their attention on mainland China, where economic growth since the 1990s has created a middle class 300 million strong that can afford luxury items like shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To counter demand, WildAid has been running public service announcements starring famous Chinese figures. In one, former NBA player Yao Ming pushes away a bowl of shark fin soup as he says, “When the buying stops, the killing can too.” And larger forces in China are also helping to reduce shark fin sales. In 2013, the Chinese government banned shark fin soup from government banquets, in an effort to reduce corruption. Businesses would serve the soup as a way to curry favor with officials. WildAid believes the PSAs and the ban in China have brought down the price of shark fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73242\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Happy_birthday_singing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Helen Hong’s family celebrated her 80th birthday with a banquet at Koi Palace restaurant in Daly City on Aug. 17. Her grandchildren Lauryn Horita, Nicole Horita, Emily Hong and Dylan Hong sang “Happy Birthday,” while KQED’s Blake McHugh filmed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We had people go undercover to fishing villages in Indonesia,” said Knights, “and what we found there was that between 2007 and 2014 the price that the fishermen were being paid for the shark fin had dropped by 80 percent. And therefore the fishermen were deciding not to target sharks anymore.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Koi Palace, Gloria So’s guests sipped bird’s nest soup, made with dehydrated swallows’ nests, which are harvested from caves in Indonesia and Vietnam. Restaurant owner Ng has replaced all his business in shark fin soup with bird’s nest soup. Because the nests are harvested by hand, in the wild, they’re pricey, and thus bird’s nest soup, at $35 to $50 per bowl, fulfills the role that shark fin soup once did as a way to show respect for one’s guests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bird’s nest soup isn’t devoid of controversy. For starters, swallows make the nests with their spittle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you ask my children, they’ll tell you that’s really gross,” said So with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The harvesting of bird’s nests might impact swallow populations, but the impact to swallows is nowhere as negative as the impact of shark fin soup on sharks, said Knights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73244\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73244 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Leo_Leong_holds_birds_nest-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leo Leong, restaurant manager at Koi Palace, holds a dehydrated swallow’s nest. The restaurant adds the expensive nests to a soup they serve during celebratory banquets. The nests have replaced shark fins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloria So said her family was OK not serving shark fin soup at her mother-in-law’s banquet, and that they understood the need to protect shark species. But she said that she wished that instead of banning shark fins, lawmakers had focused on educating the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The restaurant’s owner is even more unhappy with the ban. Although Ng is complying with the law, he supports the Chinese Neighborhood Association’s efforts to overturn the ban. The San Francisco nonprofit group argues that California allows every other part of the shark except the fin to be sold in the state, and that nearly 170,000 pounds of shark were legally caught in the state’s waters in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There shouldn’t be a reason why they can’t use the fins from sharks that are legally caught in California and U.S. waters,” said Joseph Breall, the group’s lawyer. “My clients have no problem with the objective of stopping finning in foreign waters. But the fact that fins legally caught in U.S. waters have to be discarded, it makes no sense.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73245\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73245 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Willy_Ng_in_kitchen_02-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Willy Ng, right, in the kitchen of his Daly City restaurant Koi Palace.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The group also argues that the ban discriminates against Chinese-Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Shark fin has been a gourmet, prestigious ingredient for Chinese banquets,” said Ng. “So when they ban shark fins, I feel like it’s discrimination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal judge ruled in 2014 that the ban isn’t discriminatory. Breall said the group is appealing the judge’s decision before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ng said he hopes that shark fins will one day be legal in California again. Meanwhile, when patrons ask him where they can get shark fin soup, he recommends they visit Nevada, where it’s still legal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Darfur Stoves Project",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Since the Darfur crisis began in 2003, women living in the refugee camps walked for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. Now, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have engineered a more efficient wood-burning stove, which is greatly reducing both the women's need for firewood and the threats against them.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-miller/\"> Amy Miller \u003c/a>and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers \u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2003, following a series of tribal and political uprisings, the Sudanese government sanctioned violent militias, called the Janjaweed, to destroy entire villages in the western province of Darfur. \u003ca href=\"http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict\">Since then\u003c/a>, a brutal campaign has targeted civilians, killing more than 400,000 people and fundamentally altering their way of life. More than a decade after the beginning of the conflict, 1.4 million people still live in densely populated refugee camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first years of displacement, women had to walk for up to seven hours outside the safety of the camps to collect firewood for cooking, putting them at risk for violent attacks. In 2005, the U.S. government approached \u003ca href=\"http://energy.lbl.gov/staff/gadgil/agadgil.html\">Ashok Gadgil\u003c/a>, director of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab's Environmental Energy Technologies Division, in search of a hands-on solution to this devastating problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73070\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73070 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Ashok_IMG_0048_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.<br /> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineer Ashok Gadgil visited Darfur in 2005 to consult with Darfuri women about their cooking methods.\u003cbr> Courtesy Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At first, said Gadgil, he didn’t know how he, as an engineer, could hope to ease the refugee crisis. But when he learned that women in the camps cooked using traditional methods in which their cooking pots sit atop three stones, with a fire burning in the middle, he saw the spark of a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A three-stone fire is the least efficient way to take energy from the fuel wood and turn it into heat into the pot,” said Gadgil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The efficiency of a typical three-stone fire is 5 to 6 percent. Poor combustion of the wood means that the fire’s chemical energy isn’t transferred to heat, and what heat there is transfers poorly into the pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I figured I should be able to design a stove that should be cheap, should work with their pots, with their fuel, with their cooking style,” he said. “And something that should be at least 25 to 30 percent efficient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with Ken Chow, an engineer at the lab and a member of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewb-usa.org/\">Engineers Without Borders\u003c/a>, Gadgil designed a stove that requires only a quarter of the wood that a traditional stove burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means they’re not going out every other day,” he said. Instead, the women would need to venture outside of the camps only once a week, since they would be burning less wood to cook the same amount of food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73044\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-73044\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/stove_illustration-238x169.jpg\" alt=\"The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\" width=\"238\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The LBNL team designed the Berkeley-Darfur cookstove to fit the food type, cooking style, pot shapes, and environmental conditions in Darfur (primarily wind and sand).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gadgil and his team called their invention the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. But changing the stove itself wasn’t enough to ensure efficient cooking in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Five things go in to determine the efficiency of a stove in the real world,” said Gadgil. “It’s not just a stove by itself. Get the cook to tend the fire right, make sure that you understand what kind of cooking is going on in what kind of pot, make sure the pot fits well over the stove and oxygen supply is controlled but adequate, and make sure all of that works with the right kind of fuel that’s available locally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there was still firewood to be collected outside the camps, fewer trips by the women meant decreased risk of rape. Now that the areas around the camps have largely been deforested, better stoves mean that the women must sell less of their precious food supply to buy wood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the team finalized the design in 2009, nearly 40,000 stoves have been distributed to refugees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A nonprofit called \u003ca href=\"http://www.potentialenergy.org/\">Potential Energy\u003c/a>, based in Oakland, has taken over the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves Project, and now works with other community organizations to manufacture the stoves and get them to the people who need them. After being shipped to Sudan, the stoves are assembled from simple, lightweight kits in a workshop in Darfur that is staffed entirely by workers who live in the camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73046\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-73046 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg\" alt=\"Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_SagOffice_800-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since 2009, nearly 40,000 cookstoves have been distributed to refugees in the Darfur camps. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But fuel efficiency isn’t the only problem with traditional cookstoves, and the problems aren’t unique to Darfur. The U.S. Department of Energy took note of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab’s success with the Berkeley-Darfur Stoves, and in 2013, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cleancookstoves.org/\">a broader global effort to address the harm caused by cookstoves\u003c/a>, came to Gadgil with an even more destructive stove problem long overdue for a solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three billion people – more than half of the world’s population – eat food prepared on open fires or “biomass” cookstoves. Some, like the stoves traditionally used by the Darfuri women, burn wood. In other parts of the developing world, coal, animal dung, or other fuels are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When these materials are burned indoors, they release toxic fumes and dangerous amounts of soot. \u003ca href=\"http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=270928&fed_org_id=858&SIType=PR&TIMSType=&showCriteria=0&address=nheerl/pubs.html&view=citation&sortBy=pubDateYear&count=100&dateBeginPublishedPresented=01/01/2010\">Every year, about four million people in developing nations, mostly women and children, die of illnesses caused by inhaling the smoke from these fires\u003c/a>. Exposure leads to low birth weight, childhood pneumonia, tuberculosis, asthma and other serious chronic illnesses. Lower respiratory infections were \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index1.html\">the leading cause of death in low-income countries in 2011\u003c/a> and are predicted to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/projections/en/\">the top cause of death in Africa by 2015\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The inefficiency of the stoves also contributes to poverty -- up to seven hours of labor per day, and half of a family’s income, can be expended on firewood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to this devastating human toll, cooking fires contribute greatly to deforestation and climate change. The burning of household biofuels is the second greatest contributor to global warming, second only to motor vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_73047\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 751px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-73047\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\" width=\"751\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800.jpg 751w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/PotentialEnergy_YoungWoman_800-400x240.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young woman in Darfur prepares a fire with the Berkeley-Darfur Stove. Courtesy Potential Energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy’s missive was clear: invent a new stove that would produce ten times less pollution than the traditional cookstoves currently in use around the world. To help, the government has funded a state-of-the-art stove-testing laboratory at the lab in Berkeley, where Gadgil and his team of students and engineers are working furiously to cook up a prototype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gadgil said that he is confident that, at least in the lab, the team will have a new “ultra-clean” stove design built and tested by the fall of 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new stoves would cost between $30 and $40 each, he said, and would not require electricity. The stoves are most needed in Asia and Africa, but South and Central American countries also would benefit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to paying for the stove-testing lab, Gadgil has proposed that the energy department should help pay to train engineers from other countries in building and operating similar labs in their own countries. If all goes well, he said, this training should begin in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want to elevate global technology on stoves all around the world,” said Gadgil. “World-class science and technology, applied to big and often desperate problems of the people at the base of the global economic pyramid, can help improve their lives.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Searching for Life on Mars",
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"content": "\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than two years after its precisely calibrated landing on the floor of a Martian crater in August 2012, NASA’s one ton, SUV-sized Curiosity rover has traveled more than five miles across the rocky, massive Gale crater to the base of an 18,000-foot mountain, Mount Sharp. The rover is the crowning achievement of the \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72515\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72515 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_pia16239_c-full-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Curiosity rover 's Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) tool was used to create this self-portrait of the rover on Mars. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nathalie Cabrol, a planetary scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html#.VE7KjPl4rYg\">NASA Ames Research Center \u003c/a>in Mountain View, California, called Curiosity “the Swiss Army knife” of Mars rovers. It’s an apt metaphor, considering that Curiosity is the most advanced scientific laboratory ever deployed on the Red Planet. Its suite of 11 scientific instruments, including cameras that are capable of capturing stunning high-definition photos of the Martian landscape, have already yielded more data than all previous Mars rover missions combined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s biggest findings so far was announced last year, when scientists unveiled images taken by the rover of an ancient streambed, where gravelly rocks provided proof that water once flowed on Mars and could have actually supported life millions or billions of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity continues to make sophisticated measurements of the geological and chemical composition of Mars. In late September 2014, Curiosity drilled into the base of Mount Sharp and analyzed the sample to unearth clues about how the towering peak formed in the center of Gale crater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Curiosity drills into Martian rock, it probes the powdery sample with an x-ray beam. The diffraction or scattering of the x-rays reveal the sample’s structure and composition. The data is then relayed to an orbiting satellite and eventually reaches a team of NASA scientists who meticulously comb through the rover’s measurements and observations. Already, Curiosity’s data has revealed the presence of oxygen, water, carbon and sulfides – elements that are necessary to support life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg\" alt=\"This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/NASA_JPL_Caltech_2_PIA16925_right-full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image was taken by Curiosity's Navigation Camera (Navcam), with Mount Sharp visible on the southern horizon. Image courtesy NASA / JPL - Caltech\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Curiosity cannot detect signs of current life on Mars, astrobiologists such as Christopher McKay of NASA Ames Research Center say they are excited to see Curiosity’s observations which are painting a fuller, more complex picture of the habitability of our closest planetary neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mars is really interesting for the search for life, because it’s a world which we know at one time had an Earth-like period,” McKay said, adding that if there was life on Mars it could have represented “a separate origin of life, a second Genesis” that was different from the evolution of life on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, an international race to explore Mars is heating up, with news in September 2014 that the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isro.org/mars/payload.aspx\">Indian Space Research Organization\u003c/a> had succeeded – on its first attempt – in launching a spacecraft into the orbit of Mars where it began mapping the Martian surface. NASA has already announced a new mission, \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a>, with a successor to the Curiosity rover that will have several goals, including testing new technology to pave the way for a human mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Hollywood has offered up fanciful, even absurd sci-fi scenarios of what a human mission to Mars would look like, often with catastrophic results for the astronauts. But now, the road to a human exploration of Mars finally looks real, paved by the observations and measurements of dutiful robotic rovers blazing new trails of scientific discovery and wonder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Rachel Silverman and updated by Sheraz Sadiq. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Sea Without Stars",
"title": "A Sea Without Stars",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>In this QUEST video, we travel to the shores of Washington’s Puget Sound and join a group of scientists and volunteer divers as they shimmy into wetsuits and double check their air tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They move with the urgency of a group on a mission -- and they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery. “We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water. Miner, a biology professor at Western Washington University, is conducting experiments with hope of figuring out how and why starfish, or sea stars as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms, are wasting away by the millions up and down North America’s Pacific shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">\"sea star wasting syndrome.”\u003c/a> When afflicted, the sick stars begin to look deflated and are unable to hold onto rocks. Sometimes lesions form on their skin, and within a day or two of showing symptoms, they melt into piles of mush. Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars in the summer of 2013 at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">Reports have since surfaced of it along the coasts of Oregon and California and as far north as Alaska\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than 20 species of sea stars are dying from the disease. “This is the largest disease outbreak that we know of ever in the oceans in terms of the numbers of species affected, in terms of the geographic scale, and in terms of the mortality that’s associate with it,\" said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist at Cornell University who has been leading nationwide efforts to understand these outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday Nov. 17, a team of more than a dozen researchers, including Harvell and Miner, published a paper reporting that the cause of the die-off appears to be a previously unknown virus. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/17/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off/\">Their research\u003c/a>, which was featured in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that the apparent culprit, a type of densovirus distantly related to parvovirus, which can infect dogs and cats, actually was present in museum specimens of starfish dating back to 1942. What caused the virus to explode out of control now, and “go rogue” as one scientist said, will be studied further in the months and years ahead. It could be a natural occurrence, such as overpopulation, or a human-caused trigger, like pollution or warming oceans from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also found that the virus spreads through the water, as well as via physical contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-e1412967628851.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72221 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-341x253.png\" alt=\"Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen. Credit: Laura James\" width=\"341\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food\u003cbr> source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen.\u003cbr> Credit: Laura James\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea stars have few predators in the intertidal zone where they dwell, but are voracious predators themselves. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvell’s team used DNA sequencing from samples of sick stars to discover the virus. Now that the virus has been identified, scientists say they will be able to better understand whether West Coast starfish will be able to recover, and if so, how many years it might take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the rocky shores of Orcas Island, Harvell picks up a tiny young ochre star and looks carefully for symptoms of the disease. In recent months, young sea stars have been taking hold in record numbers along parts of the California coast such as Big Sur, and scientists say this is an encouraging sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72216\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72216\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\" alt=\"Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209-400x244.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these juvenile stars can find a way to resist the virus, Harvell explained, local extinction could be avoided. “We would really love the sign of hope that maybe they’ll pull through,” Harvell said. “We’re going to be watching them very closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*With thousands of miles of Pacific shoreline, scientists can’t be everywhere at once to keep an eye out for sick and dying starfish. To find out how to help, \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/calling-all-citizen-scientists-in-search-for-sicks/\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the plight of West Coast sea stars and the newly published study, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/flora-and-fauna/article/scientists-find-out-whats-killing-west-coast-starf/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In this QUEST video, we travel to the shores of Washington’s Puget Sound and join a group of scientists and volunteer divers as they shimmy into wetsuits and double check their air tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They move with the urgency of a group on a mission -- and they are. They’re trying to solve a marine mystery. “We need to collect sick ones as well as individuals that appear healthy,” Ben Miner tells the divers as they head into the water. Miner, a biology professor at Western Washington University, is conducting experiments with hope of figuring out how and why starfish, or sea stars as scientists prefer to call the echinoderms, are wasting away by the millions up and down North America’s Pacific shores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\">\"sea star wasting syndrome.”\u003c/a> When afflicted, the sick stars begin to look deflated and are unable to hold onto rocks. Sometimes lesions form on their skin, and within a day or two of showing symptoms, they melt into piles of mush. Scientists first started noticing sick and dying sea stars in the summer of 2013 at a place called Starfish Point on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula. \u003ca href=\"http://data.piscoweb.org/marine1/seastardisease.html\">Reports have since surfaced of it along the coasts of Oregon and California and as far north as Alaska\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, more than 20 species of sea stars are dying from the disease. “This is the largest disease outbreak that we know of ever in the oceans in terms of the numbers of species affected, in terms of the geographic scale, and in terms of the mortality that’s associate with it,\" said Drew Harvell, a marine epidemiologist at Cornell University who has been leading nationwide efforts to understand these outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday Nov. 17, a team of more than a dozen researchers, including Harvell and Miner, published a paper reporting that the cause of the die-off appears to be a previously unknown virus. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/11/17/scientists-suspect-a-virus-is-causing-sea-star-die-off/\">Their research\u003c/a>, which was featured in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that the apparent culprit, a type of densovirus distantly related to parvovirus, which can infect dogs and cats, actually was present in museum specimens of starfish dating back to 1942. What caused the virus to explode out of control now, and “go rogue” as one scientist said, will be studied further in the months and years ahead. It could be a natural occurrence, such as overpopulation, or a human-caused trigger, like pollution or warming oceans from climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also found that the virus spreads through the water, as well as via physical contact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72221\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-e1412967628851.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72221 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_lj_sick_starfish_web7-341x253.png\" alt=\"Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen. Credit: Laura James\" width=\"341\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are testing whether shellfish, a top food\u003cbr> source for starfish, may transfer the pathogen.\u003cbr> Credit: Laura James\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sea stars have few predators in the intertidal zone where they dwell, but are voracious predators themselves. They gobble up mussels, clams, sea cucumbers, crab and even other starfish. That’s why they’re called a keystone species, meaning they have a disproportionate impact on an ecosystem, shaping the biodiversity of the seascape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are ecologically important species,” Harvell said. “To remove them changes the entire dynamics of the marine ecosystem. When you lose this many sea stars it will certainly change the seascape underneath our waters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harvell’s team used DNA sequencing from samples of sick stars to discover the virus. Now that the virus has been identified, scientists say they will be able to better understand whether West Coast starfish will be able to recover, and if so, how many years it might take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Standing on the rocky shores of Orcas Island, Harvell picks up a tiny young ochre star and looks carefully for symptoms of the disease. In recent months, young sea stars have been taking hold in record numbers along parts of the California coast such as Big Sur, and scientists say this is an encouraging sign.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72216\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72216\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png\" alt=\"Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/20140612_kc_sick_starfish_web3-e1412967541209-400x244.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists inspect young starfish for signs of wasting disease. Credit: Katie Campbell\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If these juvenile stars can find a way to resist the virus, Harvell explained, local extinction could be avoided. “We would really love the sign of hope that maybe they’ll pull through,” Harvell said. “We’re going to be watching them very closely.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*With thousands of miles of Pacific shoreline, scientists can’t be everywhere at once to keep an eye out for sick and dying starfish. To find out how to help, \u003ca href=\"http://earthfix.kcts9.org/water/article/calling-all-citizen-scientists-in-search-for-sicks/\">click here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on the plight of West Coast sea stars and the newly published study, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthfix.info/flora-and-fauna/article/scientists-find-out-whats-killing-west-coast-starf/\">EarthFix\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 style=\"color: #586b73\">\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul style=\"color: #666666\">\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Todd Blackledge admits that he sometimes gets called Spider-Man, but he’s not scaling any walls or slinging webs at bad guys. An evolutionary biologist at the University of Akron, Blackledge studies spiders and their webs, a topic that he finds endlessly fascinating. According to Blackledge, spiders get a bad rap. “In the United States, I think we’re kind of taught as children that we’re supposed to be afraid of them,” he says. “But they’re just an incredibly diverse group of animals that play incredibly important roles in our ecosystems as predators of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72180 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\" alt=\"blackledge_walk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge walks through the Bath Nature Preserve in Akron, OH, where he conducts field research. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spiders are some of the most diverse animals on the planet -- there are nearly 44,000 known species, all spinning a variety of different types of webs. For Blackledge, these webs are the key to his research. “They leave a record in their web of many different behavioral decisions about how to catch food, how to protect themselves from predators -- all in this web that can be photographed, measured, and even manipulated for experiments,” Blackledge explains. Although his research focuses mainly on how different spiders use their silk to survive in the wild, it also aids the effort to make biomimetic materials. A hot topic in materials science, biomimicry is a discipline that draws inspiration from nature’s best ideas to produce innovative, new materials -- and the silk spiders spin is certainly worth imitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72181 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"microscope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge uses a microscope to visualize a spider and its silk. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are spiders that spin more than eight different kinds of silks, and some of those silks are stronger than steel, ounce for ounce, while others are stretchy as a rubber band”, Blackledge says. “Some of them are even adhesive like glues, so this means that they have a tool kit of different types of biological materials that could be used in many different ways for human technology.” \u003ca href=\"http://www.dw.de/dutch-artist-creates-bulletproof-skin-with-spider-silk/a-15330421-1\">Sensational\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/The-Amazing-Spider-Man-160279395.html\">headlines\u003c/a> about how humans might harness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html\">strength\u003c/a> of spider silk have been floating around for years, but the most popular potential product -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6-spider-silk-superpowers#slide-2\">a bulletproof vest made from spider silk\u003c/a> – is unlikely, says Blackledge. “Yes, the silk is tough enough to be woven into a shirt to stop a bullet, but it does so by also being very stretchy,” he says. “This means it would stop the bullet after the shirt already stretched through a body. Not a very useful way to stop a bullet, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackledge is focused solely on research, but his work is at the foundation of creating new materials that could help us heal better and faster, and may even save lives. He has high hopes for synthesized spider silk being used in the medical industry because the silk is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699289/\">bio-compatible with human tissue\u003c/a>. “That means you can make devices like sutures or replacement tendons that could be put inside humans to repair damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Todd Blackledge admits that he sometimes gets called Spider-Man, but he’s not scaling any walls or slinging webs at bad guys. An evolutionary biologist at the University of Akron, Blackledge studies spiders and their webs, a topic that he finds endlessly fascinating. According to Blackledge, spiders get a bad rap. “In the United States, I think we’re kind of taught as children that we’re supposed to be afraid of them,” he says. “But they’re just an incredibly diverse group of animals that play incredibly important roles in our ecosystems as predators of insects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72180 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg\" alt=\"blackledge_walk\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/blackledge_walk-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge walks through the Bath Nature Preserve in Akron, OH, where he conducts field research. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Spiders are some of the most diverse animals on the planet -- there are nearly 44,000 known species, all spinning a variety of different types of webs. For Blackledge, these webs are the key to his research. “They leave a record in their web of many different behavioral decisions about how to catch food, how to protect themselves from predators -- all in this web that can be photographed, measured, and even manipulated for experiments,” Blackledge explains. Although his research focuses mainly on how different spiders use their silk to survive in the wild, it also aids the effort to make biomimetic materials. A hot topic in materials science, biomimicry is a discipline that draws inspiration from nature’s best ideas to produce innovative, new materials -- and the silk spiders spin is certainly worth imitating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72181 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/09/microscope-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"microscope\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Blackledge uses a microscope to visualize a spider and its silk. Photo by Jean O'Malley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There are spiders that spin more than eight different kinds of silks, and some of those silks are stronger than steel, ounce for ounce, while others are stretchy as a rubber band”, Blackledge says. “Some of them are even adhesive like glues, so this means that they have a tool kit of different types of biological materials that could be used in many different ways for human technology.” \u003ca href=\"http://www.dw.de/dutch-artist-creates-bulletproof-skin-with-spider-silk/a-15330421-1\">Sensational\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcbayarea.com/blogs/popcornbiz/The-Amazing-Spider-Man-160279395.html\">headlines\u003c/a> about how humans might harness the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/8686-itsy-bitsy-spider-web-10-times-stronger-kevlar.html\">strength\u003c/a> of spider silk have been floating around for years, but the most popular potential product -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/med-tech/6-spider-silk-superpowers#slide-2\">a bulletproof vest made from spider silk\u003c/a> – is unlikely, says Blackledge. “Yes, the silk is tough enough to be woven into a shirt to stop a bullet, but it does so by also being very stretchy,” he says. “This means it would stop the bullet after the shirt already stretched through a body. Not a very useful way to stop a bullet, unfortunately.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blackledge is focused solely on research, but his work is at the foundation of creating new materials that could help us heal better and faster, and may even save lives. He has high hopes for synthesized spider silk being used in the medical industry because the silk is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699289/\">bio-compatible with human tissue\u003c/a>. “That means you can make devices like sutures or replacement tendons that could be put inside humans to repair damage,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yU7tpi0Qooc\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milk and white chocolate lovers, you're out of luck: you’ll get all the butter, fat, and sugar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761873X/fulltext\">no circulation-boosting flavanols\u003c/a>. Even dark chocolate is rich and should be eaten in moderation, and beware: some manufacturers artificially darken their product and remove the bitter cacao solids, which contain the healthy compounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72948\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72948 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/USDA_Infected_Cacao_k9542-2_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Scientist hope that advanced genomics will help to minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree. Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are using advanced genomics to help minimize cacao crop loss due to fungal disease, which has afflicted these pods in Costa Rica, causing them to rot on the tree.\u003cbr> Photo by Christopher J. Saunders/USDA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As beloved as it is, it’s not surprising that chocolate is an important crop for farmers around the world. Roughly 70 percent of cacao is produced in equatorial Africa, where two million small-scale farms depend on the crop. But cocoa production has long suffered from serious losses due to pests, drought and diseases. A third of the cocoa produced in Africa -- $800 million’s worth -- is lost each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, there’s relief in sight for cacao farmers and the consumers who depend on them. In 2010, scientists at the USDA’s Agricultural Research Service and universities partnered with IBM and the candy company Mars to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">se\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100915.htm\">quence the genome of cacao\u003c/a>, in order to help identify the markers of a more sustainable crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72947\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72947 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_TCHO_PeruPix-10-08-12_800-280x169.jpg\" alt=\"A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\" width=\"280\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peruvian cacao farmer with a batch of beans. Courtesy TCHO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cacao genome sequence has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.cacaogenomedb.org/\">released for free on the internet\u003c/a>, where it can be accessed by researchers who can use it to improve cacao breeding techniques. Farmers can also use the cacao database to select the breeds that will flourish best under changing local conditions. And that’s sweet news for the future of one of the world’s favorite treats.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Everybody loves chocolate, but did you know that small daily doses of dark chocolate are good for your health? Read the story and watch the video to learn about the precision engineering and chemistry behind the beloved treat. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\">Jenny Oh\u003c/a> and was updated by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\">Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and Arwen Curry.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocolate is the solid gold of sweets, providing a standard of delectability that’s been upheld around the globe for more than 2,000 years. The ancient Mayans and Aztecs even used the pods of the cacao tree, which produces chocolate, as currency. They also used cacao as a tonic to improve overall health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72953\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72953 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Chocolate_McNeil_Guerra_Codex_FM_800-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript. Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawing of cacao pods based on the The Codex Fejérváry-Mayer, an ancient Aztec manuscript.\u003cbr> Courtesy Cameron McNeil and Eliud Guerra.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today’s scientists agree with the ancients: chocolate, in small doses, is not just delicious -- \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-living/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/healthy-chocolate/faq-20058044\">it’s actually good for you\u003c/a>. This is particularly true of dark chocolate, which is rich in compounds called flavanols. Also found in red wine, tea and berries, \u003ca href=\"http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavonoids-good-for-3158.html\">flavanols have an antioxidant effect\u003c/a>, reducing cell damage and heart disease. Research also strongly suggests that they support healthy blood pressure and reduce the chances of strokes and heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re really good at really scavenging or sopping up these free radicals that can damage your cells,” said Mary Engler, a senior clinician and training director at the National Institutes of Health, NINR, in Bethesda, MD. Engler has studied the health effects of chocolate and other flavonols since 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72949\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 282px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72949\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/11/Streeter_Pregnant_800-282x169.jpg\" alt=\"Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day. Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\" width=\"282\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pregnant women and their babies may benefit from eating small amounts of dark chocolate every day.\u003cbr>Artwork by Katherine Streeter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pregnant women should take special note: Regular intake of chocolate -- the darker the better -- during pregnancy appears to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901253/\">lower the risk of pre-eclampsia\u003c/a>, a dangerous complication. A 2013 study at the University of Helsinki, Finland also showed that \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3604275.stm\">women who eat chocolate every day during pregnancy report calmer, happier babies\u003c/a> six months after giving birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
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