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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/sheraz-sadiq/\">Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/a> and was updated by\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lisalanders/\"> Lisa Landers\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/acurry/\">Arwen Curry.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be honest – do you ever brag about how little sleep you get? If so, you’re not alone. Humans are the only species that seems to deliberately deprive themselves of sleep. But if you’ve ever uttered a phrase like “I’ll sleep when I’m dead,” it’s time for a wake-up call, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72675\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72675\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/803_SLEEP_polar_bear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sleep is common to all species that have been studied to date.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Researchers have long known that adequate sleep is critical for good health. Insufficient sleep \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/expert-answers/lack-of-sleep/faq-20057757\">impairs the immune system\u003c/a>, and is associated with everything from \u003ca href=\"http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/sleep/\">obesity\u003c/a> to cardiovascular disease, stroke to cancer, depression to schizophrenia and \u003ca href=\"http://news.temple.edu/news/2014-03-18/chronic-sleep-disturbance-might-trigger-onset-alzheimer%E2%80%99s\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a>. Now scientists are several steps closer to knowing how sleep keeps us healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important clue about sleep’s function surfaced in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v16/n2/full/nn.3303.html\">a 2013 study\u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/neuro/index.html\">Nature Neuroscience\u003c/a> \u003c/em>and conducted at the University of California-Berkeley. The study, by neuroscience professor Matthew Walker and his colleagues, showed that the structural changes the brain experiences as we age damage the quality of deep sleep. This hinders the brain’s ongoing ability to store memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72671\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 264px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72671 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Matthew_Walker_AC_800-264x169.jpg\" alt=\"Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley Photo by Arwen Curry.\" width=\"264\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Matthew Walker runs the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California-Berkeley.\u003cbr> Photo by Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists were already aware of a connection between sleep and memory – now they are developing a working hypothesis about how the mechanism actually works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though your learning system is like a USB stick,” Walker said. “During the day you’re acquiring lots of information rapidly.” This information is lodged in an area of the brain called the hippocampus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when we sleep, this data is exported to “the hard drive of our brain,” a larger storage space called the cortex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we wake up the next day, our USB stick has now been cleared out, so we can start to learn new information anew,” Walker said. “We’ve refreshed our learning capacity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that we need less sleep as we age is a fallacy, he added. It now appears that the brain is physically unable to achieve the amount of slow-wave, non-rapid-eye-movement sleep needed to consolidate memories as we grow older. By the time we’re 50 years old, non-REM sleep has reduced by half compared to when we were 18 years old. By the time we’re 70, deep sleep is down to about 5 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72668\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72668 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/402a_sleep_640-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Scientists use electric pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists use electrical pulses to copy the rhythm of slow-wave sleep, which declines as we age.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This research suggests that improving slow-wave sleep, which takes up about a quarter of the night, could slow the decline of memory as we age. Scientists are investigating \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016643289390140L\">ways to use electrical stimulation to improve deep sleep in older people\u003c/a> by attaching electrodes to the scalp to create a mild current that mimics the pattern of slow-wave sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of sleep has traditionally been abstract, but advances in imaging technology now allow scientists to peek inside the sleeping brain. In \u003ca href=\"http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/news/story/index.cfm?id=3956\">a groundbreaking 2013 study\u003c/a>, researchers at the University of Rochester Medical Center injected dyes into the brains of sleeping mice, and watched in real-time as the neurons in their brains shrank dramatically by about 60 percent. This increased the spaces between the brain cells, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to easily flow through and cleanse the brain of naturally occurring toxic waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72672\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72672 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Rochester_Brain_Flushing_800-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph shows cerebrospinal fluid (in blue) rinsing toxins from the brain of a sleeping mouse. Photo courtesy of the University of Rochester Medical Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost as though you’re sort of walking past one of those delightful posh hotels and during the day there’s lots of dirt that happens on the sidewalk,” said Walker. “And then at night, someone comes out with one of those pressure-jet washers and cleans it all out, so that it’s fresh and functional the next day. That’s exactly what we think is now happening during sleep at night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of particular note is that chronic sleep deprivation contributes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887018\">the buildup of a toxic protein called beta-amyloid\u003c/a>, which is a predictor of Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s research also suggests strong connections between sleep and creativity and emotional regulation. But with all we’ve learned about sleep, there remains much more to be discovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you think about it,” said Walker, “we’ve understood the other three main biological drives – eating, drinking and reproducing – for many tens, if not hundreds, of years. But the fourth main biological drive, common across all species that we’ve studied, which is to sleep, remains that quintessential mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear: \u003ca href=\"http://www.gallup.com/poll/166553/less-recommended-amount-sleep.aspx\">People are sleeping demonstrably less than they did 70 years ago\u003c/a>. An estimated 70 million Americans suffer from some form of chronic sleep disorder, and 40 percent get less than the recommended amount of sleep – seven and a half to eight hours a night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contributing factors include multi-tasking, the invasion of technology in the bedroom and long commute times, which rob us of precious free hours, Walker said. But the biggest culprit may be our own attitudes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think where we’re at in modern-day society is a problematic relationship with sleep,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that sleep is fundamentally important at the most basic of biological levels,” he said. “But something strange has happened – sleep has received a stigma. There’s some kind of intonation which suggests that getting sufficient sleep is equivalent to being lazy. We wear this badge of sleep deprivation like some kind of honor emblem on our arm, and that’s profoundly misguided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201408261000\">Forum with Michael Krasny: sleep expert Matthew Walker\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2014/08/27/sleep-apps-myths-and-more-strategies-for-a-good-nights-rest/\">Sleep Apps, Myths and More: Strategies for a Good Night’s Rest\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/a/forum/R201311270930\">Forum with Dave Iverson: sleep therapy as a treatment for depression\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Diving Into the Twilight Zone",
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"content": "\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Through centuries of exploration, humans have climbed the highest peaks and hacked through the densest jungles. From pole to pole, there isn’t a continent left unexplored, and very little land on earth that has not been set foot on by a human being. Yet only 10 percent of the world’s vast oceans have been truly explored. And among the least explored regions of our watery world are the mesophotic reefs, an area that scientists refer to as “the twilight zone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72795\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72795 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Twilight_diver_800-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bart Shepherd, the Director of the Steinhart Aquarium, preps his rebreather gear before heading out on a five-hour dive into the twilight zone. Photo:Christopher Bauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At 150 to 500 feet deep, this region is too deep to safely reach using conventional scuba, but thought too shallow to justify the use of expensive submersibles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To understand what is really down there, you need to actually go there -- you need to witness it and collect,”said Bart Shepherd, the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/steinhart-aquarium\">Steinhart Aquarium at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco\u003c/a>. “Exploring the mesophotic zone with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rov.org/\">Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV)\u003c/a> would be like exploring the rainforest with a remote control helicopter.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with recent advances in diving methods and technology, such as closed-circuit rebreathers, mixed gases and propelled scooters, trained divers can now venture into these deeper reefs. Recently a team from the California Academy of Sciences made up of Shepherd, diving safety officer Elliott Jessup, and ichthyologist Luiz Rocha, began to explore this mysterious place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge with that depth is just getting there and getting back,” said Shepherd. “It’s not unusual for us to have a dive last five hours long. But that only gives us 45 minutes below 160 feet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72797\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72797 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-diver-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using a specially designed fish-decompression chamber, Steinhart Aquarium biologist Richard Ross brings live specimens from the twilight zone up to the surface. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Shepherd, the divers must slowly ascend from the twilight zone, systematically stopping at depth intervals, to avoid contracting the bends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to penetrate down to the depths of the twilight zone and have enough time to work and collect, we need a lot of decompression time,” he said. “But even during that decompression time, we are exploring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each time they dive, the researchers are seeing and discovering places and things never before seen by human eyes. It’s been estimated that these scientists are discovering nearly a dozen new species per hour in the twilight zone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May 2014, the twilight zone dive team was part of a large, month-long \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/the-2014-philippine-biodiversity-expedition\">expedition to the Philippines\u003c/a>. Researchers from all over the world joined Academy scientists to study the Verde Island Passage. This relatively small area of the ocean south of Manila has been referred to as the “center of the center or marine biodiversity.” In fact, it is thought that more unique species live there than on the entire Great Barrier Reef. The scientists, along with fishery managers in the Philippines, want to better understand why this region is so unique and resilient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72798 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/twilight-creature-450x253.jpg\" alt='The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity.' width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Verde Island Passage in the Philippines is considered the \"Center of the Center\" of marine biodiversity. Courtesy California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Why is it such a biodiverse place?” said Shepherd. “It certainly has to do with the location in the Pacific. It’s in the center of what we call the \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. And it probably has to do with the proximity to the deeper water there. There’s a lot of nutrients that come up out of that deep water and sort of feed that marine community. There’s just an incredible amount of diversity. And it’s certainly very interesting to think about why there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists from the California Academy of Sciences have been studying the Philippine marine environment and documenting their findings for 20 years. They have found huge numbers of reef fishes, corals and other marine species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just seems like that spot has more types of animals living in these really, really rich and dynamic communities than anywhere else on the planet,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Add that the deeper regions have never been explored there, and the possibilities for new discovery jump to mind-boggling levels. Or as one expedition diver said, “Science is adventure. Science is discovery. There is a lot more science to do here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Do other planets like Earth exist? Since it launched in 2009, NASA’s Kepler space observatory has revealed billions of Earth-size planets. Now scientists are looking for signs of water on these planets. Watch a video and read about their search.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During six weeks every summer, for the past six years, University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy and five of his students have spent their nights in a small basement room on campus. The room has a microwave oven, a coffeemaker and a couch with two cushions. But none of them gets much use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72711 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Filming_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From a remote observing room at the University of California-Berkeley, astrophysicist Geoff Marcy (right) and graduate student Lauren Weiss used one of the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, to look for planets outside our solar system. KQED’s Helen Silvani and Tomas Tucker filmed them in August. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each night, Marcy and his students – usually in teams of two – race to scour the skies from 11 pm until 9 am the next morning. Connecting remotely to one of the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, they search for planets outside our solar system, trillions of miles away. The Keck telescopes are some of the world's largest, and each night of looking at the stars with one of them costs $50,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a little embarrassing to describe how manic we are,” said Marcy. “From the time the sun sets till the moment when the sun rises, we don’t take any breaks. We just make sure the telescope is pointed at one star, and then immediately another star, and then immediately another star.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72712\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72712 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Geoff_Marcy_in_remote_observation_room_081314-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of California-Berkeley astrophysicist Geoff Marcy spent six weeks this summer looking for exoplanets from a basement room on campus. In the room, Marcy and his students are able to connect remotely to the Keck telescopes, in Hawaii. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On an early morning in August, Marcy and graduate student Lauren Weiss were doing just that, somewhat frantically making a last-minute decision to change the way they were taking measurements on a star called HTR248-002. By studying changes in starlight over time, astronomers are able to figure out if the star has any planets orbiting around it. This particular star has one Jupiter-size planet that has been confirmed. Marcy and Weiss were gathering data that could help them confirm the existence of a second planet, this one three times the mass of Jupiter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The so-called exoplanets that Marcy and Weiss are looking for remained elusive for decades, until the first ones were discovered in 1995, first by a team in Switzerland, and shortly thereafter by graduate student Paul Butler and Marcy, who were then at San Francisco State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Discoveries of other planets outside our solar system exploded in 2009, when NASA launched \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">the Kepler telescope\u003c/a> into space, with the mission of finding planets in a constellation of our Milky Way galaxy. Kepler observed the slight dimming caused by planets as they crossed in front of their stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72710\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72710\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-milkyway-fov_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013. Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is a photo of the section of our Milky Way galaxy that the Kepler space telescope observed from 2009 to 2013.\u003cbr>Photo: Carter Roberts / Eastbay Astronomical Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Based on Kepler’s observations, in 2013 Marcy’s student Erik Petigura, together with Marcy and Andrew Howard, of the University of Hawaii-Manoa, produced an estimate that revealed a stunning number of planets similar to Earth. Their calculations showed that in our galaxy roughly one out of five stars like the sun has an Earth-size planet at just the right distance from its star to potentially harbor water in liquid form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forty \u003cem>billion\u003c/em> Earth-size planets at habitable temperatures,” said Marcy. “And that’s just within our Milky Way galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That estimate won Petigura, Howard and Marcy the 2013 National Academy of Sciences’ Cozzarelli Prize, a prestigious award that recognizes outstanding contributions to scientific research. Some 1,500 exoplanets have been confirmed, and another 3,400 exoplanets observed by Kepler await confirmation, according to \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanets.org/\">exoplanets.org\u003c/a>, run by Jason Wright, at Penn State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72707\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72707\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/Keck3_credit-W.M.KeckObservatory_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets. Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">With their 33 ft. mirrors, the two Keck telescopes, in Hawaii, have enabled scientists to discover new exoplanets.\u003cbr>Courtesy of W. M. Keck Observatory.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now, Marcy and his fellow astronomers are trying to figure out which Earth-size exoplanets might actually have water. With measurements from Kepler and Keck, they’re able to calculate a planet’s mass. The denser a planet is, the likelier it is to have a rocky surface where water could pool, allowing life to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After four years of looking for Earth-size exoplanets, Kepler has suffered enough wear and tear that scientists can no longer use it to find Earth-size planets, said Marcy. The $600 million space telescope, which malfunctioned last year \u003ca href=\"http://www.astropublishing.com/FreeAstronomyMagazine_JulAug2014/index.html#44/z%20\">but was stabilized and renamed the K2 mission\u003c/a>, is still able to look for exoplanets slightly larger than Earth. Marcy, Petigura and Howard are using it to figure out if exoplanets are as abundant in the rest of the Milky Way as they are in the constellation Cygnus that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72709\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-72709\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/05/NASA_Kepler-62MorningStar-1_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water. Credit: Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This artist’s concept imagines an exoplanet named Kepler-62f, and in the distance, another planet called Kepler-62e. Scientists have found that these two planets orbit their star at a distance that would make it possible for them to have liquid water.\u003cbr>Courtesy of NASA Ames/JPL-Caltech/Tim Pyle.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And the search for Earth-size exoplanets continues. A new telescope, the Automated Planet Finder, managed by the University of California-Santa Cruz, recently started collecting data at the Lick Observatory, in the hills east of San Jose. The APF gets its name from its ability to observe the skies without the presence of a human operator. With the Keck telescope and two other instruments, the HARPS-N telescope in the Canary Islands and the HARPS in Chile, the APF is one of a handful of powerful telescopes looking for Earth-size exoplanets that are much closer to Earth than the ones that Kepler observed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although considered nearby by astronomers, the closer planets would still take thousands of years for humans to reach with today’s fastest-known rockets. Yet they still intrigue scientists, offering tantalizing opportunities to look for signs of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can maybe look for the glinting of starlight off the oceans,” said Marcy. “Maybe we can analyze the light to look for chlorophyll, or the methane that would come from bovine flatulence or some such. So the nearest stars and their Earth-like planets represent some kind of an astro-biological goldmine, and we’re hunting for those Earths very vigorously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Update: On Oct. 14, 2015, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/10/14/berkeley-astronomer-geoff-marcy-in-wake-of-sex-harassment-case\" target=\"_blank\">Geoff Marcy resigned his professorship\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley after an investigation found he violated campus sexual harassment policies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-planet-hunters\">was originally produced by Christopher Bauer\u003c/a> and was updated by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Future of You",
"title": "Future of You",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note: Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/\">new blog on the intersection of new tech, medicine and healthcare, Future of You\u003c/a>, has launched today, March 12th, 2015. Future of You explores how new technology is revolutionizing medicine and how the explosion of information is changing the way we stay healthy.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/about\"> More › ›\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTyWv2e1yWs?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are tens of thousands of health and fitness apps that consumers can download onto their smart phones and tablets. From tracking the calories you burn to helping manage your stress through guided meditation, these apps are proving to be popular: within the first six months of 2014, their use increased by more than 60 percent, according to \u003ca title=\"Flurry Analytics blog post\" href=\"http://www.flurry.com/blog/flurry-insights/health-and-fitness-apps-finally-take-fueled-fitness-fanatics#.VErBo_l4rYg\">one recent study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these apps work with popular activity tracking devices that are made by manufacturers such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.misfitwearables.com/\">Misfit Wearables\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrappy start-ups and established high-tech companies such as Google, Apple and Samsung are launching a rising tide of wireless activity trackers, apps and online services that are revolutionizing America’s nearly $3 trillion-dollar health care industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967.jpg\" alt=\"A row of electronic health monitoring devices at a Best Buy store in San Francisco. Photo by Arwen Curry / KQED QUEST \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A row of electronic health monitoring devices at a Best Buy store in San Francisco. Photo by Arwen Curry / KQED QUEST\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We call the intersection of health care and technology 'digital health,'\" said Halle Tecco, co-founder and managing director of \u003ca href=\"http://rockhealth.com/\">Rock Health\u003c/a>, a San Francisco firm that funds early-stage start-up companies. “In 2013, we saw nearly $2 billion poured into this industry. That was 100 percent growth from 2011.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More changes are ahead, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We are going into an era in which consumer devices...are going to be the disruptive technologies for the entire health care industry\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are going into an era in which consumer devices for measuring aspects of our activity or health are going to be the disruptive technologies for the entire health care industry,\" said Larry Smarr, a computer science professor at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the internet has revolutionized industries from banking to music, Smarr noted. And now, health care is next, from streamlining the sharing of medical data to launching a remote doctor visit with the swipe of an app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Apple unveiled its latest mobile device, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.apple.com/watch/\">Apple Watch\u003c/a>, which will be available in early 2015 at a starting price of $349. In addition to being able to play music, and send and receive phone calls and texts, the smart watch also functions as a fitness tracker that can monitor heart rate and calories burned. In addition, Apple’s latest operating system features the HealthKit app where users can store personal health information, such as lists of medication, to nimbly update their electronic medical records or share them with their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the new ability to share personal health information through apps, smartphones and wearable devices carries privacy risks. Jaime King, a law professor at Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco, wears a Fitbit bracelet that monitors her physical activity, including how many steps she takes a day. Although she thinks \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/privacy\">Fitbit’s privacy policy\u003c/a> is “really quite good,” she has some words of advice to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that individuals really need to take responsibility for the information that they’re posting up there, and not assume that the companies are going to do that for them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.schumer.senate.gov/Newsroom/record.cfm?id=355189\">Sen. Charles Schumer, D-NY, pointed out recently\u003c/a>, no federal laws exist to prevent the selling of personal health information collected and stored by a fitness tracking device or app to a third party, such as a health club or even an insurance provider. And this personal health information goes beyond just the number of steps a person has walked in a day. The activity trackers and their associated apps allow users to store information about body weight, age and height, even how much sleep people get at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2014, Fitbit, which is the leading manufacturer of activity trackers, updated its privacy policy to state that it will never sell to third parties personal health information that could be used to identify individual consumers using its devices and app. Still, the company left open the possibility that it could share “de-identified and aggregated data,” a practice that \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andme\u003c/a>, the maker of an at-home genetic testing kit, has been doing for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers of 23andme submit a saliva sample, and the results are made available to them through the 23andme web site in a matter of weeks. The test can indicate an individual’s genetic ancestry as well as some of their raw genetic data. (In 2013, the FDA stopped 23andme from providing its consumers with health-related information such as the likelihood of developing a disease based on their genetic test results). The company claims that the low cost of its $99 test kit is made possible because the genetic data it collects from customers is stripped of any identifying information and then sold to medical researchers and pharmaceutical firms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Note: 23andme will only sell genetic data from customers who’ve opted-in to make their anonymized test results available for the company to share with third parties.) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As privacy issues play out and new technology rapidly comes online, medical research is also changing because of new consumer electronic tools, faster wireless connectivity, cloud computing and advances in genetics, allowing patients to become collaborators and researchers in their own health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"AliveCor is the maker of a smartphone case that can record within seconds an EKG, a measure of heart health. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">AliveCor is the maker of a smartphone case that can record within seconds an EKG, a measure of heart health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.health-eheartstudy.org/\">Health eHeart\u003c/a> study, the world’s first all-electronic global heart study led by Dr. Jeffrey Olgin, Chief of Cardiology at UC San Francisco. Olgin and his team are giving study participants wireless activity trackers, apps and even a smartphone case that can quickly record an EKG reading, an important measure of heart health, rather than having the patients come in to visit a doctor’s office. This data is wirelessly relayed to an online dashboard and may help lead to new, better treatments for heart disease, the number one killer in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It's not the tools that we really lack in medicine...it's the lack of big data\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the tools that we really lack in medicine and in heart disease, it’s really the lack of big data,” Olgin said. “And if we really are able to collect enough of this large, dense data, we hope to be able to gain insights that do much better at predicting individual risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For UC San Diego’s Smarr, the changes are part of an amazing era that has been unfolding in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have these decadal developments that have transformed the information technology landscape – Amazon, how we buy things; Facebook, how we post things; Google, how we search for things. And now, health data,” he said. “And that makes you a very much more empowered patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story is featured in the QUEST television documentary, Future of You. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/how-big-data-is-changing-medicine/\">How Big Data is Changing Medicine - KQED Science radio story, 9/29/14\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/consumer-gene-tests-whats-the-future/\">Consumer Gene Tests Face Uncertain Future - KQED Science radio story, 5/5/14\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/eavesdropping-on-the-heart-a-patient%E2%80%99s-campaign-for-access/\">Eavesdropping on the Heart: A Patient's Campaign for Access - KQED QUEST radio story, 2/24/12\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Explore new technologies driving a digital health revolution to hack and track our lives.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Editor’s note: Our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/\">new blog on the intersection of new tech, medicine and healthcare, Future of You\u003c/a>, has launched today, March 12th, 2015. Future of You explores how new technology is revolutionizing medicine and how the explosion of information is changing the way we stay healthy.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/about\"> More › ›\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTyWv2e1yWs?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there are tens of thousands of health and fitness apps that consumers can download onto their smart phones and tablets. From tracking the calories you burn to helping manage your stress through guided meditation, these apps are proving to be popular: within the first six months of 2014, their use increased by more than 60 percent, according to \u003ca title=\"Flurry Analytics blog post\" href=\"http://www.flurry.com/blog/flurry-insights/health-and-fitness-apps-finally-take-fueled-fitness-fanatics#.VErBo_l4rYg\">one recent study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these apps work with popular activity tracking devices that are made by manufacturers such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/\">Fitbit\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.misfitwearables.com/\">Misfit Wearables\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scrappy start-ups and established high-tech companies such as Google, Apple and Samsung are launching a rising tide of wireless activity trackers, apps and online services that are revolutionizing America’s nearly $3 trillion-dollar health care industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967.jpg\" alt=\"A row of electronic health monitoring devices at a Best Buy store in San Francisco. Photo by Arwen Curry / KQED QUEST \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/BestBuy_scaled_JV0A5967-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A row of electronic health monitoring devices at a Best Buy store in San Francisco. Photo by Arwen Curry / KQED QUEST\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"We call the intersection of health care and technology 'digital health,'\" said Halle Tecco, co-founder and managing director of \u003ca href=\"http://rockhealth.com/\">Rock Health\u003c/a>, a San Francisco firm that funds early-stage start-up companies. “In 2013, we saw nearly $2 billion poured into this industry. That was 100 percent growth from 2011.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More changes are ahead, experts say.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We are going into an era in which consumer devices...are going to be the disruptive technologies for the entire health care industry\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We are going into an era in which consumer devices for measuring aspects of our activity or health are going to be the disruptive technologies for the entire health care industry,\" said Larry Smarr, a computer science professor at the University of California, San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, the internet has revolutionized industries from banking to music, Smarr noted. And now, health care is next, from streamlining the sharing of medical data to launching a remote doctor visit with the swipe of an app.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Apple unveiled its latest mobile device, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.apple.com/watch/\">Apple Watch\u003c/a>, which will be available in early 2015 at a starting price of $349. In addition to being able to play music, and send and receive phone calls and texts, the smart watch also functions as a fitness tracker that can monitor heart rate and calories burned. In addition, Apple’s latest operating system features the HealthKit app where users can store personal health information, such as lists of medication, to nimbly update their electronic medical records or share them with their doctors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the new ability to share personal health information through apps, smartphones and wearable devices carries privacy risks. Jaime King, a law professor at Hastings College of the Law in San Francisco, wears a Fitbit bracelet that monitors her physical activity, including how many steps she takes a day. Although she thinks \u003ca href=\"http://www.fitbit.com/privacy\">Fitbit’s privacy policy\u003c/a> is “really quite good,” she has some words of advice to consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that individuals really need to take responsibility for the information that they’re posting up there, and not assume that the companies are going to do that for them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.schumer.senate.gov/Newsroom/record.cfm?id=355189\">Sen. Charles Schumer, D-NY, pointed out recently\u003c/a>, no federal laws exist to prevent the selling of personal health information collected and stored by a fitness tracking device or app to a third party, such as a health club or even an insurance provider. And this personal health information goes beyond just the number of steps a person has walked in a day. The activity trackers and their associated apps allow users to store information about body weight, age and height, even how much sleep people get at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August 2014, Fitbit, which is the leading manufacturer of activity trackers, updated its privacy policy to state that it will never sell to third parties personal health information that could be used to identify individual consumers using its devices and app. Still, the company left open the possibility that it could share “de-identified and aggregated data,” a practice that \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andme\u003c/a>, the maker of an at-home genetic testing kit, has been doing for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Customers of 23andme submit a saliva sample, and the results are made available to them through the 23andme web site in a matter of weeks. The test can indicate an individual’s genetic ancestry as well as some of their raw genetic data. (In 2013, the FDA stopped 23andme from providing its consumers with health-related information such as the likelihood of developing a disease based on their genetic test results). The company claims that the low cost of its $99 test kit is made possible because the genetic data it collects from customers is stripped of any identifying information and then sold to medical researchers and pharmaceutical firms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Note: 23andme will only sell genetic data from customers who’ve opted-in to make their anonymized test results available for the company to share with third parties.) \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As privacy issues play out and new technology rapidly comes online, medical research is also changing because of new consumer electronic tools, faster wireless connectivity, cloud computing and advances in genetics, allowing patients to become collaborators and researchers in their own health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72390\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72390\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled.jpg\" alt=\"AliveCor is the maker of a smartphone case that can record within seconds an EKG, a measure of heart health. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/EKG02_scaled-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">AliveCor is the maker of a smartphone case that can record within seconds an EKG, a measure of heart health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.health-eheartstudy.org/\">Health eHeart\u003c/a> study, the world’s first all-electronic global heart study led by Dr. Jeffrey Olgin, Chief of Cardiology at UC San Francisco. Olgin and his team are giving study participants wireless activity trackers, apps and even a smartphone case that can quickly record an EKG reading, an important measure of heart health, rather than having the patients come in to visit a doctor’s office. This data is wirelessly relayed to an online dashboard and may help lead to new, better treatments for heart disease, the number one killer in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">It's not the tools that we really lack in medicine...it's the lack of big data\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s not the tools that we really lack in medicine and in heart disease, it’s really the lack of big data,” Olgin said. “And if we really are able to collect enough of this large, dense data, we hope to be able to gain insights that do much better at predicting individual risk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For UC San Diego’s Smarr, the changes are part of an amazing era that has been unfolding in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have these decadal developments that have transformed the information technology landscape – Amazon, how we buy things; Facebook, how we post things; Google, how we search for things. And now, health data,” he said. “And that makes you a very much more empowered patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story is featured in the QUEST television documentary, Future of You. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/how-big-data-is-changing-medicine/\">How Big Data is Changing Medicine - KQED Science radio story, 9/29/14\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/consumer-gene-tests-whats-the-future/\">Consumer Gene Tests Face Uncertain Future - KQED Science radio story, 5/5/14\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/eavesdropping-on-the-heart-a-patient%E2%80%99s-campaign-for-access/\">Eavesdropping on the Heart: A Patient's Campaign for Access - KQED QUEST radio story, 2/24/12\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Condors vs. Lead Bullets",
"title": "Condors vs. Lead Bullets",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2013, California Gov. Jerry Brown signed a new law banning the use of lead bullets for hunting anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\">AB 711\u003c/a>, say it was created to protect wildlife, especially the endangered California condor, an iconic native species that was brought back from the brink of extinction in the early 1980s with a captive breeding program that today has resulted in more than 420 condors in a range that encompasses parts of California, Arizona, Utah and Baja, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, wild condors can be sickened, or killed, by lead poisoning when they eat the carcasses of animals that have been shot with lead bullets, and ingest the bullet fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72481\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\" alt=\"Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When lead enters the bloodstream, it blocks neurological receptors that control the digestive system,” said Kelly Sorenson, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that rehabilitates condors along California’s central coast. “So literally what happens is the bird starves to death because it doesn’t know that it’s hungry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors sickened by lead poisoning can be treated with chelation, a medical procedure that removes lead in the birds’ bloodstream by binding it to heavy metals that the birds can then excrete. Scientific labs at the University of California, Santa Cruz and other institutions have matched lead removed from sickened birds to lead used in traditional hunting ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental and wildlife organizations such as \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/banning-lead-ammunition-condor-habitat\">Audubon California\u003c/a> and The Humane Society of the United States supported AB 711, while the\u003ca href=\"http://home.nra.org\"> National Rifle Association\u003c/a> and hunting groups opposed it. Critics noted the extra cost of non-lead ammunition, which can be twice as expensive or more than traditional hunting ammunition. In response to this argument, the bill authorized the California Fish and Game Commission to implement the state-wide lead bullet ban by 2019, which would allow ammunition manufacturers time to ramp up the production of bullets made with non-toxic metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Gaines, a Sacramento-based hunter and lobbyist, said the ban is unnecessary because a 2007 state law already bans the use of lead ammunition in the condors’ California range, which extends roughly from Monterey to Ventura county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to the rest of the state where the condors aren’t, there’s really nothing we can do to benefit the condors in those parts of the state, and hunters should be allowed to use lead ammunition in those parts of the state” Gaines said. He also said he believes that “the jury is still out” on the source of the lead poisoning the condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the new law, however, note that condors eat dozens of dead deer, wild pigs and other animals every year, and can be poisoned if just one has lead in it from a poacher, rancher or hunter who ignored the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72480\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72480 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\" alt=\"In 2014, officials at Zion National Park in southern Utah recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched in the wild in Utah. This is an image of one of the parents. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2014, officials at Zion National Park recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched to a pair of adults in the wild in southern Utah. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead poisoning is the leading cause of death among California condors, with more than 50 wild condors dying from it since 1992. For organizations working to save the California condor, conservation efforts are yielding results: the bird’s range today appears to be expanding. In June of 2014, for the first time in more than 100 years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25959192/first-california-condor-spotted-san-mateo-county-since\">a wild California condor was spotted in San Mateo county\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2014, National Park Service officials reported the birth of Utah’s first condor chick in the wild in \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.utah.gov/wildlife-news/1460-biologists-catch-glimpse-of-utah-condor-chick.html\">Zion National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a wingspan that can reach nearly 10 feet, the California condor is the largest flying bird in North America. As tagged condors spread their wings and expand their range, their chances for survival in the wild still remain uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Once nearly extinct, California condors are making a steady recovery. But a new threat-- lead poisoning from old bullets-- is slowing progress, leaving scientists between wildlife preservation and the politics of hunting.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This video story was originally produced by Christopher Bauer and updated by Sheraz Sadiq.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2013, California Gov. Jerry Brown signed a new law banning the use of lead bullets for hunting anywhere in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the bill, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB711\">AB 711\u003c/a>, say it was created to protect wildlife, especially the endangered California condor, an iconic native species that was brought back from the brink of extinction in the early 1980s with a captive breeding program that today has resulted in more than 420 condors in a range that encompasses parts of California, Arizona, Utah and Baja, Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As scavengers, wild condors can be sickened, or killed, by lead poisoning when they eat the carcasses of animals that have been shot with lead bullets, and ingest the bullet fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72481\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72481\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg\" alt=\"Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/THuntington_VentanaWildernessSociety_2_ffvid_6310-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Condors can get lead poisoning when ingesting carcasses shot with lead bullets and left by hunters, ranchers or poachers. Image courtesy of Tim Huntington / Ventana Wilderness Society.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When lead enters the bloodstream, it blocks neurological receptors that control the digestive system,” said Kelly Sorenson, executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ventanaws.org/\">Ventana Wildlife Society\u003c/a>, a non-profit organization that rehabilitates condors along California’s central coast. “So literally what happens is the bird starves to death because it doesn’t know that it’s hungry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Condors sickened by lead poisoning can be treated with chelation, a medical procedure that removes lead in the birds’ bloodstream by binding it to heavy metals that the birds can then excrete. Scientific labs at the University of California, Santa Cruz and other institutions have matched lead removed from sickened birds to lead used in traditional hunting ammunition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental and wildlife organizations such as \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/banning-lead-ammunition-condor-habitat\">Audubon California\u003c/a> and The Humane Society of the United States supported AB 711, while the\u003ca href=\"http://home.nra.org\"> National Rifle Association\u003c/a> and hunting groups opposed it. Critics noted the extra cost of non-lead ammunition, which can be twice as expensive or more than traditional hunting ammunition. In response to this argument, the bill authorized the California Fish and Game Commission to implement the state-wide lead bullet ban by 2019, which would allow ammunition manufacturers time to ramp up the production of bullets made with non-toxic metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Gaines, a Sacramento-based hunter and lobbyist, said the ban is unnecessary because a 2007 state law already bans the use of lead ammunition in the condors’ California range, which extends roughly from Monterey to Ventura county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it comes to the rest of the state where the condors aren’t, there’s really nothing we can do to benefit the condors in those parts of the state, and hunters should be allowed to use lead ammunition in those parts of the state” Gaines said. He also said he believes that “the jury is still out” on the source of the lead poisoning the condors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters of the new law, however, note that condors eat dozens of dead deer, wild pigs and other animals every year, and can be poisoned if just one has lead in it from a poacher, rancher or hunter who ignored the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72480\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72480 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg\" alt=\"In 2014, officials at Zion National Park in southern Utah recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched in the wild in Utah. This is an image of one of the parents. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Zion_NationalPark_CU_2_NPSPhoto-EricNewmark-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2014, officials at Zion National Park recorded the birth of the first condor chick hatched to a pair of adults in the wild in southern Utah. Image courtesy of Eric Newmark / National Park Service\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lead poisoning is the leading cause of death among California condors, with more than 50 wild condors dying from it since 1992. For organizations working to save the California condor, conservation efforts are yielding results: the bird’s range today appears to be expanding. In June of 2014, for the first time in more than 100 years, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_25959192/first-california-condor-spotted-san-mateo-county-since\">a wild California condor was spotted in San Mateo county\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also in 2014, National Park Service officials reported the birth of Utah’s first condor chick in the wild in \u003ca href=\"http://wildlife.utah.gov/wildlife-news/1460-biologists-catch-glimpse-of-utah-condor-chick.html\">Zion National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a wingspan that can reach nearly 10 feet, the California condor is the largest flying bird in North America. As tagged condors spread their wings and expand their range, their chances for survival in the wild still remain uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTIDkj9Tn58\">Watch the full episode of QUEST.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Voters to Decide $7.5 Billion Water Bond Measure",
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"content": "\u003cp>At three years and counting, one of the worst droughts in California history shows little sign of abating. So it’s no surprise that water has become a hot issue this election year. In fact,\u003ca title=\"PPIC October poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1014MBS.pdf\">a recent poll \u003c/a>conducted this month by the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that water and the drought rank as high as the economy and jobs when voters were asked what they thought is the most important issue facing the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72374\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72374\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\" alt=\"Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 4, Californians will be able to exercise their opinion about water at the ballot box when they vote on \u003ca title=\"Prop. 1 ballotbedia entry\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_(2014)\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, a $7.5 billion measure that would authorize the state to issue new bonds to pay for a wide variety of water-related projects. The projects that could be funded include dams to underground storage, along with efforts to improve watersheds and groundwater management, along with increased conservation and water recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly $3 billion would be allocated for expanding California’s water storage, which would likely mean the construction of at least one new large reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure is being championed by Gov. Jerry Brown, along with the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Farm Bureau Federation and a variety of environmental groups, including Audubon California and the Nature Conservancy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL8lhH2qNUE\">A recent campaign ad\u003c/a> features Brown speaking to the camera as he uses the metaphor of a pendulum to describe the swing between wet years and dry years, noting that Propositions 1 will save water “to prepare us for drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72375\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72375\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\" alt=\"One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the measure also has garnered opponents, including San Francisco Baykeeper and the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, which has stated that “the bond includes the largest appropriation for new dams in the state’s history.” In addition, opponents question what impact the new funding would have on providing immediate drought relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a non-partisan think tank based in Oakland, issued a \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2014/10/Insights-into-Prop-1-full-report.pdf\">report this week analyzing the water bond\u003c/a>. It found that only 1 percent of the bond’s funds would go to water conservation and efficiency efforts. Still, according to the report, the funding would help improve the state’s surface and groundwater quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Hanak, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, based in San Francisco, said the extreme weather patterns that will be produced by climate change have ratcheted up the pressure to better manage California’s water, the bulk of which comes from the Sierra snowpack. In recent years, not only has there been less precipitation, but the snowpack has been melting earlier, making it harder to capture runoff and store it in reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to build surface storage to capture that water, and that’s one potential answer, but another one is to manage the existing surface storage in conjunction with our groundwater storage,” said Hanak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing California’s limited water supply with an aging infrastructure to meet the needs of growing cities and a multi-billion dollar farming industry requires a diverse array of efforts, she said, from asking people to cut back on their water usage to boosting the use of recycled water for irrigation and landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no silver bullet when thinking about water policy and how to meet the demands of growing economy and population,” Hanak said. “Conservation, desalination and recycled water and new storage alone won’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Proposition 1 is polling well with likely voters. A poll released this week by the PPIC showed Prop 1 leading 56-32 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At three years and counting, one of the worst droughts in California history shows little sign of abating. So it’s no surprise that water has become a hot issue this election year. In fact,\u003ca title=\"PPIC October poll\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/survey/S_1014MBS.pdf\">a recent poll \u003c/a>conducted this month by the non-partisan \u003ca title=\"PPIC\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a> found that water and the drought rank as high as the economy and jobs when voters were asked what they thought is the most important issue facing the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72374\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72374\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg\" alt=\"Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_filter_gallery_C0054-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Proposition One, a $7.5 billion water bond measure on the November ballot, would pay for building new water storage facilities.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Nov. 4, Californians will be able to exercise their opinion about water at the ballot box when they vote on \u003ca title=\"Prop. 1 ballotbedia entry\" href=\"http://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1,_Water_Bond_(2014)\">Proposition 1\u003c/a>, a $7.5 billion measure that would authorize the state to issue new bonds to pay for a wide variety of water-related projects. The projects that could be funded include dams to underground storage, along with efforts to improve watersheds and groundwater management, along with increased conservation and water recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly $3 billion would be allocated for expanding California’s water storage, which would likely mean the construction of at least one new large reservoir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The measure is being championed by Gov. Jerry Brown, along with the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Farm Bureau Federation and a variety of environmental groups, including Audubon California and the Nature Conservancy. \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL8lhH2qNUE\">A recent campaign ad\u003c/a> features Brown speaking to the camera as he uses the metaphor of a pendulum to describe the swing between wet years and dry years, noting that Propositions 1 will save water “to prepare us for drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72375\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72375\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg\" alt=\"One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/802_water_bond_faucet_C0077-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the worst droughts in the state's history has made concerns about water a big election issue.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the measure also has garnered opponents, including San Francisco Baykeeper and the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance, which has stated that “the bond includes the largest appropriation for new dams in the state’s history.” In addition, opponents question what impact the new funding would have on providing immediate drought relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/mission-and-vision/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a non-partisan think tank based in Oakland, issued a \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/21/2014/10/Insights-into-Prop-1-full-report.pdf\">report this week analyzing the water bond\u003c/a>. It found that only 1 percent of the bond’s funds would go to water conservation and efficiency efforts. Still, according to the report, the funding would help improve the state’s surface and groundwater quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellen Hanak, a senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, based in San Francisco, said the extreme weather patterns that will be produced by climate change have ratcheted up the pressure to better manage California’s water, the bulk of which comes from the Sierra snowpack. In recent years, not only has there been less precipitation, but the snowpack has been melting earlier, making it harder to capture runoff and store it in reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes sense to build surface storage to capture that water, and that’s one potential answer, but another one is to manage the existing surface storage in conjunction with our groundwater storage,” said Hanak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Managing California’s limited water supply with an aging infrastructure to meet the needs of growing cities and a multi-billion dollar farming industry requires a diverse array of efforts, she said, from asking people to cut back on their water usage to boosting the use of recycled water for irrigation and landscaping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is no silver bullet when thinking about water policy and how to meet the demands of growing economy and population,” Hanak said. “Conservation, desalination and recycled water and new storage alone won’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Proposition 1 is polling well with likely voters. A poll released this week by the PPIC showed Prop 1 leading 56-32 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat",
"title": "On GMO Labeling, Oregon and Colorado Learn from California Ballot Defeat",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, Oregon voters narrowly rejected Measure 92, which would have required the labeling of foods containing genetically engineered ingredients. The measure lost by a 51 to 49 percent vote. Coloradans also rejected a similar ballot initiative, Proposition 105, by a 66 to 34 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> Voters in Oregon will head to the polls Nov. 4 to decide whether to require foods made with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled. In doing so, they’ll be voting on an initiative shaped in part by the experience of activists in California, who watched a similar measure fail two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Measure 92 would require manufacturers, distributors and grocery owners to label raw and packaged foods produced entirely or partially through genetic engineering. If it passes, the measure will go into effect in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado also is voting on a labeling initiative Nov. 4. If it or the Oregon measure passes, the states will be following Vermont’s lead. In May, Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a new law making that state the first in the country to mandate labels for genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates in Oregon are hoping that their measure doesn’t face the same fate as a labeling measure in California. In November 2012, Californians narrowly voted down Proposition 37, by a 51 to 49 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72423 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign in California, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noprop37.com/\">opposition to Prop. 37\u003c/a>, led by seed companies like Monsanto and food manufacturers such as Pepsico, spent $46 million to defeat \u003ca href=\"http://www.carighttoknow.org/\">the proposition\u003c/a>,which received $9 million from organic food companies and supplement manufacturers like Mercola. The disparity in funding is repeating itself again this year in Oregon, though this time around, the difference is smaller: as of Oct. 23, the \u003ca href=\"http://votenoon92.com/\">No on 92\u003c/a> campaign had raised $11 million and the \u003ca href=\"http://oregonrighttoknow.org/\">Yes on 92\u003c/a> campaign almost $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the difference in funding didn’t account entirely for the defeat of the California labeling campaign, its supporters say, and they’ve tried to apply their lessons from 2012 in Oregon today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California ballot initiative allowed for citizen lawsuits that could be brought by anybody at any time, and there was a lot of concern that this would be a boon for trial lawyers,” said Elisa Odabashian, director of the West Coast office of \u003ca href=\"http://consumersunion.org/\">Consumers Union\u003c/a>, the policy arm of Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72420\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72420 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food. Photo: Arwen Curry. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food.\u003cbr> Photo: Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union has supported the idea of labeling genetically engineered foods since the 1990s, said Odabashian, who is based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California campaign, No on 37 television ads played up the possibility of lawsuits hobbling small business owners. So in Oregon, labeling advocates have limited the ability for citizens to bring lawsuits against grocery stores that might be selling unlabeled foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no monetary damages allowed under Measure 92 in Oregon,” said Odabashian. “So it will not be a big money-maker for trial lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that labeling gives shoppers important information about their food, and that the United States should follow the lead of more than 60 countries, including France and Japan, that require some form of labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of labeling contend that consumers who want to avoid genetically engineered ingredients can choose organic foods, which are already labeled. Federal guidelines prohibit organic farmers from using genetically engineered seeds, or feeding their animals engineered feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72424 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived. Photo: Adrian Dubock \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived.\u003cbr> Photo: Adrian Dubock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that labeling requirements would hike food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well of course the costs are going to go up,” said Dana Bieber, spokesperson for No on 92 during \u003ca href=\"http://www.katu.com/politics/Your-Voice-Your-Vote-Oregons-GMO-labeling-debate-270064221.html\">a televised debate\u003c/a> on Oregon’s KATU station in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost isn’t in the relabeling. That’s nominal,” she said. “The cost to the consumer comes from the fact that food companies will have to remake their food with higher-priced GE ingredients to avoid having to put this label on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that labeling could increase food prices has been a point of contention in every vote on the issue. In California’s 2012 campaign, the No on 37 camp argued that a typical family’s food expenses would increase by up to $400 annually if the initiative passed. In Oregon, Consumers Union commissioned a report that found that food prices would increase by slightly over $2 per person a year. This estimate is based on the assumption that even if labeling were required, companies would continue to sell foods with genetically engineered ingredients, and consumers would continue to buy them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72422 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change.\u003cbr> Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Labeling advocates also argue that the advent of genetically engineered crops has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24\">an increase in pesticide use\u003c/a>. One category of genetically engineered crops, created in the mid-1990s by the Missouri-based seed company Monsanto, allows farmers to spray the weed killer glyphosate -- known as Roundup -- without damaging their crops. This allowed growers to replace other more toxic herbicides with Roundup, which is cheaper and less toxic, said Los Banos alfalfa grower Philip Bowles. A \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804\">2010 report by the National Academies\u003c/a> found that insecticide use had declined since GE crops were introduced, and farmers who grew GE crops used fewer insecticides and herbicides that linger in soil and waterways. A second category of GE crops include a bacterium that makes crops like cotton resistant to pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But weed resistance to glyphosate has led seed companies to develop new GE crops that can tolerate other weed killers. The USDA approved in September soybeans and corn engineered by the Indiana-based Dow AgroSciences \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.dowagro.com/press-release/epa-registers-enlist-duo-herbicide-enlist-weed-control-system-now-approved\">to tolerate the weed killer 2,4-D\u003c/a>. A coalition of environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3560/coalition-of-farmers-and-environmental-groups-to-challenge-epa-over-herbicide-approval\">is suing the EPA\u003c/a> over its approval in October of the use of 2,4-D for the spraying of GE corn and soybeans, arguing that the agency didn’t adequately study its health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of GE crops point out that \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3536/epa-approves-new-24-d-herbicide-blend-paving-way-for-controversial-ge-crops\">2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange\u003c/a>, the herbicide the U.S. military used during the Vietnam War to destroy crops and trees. Agent Orange has been associated with health problems in U.S. veterans and the Vietnamese population, but these were caused mainly by an extremely toxic dioxin compound that contaminated Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, more than 90 percent of the cotton, corn and soybeans, and more than 80 percent of the sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically engineered. GE canola and alfalfa are also grown in the US. These crops are used mainly as animal feed, or added to soda, snacks, cereals and other processed foods. Some yellow crookneck squash, sweet corn and zucchini, and some varieties of Hawaiian papayas are also genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization and the National Academies have stated that the genetically engineered foods available today are safe to eat. Companies that sell genetically engineered seeds in the United States need approval from the EPA and USDA for most seeds. They also regularly go before the FDA, though that process is voluntary, which has drawn criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that’s not enough,” said Odabashian. “We think an unbiased governmental body should be looking at the safety of these foods before they reach the marketplace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, Oregon voters narrowly rejected Measure 92, which would have required the labeling of foods containing genetically engineered ingredients. The measure lost by a 51 to 49 percent vote. Coloradans also rejected a similar ballot initiative, Proposition 105, by a 66 to 34 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> Voters in Oregon will head to the polls Nov. 4 to decide whether to require foods made with genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled. In doing so, they’ll be voting on an initiative shaped in part by the experience of activists in California, who watched a similar measure fail two years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oregon’s Measure 92 would require manufacturers, distributors and grocery owners to label raw and packaged foods produced entirely or partially through genetic engineering. If it passes, the measure will go into effect in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colorado also is voting on a labeling initiative Nov. 4. If it or the Oregon measure passes, the states will be following Vermont’s lead. In May, Vermont Gov. Peter Shumlin signed a new law making that state the first in the country to mandate labels for genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates in Oregon are hoping that their measure doesn’t face the same fate as a labeling measure in California. In November 2012, Californians narrowly voted down Proposition 37, by a 51 to 49 percent vote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72423\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72423 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tom-Llewellyn-chants-at-a-Prop-37-rally_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tom Llewellyn, a volunteer with the Proposition 37 campaign in California, chanted at a rally in Santa Cruz on Nov. 4, 2012, two days before the election. Prop. 37 lost with 49 percent of the vote. Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noprop37.com/\">opposition to Prop. 37\u003c/a>, led by seed companies like Monsanto and food manufacturers such as Pepsico, spent $46 million to defeat \u003ca href=\"http://www.carighttoknow.org/\">the proposition\u003c/a>,which received $9 million from organic food companies and supplement manufacturers like Mercola. The disparity in funding is repeating itself again this year in Oregon, though this time around, the difference is smaller: as of Oct. 23, the \u003ca href=\"http://votenoon92.com/\">No on 92\u003c/a> campaign had raised $11 million and the \u003ca href=\"http://oregonrighttoknow.org/\">Yes on 92\u003c/a> campaign almost $6.5 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the difference in funding didn’t account entirely for the defeat of the California labeling campaign, its supporters say, and they’ve tried to apply their lessons from 2012 in Oregon today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The California ballot initiative allowed for citizen lawsuits that could be brought by anybody at any time, and there was a lot of concern that this would be a boon for trial lawyers,” said Elisa Odabashian, director of the West Coast office of \u003ca href=\"http://consumersunion.org/\">Consumers Union\u003c/a>, the policy arm of Consumer Reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72420\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72420 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Elisa_Odabashian_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food. Photo: Arwen Curry. \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Elisa Odabashian, of Consumer Reports, said that her organization’s ultimate goal is for the federal government to mandate the labeling of genetically engineered food.\u003cbr> Photo: Arwen Curry.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Consumers Union has supported the idea of labeling genetically engineered foods since the 1990s, said Odabashian, who is based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the California campaign, No on 37 television ads played up the possibility of lawsuits hobbling small business owners. So in Oregon, labeling advocates have limited the ability for citizens to bring lawsuits against grocery stores that might be selling unlabeled foods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are no monetary damages allowed under Measure 92 in Oregon,” said Odabashian. “So it will not be a big money-maker for trial lawyers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Supporters argue that labeling gives shoppers important information about their food, and that the United States should follow the lead of more than 60 countries, including France and Japan, that require some form of labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of labeling contend that consumers who want to avoid genetically engineered ingredients can choose organic foods, which are already labeled. Federal guidelines prohibit organic farmers from using genetically engineered seeds, or feeding their animals engineered feed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72424\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72424 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Tomato_paste_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived. Photo: Adrian Dubock \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genetically engineered tomatoes created in Davis, California, in the mid-1990s were made into an inexpensive tomato paste that sold well in England. The engineered tomatoes and the paste were both labeled, but were short-lived.\u003cbr> Photo: Adrian Dubock\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Opponents also argue that labeling requirements would hike food prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well of course the costs are going to go up,” said Dana Bieber, spokesperson for No on 92 during \u003ca href=\"http://www.katu.com/politics/Your-Voice-Your-Vote-Oregons-GMO-labeling-debate-270064221.html\">a televised debate\u003c/a> on Oregon’s KATU station in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The cost isn’t in the relabeling. That’s nominal,” she said. “The cost to the consumer comes from the fact that food companies will have to remake their food with higher-priced GE ingredients to avoid having to put this label on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility that labeling could increase food prices has been a point of contention in every vote on the issue. In California’s 2012 campaign, the No on 37 camp argued that a typical family’s food expenses would increase by up to $400 annually if the initiative passed. In Oregon, Consumers Union commissioned a report that found that food prices would increase by slightly over $2 per person a year. This estimate is based on the assumption that even if labeling were required, companies would continue to sell foods with genetically engineered ingredients, and consumers would continue to buy them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72422\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72422 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/10/Genetically-engineered-rice_800-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change. Photo: Gabriela Quirós \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This rice at the University of California, Davis has been genetically engineered to tolerate the droughts that are already becoming more common with climate change.\u003cbr> Photo: Gabriela Quirós\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Labeling advocates also argue that the advent of genetically engineered crops has led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24\">an increase in pesticide use\u003c/a>. One category of genetically engineered crops, created in the mid-1990s by the Missouri-based seed company Monsanto, allows farmers to spray the weed killer glyphosate -- known as Roundup -- without damaging their crops. This allowed growers to replace other more toxic herbicides with Roundup, which is cheaper and less toxic, said Los Banos alfalfa grower Philip Bowles. A \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12804\">2010 report by the National Academies\u003c/a> found that insecticide use had declined since GE crops were introduced, and farmers who grew GE crops used fewer insecticides and herbicides that linger in soil and waterways. A second category of GE crops include a bacterium that makes crops like cotton resistant to pests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But weed resistance to glyphosate has led seed companies to develop new GE crops that can tolerate other weed killers. The USDA approved in September soybeans and corn engineered by the Indiana-based Dow AgroSciences \u003ca href=\"http://newsroom.dowagro.com/press-release/epa-registers-enlist-duo-herbicide-enlist-weed-control-system-now-approved\">to tolerate the weed killer 2,4-D\u003c/a>. A coalition of environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3560/coalition-of-farmers-and-environmental-groups-to-challenge-epa-over-herbicide-approval\">is suing the EPA\u003c/a> over its approval in October of the use of 2,4-D for the spraying of GE corn and soybeans, arguing that the agency didn’t adequately study its health risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of GE crops point out that \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/press-releases/3536/epa-approves-new-24-d-herbicide-blend-paving-way-for-controversial-ge-crops\">2,4-D was one of the ingredients in Agent Orange\u003c/a>, the herbicide the U.S. military used during the Vietnam War to destroy crops and trees. Agent Orange has been associated with health problems in U.S. veterans and the Vietnamese population, but these were caused mainly by an extremely toxic dioxin compound that contaminated Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, more than 90 percent of the cotton, corn and soybeans, and more than 80 percent of the sugar beets grown in the United States are genetically engineered. GE canola and alfalfa are also grown in the US. These crops are used mainly as animal feed, or added to soda, snacks, cereals and other processed foods. Some yellow crookneck squash, sweet corn and zucchini, and some varieties of Hawaiian papayas are also genetically engineered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The World Health Organization and the National Academies have stated that the genetically engineered foods available today are safe to eat. Companies that sell genetically engineered seeds in the United States need approval from the EPA and USDA for most seeds. They also regularly go before the FDA, though that process is voluntary, which has drawn criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think that’s not enough,” said Odabashian. “We think an unbiased governmental body should be looking at the safety of these foods before they reach the marketplace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zIp5rWfv9w#t=1598\">Watch the full episode of Science at the Ballot Box, a joint KQED Newsroom and QUEST report that examines the science behind some of the key issues on the November ballot\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, San Benito and Mendocino counties passed bans on fracking, while Santa Barbara’s ballot initiative failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 27:\u003c/strong> Three California counties – Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito – will decide this November on ballot initiatives that ask voters to ban hydraulic fracturing, the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique known as “fracking.” San Benito activists were the first to qualify an anti-fracking initiative in the state, in response to Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to allow the technique to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">KQED Science coverage of fracking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOJUu3T-EY4\">KQED NEWSROOM Special Edition: The Fracking Debate Heats Up In California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Video reported by Gabriela Quirós and Lauren Sommer, who narrates.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update Nov. 6:\u003c/strong> In the Nov. 4 election, San Benito and Mendocino counties passed bans on fracking, while Santa Barbara’s ballot initiative failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post Oct. 27:\u003c/strong> Three California counties – Santa Barbara, Mendocino and San Benito – will decide this November on ballot initiatives that ask voters to ban hydraulic fracturing, the controversial oil- and gas-extraction technique known as “fracking.” San Benito activists were the first to qualify an anti-fracking initiative in the state, in response to Governor Jerry Brown’s decision to allow the technique to move forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Additional Links\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/10/10/anti-fracking-activists-in-california-take-fight-to-county-ballots/\">Anti-Fracking Activists in California Take Fight to County Ballots\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/series/fracking-california/\">KQED Science coverage of fracking\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WOJUu3T-EY4\">KQED NEWSROOM Special Edition: The Fracking Debate Heats Up In California\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>PORT HUENEME -- Frank Oakes is betting his future on a snail. Thousands are suctioned onto the walls of 19 outdoor aquaculture tanks behind his office in Port Hueneme, California, south of Santa Barbara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped like oblong cinnamon rolls, the black, tan, and striped snails may live up to 60 years, although their population may be dwindling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs,” said Oakes, who is the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/\">Stellar Biotechnologies Inc.\u003c/a>, a biomedical company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets contain a valuable protein called KLH, or \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole_limpet_hemocyanin\">keyhole limpet hemocyanin\u003c/a>, which is being tested in more than 20 different types of cancer vaccines and on autoimmune diseases like Alzheimer’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72272\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_GKL-AQJuveniles-18-1-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and automimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"365\" height=\"244\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since the 1990s, limpets have been raised in captivity and their blood is being tested in treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The copper-based blood protein carries oxygen through the snail’s body, as hemoglobin does in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, immunologists found that inserting KLH into patients triggered a powerful immune response. Such responses are critical in helping the body fight cancer and other diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are lots of situations where we wish we could elicit an immune response,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.oxy.edu/\">Occidental College\u003c/a> biology professor \u003ca href=\"https://www.oxy.edu/faculty/gary-martin\">Gary Martin\u003c/a>. “Cancer, for example, doesn’t stimulate a strong response.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So researchers have figured out how to take markers for a specific type of cancer and attach KLH before inserting them into a vaccine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once administered, KLH wakes up the immune system and the patient’s antibodies see the markers. Like a signpost, the markers point toward the patient’s cancer. This process trains the immune system to fight the patient’s specific type of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope with the cancer vaccines that contain KLH is that one day they will be preventative, much like the vaccines for measles and polio are today,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.stellarbiotechnologies.com/about-stellar/leadership/management-team\">Catherine Brisson\u003c/a>, chief operating officer of Stellar Biotechnologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff8000\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"This fragile California resource could be the basis of multiple life-saving drugs\" -- Frank Oakes, CEO Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>KLH-based vaccines are in phase III clinical trials, the last stage before a drug receives commercial approval from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/\">Food and Drug Administration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other countries, including South Korea, China, and the Netherlands, have already approved KLH-based cancer vaccines. Stellar sells the purified blood protein to international companies for $50,000 per gram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But generating a steady supply of KLH is tricky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giant keyhole limpets only live off the California coast and no one knows how many exist in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most international pharmaceutical companies collect mollusks from the ocean, which are frozen and shipped overseas or bled to death and thrown back into the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-72274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/04/Stellar-2014-copyright_KLH-IMG_8554-1-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\" width=\"225\" height=\"339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One gram of the snails' purified blood protein is sold to pharmaceutical companies for $50,000. Photo: Stellar Biotechnologies, Inc.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I have been working in our kelp forest since 1970 and have seen [them] become much more rare over the years,” \u003ca href=\"http://daytonlab.ucsd.edu/\">Paul Dayton\u003c/a>, a marine ecologist at \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/\">Scripps Institution of Oceanography\u003c/a>, said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of the market value for the blood protein, Dayton said, “it makes sense that they might be disappearing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s important, he said, is preserving a marine habitat that is vastly under studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think it is appropriate to have a commercial harvest…without first doing some research on the population biology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dayton argued for restrictions on the number of snails that can be removed, since there are no catch limits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while Stellar is no longer taking limpets from the wild, it is relying on a supply that may not last if KLH-based treatments are approved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should any of these clinical trials hit the jackpot, we don’t have a huge reservoir of these animals to supply the need for further clinical trials and treatments,” said Martin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>This story was made possible, in part, by support from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ijnr.org/\">Institute for Journalism & Natural Resources\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Squalor to Shiitakes: the World's First Biocellar",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. The next step is to top it with a greenhouse roof, creating what Loria has named a biocellar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biocellar builds off the concept of a \u003ca href=\"http://www.inspirationgreen.com/pit-greenhouses.html\">pit greenhouse,\u003c/a> which is any sort of greenhouse built below ground. At depths of four feet, temperatures stay a constant 50 to 55 F year-round. This is a big advantage in places where chilly winters cut short the growing season. The beauty of the biocellar design is that it harnesses the natural insulation provided by the basement walls and the surrounding earth, so the structure should not require additional heating. A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Animation by Michaela Vatcheva\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Heirloom” tomatoes. “Hybrid” cucumber seeds. Cereal free of “genetically modified” ingredients. These food labels are everywhere, but what exactly do they mean? In the short animation above, we remove some of the mystery by showing that these terms refer to different ways of creating plants with appealing traits -- like a drought-resistant strain of wheat or a beautifully blushing apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a better plant has always been part of agriculture, but as we’ve learned more about genetics, our toolkit for developing those plants has expanded. Plant varieties that used to be fine-tuned in the field over many generations can now be developed much more quickly in a greenhouse or lab. These advances have enabled us to bring new, high-performing crop species to market quickly, but they have inflicted some collateral damage on agricultural diversity. Watch the QUEST video \u003ca title=\"Saving Our Seeds\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/saving-our-seeds/\">“Saving Our Seeds”\u003c/a> to find out why this diversity matters and meet some of the people working to preserve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"headline": "What is an Heirloom Tomato, Anyway?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Animation by Michaela Vatcheva\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Heirloom” tomatoes. “Hybrid” cucumber seeds. Cereal free of “genetically modified” ingredients. These food labels are everywhere, but what exactly do they mean? In the short animation above, we remove some of the mystery by showing that these terms refer to different ways of creating plants with appealing traits -- like a drought-resistant strain of wheat or a beautifully blushing apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a better plant has always been part of agriculture, but as we’ve learned more about genetics, our toolkit for developing those plants has expanded. Plant varieties that used to be fine-tuned in the field over many generations can now be developed much more quickly in a greenhouse or lab. These advances have enabled us to bring new, high-performing crop species to market quickly, but they have inflicted some collateral damage on agricultural diversity. Watch the QUEST video \u003ca title=\"Saving Our Seeds\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/saving-our-seeds/\">“Saving Our Seeds”\u003c/a> to find out why this diversity matters and meet some of the people working to preserve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fire Returns to The Great Plains",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. Dye has worked on grassland burns before, but not all the firefighters here have, like Ashley Whitworth, a firefighter in the Colorado Springs Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve only done ditch burning and a few prescribed fires, but not 700 acres,” Whitworth said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71039\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71039 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.36.37-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Once the grass has burnt, the crew follows with flappers to make sure the fire is out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are also firefighters from Nebraska, Idaho, Minnesota, Utah, California, and even Spain. Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/iframe.php?vidgroup=40164419&w=600&h=385&bin=NET\" width=\"100%\" height=\"385\" frameborder=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fire can be dangerous, but it's not always a bad thing. On the Great Plains, firefighters, ecologists, and ranchers are slowly trying to make fire a part of the region's ecosystem again. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/PrescribedBurnQuest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71048\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71048 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg\" alt=\"QUEST jose luis\" width=\"639\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/QUEST-jose-luis-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jose Luis Duce, from Spain's Ministry of the Environment, is training to do a prescribed burn with firefighters from Spain, Colorado, Wyoming, California, and Nebraska. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71043\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71043 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Phil-Dye-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Phil Dye\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Phil Dye uses a flapper tool to put out any remaining flames on the black line. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you’re working on a prescribed burn, you need to have a few things with you. “This tool here is called a thaw claw or a hoe… This is called a fire swatter or flapper,” said Phil Dye, a firefighter from the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The flapper looks exactly like a giant flyswatter. But that’s not how it’s used. Right now Dye and a few dozen firefighters are doing what’s called “black lining” just outside Elba, a small town on the Loup River in north central Nebraska. The crew is split into igniters and holders, and they’re walking along a 15-foot-wide line of grass that’s been mowed around the perimeter of a burn unit. The igniters pour gasoline on the short grass and then light the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the grass has burned black, the holders drag their flappers on the ground to smother any remaining flames. Tomorrow, if the weather, wind, and humidity are just right, the firefighters will set fire to the 700 acres inside the black line. That line keeps the fire from spreading outside the burn unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically, it’s a buffer, because fire’s not going to burn in an area that’s already been burned,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71052\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71052\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Small-Cedars-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young eastern redcedars killed during the burn. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Why burn?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The firefighters are participating in a 10-day-long training exchange hosted by \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/\">The Nature Conservancy\u003c/a> and the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://nebraskapf.com/\">Pheasants Forever\u003c/a>. The exchange has two goals: one is for firefighters to train on a prescribed burn and the other is to actually burn 4,000 acres of land to control the eastern redcedar population on the prairie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Redcedars are native to Nebraska, but they’re starting to take over grassland areas -- partly because of us. Ben Wheeler, the wildlife ecologist with the conservation group Pheasants Forever, said, “When white settlers moved in, we began some pretty aggressive fire-suppression campaigns, you know, because people were worried about fire going through their homesteads and being destructive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the redcedar population has grown so much that parts of the prairie look more like forest than grassland. Wheeler says that eastern redcedars used to only grow where natural wildfire couldn’t reach them, like steep, northern-facing slopes. Without fire, Wheeler said, “Those refuge areas for trees expanded exponentially -- basically across the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71053\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71053 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Ashley-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"Ashley\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Ashley Whitworth sprays water along the edges of the black line that will end up being about 15 feet wide and encompass 700 acres. (Photo credit: Ben Wheeler, Pheasants Forever)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don Westover, fire program leader with the \u003ca href=\"http://nfs.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Forest Service\u003c/a>, said recently that land management organizations like the U.S. Forest Service went from seeing fire as a threat to an integral force in prairie ecology. Westover said, “The U.S. Forest Service had a policy for a number of years that they called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Policy/Fire/Suppression/Suppression.aspx\">10 am policy\u003c/a>, and that policy stated that all wildfires will be suppressed by 10 am the morning following the fire started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That all changed for the Forest Service and other federal agencies about 25 years ago. Instead of putting every fire out, the current policy is to let wildfires happen under very controlled circumstances, like at the training exchange near Elba, Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Keeping control\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safety is every firefighter’s concern on the training exchange, especially for Dye, who is the burn’s plan chief. Every night he writes the \u003ca href=\"http://gpfirescience.missouristate.edu/assets/gpfirescience/NE_NRCSexampleBurnPlanFillable.pdf\">incident action plan\u003c/a>, or IAP, for the next day’s work. It’s a thick document that lists things like the burn’s objectives, weather forecast, each crew member’s assignment, and a go/no go checklist. Everything on the checklist has to be “yes before we can light fire,” Dye said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71041\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71041 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-14.33.52-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After spraying water on the borders of the black line, firefighters pour gas, ignite the grass, and wait for the fire to burn out. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The IAP is handbook, schedule, and manual all in one for the firefighters to refer to throughout the day. It cuts down on the chances that someone will accidentally start a fire. 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Jose Luis Duce works for the Ministry of Environment in Spain and is one of 12 visiting firefighters. He’s also never worked on a prescribed fire, but he says that Spain’s grasslands evolved with fire, similar to Nebraska’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of fuel, we have this fuel in Spain,” Duce said, “but we don’t burn that much in Spain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel, to firefighters, means anything that will burn. In this case, Duce means grass. Like Nebraska, wildfire spreads easily in Spain because of that grass, and especially on dry, windy days. In July 2009, those factors led to \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8167101.stm#map\">wildfires across Europe, from Spain to Turkey\u003c/a>, resulting in hundreds of people evacuating their homes and eight deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duce thinks that’s why people are so reluctant to use fire as a management tool. “People only see the bad side of fire. It’s a part of the ecosystem. People don’t consider using fire as a natural tool.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71042\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71042\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/2014-03-28-15.17.31-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The blackline acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond what's planned. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The black line acts as a buffer to keep fire from spreading beyond the intended unit. It took the burn crew a few hours to complete this section of the line. (Photo credit: Jackie Sojico, QUEST Nebraska)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once the crew finishes black lining, the firefighters will head back to the command post to get some sleep. Except for Dye. He’ll be working late into the night on the burn plan for tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dye spends so much time on the IAP because it’s the only way to make sure the burn stays safe for everyone involved, from the firefighters to the landowners. And it’s those procedures that drew so many firefighters to Nebraska for the training.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"http://netnebraska.org/media/media.php?bin=NET&vidgroup=40164419\">a timelapse video of the prescribed burn on the Loup River\u003c/a> from QUEST Nebraska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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