QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Why I Do Science: Dan Costa
Stanford Students Create Kinect-Powered 'JediBot'
Architecture for the Birds
Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands
New Study Suggests Autism More Tightly Linked To Environment Than Genetics
Bay Area Mercury
Herbicides: Help or Harm?
Web Extra: How Hummingbird Got Fire
Cool Critters: The Gray Fox
Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit
Free Bay Area Programming Resources For Aspiring Developers
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Dan__Blk_Browed_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Dan__Blk_Browed_2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Dan_&_Blk_Browed_2\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-20378\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the great things about my job is to be able to talk to some of the world's greatest and most charismatic scientists, like Professor Dan Costa of UC Santa Cruz. I remember trying to get a hold of Professor Costa in December, when my colleagues and I were researching TV story ideas for the fifth season of \u003cem>QUEST\u003c/em>. We were eager to do a story on elephant seals, focusing on their rookery at Año Nuevo, but we knew that to tell this story, we needed to secure the participation of Dan Costa, a foremost expert on these amazing animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dan Costa has been studying elephant seals since the mid-1970s, and has been at the forefront of using satellite tags, time and depth recorders and other sophisticated electronic tags to gather information about the amazing depths to which elephant seals dive, their migration routes and how they use oceanographic features to hunt for prey as far as the international dateline and the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall finally catching Professor Costa by phone on a Friday evening at a rare moment when he was in his office and had time to talk. 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Fortunately, Professor Costa cleared his calendar to accommodate our crew for four hours albeit the day before leaving for a research trip to study seals and penguins in Antarctica. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My boss, \u003cem>QUEST \u003c/em>Series Producer Amy Miller, suggested that I ask Professor Costa some additional questions, time permitting at the end of our main interview on elephant seals, which could be used for a two-minute profile of him as part of our recurring segment, \"Why I Do Science\". \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the first minute of my interview with Professor Costa, I knew that he would make a phenomenal \"Why I Do Science\" profile. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/26/stanford-students-create-kinect-powered-jedibot/robot/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21247\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/robot-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"robot\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21247\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Randomskk via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A group of Stanford engineering students channeled their love of Star Wars to create a 'JediBot', a Kinect-powered robot that is strong with the force. \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuSCErmoYpY\">Check out the video here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JediBot wields a foam sword (or light saber) which can effectively fight against attack by another foam sword in an epic battle between the powers of good and the forces of evil (insert maniacal laugh, mwahahahahahahahaha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kinect hacking has been extremely popular since the device was released last year for the Xbox 360. The Kinect includes several cameras and infrared sensors which allow it to detect moving objects with a great deal of accuracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Programmed into the JediBot are a series of attack motions. Under normal conditions, JediBot would only be able to fight if it knew what attack was coming and could plan out its next move. However, thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.reflexxes.com/\">Reflexxes Motion Libraries\u003c/a> developed by Stanford visiting entrepreneur and researcher Torsten Kroeger, JediBot can react to events on-the-fly in less than a millisecond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we might not see JediBot's roaming the street anytime soon, the ability for the robot to interact in real time could have a lot of wide ranging implications for the future of robotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuSCErmoYpY]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-25-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20997\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Federal-Building_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"San Francisco Federal Building\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20997\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Its mesh-screens make San Francisco's Federal Building one of the most bird-friendly building in the city. (image by JDX, courtest of Flickr Creative Commons) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whenever Mike Lynes drives over the Bay Bridge into San Francisco and sees the sparkling blue citadel that is Rincon Tower, he doesn’t think about the modern architecture or the sleek design. He thinks about one thing: dead birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The façade of this building, basically on all sides, is almost entirely glass,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynes is the Conservation Director and General Counsel for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. He says if you are a bird – say, a western flycatcher, migrating north from Mexico – what you see in all that blue glass is a great wide expanse of sky. “So, the bird thinks it’s flying into open air. And in that situation, the bird never has a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Scroll down the page to see examples of bird-friendly architecture in the US.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death by Window, Turbine, or Cat\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death toll from bird collisions is even higher than you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Migratory Bird Program\u003c/a>, as many as one billion birds die each year in collisions with man-made structures. Office buildings, particularly plate-glass covered office buildings, make up a bulk of that number. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison, according to the American Bird Conservancy, 440,000 birds a year die when they fly into the blades of a wind turbine, while a \u003ci>billion\u003c/i> more are killed by cats. Habitat loss, pesticides, and other threats bring the toll up near five billion bird deaths a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, lawmakers have started to do something about this problem. A federal bill, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h112-1643\">Bird-Safe Buildings Act of 2011\u003c/a>, is under consideration in the House of Representatives. Chicago has established bird-friendly development rules. Now San Francisco may follow suit with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506\">its own ordinance\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21011\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/GlassyBldgs_take2-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Glassy skyscrapers\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21011\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Through bird eyes, buildings like these look like wide-open sky. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is already home to a model of bird-safe architecture, the new Federal Building, on Seventh and Mission streets. Whether he meant to or not, architect Thom Mayne did birds a big favor when he designed a large mesh screen over the building’s windows. Mike Lynes says it may be the most bird-protective building in the city. “It basically looks like a big solid object in the landscape that a bird needs to avoid,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed ordinance would not require that all new buildings look like the Federal Building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin with, the rules would apply only to buildings in critical bird areas, like near Golden Gate Park, or along the San Francisco Bay. Glass on the lower 60 feet of these buildings would have to be either covered, slanted, or otherwise altered to be less reflective. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A \"Notorious\" City to Build in\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will add cost, says Craig Hartman, a partner at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, a firm that designs high-rises and has an office in San Francisco. But what worries him more is the possibility of yet another obstacle in a city he says is already notorious for development-hostile regulation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real issue,” says Hartman, “is adding yet another hurdle to the process of development in a city like San Francisco that already has enormous number of barriers and hurdles in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Missing BIrds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Alicia King with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife’s Migratory Bird Program, say it’s important to consider what cities have lost: literally billions of birds that once shared our skies, and now don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She if we could flash back 150 years or so, the streets wouldn’t just look different. They’d sound different too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would sound beautiful, because we’d be able to hear birds in the morning, like cerulean warblers, and wood thrushes. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/07/2011-07-25-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20997\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Federal-Building_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"San Francisco Federal Building\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20997\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Its mesh-screens make San Francisco's Federal Building one of the most bird-friendly building in the city. (image by JDX, courtest of Flickr Creative Commons) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Whenever Mike Lynes drives over the Bay Bridge into San Francisco and sees the sparkling blue citadel that is Rincon Tower, he doesn’t think about the modern architecture or the sleek design. He thinks about one thing: dead birds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The façade of this building, basically on all sides, is almost entirely glass,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lynes is the Conservation Director and General Counsel for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/\">Golden Gate Audubon Society\u003c/a>. He says if you are a bird – say, a western flycatcher, migrating north from Mexico – what you see in all that blue glass is a great wide expanse of sky. “So, the bird thinks it’s flying into open air. And in that situation, the bird never has a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Scroll down the page to see examples of bird-friendly architecture in the US.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death by Window, Turbine, or Cat\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The death toll from bird collisions is even higher than you might think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/\">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Migratory Bird Program\u003c/a>, as many as one billion birds die each year in collisions with man-made structures. Office buildings, particularly plate-glass covered office buildings, make up a bulk of that number. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For comparison, according to the American Bird Conservancy, 440,000 birds a year die when they fly into the blades of a wind turbine, while a \u003ci>billion\u003c/i> more are killed by cats. Habitat loss, pesticides, and other threats bring the toll up near five billion bird deaths a year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, lawmakers have started to do something about this problem. A federal bill, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=h112-1643\">Bird-Safe Buildings Act of 2011\u003c/a>, is under consideration in the House of Representatives. Chicago has established bird-friendly development rules. Now San Francisco may follow suit with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf-planning.org/index.aspx?page=2506\">its own ordinance\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21011\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 269px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/GlassyBldgs_take2-269x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Glassy skyscrapers\" width=\"269\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21011\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Through bird eyes, buildings like these look like wide-open sky. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is already home to a model of bird-safe architecture, the new Federal Building, on Seventh and Mission streets. Whether he meant to or not, architect Thom Mayne did birds a big favor when he designed a large mesh screen over the building’s windows. Mike Lynes says it may be the most bird-protective building in the city. “It basically looks like a big solid object in the landscape that a bird needs to avoid,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed ordinance would not require that all new buildings look like the Federal Building. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To begin with, the rules would apply only to buildings in critical bird areas, like near Golden Gate Park, or along the San Francisco Bay. Glass on the lower 60 feet of these buildings would have to be either covered, slanted, or otherwise altered to be less reflective. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A \"Notorious\" City to Build in\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This will add cost, says Craig Hartman, a partner at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, a firm that designs high-rises and has an office in San Francisco. But what worries him more is the possibility of yet another obstacle in a city he says is already notorious for development-hostile regulation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real issue,” says Hartman, “is adding yet another hurdle to the process of development in a city like San Francisco that already has enormous number of barriers and hurdles in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Missing BIrds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, like Alicia King with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife’s Migratory Bird Program, say it’s important to consider what cities have lost: literally billions of birds that once shared our skies, and now don’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She if we could flash back 150 years or so, the streets wouldn’t just look different. They’d sound different too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would sound beautiful, because we’d be able to hear birds in the morning, like cerulean warblers, and wood thrushes. I’d have more hummingbirds at my hummingbird feeder, and I’d be thrilled!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco’s planning department approved the bird-safe rules on July 14th. The city’s Board of Supervisors, is expected to take a final vote later this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Bird_Architecture_SS/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Favors Invasive Species in California Grasslands",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21062\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/25/climate-change-favors-invasive-species-in-california-grasslands/tomspoint/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21062\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21062\" title=\"TomsPoint\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/TomsPoint-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grasses blow in the wind near Toms Point in Marin County, on the east side of Tomales Bay. Most of the grasses in the photo are exotic. Photo: Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s grasslands are some of the most heavily invaded habitats in the state. As the climate changes—temperatures increase and water becomes scarcer—the conditions will favor exotic grasses, which will become even more prevalent. These are the conclusions drawn by Brody Sandel, a post-doc at Aarhus University in Denmark, and Emily Dangremond, a grad student at UC Berkeley, in their recent paper, \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02480.x/full\">\"\u003cem>Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses\u003c/em>\"\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=1354-1013\">Global Change Biology\u003c/a>. They studied the traits of native and exotic grasses. Many of the characteristics that make an exotic grass successful in a new habitat (tall stature, big leaves, big seeds) will also be beneficial traits in the world to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Full disclosure here: Brody, Emily and I were all grad students together in the same \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/sousa/\">lab at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. So when Emily told me she had a new paper, I was curious to see what it was all about. It turns out their study is really cool. It looks at the interaction of two major world-changers: invasive species and climate change. Their paper talks about exotic species—species that are not native to a particular habitat but are not necessarily detrimental, and noxious weeds—species that are somehow disruptive, because they outcompete native species or alter the habitat. Noxious weeds are what we would also call invasive plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brody and Emily’s study draws on existing datasets on current plant distribution across the state, plant traits, and current and future climate. They mapped the distribution of all the different species in California grasslands, using data from the Jepson Manual (the bible of California plant life), and a few other sources, to fill out an 800-cell grid of the state. They looked at the traits of the species—including how tall the plants are, whether they are annual or perennial, how much of their leaf mass comes from nitrogen, and the size of their seeds—and examined how the traits relate to the climate where the plants live today. Especially important was the proportion of exotic species in each of the grid cells. Then they turned up the temperature. They predicted the proportion of exotic species in each grid under climate change scenarios: higher average temperatures and less available water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They found that as the temperature increases and water availability decreases, the proportion of exotic species increases. And, the proportion of noxious weeds increases. Higher temperatures favor traits that tend to be possessed by exotic species, such as tall plants with big leaves and annual lifestyles. These are the same traits that made the plants successful invaders in the first place. For example, a tall plant extends above a short plant, stealing its light. But burly exotic plants like Holcus lanatus outcompete native species for light. And generally, plants with big seeds grow to be hearty seedlings, which are better competitors than scrappy little seedlings grown from modest sized seeds. This study predicts that noxious weeds will become even more prevalent, because they have traits that will serve them well under the conditions of climate change. The changing climate acts as a filter, straining out the native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21065\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-21065\" title=\"Holcus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Holcus.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The noxious weed Holcus lanatus, a.k.a. “The Hulk,” so named because it towers above native grasses and outcompetes them for light. Photo courtesy of Brody Sandel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Years ago, I asked a grad student friend why she studied grasslands. I just couldn’t understand the appeal of a field of grass—it seemed boring. My friend Tasha explained that she just loved the way grasses look when they blow in the wind. A few weeks later, I went with her to her field site near Point Reyes, and I immediately understood the aesthetic appeal of grasslands. If you’re picturing a green manicured lawn with short little blades of grass, toss that idea right now. Instead, think of taller grasses, shin height or higher, in all shades of green, brown, gold and even purple. Think of the colors shifting as the wind blows. It is really a beautiful sight. California’s grasslands are expected to expand as the climate changes. But the inhabitants of these grasslands won’t be the grasses that were there 100 or 200 years ago. Instead, there will be a bunch of weeds blowing in the wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the interplay between California’s native plants and exotic species, check out the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cal-ipc.org/\">California Invasive Plant Council\u003c/a>, or take a \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/workshops/\">workshop\u003c/a> with the \u003ca href=\"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/jeps/\">Jepson Herbarium\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/savaughan/3208268078/in/photostream/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20995\" title=\"Autism\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Autism-300x159.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"159\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environment may play a bigger role in autism than genetics. Photo courtesy of SeRVe Photography\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Autism has long been considered among the most heritable of developmental brain disorders. But a \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76\">new study of autistic twins\u003c/a> indicates that shared environment has a larger impact on the development of autism and autism spectrum disorders than previously thought, and is in fact more important than genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stanford and UC San Francisco examined the prevalence of autism among both identical and non-identical twin pairs. The frequency of identical twins both being diagnosed with autism was lower than would be predicted from statistical models of heritability. The scientists estimate that environmental factors common to twins explains 55% of susceptibility to autism, whereas genetics accounts for only 37%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study published in the same issue of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73\">Archives of General Psychiatry\u003c/a>\u003c/em> suggests that the use of antidepressants by mothers doubles the risk of a child developing autism. Other environmental factors that could be important in autism risk include diet, pollution, parental age, birthweight and maternal infections during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/savaughan/3208268078/in/photostream/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20995\" title=\"Autism\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Autism-300x159.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"159\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Environment may play a bigger role in autism than genetics. Photo courtesy of SeRVe Photography\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Autism has long been considered among the most heritable of developmental brain disorders. But a \u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76\">new study of autistic twins\u003c/a> indicates that shared environment has a larger impact on the development of autism and autism spectrum disorders than previously thought, and is in fact more important than genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from Stanford and UC San Francisco examined the prevalence of autism among both identical and non-identical twin pairs. The frequency of identical twins both being diagnosed with autism was lower than would be predicted from statistical models of heritability. The scientists estimate that environmental factors common to twins explains 55% of susceptibility to autism, whereas genetics accounts for only 37%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study published in the same issue of \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/archgenpsychiatry.2011.73\">Archives of General Psychiatry\u003c/a>\u003c/em> suggests that the use of antidepressants by mothers doubles the risk of a child developing autism. Other environmental factors that could be important in autism risk include diet, pollution, parental age, birthweight and maternal infections during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Mercury",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20958\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/cinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20958\" title=\"cinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/cinnabar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cinnabar from Lake County. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's widely known that California has a mercury problem unlike other parts of the world. We don't produce it and we don't emit much any more, but a lot of old mercury is still lying around from the mining days. How did that happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In undisturbed nature, mercury is no more than a very local and very temporary problem. Mercury occurs mostly in sulfide compounds that are concentrated where ore-forming fluids invade metal-rich rocks. Cinnabar and metacinnabar are both mercury sulfide, HgS. Metacinnabar forms at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20957\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20957\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/metacinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20957\" title=\"metacinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Metacinnabar from the Mt. Diablo Mine. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coast Range was a natural place for world-class mercury ore bodies to grow. First, the range has a large amount of metal-rich rocks in the form of serpentinite and its parent rock, peridotite, derived from ancient seafloor. Second, these rocks were cracked and tilted as the Coast Range was built. Third, volcanic activity worked over these rocks, adding heat and chemically active fluids. Thus the source rocks were repeatedly mobilized, attacked and disrupted, a natural refining sequence that at each step concentrated metals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite is a slippery rock that tends to attract faults, which in turn attract fluids. Hot deep fluids replaced the serpentinite with carbonate minerals like calcite, then again with silicate minerals like quartz. As veins of these minerals fan outward they carry mercury with them. Coast Range mercury was originally deposited at high temperatures deep underground, often associated with gold sitting a bit deeper. It remains for erosion to slowly uncover the ores. In coastal California, erosion is quite active as the Coast Range continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide zones of silica-carbonate alteration dot our mountains and host hundreds of mercury occurrences. The great New Almaden Mine, south of San Jose, exploited a deposit of this type. It was the largest mercury producer in North America, spawning the gold mining industry that followed the placer gold rush of 1849. Cheap, efficient mercury amalgamation was the key to gold production, and New Almaden mercury made it feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic heat also spawns hot-spring activity that can create mercury ore bodies, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/mcl/natural/geology/geo.htm\">McLaughlin Mine\u003c/a>, north of Lake Berryessa, exploited a hot-spring type deposit yielding gold as well as mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the mercury mines of the Bay Area are all closed and being remediated. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/\">New Almaden property\u003c/a> is now a county park and the McLaughlin Mine is being carefully restored to a working countryside. Fortunately, mercury can be well controlled if acid mine drainage can be prevented, because cinnabar is poorly soluble except in strongly acid waters. At Clear Lake, the large former \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mine\">Sulphur Bank Mine\u003c/a> is slowly getting under control. The privately owned \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpblog.com%2Fmtdiablo%2Fdownloads%2FMount%2520Diablo%2527s%2520mercury%2520mine...pdf&ei=ZW8oToKjFIvWtQP7wtDzCA&usg=AFQjCNHfcsM_OHK6kHauUROLyWpA4vVmRg&sig2=KMxH-RJgFPbVUP5sk2ZWBQ\">Mount Diablo Mine\u003c/a>, where my metacinnabar specimen was collected, is not a threat to spill into local streams although money is needed to fix it for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the overwhelmingly largest source of mercury pollution is from the burning of coal. A much smaller source is from oil and gas. Mercury appears to ride along with oil and gas as they trickle from their source rocks upward into the reservoirs we mine for energy. In oil, mercury lives in the tiny metal portion; in gas, mercury is a vapor. Levels in both are in the low parts-per-billion range, although California's oil tends to have relatively high levels. Mercury levels are highest in the dense fraction called petroleum coke, which is burned in place of coal. Even so, coal is far dirtier in terms of mercury, and the Bay Area is spared that insult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/toc/ecap/18/sp8\">Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake\u003c/a>, special issue of \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195J.pdf\">Mercury Geoenvironmental Models\u003c/a> by James Rytuba (US Geological Survey)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20958\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/cinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20958\" title=\"cinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/cinnabar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cinnabar from Lake County. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's widely known that California has a mercury problem unlike other parts of the world. We don't produce it and we don't emit much any more, but a lot of old mercury is still lying around from the mining days. How did that happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In undisturbed nature, mercury is no more than a very local and very temporary problem. Mercury occurs mostly in sulfide compounds that are concentrated where ore-forming fluids invade metal-rich rocks. Cinnabar and metacinnabar are both mercury sulfide, HgS. Metacinnabar forms at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20957\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20957\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/metacinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20957\" title=\"metacinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Metacinnabar from the Mt. Diablo Mine. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coast Range was a natural place for world-class mercury ore bodies to grow. First, the range has a large amount of metal-rich rocks in the form of serpentinite and its parent rock, peridotite, derived from ancient seafloor. Second, these rocks were cracked and tilted as the Coast Range was built. Third, volcanic activity worked over these rocks, adding heat and chemically active fluids. Thus the source rocks were repeatedly mobilized, attacked and disrupted, a natural refining sequence that at each step concentrated metals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite is a slippery rock that tends to attract faults, which in turn attract fluids. Hot deep fluids replaced the serpentinite with carbonate minerals like calcite, then again with silicate minerals like quartz. As veins of these minerals fan outward they carry mercury with them. Coast Range mercury was originally deposited at high temperatures deep underground, often associated with gold sitting a bit deeper. It remains for erosion to slowly uncover the ores. In coastal California, erosion is quite active as the Coast Range continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide zones of silica-carbonate alteration dot our mountains and host hundreds of mercury occurrences. The great New Almaden Mine, south of San Jose, exploited a deposit of this type. It was the largest mercury producer in North America, spawning the gold mining industry that followed the placer gold rush of 1849. Cheap, efficient mercury amalgamation was the key to gold production, and New Almaden mercury made it feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic heat also spawns hot-spring activity that can create mercury ore bodies, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/mcl/natural/geology/geo.htm\">McLaughlin Mine\u003c/a>, north of Lake Berryessa, exploited a hot-spring type deposit yielding gold as well as mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the mercury mines of the Bay Area are all closed and being remediated. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/\">New Almaden property\u003c/a> is now a county park and the McLaughlin Mine is being carefully restored to a working countryside. Fortunately, mercury can be well controlled if acid mine drainage can be prevented, because cinnabar is poorly soluble except in strongly acid waters. At Clear Lake, the large former \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mine\">Sulphur Bank Mine\u003c/a> is slowly getting under control. The privately owned \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpblog.com%2Fmtdiablo%2Fdownloads%2FMount%2520Diablo%2527s%2520mercury%2520mine...pdf&ei=ZW8oToKjFIvWtQP7wtDzCA&usg=AFQjCNHfcsM_OHK6kHauUROLyWpA4vVmRg&sig2=KMxH-RJgFPbVUP5sk2ZWBQ\">Mount Diablo Mine\u003c/a>, where my metacinnabar specimen was collected, is not a threat to spill into local streams although money is needed to fix it for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the overwhelmingly largest source of mercury pollution is from the burning of coal. A much smaller source is from oil and gas. Mercury appears to ride along with oil and gas as they trickle from their source rocks upward into the reservoirs we mine for energy. In oil, mercury lives in the tiny metal portion; in gas, mercury is a vapor. Levels in both are in the low parts-per-billion range, although California's oil tends to have relatively high levels. Mercury levels are highest in the dense fraction called petroleum coke, which is burned in place of coal. Even so, coal is far dirtier in terms of mercury, and the Bay Area is spared that insult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/toc/ecap/18/sp8\">Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake\u003c/a>, special issue of \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195J.pdf\">Mercury Geoenvironmental Models\u003c/a> by James Rytuba (US Geological Survey)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20815\" title=\"herbicides\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Applying herbicides to crops helps increase yield—but at a cost. Photo: tpmartins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://ksjtracker.mit.edu/2011/07/15/lots-of-small-ink-then-nytimes-dupont-is-in-hot-water-with-landscapers-new-lawn-herbicide-mows-down-trees/\">headlines\u003c/a> have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. The herbicide Imprelis, primarily used on golf courses and the like, has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/science/earth/15herbicide.html?_r=1\">linked to the death of conifers\u003c/a> throughout the east and the midwest. The safety of the widely used herbicide Roundup has also been called into question. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When DuPont first introduced the herbicide Imprelis in 2010, it was seen as a pretty environmentally friendly option. It is really effective at preventing the growth of weeds like dandelions and ivy. It affects plants’ hormone receptors, and it works at low concentrations. Unlike other herbicides, hot temperatures or rainfall just after application do not make Imprelis ineffective—a benefit for lawn care professionals, who otherwise have to time the application of herbicides according to the weather report. But Imprelis doesn’t bind to the soil and can leach into groundwater, two reasons why the state of New York has not approved it. (California has not approved it either.) Because of these characteristics, the herbicide being taken up by nearby trees through their root systems. As a result, conifers’ needles turn brown, and some trees die. The chemicals in Imprelis stick around in the grass clippings, creating \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/grow-it/imprelis-killer-compost-zb0z11zrog.aspx\">killer compost\u003c/a> that should go to the landfill rather than the compost bin or mulch pile. We haven’t heard the end of the story of Imprelis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will likely also hear more about Roundup, a big player manufactured by Monsanto. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists-birth-defects_n_883578.html\">story\u003c/a> in the Huffington Post describes several studies that indicate that the herbicide causes birth defects. Roundup and other similar herbicides contain glyphosate, which causes reproductive problems in adult animals and birth defects in animals’ offspring. Organisms like rabbits can be exposed when herbicides are applied and when they eat the plants that have been treated. Lab studies have shown that exposure to glyphosate results in malformations in frog and chicken embryos. And, lab studies show that Roundup also poses problems for human embryonic and placental cells. Herbicides that contain glyphosate are hugely popular, because they’re so effective. In the last year for which data are available, 2006-2007, the US agricultural industry applied 180 to 185 million pounds of glyphosate. From 2005 to 2007, non-agricultural use added another 8 to 11 million pounds to the ecosystem. This chemical is increasingly ingrained in the US agricultural system: farmers purchase genetically modified seeds that are resistant to Roundup (such as Roundup Ready Soybeans), and then spray Roundup on the crops. These methods allow for much higher crop yields than organic agriculture, and are cost-effective for big farms. Without the advantages that herbicides provide, farms cannot compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradicating weeds is a challenge, and herbicides are a big part of fighting that battle. We have a complex relationship with weeds—check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201107156\">great conversation about weeds\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> last week. Herbicides give us some key advantages over unwanted weeds. These advantages come with drawbacks. The two herbicides under question are primarily used by industry—lawn care professionals and big ag farmers—rather than individuals. But the average citizen uses herbicides on his or her home lawn, too. Do you use herbicides? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20554\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/505B_MtUmunhum_033111_JoshC_6737-e1311016982732-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"505B_MtUmunhum_033111_JoshC_6737\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20554\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The iconic radar tower that sits on the summit of Mt. Umunhum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org\">Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District\u003c/a> continues work on the extensive environmental clean-up of the iconic peak of Mount Umunhum near San Jose, the government agency has also been busily acquiring more land and expanding the area of public open space in the vicinity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week the district’s board of directors unanimously approved the purchase of nearly 176 acres of open space below Mount Umunhum’s summit, near Guadalupe Reservoir and Almaden Quicksilver County Park in southwest Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $1.4 million purchase from private landowners expands the Open Space District’s holdings in the area and will be incorporated within the existing \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspace.org/preserves/pr_sierra_azul.asp\">Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve\u003c/a> on Mount Umunhum. According to the district’s press release, the purchase was “made to protect scenic views, biodiversity and critical wildlife \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacecouncil.org/upload/page.php?pageid=30\">linkages\u003c/a>.” The area sits in the Hicks Creek watershed, which is the last tributary before the Guadalupe dam, and is regarded as key potential habitat for steelhead and the endangered \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/disappearing-frogs/\">California red-legged frog\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacecouncil.org/\">The Bay Area Open Space Council’s\u003c/a> Conservation Lands Network also identified the property as “Essential to Conservation Goals,” indicating its important role in “increasing biodiversity and preservation as part of a network of conservation lands.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, The Open Space District, commonly known as \"Midpen,\" has identified potential future trail connections on the property linking the Sierra Azul Open Space Preserve to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>near Mt. El Sombroso. The property will remain closed to the public while Midpen “secures the site, conducts resource management activities, removes structures, and implements its preliminary use and management plan to restore and maintain the area’s natural condition.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This purchase comes at a time when the Midpeninsula Regional Open Space District is facing growing financial challenges. Since 1972, Midpen has bought and protected nearly 60,000 acres of open space for the Bay Area public. Their mission is to “acquire and preserve a regional greenbelt of open space land in perpetuity, protect and restore the natural environment, and provide opportunities for ecologically sensitive public enjoyment and education.” But unless the financial climate changes, within the next ten years Midpen may be faced with the very real prospect of not being able to fund the acquisition of more open space for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2017 it is estimated that Midpen will have less than 10% of the $13 million budget they have today to acquire real estate. Now, for the first time, it’s been reported Midpen officials are considering charging user fees, like state and county parks have already implemented. And there may be a return to the ballot box to ask voters to pass a new parcel tax. There are multiple factors at play; property tax revenues in Santa Clara and San Mateo Counties have plateaued in the past 5 years, while Midpen’s debt has grown after a series of big acquisitions, and lastly, the district’s staff costs have increased significantly with the hiring of more people to manage the open space land. The combination may mean the district will be unable to protect current privately owned tracks of open space from future development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sits fine with some developers and critics who counter the district should be concentrating their efforts on managing the already existing open space lands before acquiring more. Meanwhile environmentalists and nature lovers counter Midpen still serves an important role in acquiring open space and has been instrumental in curbing urban sprawl from deep within Santa Clara County to the northern reaches of the peninsula. 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Valentin Lopez, Chairman of the Amah-Mutsun Ohlone tribal band, reads the legend of how Hummingbird got fire. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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