QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
The Deep, Cold Secret Behind Summer Fog
From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply
Unhealthy Lifestyle Linked To Increased Dementia Risk
Attached: Uncovering the Differing Styles of Intimacy
Access to Geologic Maps: The Landscape's Hidden Rooms
Science on the SPOT: Bats Beneath Us
Shark Week and the State of Sharks
The High Cost of Sex
Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning
Quasar APM 08279+5255: Really Big Bathtub Drain?
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Point Año Nuevo
Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar
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"bio": "An avid writer, surfer and ocean voyager, \u003cstrong>David McGuire\u003c/strong> is the founder of the conservation non profit Sea Stewards and is an advocate for a healthy ocean. As Captain, Dive Master and Cinematographer, David has explored the world ocean on numerous sailing voyages collecting media with an emphasis on ocean awareness.Educated in Marine Biology, he holds a masters degree in Environmental Health and has worked in education and public health at the University of California at Berkeley for over a decade. David is the writer, producer and underwater cinematographer of the award winning documentary \u003cem>Sharks: Stewards of the Reef\u003c/em>, and was writer and cinematographer on a film on \u003cem>California Marine Protected Areas\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Palmyra Atoll\u003c/em>. David has written, filmed and produced a new documentary on the \u003cem>Sharks of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> and has worked as cameraman on feature films such as \u003cem>180 South\u003c/em> and \u003cem>A Beautiful Wave\u003c/em>. His underwater filmwork on San Francisco elasmobranches and ecosystems continues and he frequently donates his work for conservation causes. As Field and Research Associate with the California Academy of Sciences, David is Project Manager of a shark research program on the San Francisco Bay and has initiated a new sharks awareness campaign: Shark Sanctuary San Francisco. Through expedition sailing and video production, Sea Stewards is exploring and explaining our ocean world, influencing policies and practices from sustainable fishing to marine protection. Through Sea Steward Studios, our Media Production work is used to influence sound policies and sustainable ocean practices. Current work includes a series on Sea Turtle Conservation in Mexico, a film with partners Team Fish Finders using local fishermen to promote catch and release and a documentary on local sustainable seafood and a Cordell Banks Expedition.",
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"content": "\u003cp>Another foggy morning. Why is the Bay Area so foggy in summer? To answer that question, look west—at the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever tried to swim at the beach in Northern California, your chattering teeth will tell you that the water is cold. This cold water makes fog form. The cold water cools down the air above it, and cool air can’t hold as much moisture as warm air. The moisture condenses into fog.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/waters.html\">water along the coast of California\u003c/a> is cold for a couple of reasons. First, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Current\">California Current\u003c/a> brings cold water from Alaska southward along the coast. And second, cold water from the deep ocean comes up to the surface through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>. From March through September, wind blows southward along the coast. This wind, combined with the rotation of the earth, creates surface currents that move water from the coast out into the ocean. Something has to fill in the space that was left behind when the surface waters moved out to sea. So water from the deep ocean is sucked to the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water from the deep ocean is full of nutrients. Upwelling is super important for ocean dwelling creatures—the nutrients in the water feed the phytoplankton and move on up the food web. The lush kelp forests along the California coast exist because of upwelling. And the water from the deep ocean is really cold, which makes fog form over the areas of upwelling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fog rolls in from the ocean onto land in the morning as the rising sun heats up the land. Warm air rises, and something has to fill its place—the foggy air that’s hanging out above the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to summarize, summer winds create upwelling, fog forms over the cold water, summer sun heats the air above the land and makes it rise, and the fog gets sucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the amount of fog has declined by 33% over the past 60 years. UC Berkeley professor Todd Dawson talks about this in QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">Science on the SPOT: Science of Fog\u003c/a>. Fog is declining in part because upwelling along the coast has weakened, thanks to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer air temperatures are heating the surface layer of the ocean. As the surface layer gets warmer and thicker, it becomes harder for the cold deep water to mix with the warm surface layer. This weakens the upwelling. Weak upwelling means less fog is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone (\u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC&lpg=PA33&ots=-GMOc8cu2Z&dq=get%20out%20of%20wet%20dry%20martini%20benchley%20butterworth&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=%22the%20coldest%20winter%20I%20ever%20spent%20was%20a%20summer%20in%20san%20francisco%22&f=false\">though maybe not Mark Twain\u003c/a>) once said that the coldest winter they ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. That San Francisco summer was cold because of the fog. Which brings to mind another (potential) Twain quote: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” San Francisco is getting less and less foggy, thanks to global warming, and so far we aren’t really doing anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another foggy morning. Why is the Bay Area so foggy in summer? To answer that question, look west—at the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever tried to swim at the beach in Northern California, your chattering teeth will tell you that the water is cold. This cold water makes fog form. The cold water cools down the air above it, and cool air can’t hold as much moisture as warm air. The moisture condenses into fog.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/waters.html\">water along the coast of California\u003c/a> is cold for a couple of reasons. First, the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Current\">California Current\u003c/a> brings cold water from Alaska southward along the coast. And second, cold water from the deep ocean comes up to the surface through a process called \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/02quest/background/upwelling/upwelling.html\">upwelling\u003c/a>. From March through September, wind blows southward along the coast. This wind, combined with the rotation of the earth, creates surface currents that move water from the coast out into the ocean. Something has to fill in the space that was left behind when the surface waters moved out to sea. So water from the deep ocean is sucked to the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water from the deep ocean is full of nutrients. Upwelling is super important for ocean dwelling creatures—the nutrients in the water feed the phytoplankton and move on up the food web. The lush kelp forests along the California coast exist because of upwelling. And the water from the deep ocean is really cold, which makes fog form over the areas of upwelling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fog rolls in from the ocean onto land in the morning as the rising sun heats up the land. Warm air rises, and something has to fill its place—the foggy air that’s hanging out above the ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So to summarize, summer winds create upwelling, fog forms over the cold water, summer sun heats the air above the land and makes it rise, and the fog gets sucked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the amount of fog has declined by 33% over the past 60 years. UC Berkeley professor Todd Dawson talks about this in QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog/\">Science on the SPOT: Science of Fog\u003c/a>. Fog is declining in part because upwelling along the coast has weakened, thanks to global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warmer air temperatures are heating the surface layer of the ocean. As the surface layer gets warmer and thicker, it becomes harder for the cold deep water to mix with the warm surface layer. This weakens the upwelling. Weak upwelling means less fog is produced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Someone (\u003ca href=\"http://books.google.com/books?id=d6JZryGvfxYC&lpg=PA33&ots=-GMOc8cu2Z&dq=get%20out%20of%20wet%20dry%20martini%20benchley%20butterworth&pg=PA232#v=onepage&q=%22the%20coldest%20winter%20I%20ever%20spent%20was%20a%20summer%20in%20san%20francisco%22&f=false\">though maybe not Mark Twain\u003c/a>) once said that the coldest winter they ever spent was a summer in San Francisco. That San Francisco summer was cold because of the fog. Which brings to mind another (potential) Twain quote: “Everybody talks about the weather, but nobody does anything about it.” San Francisco is getting less and less foggy, thanks to global warming, and so far we aren’t really doing anything about it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel boring machine\" title=\"hetch640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time we see this machine, it'll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you head past East Palo Alto, toward the soon-to-be western end of the new Bay tunnel, it is easy to start thinking you're in the wrong place. There's nothing to see, just acres of flat bayside grassland off of Highway 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, suddenly, there it is: a big, deep hole in the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a round elevator shaft the width of a five-lane freeway is the start of \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=259\">a tunnel\u003c/a> that will, eventually, stretch five miles across the Bay. Bob Mues, like a lot of people here, says it’s one of the most exciting engineering projects he’s ever worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like me, he’s wearing a hard hat, neon vest, and safety glasses. \u003ci>(See them for yourself in the slide show farther down on this page.)\u003c/i> He’s a construction manager for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which is running this project. Mues says this is the first tunnel \u003ci>ever\u003c/i> dug beneath the bay, despite what many BART riders may believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was around when we built the BART tunnel,\" he says. \"The BART tunnel is a sunken tube.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>(Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see an amazing 1940 silent film about Hetch Hetchy's construction -- a colossal undertaking at the time -- starring the ever-thirsty \"Miss San Francisco.\" A few highlights: a 28.5 mile tunnel \"the longest ever driven by man,\" workers being searched for tobacco before they enter the mine... probably a good idea when you're working with explosives, and the moment, on October 28, 1943, when the first trickle of water from Hetchy Hetchy reached the Peninsula.)\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mues points to the bottom of the shaft, to a white steel cylinder the size of a school bus, with a red tip. This is the star of the show, a state-of-the-art tunnel boring machine, arrived from Japan in May. To picture how it works, think about a circular cheese grater. The kind where you crank the wheel, and grated cheese falls out the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the machine does more than just dig. Mues says it functions like an underground factory. \"The machine eats dirt, and extrudes finished concrete pipe in 5-foot lengths,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that discarded dirt (with a consistency like potters' clay, Mues says) will ooze out past the drill and onto conveyor belts that snake back through the tunnel, to Palo Alto. From there, it'll be trucked to Bair Island, near Redwood City, where it'll be used for \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodcity.org/manager/news/2007/bair-restoration.html\">wetland restoration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time anyone sees the drill, it’ll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark. Mues says tunnel construction will take about 23 months. On average, that's 50 feet of tunnel a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy's Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay tunnel is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">vast overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, which carries water 167 miles from the Tuolumne River, near Yosemite, to Bay Area taps. There are \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectList.aspx\">81 projects in all\u003c/a>: pipes, water treatment centers, dams, reservoirs, all replaced or retrofitted with stronger, more durable parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, these projects will cost 4.6 billion dollars, and if you drink Hetch Hetchy water, you’re helping pay for it, thanks to a ballot measure that voters approved in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems surprising, especially in this current budget climate, that Hetch Hetchy customers would have approved such an expensive project, one that essentially doubles many customers’ water bills (at a time when water systems seemed to be working just fine), consider what was then still a recent memory: Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Really, 1989 was a catalyst,\" says David Schwartz, an earthquake geologist with the United States Geological Survey. \"It told everyone 'Hey, wake up Bay Area. You know, we’ve gone a long time, since 1906 with nothing happening, but we have big quakes in our future.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and other geologists believe the next big quake is likely to come from the Hayward Fault, which runs through Berkeley and Oakland. Carbon dating shows that over the last 1700 years, the Hayward Fault has erupted approximately once every 140 years. The last major quake on it was in 1868, 143 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So certainly in the next couple decades we really expect to see a 6.8 or a 6.9, maybe a 7 on the Hayward Fault,\" says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All earthquakes are wake-up calls. Take the 1906 quake, which rendered San Francisco, and its fire stations, virtually without water for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially the entire city burned down,\" says Julie Labonte. She's a civil engineer tasked with overseeing all 81 projects of the Water System Improvement Program, as it's called. Labonte says after 1906, city officials vowed never to let the city burn again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s when city officials went to the Department of the Interior, to petition for the rights to water on the Hetch Hetchy Valley,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision -- to build a dam in Yosemite -- sparked \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/\">a bitter battle\u003c/a> with the Sierra Club. Some environmentalists still want the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">dam torn down\u003c/a>. But today, Hetch Hetchy supplies 90 percent of the water to San Francisco and Penninsula residents. It’s some of the cleanest water in the country. The 1906 earthquake is what got the system built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers at the Bay tunnel hope they can get it done before the next big quake hits. The tunnel is designed to last a century. It’s projected to cost $313 million and be complete by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Bay Area's vast Hetchy Hetchy system, \"a dream in granite, concrete, and steel,\" is getting an overhaul. The system carries water 167 miles from Yosemite to Bay Area taps; pretty soon that voyage will include the Bay's first true tunnel. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-08-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22272\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/hetch640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"tunnel boring machine\" title=\"hetch640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Next time we see this machine, it'll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As you head past East Palo Alto, toward the soon-to-be western end of the new Bay tunnel, it is easy to start thinking you're in the wrong place. There's nothing to see, just acres of flat bayside grassland off of Highway 101. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then, suddenly, there it is: a big, deep hole in the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What looks like a round elevator shaft the width of a five-lane freeway is the start of \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectDetail.aspx?prj_id=259\">a tunnel\u003c/a> that will, eventually, stretch five miles across the Bay. Bob Mues, like a lot of people here, says it’s one of the most exciting engineering projects he’s ever worked on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like me, he’s wearing a hard hat, neon vest, and safety glasses. \u003ci>(See them for yourself in the slide show farther down on this page.)\u003c/i> He’s a construction manager for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, which is running this project. Mues says this is the first tunnel \u003ci>ever\u003c/i> dug beneath the bay, despite what many BART riders may believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was around when we built the BART tunnel,\" he says. \"The BART tunnel is a sunken tube.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>(Scroll down to the bottom of this page to see an amazing 1940 silent film about Hetch Hetchy's construction -- a colossal undertaking at the time -- starring the ever-thirsty \"Miss San Francisco.\" A few highlights: a 28.5 mile tunnel \"the longest ever driven by man,\" workers being searched for tobacco before they enter the mine... probably a good idea when you're working with explosives, and the moment, on October 28, 1943, when the first trickle of water from Hetchy Hetchy reached the Peninsula.)\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mues points to the bottom of the shaft, to a white steel cylinder the size of a school bus, with a red tip. This is the star of the show, a state-of-the-art tunnel boring machine, arrived from Japan in May. To picture how it works, think about a circular cheese grater. The kind where you crank the wheel, and grated cheese falls out the middle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the machine does more than just dig. Mues says it functions like an underground factory. \"The machine eats dirt, and extrudes finished concrete pipe in 5-foot lengths,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that discarded dirt (with a consistency like potters' clay, Mues says) will ooze out past the drill and onto conveyor belts that snake back through the tunnel, to Palo Alto. From there, it'll be trucked to Bair Island, near Redwood City, where it'll be used for \u003ca href=\"http://www.redwoodcity.org/manager/news/2007/bair-restoration.html\">wetland restoration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time anyone sees the drill, it’ll be on the other side of the Bay, in Newark. Mues says tunnel construction will take about 23 months. On average, that's 50 feet of tunnel a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hetch Hetchy's Overhaul\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay tunnel is just one part of a \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">vast overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system\u003c/a>, which carries water 167 miles from the Tuolumne River, near Yosemite, to Bay Area taps. There are \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/bids/projectList.aspx\">81 projects in all\u003c/a>: pipes, water treatment centers, dams, reservoirs, all replaced or retrofitted with stronger, more durable parts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All together, these projects will cost 4.6 billion dollars, and if you drink Hetch Hetchy water, you’re helping pay for it, thanks to a ballot measure that voters approved in 2002.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems surprising, especially in this current budget climate, that Hetch Hetchy customers would have approved such an expensive project, one that essentially doubles many customers’ water bills (at a time when water systems seemed to be working just fine), consider what was then still a recent memory: Loma Prieta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Really, 1989 was a catalyst,\" says David Schwartz, an earthquake geologist with the United States Geological Survey. \"It told everyone 'Hey, wake up Bay Area. You know, we’ve gone a long time, since 1906 with nothing happening, but we have big quakes in our future.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and other geologists believe the next big quake is likely to come from the Hayward Fault, which runs through Berkeley and Oakland. Carbon dating shows that over the last 1700 years, the Hayward Fault has erupted approximately once every 140 years. The last major quake on it was in 1868, 143 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So certainly in the next couple decades we really expect to see a 6.8 or a 6.9, maybe a 7 on the Hayward Fault,\" says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/hetchhetchy_radio_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All earthquakes are wake-up calls. Take the 1906 quake, which rendered San Francisco, and its fire stations, virtually without water for days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Essentially the entire city burned down,\" says Julie Labonte. She's a civil engineer tasked with overseeing all 81 projects of the Water System Improvement Program, as it's called. Labonte says after 1906, city officials vowed never to let the city burn again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That’s when city officials went to the Department of the Interior, to petition for the rights to water on the Hetch Hetchy Valley,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That decision -- to build a dam in Yosemite -- sparked \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraclub.org/ca/hetchhetchy/\">a bitter battle\u003c/a> with the Sierra Club. Some environmentalists still want the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hetchhetchy.org/\">dam torn down\u003c/a>. But today, Hetch Hetchy supplies 90 percent of the water to San Francisco and Penninsula residents. It’s some of the cleanest water in the country. The 1906 earthquake is what got the system built.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Engineers at the Bay tunnel hope they can get it done before the next big quake hits. The tunnel is designed to last a century. It’s projected to cost $313 million and be complete by 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowScriptAccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/pSzgwjc8CeE&hl=en_US&feature=player_embedded&version=3\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/brain.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/brain-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"brain\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-22288\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lifestyle factors that influence your risk of vascular disease including high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes and smoking also increase your risk of developing dementia, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232123.php\">new study from UC Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.neurology.org/content/77/5/461.abstract?sid=7296cfc4-6e25-44e4-8e51-af135c790e4e\">Researchers from UC Davis\u003c/a> looked at data from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/participants/offspring.html\">Framingham Offspring Cohort Study\u003c/a>, a prospective cohort study beginning in 1978. They tracked participants for markers of vascular disease, which are known to be associated with diet and lifestyle choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in 1999, researchers started measuring vascular disease in the brain including brain volume and white matter hyperintensities, and also conducting cognitive tests such as verbal and spatial memory and decision making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Participants with higher blood pressure developed cognitive problems and hyperintensities more quickly. Obesity was highly correlated with increased cognitive decline on executive tasks. Diabetes was associated with decreased volume in a region of the brain called the hippocampus, which is responsible for memory formation. Smokers had a more rapid increase in hyperintensities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thus poor lifestyle choices that lead to vascular problems and obesity may also contribute to decline in cognitive health.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22206\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Love2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Love2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Love2\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22206\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image by Leon Brocard\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In May, I went to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com/\">Down to a Science\u003c/a> Café. The topic was \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com/2011/04/04/monday-may-16th-attached-the-science-of-romantic-relationships/\">\u003cem>Attached: The Science of Romantic Relationships\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. The speaker was psychologist Rachel S. F. Heller, M.A who is one of the authors of \u003cem>Attached\u003c/em>; the other author is psychiatrist and neuroscientist Dr. Amir Levine. Heller was wonderful in showing that adult romantic partnerships have patterns similar to those one has as a child attaching with parents. Humans have a need for attachment that is hardwired from eons of biological evolution; however, that need for attachment is expressed differently. Heller used snippets from \u003cem>Sex in the City\u003c/em> to exemplify the three main attachment styles: anxious, avoidant and secure. Needless to say, I was greatly intrigued after seeing Heller talk and I set out to buy the book. It took me awhile as it was sold out when I went to look for it. After reading it, I have discussed it with family and friends, my mom is reading it now and I’ve recommended it to countless people. It not only made me understand my romantic relationships and needs more clearly; it also helped me finally understand family dynamics and limitations of certain friendships. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was impressed by \u003cem>Attached\u003c/em> because it was written by two doctors and based on over 25 years of case studies championed by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby in the field of attachment psychology. Case studies, evolutionary biology and brain activity was alluded to throughout the book. Both authors presented research in order to show biological and neural reactions to attachment and relationship needs as well as defense behavior. The book is laid out in order to identify your own attachment style and those of loved ones while giving pointers for more effective communication and approaches for gaining intimacy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since reading this book, I have found it much easier to identify attachment styles in others and how I can better relate to them. I’ve also seen certain relationships improve and deepen with this understanding. I identified my attachment style as \"anxious,\" which means that I’m preoccupied with relationships, tend to worry and need validation from partners on where I stand. The two other styles are \"avoidant,\" which guard their independence and see intimacy as an attack on their space. They often will distance themselves from attachment to guard their independence. While these two styles are polar opposites, the last attachment style, \"secure,\" falls in the middle of the two. Secure types feel comfortable with intimacy and take attachment in stride without needing validation or distance. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.attachedthebook.com/compatibility-quiz/\">quiz\u003c/a> is given at the \u003cem>Attached \u003c/em>website to determine which type you are your partner falls into. A quiz and tips and tricks are also given in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.attachedthebook.com/about-the-book/\">\u003cem>Attached\u003c/em> book\u003c/a> and also the dynamics between each style is explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other relationship experts having lauded playing the role of coquette or being independent and downplaying the need for intimacy. Yet attachment research has uncovered that forming close relationships is a part of our evolutionary history. Like other pack animals, we are hardwired for attachment because it has been an effective survival adaptation. On a very basic level, we all strive for closeness starting from children and into adulthood as a means of survival. \u003cem>Attached\u003c/em> was a wonderful book in addressing how this need can be fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22206\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Love2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Love2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Love2\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22206\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image by Leon Brocard\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In May, I went to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com/\">Down to a Science\u003c/a> Café. The topic was \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecafesf.com/2011/04/04/monday-may-16th-attached-the-science-of-romantic-relationships/\">\u003cem>Attached: The Science of Romantic Relationships\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. The speaker was psychologist Rachel S. F. Heller, M.A who is one of the authors of \u003cem>Attached\u003c/em>; the other author is psychiatrist and neuroscientist Dr. Amir Levine. Heller was wonderful in showing that adult romantic partnerships have patterns similar to those one has as a child attaching with parents. Humans have a need for attachment that is hardwired from eons of biological evolution; however, that need for attachment is expressed differently. Heller used snippets from \u003cem>Sex in the City\u003c/em> to exemplify the three main attachment styles: anxious, avoidant and secure. Needless to say, I was greatly intrigued after seeing Heller talk and I set out to buy the book. It took me awhile as it was sold out when I went to look for it. After reading it, I have discussed it with family and friends, my mom is reading it now and I’ve recommended it to countless people. It not only made me understand my romantic relationships and needs more clearly; it also helped me finally understand family dynamics and limitations of certain friendships. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was impressed by \u003cem>Attached\u003c/em> because it was written by two doctors and based on over 25 years of case studies championed by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby in the field of attachment psychology. Case studies, evolutionary biology and brain activity was alluded to throughout the book. Both authors presented research in order to show biological and neural reactions to attachment and relationship needs as well as defense behavior. The book is laid out in order to identify your own attachment style and those of loved ones while giving pointers for more effective communication and approaches for gaining intimacy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since reading this book, I have found it much easier to identify attachment styles in others and how I can better relate to them. I’ve also seen certain relationships improve and deepen with this understanding. I identified my attachment style as \"anxious,\" which means that I’m preoccupied with relationships, tend to worry and need validation from partners on where I stand. The two other styles are \"avoidant,\" which guard their independence and see intimacy as an attack on their space. They often will distance themselves from attachment to guard their independence. While these two styles are polar opposites, the last attachment style, \"secure,\" falls in the middle of the two. Secure types feel comfortable with intimacy and take attachment in stride without needing validation or distance. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.attachedthebook.com/compatibility-quiz/\">quiz\u003c/a> is given at the \u003cem>Attached \u003c/em>website to determine which type you are your partner falls into. A quiz and tips and tricks are also given in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.attachedthebook.com/about-the-book/\">\u003cem>Attached\u003c/em> book\u003c/a> and also the dynamics between each style is explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other relationship experts having lauded playing the role of coquette or being independent and downplaying the need for intimacy. Yet attachment research has uncovered that forming close relationships is a part of our evolutionary history. Like other pack animals, we are hardwired for attachment because it has been an effective survival adaptation. On a very basic level, we all strive for closeness starting from children and into adulthood as a means of survival. \u003cem>Attached\u003c/em> was a wonderful book in addressing how this need can be fulfilled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Access to Geologic Maps: The Landscape's Hidden Rooms",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/geomap-sftop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"geomap-SFtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portion of USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337, \"Geologic Map and Map Database of Parts of Marin, San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Sonoma Counties, California\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a child, I loved stories that featured secret passages and hidden rooms. I cherished the suspicion that there was a different world beneath this one—or around some corner where it was waiting to meet me. C. S. Lewis, H. P. Lovecraft, even Thoreau fed this feeling. Then I discovered geologic maps and felt something of the same thrill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the glimpse beneath San Francisco in the image above. Telegraph Hill stands out in the upper right corner, a near-island of old bedrock surrounded by artificial fill (Qaf). Once upon a time, North Point was really a point. What is that odd river of purple, marked by dotted lines? Isn't that big purple blob Potrero Hill? Isn't that orange patch Mount Sutro? The rocks in the two places must be completely different! And that light color marked \"Qd\"—that must mark the old sand dunes that got turned into Golden Gate Park and paved over everywhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map's explanation provides all the letter codes (and yes, Qd stands for Quaternary dunes) and keys to the symbols. It won't tell you everything; even all this detail is just a sketch. But it will give you a set of clues, in the form of literature citations, that you could pursue in a university library. And of course the map patterns are another set of clues that you could pursue in the field. Slowly, with the map's help, you can learn to perceive the hidden rooms of the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this kind of thing excites you, then you owe yourself a visit to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> on the U.S. Geological Survey's campus in Menlo Park. Yes, most of these maps are available online at \u003ca href=\"http://store.usgs.gov\">store.usgs.gov\u003c/a>, but (1) the USGS store includes products from the state geological survey too, and (2) there is still something about well-selected inks on strong paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One map worth starting with is the \"Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay Region\" poster. It's packed with explanation to help you get the most from the map. \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/downloads.html\">You can peruse the whole poster online\u003c/a> in PDF or Google Earth formats and \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">explore it directly by zoom and pan\u003c/a>, but for seven bucks the paper version is a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below I list a bunch of USGS geologic maps for the Bay Area that are mostly online-only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>USGS County geologic maps\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/\">Open-File Report 96-252\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of97-97/\"> Open-File Report 97-97\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Open-File Report 94-622\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-098/\">Open-File Report 97-98\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Open-File Report 98-137\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Clara (southern part): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-710/\">Open-File Report 97-710\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Cruz: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other areas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts of Marin/Sonoma/San Francisco/Contra Costa: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2337/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNortheastern Bay Area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2403/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2403\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOakland area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2342\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPoint Reyes: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-456/\">Open-File Report 97-456\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSouthern San Francisco: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-354/\">Open-File Report 98-354\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWest Sonoma/Southern Mendocino: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2402\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quad Maps\u003c/strong> (30 x 60 minutes—see the key \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geoindex.html\">here\u003c/a>)\u003cbr>\nNapa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-460/\">Open-File Report 98-460\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPalo Alto: \u003ca href=\"http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/mf-maps/mf-2332\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2332\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Jose: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">Open-File Report 98-795\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geolist.html\">See more Bay Area maps from the USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the USGS helps you explore the whole state's geology (and every other state) at the \u003ca href=\"http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/\">Geologic Maps of U.S. States site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also highly recommend the state geologic map and database I keep on my iPod: \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/geograph-ca/id321234316?mt=8\">Geograph_CA\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22180\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/04/access-to-geologic-maps-the-landscapes-hidden-rooms/geomap-sftop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"geomap-SFtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/geomap-SFtop-400x215.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Portion of USGS Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337, \"Geologic Map and Map Database of Parts of Marin, San Francisco, Alameda, Contra Costa, and Sonoma Counties, California\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a child, I loved stories that featured secret passages and hidden rooms. I cherished the suspicion that there was a different world beneath this one—or around some corner where it was waiting to meet me. C. S. Lewis, H. P. Lovecraft, even Thoreau fed this feeling. Then I discovered geologic maps and felt something of the same thrill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider the glimpse beneath San Francisco in the image above. Telegraph Hill stands out in the upper right corner, a near-island of old bedrock surrounded by artificial fill (Qaf). Once upon a time, North Point was really a point. What is that odd river of purple, marked by dotted lines? Isn't that big purple blob Potrero Hill? Isn't that orange patch Mount Sutro? The rocks in the two places must be completely different! And that light color marked \"Qd\"—that must mark the old sand dunes that got turned into Golden Gate Park and paved over everywhere else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map's explanation provides all the letter codes (and yes, Qd stands for Quaternary dunes) and keys to the symbols. It won't tell you everything; even all this detail is just a sketch. But it will give you a set of clues, in the form of literature citations, that you could pursue in a university library. And of course the map patterns are another set of clues that you could pursue in the field. Slowly, with the map's help, you can learn to perceive the hidden rooms of the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this kind of thing excites you, then you owe yourself a visit to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.consrv.ca.gov/cgs/information/publications/offices/Pages/sf_office.aspx\">Map Sales Room\u003c/a> on the U.S. Geological Survey's campus in Menlo Park. Yes, most of these maps are available online at \u003ca href=\"http://store.usgs.gov\">store.usgs.gov\u003c/a>, but (1) the USGS store includes products from the state geological survey too, and (2) there is still something about well-selected inks on strong paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One map worth starting with is the \"Geologic Map of the San Francisco Bay Region\" poster. It's packed with explanation to help you get the most from the map. \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/downloads.html\">You can peruse the whole poster online\u003c/a> in PDF or Google Earth formats and \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfgeo/geologic/details.html\">explore it directly by zoom and pan\u003c/a>, but for seven bucks the paper version is a bargain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below I list a bunch of USGS geologic maps for the Bay Area that are mostly online-only.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>USGS County geologic maps\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-252/\">Open-File Report 96-252\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nAlameda (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of97-97/\"> Open-File Report 97-97\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (bedrock): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/of94-622/\">Open-File Report 94-622\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nContra Costa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-098/\">Open-File Report 97-98\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Mateo: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Open-File Report 98-137\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Clara (southern part): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-710/\">Open-File Report 97-710\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSanta Cruz: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-489/\">Open-File Report 97-489\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other areas\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nParts of Marin/Sonoma/San Francisco/Contra Costa: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2337/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2337\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nNortheastern Bay Area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2403/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2403\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nOakland area: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2342\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPoint Reyes: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/of97-456/\">Open-File Report 97-456\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSouthern San Francisco: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-354/\">Open-File Report 98-354\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWest Sonoma/Southern Mendocino: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2402/\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2402\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quad Maps\u003c/strong> (30 x 60 minutes—see the key \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geoindex.html\">here\u003c/a>)\u003cbr>\nNapa (young sediments): \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-460/\">Open-File Report 98-460\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nPalo Alto: \u003ca href=\"http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/pub/mf-maps/mf-2332\">Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2332\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nSan Jose: \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">Open-File Report 98-795\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/geolist.html\">See more Bay Area maps from the USGS\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the USGS helps you explore the whole state's geology (and every other state) at the \u003ca href=\"http://tin.er.usgs.gov/geology/state/\">Geologic Maps of U.S. States site\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also highly recommend the state geologic map and database I keep on my iPod: \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/geograph-ca/id321234316?mt=8\">Geograph_CA\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Bats Beneath Us",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every summer, 250,000 female bats take up residence under a freeway bridge in California’s Central Valley, to wait for the birth of their pups. And each night, the hungry mammals exit the bridge in a stunning ribbon-like formation to hunt for insects. (I strongly recommend you watch the HD version of this video - you'll really appreciate the beauty of the bat flyouts much better, especially the final one!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mexican free-tailed bats living beneath the Yolo Causeway, a three-mile bridge near Davis, make up the largest colony of bats in the Central Valley and most likely one of the biggest in California, said Corky Quirk, education associate with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/\">Yolo Basin Foundation\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22045\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Bats-of-Yolo-Causeway-31_resizedtighter-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Corky Quirk and QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros\" title=\"Bats of Yolo Causeway (31)_resizedtighter\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22045\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Corky Quirk helps QUEST producer Gabriela Quiros prepare to film the bat flyout at the Yolo Causeway.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Amanda Stupi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Yolo Causeway carries highway 80 traffic over the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/05/19/californias-ingenious-flood-relief-valve/\">Yolo Bypass\u003c/a>, a flood-control structure that protects Sacramento, West Sacramento and nearby communities from the Sacramento River’s rising waters during the winter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats fly out from under the bridge each evening from two locations. Between June and August, Quirk takes groups of visitors to watch a large group of the bats fly out in the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, which is managed by the state’s Department of Fish and Game. This year’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolobasin.org/events.cfm\">bat tours\u003c/a> sold out after the Sacramento Bee published a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/2011/07/08/3755355/yolo-bat-advocate-shines-light.html#storylink=misearch\">story\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_5171_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mexican free-tailed bats fly out at sunset\" title=\"DSC_5171_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22096\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bats fly out over the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, in Davis.\u003cbr>\nPhoto: Corky Quirk\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But you can watch a slightly smaller group of bats fly out shortly before sunset from the causeway’s bike trail, on the bridge’s west end. Quirk recommends parking on the northwest side of the causeway and walking up onto the levee to reach the bike trail. The bats fly from under the causeway near the levee on the north side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t know where these bats spend the rest of the year, although they suspect that some of them remain at the causeway and that others live under nearby Central Valley bridges and in the Bay Area. In \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/bats-in-our-midst/\">another QUEST video \u003c/a>I produced, bat scientists counted 16,000 Mexican free-tailed bats spending the winter under a small bridge in the town of Galt, 20 miles south of Sacramento. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bats start to arrive at the causeway in May and make themselves at home in the bridge’s exposition joints, crevices that are one inch wide and 12 inches deep and allow the cement structure to contract and expand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> “In our area we don’t have caves, which would be the normal habitat for this particular species,” said Quirk. “But they’ve adapted to live in the structures that the humans have ended up providing.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22034\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0001_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Under the Yolo Causeway\" title=\"DSC_0001_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22034\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mexican free-tailed bats have adapted to living under bridges instead of in caves. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mexican free-tailed bats are one of around 16 species of bats in the Bay Area, said Dave Johnston, a wildlife ecologist and an officer of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbwg.org/index.html\">Western Bat Working Group\u003c/a>. While this species is doing well, other Bay Area bats such as the long-eared myotis, the Townsend’s big-eared bat and the pallid bat, aren’t as numerous as they once were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re learning is that more and more of these species are more sensitive to urbanization than we previously thought,” said Johnston. “Habitat fragmentation and habitat loss are probably the big suspects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a disease called white-nose syndrome has killed more than one million bats in the eastern United States since it was introduced to New York state in 2006, likely from Europe. The fungal disease attacks bats hibernating in caves and causes them to develop what looks like frost on their snouts and chins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease is expected to reach California, but Johnston said it’s not clear how it might impact the state’s bats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our bats typically do not go into the deep torpor or deep hibernation when this fungus does its worst effect,” said Johnston. “So that’s a wild card out there.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adult Mexican free-tailed bats weigh about half an ounce and are three inches long. Their 10-inch wingspan makes them look bigger when they’re flying, which they do at speeds of about 50 miles per hour. Under the causeway, they chatter away in high-pitched, bird-like chirps. But when they exit the bridge at sunset, Quirk holds up a phone-sized machine called a bat detector to hear the high-frequency sounds that help the bats locate their prey. Without the bat detector, these sounds aren’t audible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California’s Central Valley, Mexican free-tailed bats feed on the moths and moth larvae that attack corn and tomatoes. In Texas, where they’re also known as Brazilian free-tailed bats, they protect the cotton crops and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bu.edu/cecb/files/2009/08/cleveland-et-al06.pdf\">reduce the cost of pesticides for cotton farmers.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When they’re pregnant or nursing, they’re going to eat about the equivalent of their weight in insects each night,” said Quirk. “They’re very, very important for our pest control.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/DSC_0027_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Four-day-old Mexican-free tailed bat pup\" title=\"DSC_0027_resized\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22035\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-day-old bat pup. Photo: Kate Szrom\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each female gives birth to a single pup once a year. The pups, which are born translucent and furless, are large, compared to their mothers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think of it as a human mother giving birth to a kindergartner,” said Quirk. Around July 1, Quirk starts to look for tiny bat placentas and umbilical cords that have fallen to the ground under the bridge - a sign that the bats have given birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because nursing bats need to eat so many insects, once they give birth they fly in thicker groups than during their pregnancy. They fly out from under the bridge in a long, twirling line that Quirk describes as a “ribbon.” Each night, three or four ribbons are visible from the Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like that they’re so different than their reputation,” said Quirk as she watched a flyout in July. “I like that they’re actually very calm animals for the most part, that they’re hunting insects and not interested in us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shark Week and the State of Sharks",
"title": "Shark Week and the State of Sharks",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-21906\" title=\"shark\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"shark\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week millions of viewer’s eyes will be turned to \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/shark-week/\">Shark Week\u003c/a>, the Discovery Channel's most popular program. With shows like \"Top Five Eaten Alive\", \"Killer Sharks and Rogue Sharks\", the program continues to dish up blood, teeth and fear, while perpetuating the irrational perception that sharks are killing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average ten humans die from sharks each year. On the contrary over 100 million sharks are killed as bycatch and in fisheries in the same period of time. The fact is that while shark attacks on humans are relatively rare, sharks die at the hands of humans by the tens of thousands each day in the open ocean, near shore and in marine reserves. Most of these sharks are killed for their fins to supply the shark fin soup trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the tusks of African elephants, the high demand for the luxury trade in shark fins is driving sharks to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of shark finning is to target sharks solely for the valuable fin while discarding the body at sea. The demand for fins for the luxury dish shark fin soup is creating a huge incentive to kill sharks just for the fin, while discarding the less valuable body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stem this tide of destruction Pacific Island nations like Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the State of Hawaii have established shark sanctuaries and banned not only the practice of fining, but the sale of shark fin themselves. It is hoped that reducing the consumption will reduce the demand and help protect shark populations. In California, \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/what-you-can-do-to-support-the-california-shark-fin-bill-ab-376/\">similar legislation\u003c/a> is being proposed to help protect sharks in US and international waters. Currently in Senate Committee, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a06/news-room/press-releases/item/3105-shark-protection-bill-lands-in-senate\">California Shark Protection Act\u003c/a>, AB 376 would ban the trade, sale and possession of shark fin in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my travels as a filmmaker, I have seen ships rails lines with shark fins off the Galapagos, drifting longlines loaded with sharks near Cocos Island, and shops in San Francisco stacked with bins and jars of shark fins. Shark fin soup is on the menu of hundreds of Bay Area restaurants. Customs records indicate that most shark fins entering California are being imported from Costa Rica, Ecuador and Hong Kong. Many of these fins are from endangered species and plausibly from marine reserves. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> have sequenced the DNA of shark fins purchased in San Francisco and found threatened and vulnerable species. Nearly one third of all shark species are listed as threatened with extinction by the\u003ca href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\"> International Union for the Conservation of Nature\u003c/a>. Scientists estimate that some large open ocean sharks like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark\">oceanic whitetip\u003c/a> have been fished to mere remnants of their original population. Sharks are the regulators of marine ecosystems. They are the surgeons and the sanitarians and keep the ocean healthy and clean. Without sharks, the ecosystems decay into an unhealthy state that disrupts reefs, the fish we eat and ultimately the air we breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the practice of finning is deplorable even by opponents of AB 376, some senators have claimed the law is an attack on Asian culture. They propose to allow shark fins for sale from sustainable shark fisheries, although it would be difficult to identify such a thing. By their nature as the top predator, there are fewer sharks than other fish. Their biology makes sharks extremely vulnerable to overfishing because they cannot rebound. A targeted shark fishery will ultimately reduce the population to an unsustainable level. We experienced this in San Francisco with the sevengill and soupfin shark fisheries in the mid-20th century. If this amendment is allowed, the market for shark fins will be opened and black market fins will enter the trade. Tracing a shark fin to a boat or a fishery is extremely difficult, and Fish and Game officials do not have the ability to distinguish illegal fins from legal fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This loophole will allow sharks to be finned: business as usual. This August, Californians can step up and protect sharks, or allow special interests to water down or kill the shark protection bill. A healthy ocean is essential for the welfare of all cultures, and cultures can adapt their tastes to do the right thing. The ban on Caspian caviar is a perfect example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \"Shark Week\" while we are watching the thrilling images of sharks gnashing at cages or reenacting shark attacks, we should be thinking of future films titled, \"Dead Water and Empty Ocean\". We need to stop fearing sharks and fear for their future, and the future of a healthy ocean. To learn more, go to \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/\">seastewards.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This week millions of viewer’s eyes will be turned to \"Shark Week\", the Discovery Channel's most popular program. With shows like \"Top Five Eaten Alive\", \"Killer Sharks and Rogue Sharks\", the program continues to dish up blood, teeth and fear, while perpetuating the irrational perception that sharks are killing machines.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-21906\" title=\"shark\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/shark-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"shark\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week millions of viewer’s eyes will be turned to \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/shark-week/\">Shark Week\u003c/a>, the Discovery Channel's most popular program. With shows like \"Top Five Eaten Alive\", \"Killer Sharks and Rogue Sharks\", the program continues to dish up blood, teeth and fear, while perpetuating the irrational perception that sharks are killing machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average ten humans die from sharks each year. On the contrary over 100 million sharks are killed as bycatch and in fisheries in the same period of time. The fact is that while shark attacks on humans are relatively rare, sharks die at the hands of humans by the tens of thousands each day in the open ocean, near shore and in marine reserves. Most of these sharks are killed for their fins to supply the shark fin soup trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the tusks of African elephants, the high demand for the luxury trade in shark fins is driving sharks to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice of shark finning is to target sharks solely for the valuable fin while discarding the body at sea. The demand for fins for the luxury dish shark fin soup is creating a huge incentive to kill sharks just for the fin, while discarding the less valuable body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To stem this tide of destruction Pacific Island nations like Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia and the State of Hawaii have established shark sanctuaries and banned not only the practice of fining, but the sale of shark fin themselves. It is hoped that reducing the consumption will reduce the demand and help protect shark populations. In California, \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/what-you-can-do-to-support-the-california-shark-fin-bill-ab-376/\">similar legislation\u003c/a> is being proposed to help protect sharks in US and international waters. Currently in Senate Committee, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.asmdc.org/members/a06/news-room/press-releases/item/3105-shark-protection-bill-lands-in-senate\">California Shark Protection Act\u003c/a>, AB 376 would ban the trade, sale and possession of shark fin in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In my travels as a filmmaker, I have seen ships rails lines with shark fins off the Galapagos, drifting longlines loaded with sharks near Cocos Island, and shops in San Francisco stacked with bins and jars of shark fins. Shark fin soup is on the menu of hundreds of Bay Area restaurants. Customs records indicate that most shark fins entering California are being imported from Costa Rica, Ecuador and Hong Kong. Many of these fins are from endangered species and plausibly from marine reserves. Scientists at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> have sequenced the DNA of shark fins purchased in San Francisco and found threatened and vulnerable species. Nearly one third of all shark species are listed as threatened with extinction by the\u003ca href=\"http://www.iucn.org/\"> International Union for the Conservation of Nature\u003c/a>. Scientists estimate that some large open ocean sharks like the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark\">oceanic whitetip\u003c/a> have been fished to mere remnants of their original population. Sharks are the regulators of marine ecosystems. They are the surgeons and the sanitarians and keep the ocean healthy and clean. Without sharks, the ecosystems decay into an unhealthy state that disrupts reefs, the fish we eat and ultimately the air we breathe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where the practice of finning is deplorable even by opponents of AB 376, some senators have claimed the law is an attack on Asian culture. They propose to allow shark fins for sale from sustainable shark fisheries, although it would be difficult to identify such a thing. By their nature as the top predator, there are fewer sharks than other fish. Their biology makes sharks extremely vulnerable to overfishing because they cannot rebound. A targeted shark fishery will ultimately reduce the population to an unsustainable level. We experienced this in San Francisco with the sevengill and soupfin shark fisheries in the mid-20th century. If this amendment is allowed, the market for shark fins will be opened and black market fins will enter the trade. Tracing a shark fin to a boat or a fishery is extremely difficult, and Fish and Game officials do not have the ability to distinguish illegal fins from legal fins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This loophole will allow sharks to be finned: business as usual. This August, Californians can step up and protect sharks, or allow special interests to water down or kill the shark protection bill. A healthy ocean is essential for the welfare of all cultures, and cultures can adapt their tastes to do the right thing. The ban on Caspian caviar is a perfect example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \"Shark Week\" while we are watching the thrilling images of sharks gnashing at cages or reenacting shark attacks, we should be thinking of future films titled, \"Dead Water and Empty Ocean\". We need to stop fearing sharks and fear for their future, and the future of a healthy ocean. To learn more, go to \u003ca href=\"http://seastewards.org/\">seastewards.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The High Cost of Sex",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Biologically speaking, sex is ungodly expensive. One reason it may have evolved in to keep our genomes stable and intact.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Rough Waters for Sea Level Rise Planning",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21399\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Saltworks-640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt ponds in Redwood City where the new Saltworks development is proposed. Photo: Lauren Sommer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What do Bay Area airports and some big Silicon Valley companies have in common? They sit right on the edge of San Francisco Bay, where sea level rise is expected to have a big impact by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may seem far in the future, but state agencies are preparing for climate change now by writing new rules for construction along the bay's shoreline. As you can imagine, developers and environmentalists aren't exactly seeing eye to eye. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's evident on a patch of land at the edge of the bay in Redwood City. For more than a century, it's been home to one thing: salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As you look out, you can see it looks sort of like a frozen pond,\" says David Smith, a Senior Vice President with DMB Associates. He's standing next to flat, industrial ponds filled with crystallizing salt. \"On a typical season, you would hope to establish a layer of 8 to 12 inches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/salt/\">Cargill Salt\u003c/a> owns these ponds as part of their salt-harvesting operations. Smith is with a developer that's working with Cargill on a different vision for these more than 1400 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Welcome to the Redwood City Saltworks site,\" he says. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">Saltworks\u003c/a> is DMB's proposal for 8,000 to 12,000 new housing units. \"Half of the site would be dedicated to open spaces uses including tidal marsh restoration and then the other half would be this integrated, transit-oriented development.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says it's housing that's sorely needed in the Bay Area. \"You have had the explosion of economic success of Silicon Valley. We should be ashamed of our inability or unwillingness to provide housing to support those workers and that economic activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lewis, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, is on the other side of the issue. \"This site is not a site for housing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salt ponds in Redwood City are actually one of the last unprotected areas that could be restored to tidal marsh for San Francisco Bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a pretty typical story: a developer wants prime land to build on and environmental groups want to see wildlife habitat restored. But there's a twist, as David Smith points to on one particular map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Waters Rising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're looking at is a blue inundation zone and it depicts the projections for sea level rise for the region around Redwood City,\" Smith says, pointing to map showing the low-lying parts of the bay's shoreline at risk from sea level rise – which includes the land we're standing on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says their plan calls for a three mile levee to protect the development from the bay. Projections from state scientists show sea level could rise by nearly six feet by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd like to ignore it. But if we ignore it, we're ignoring it at our own economic peril,\" says Will Travis, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a>. BCDC is the state agency with jurisdiction over the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're building things now that will be around for a hundred years. And we should, we believe, think about how those cities, how those communities will remain viable and sustainable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCDC is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">writing new regulations\u003c/a> for development along the shore, which they'll use in future permitting decisions. They've been guided by a state plan from the Schwarzenegger administration called the California Climate Adaptation Strategy. It discourages building in low-lying areas and encourages wetland restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wetlands are wonderful for dealing with climate change. Wetlands soak up flood water. So the wider the wetland in the front, the lower the levee can be in the back,\" says Travis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Battle Over Shoreline Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when BCDC released the first draft of its new development policy two years ago, the agency faced a wave of protest, especially from folks who see bay front property as prime real estate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It tried to do too much too fast,\" says Jim Wunderman, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/\">Bay Area Council\u003c/a>, a group representing business interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should be absolutely concerned about sea level rise, but we shouldn't allow the concern about it to say let's just stop doing everything,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of bay-front cities had the same complaint. Public meetings got ugly. \"People said things that they probably weren't proud of when the meeting was over and I know we've had epithets hurled at us,\" says Wunderman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So BCDC backed off a little, saying that new development would be considered on a case by case basis. David Lewis of Save the Bay says those changes concern him, because the policy is leading the way for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most small cities don't have the resources to change the way they plan and permit developments with a big change like sea level rise. I think BCDC's at the forefront and it should be brave about doing the right thing,\" says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Travis of BCDC says the changes were necessary, so the plan works for the dozens of cities it involves. \"We want to achieve environmental protection. We have to, but not at the expense of regional prosperity. So we're trying to achieve that balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge, Travis says, is making a global issue like climate change part of regional planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A society likes dealing with climate change at the abstract. It's when you actually get down to doing something about it that people have concerns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, BCDC expects to finalize the sea level rise policy that will govern development along San Francisco Bay for years to come.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">More about BCDC's Sea Level Rise Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Sea Level Rise Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/08/2011-08-01-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21399\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/Saltworks-640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Saltworks-640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21399\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt ponds in Redwood City where the new Saltworks development is proposed. Photo: Lauren Sommer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What do Bay Area airports and some big Silicon Valley companies have in common? They sit right on the edge of San Francisco Bay, where sea level rise is expected to have a big impact by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may seem far in the future, but state agencies are preparing for climate change now by writing new rules for construction along the bay's shoreline. As you can imagine, developers and environmentalists aren't exactly seeing eye to eye. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's evident on a patch of land at the edge of the bay in Redwood City. For more than a century, it's been home to one thing: salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As you look out, you can see it looks sort of like a frozen pond,\" says David Smith, a Senior Vice President with DMB Associates. He's standing next to flat, industrial ponds filled with crystallizing salt. \"On a typical season, you would hope to establish a layer of 8 to 12 inches.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cargill.com/salt/\">Cargill Salt\u003c/a> owns these ponds as part of their salt-harvesting operations. Smith is with a developer that's working with Cargill on a different vision for these more than 1400 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Welcome to the Redwood City Saltworks site,\" he says. \u003ca href=\"http://www.rcsaltworks.com/\">Saltworks\u003c/a> is DMB's proposal for 8,000 to 12,000 new housing units. \"Half of the site would be dedicated to open spaces uses including tidal marsh restoration and then the other half would be this integrated, transit-oriented development.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says it's housing that's sorely needed in the Bay Area. \"You have had the explosion of economic success of Silicon Valley. We should be ashamed of our inability or unwillingness to provide housing to support those workers and that economic activity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Lewis, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://www.savesfbay.org/\">Save the Bay\u003c/a>, is on the other side of the issue. \"This site is not a site for housing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Salt ponds in Redwood City are actually one of the last unprotected areas that could be restored to tidal marsh for San Francisco Bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a pretty typical story: a developer wants prime land to build on and environmental groups want to see wildlife habitat restored. But there's a twist, as David Smith points to on one particular map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bay Waters Rising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we're looking at is a blue inundation zone and it depicts the projections for sea level rise for the region around Redwood City,\" Smith says, pointing to map showing the low-lying parts of the bay's shoreline at risk from sea level rise – which includes the land we're standing on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says their plan calls for a three mile levee to protect the development from the bay. Projections from state scientists show sea level could rise by nearly six feet by the end of the century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd like to ignore it. But if we ignore it, we're ignoring it at our own economic peril,\" says Will Travis, Executive Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a>. BCDC is the state agency with jurisdiction over the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're building things now that will be around for a hundred years. And we should, we believe, think about how those cities, how those communities will remain viable and sustainable,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCDC is \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">writing new regulations\u003c/a> for development along the shore, which they'll use in future permitting decisions. They've been guided by a state plan from the Schwarzenegger administration called the California Climate Adaptation Strategy. It discourages building in low-lying areas and encourages wetland restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Wetlands are wonderful for dealing with climate change. Wetlands soak up flood water. So the wider the wetland in the front, the lower the levee can be in the back,\" says Travis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Battle Over Shoreline Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when BCDC released the first draft of its new development policy two years ago, the agency faced a wave of protest, especially from folks who see bay front property as prime real estate. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It tried to do too much too fast,\" says Jim Wunderman, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacouncil.org/\">Bay Area Council\u003c/a>, a group representing business interests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We should be absolutely concerned about sea level rise, but we shouldn't allow the concern about it to say let's just stop doing everything,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of bay-front cities had the same complaint. Public meetings got ugly. \"People said things that they probably weren't proud of when the meeting was over and I know we've had epithets hurled at us,\" says Wunderman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So BCDC backed off a little, saying that new development would be considered on a case by case basis. David Lewis of Save the Bay says those changes concern him, because the policy is leading the way for others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most small cities don't have the resources to change the way they plan and permit developments with a big change like sea level rise. I think BCDC's at the forefront and it should be brave about doing the right thing,\" says Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will Travis of BCDC says the changes were necessary, so the plan works for the dozens of cities it involves. \"We want to achieve environmental protection. We have to, but not at the expense of regional prosperity. So we're trying to achieve that balance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The challenge, Travis says, is making a global issue like climate change part of regional planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A society likes dealing with climate change at the abstract. It's when you actually get down to doing something about it that people have concerns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, BCDC expects to finalize the sea level rise policy that will govern development along San Francisco Bay for years to come.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003ch3>Additional Links\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/proposed_bay_plan/bp_amend_1-08.shtml\">More about BCDC's Sea Level Rise Plan\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/planning/climate_change/index_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Sea Level Rise Map\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Quasar APM 08279+5255: Really Big Bathtub Drain?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/apm08279_xray-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" title=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somewhere out there, at the most distant reaches of space and time, a vast space-ocean with 140 trillion times more water than the drop that fills Earth's ocean basins is pouring down the drain of a super black hole, guzzled up and gone forever, forever, forever…. And I worry about wasting water every time I flush the toilet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whirlpool Jacuzzi in question is at the heart of a young galaxy 12 billion light years away. We know we're looking at a young galaxy because at that distance we are seeing the light that left it 12 billion years ago…and since the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old, you get the idea…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this galaxy's core is quasar \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2003/apm08279/\">APM 08279+5255\u003c/a>, an unimaginably powerful object whose engine of potential energy is a supermassive black hole containing some 20 billion solar masses, and whose radiant power—equivalent to about a quadrillion Suns (that's a thousand trillion smiley Sun faces)—is fueled by goo-gobs of gases falling into the young galaxy's core (1 goo-gob is equivalent to…well, a lot). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what gases do we find swirling around this quasar? Well, mingled with the ubiquitous hydrogen and helium that you'd expect to find, astronomers have detected water, 140 trillion times the amount of water in Earth oceans—enough to supply an Earth-style ocean to all of the planets thought to exist in the Milky Way galaxy, 3000 times over! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzy. Head spinning. Numbers too big. What are we talking about anyway, the National Debt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be imagining actual oceans of liquid water flying about out there…but you'll have to dash that notion on the rocks, since the water (vapor) in question is spread out across a hundred or more light years of space surrounding the black hole, making the actual density of the gas some 300 trillion times thinner even than Earth's atmosphere….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it's a lot of water. Water certainly exists in \"normal\" galaxies, like the Milky Way—this we know from daily experience--but most of it is frozen as ice. A galaxy containing a quasar like APM 08279+5255, however, has a central heating element that puts out plenty of energy to keep the water flying around as a gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/\">black hole\u003c/a> pulls matter from the space around it into its dark depths, that falling matter, accelerated by the black hole's powerful gravity, heats up and emits intense radiation—electromagnetic waves across the spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays. We detect ordinary black holes within our own galaxy through these emissions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the gases in a young galaxy's matter-packed core is pulled into its resident super-massive black hole, you get an even brighter beacon—in the case of APM 08279+5255, a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html\">quasar\u003c/a>, the most luminous type of object in the known universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasars are quite distant, typically found no closer to us than about 3 billion light years. Taking the light-travel-time into account, what this means is that quasars existed in the earlier ages of the Universe, when galaxies were younger and had a lot more loose material falling into their central black holes. The Milky Way's own central black hole, with a mass of 4 million Suns, sits relatively quiet today, the space surrounding it clean and not supplying it with the food it would need to shine like a quasar. Maybe it did when it was younger, but no longer (thankfully). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasar means \"quasi-stellar (star like) radio source,\" so-named because these ultra-distant powerhouses were first detected by radio telescopes, and the distant sources of the radio emissions appeared to be coming from compact, point-like spots in space, the same as the light from a star. Today we know of over 200,000 quasars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When first discovered a few decades ago, astronomers didn't know what quasars were. They knew that they were very far away due to \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar1.htm\">Doppler shift \u003c/a>measurements, but for all their great distance they were very bright as well, so they had to be extremely luminous objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sixth grade I went to a summer camp, and one of my councilors ran an astronomy workshop. Quasars, he said, reading from a book, are mysterious, and might be hot, dense fragments of the \"shell\" of whatever egg-like thing the Universe was born from in the Big Bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell fragments from the Universe's cosmic egg? Well, we've come a long way in our understanding of quasars since my childhood….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21485\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/apm08279_xray-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" title=\"Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chandra X-ray image of quasar APM8+5255\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Somewhere out there, at the most distant reaches of space and time, a vast space-ocean with 140 trillion times more water than the drop that fills Earth's ocean basins is pouring down the drain of a super black hole, guzzled up and gone forever, forever, forever…. And I worry about wasting water every time I flush the toilet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The whirlpool Jacuzzi in question is at the heart of a young galaxy 12 billion light years away. We know we're looking at a young galaxy because at that distance we are seeing the light that left it 12 billion years ago…and since the Universe itself is only 13.7 billion years old, you get the idea…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this galaxy's core is quasar \u003ca href=\"http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2003/apm08279/\">APM 08279+5255\u003c/a>, an unimaginably powerful object whose engine of potential energy is a supermassive black hole containing some 20 billion solar masses, and whose radiant power—equivalent to about a quadrillion Suns (that's a thousand trillion smiley Sun faces)—is fueled by goo-gobs of gases falling into the young galaxy's core (1 goo-gob is equivalent to…well, a lot). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what gases do we find swirling around this quasar? Well, mingled with the ubiquitous hydrogen and helium that you'd expect to find, astronomers have detected water, 140 trillion times the amount of water in Earth oceans—enough to supply an Earth-style ocean to all of the planets thought to exist in the Milky Way galaxy, 3000 times over! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzy. Head spinning. Numbers too big. What are we talking about anyway, the National Debt?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might be imagining actual oceans of liquid water flying about out there…but you'll have to dash that notion on the rocks, since the water (vapor) in question is spread out across a hundred or more light years of space surrounding the black hole, making the actual density of the gas some 300 trillion times thinner even than Earth's atmosphere….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it's a lot of water. Water certainly exists in \"normal\" galaxies, like the Milky Way—this we know from daily experience--but most of it is frozen as ice. A galaxy containing a quasar like APM 08279+5255, however, has a central heating element that puts out plenty of energy to keep the water flying around as a gas. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/\">black hole\u003c/a> pulls matter from the space around it into its dark depths, that falling matter, accelerated by the black hole's powerful gravity, heats up and emits intense radiation—electromagnetic waves across the spectrum, from radio waves to X-rays. We detect ordinary black holes within our own galaxy through these emissions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the gases in a young galaxy's matter-packed core is pulled into its resident super-massive black hole, you get an even brighter beacon—in the case of APM 08279+5255, a \u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html\">quasar\u003c/a>, the most luminous type of object in the known universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasars are quite distant, typically found no closer to us than about 3 billion light years. Taking the light-travel-time into account, what this means is that quasars existed in the earlier ages of the Universe, when galaxies were younger and had a lot more loose material falling into their central black holes. The Milky Way's own central black hole, with a mass of 4 million Suns, sits relatively quiet today, the space surrounding it clean and not supplying it with the food it would need to shine like a quasar. Maybe it did when it was younger, but no longer (thankfully). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quasar means \"quasi-stellar (star like) radio source,\" so-named because these ultra-distant powerhouses were first detected by radio telescopes, and the distant sources of the radio emissions appeared to be coming from compact, point-like spots in space, the same as the light from a star. Today we know of over 200,000 quasars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When first discovered a few decades ago, astronomers didn't know what quasars were. They knew that they were very far away due to \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/radar1.htm\">Doppler shift \u003c/a>measurements, but for all their great distance they were very bright as well, so they had to be extremely luminous objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In sixth grade I went to a summer camp, and one of my councilors ran an astronomy workshop. Quasars, he said, reading from a book, are mysterious, and might be hot, dense fragments of the \"shell\" of whatever egg-like thing the Universe was born from in the Big Bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell fragments from the Universe's cosmic egg? Well, we've come a long way in our understanding of quasars since my childhood….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Point Año Nuevo",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Point Año Nuevo",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21534\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevotop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anonuevotop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevotop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevotop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Point Año Nuevo from the air, with Año Nuevo Island to its left. When Sebastian Vizcaino sighted this point on New Year's Day 1603, the island was part of the mainland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003csup>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/docsearls/\">Doc Searls\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Point Año Nuevo gets a crush of visitors during the mating season of elephant seals, a spectacle well worth the trip down the San Mateo coast. The rest of the year, especially at low tide, is good for enjoying the Point's geology. For instance, nowhere else on the California coast is a major fault zone so well exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first let's notice something about the Point: it's all a big flat space. In fact, looking at it from the edge, down on the beach, you'll see that it's a classic marine terrace, just like ones I've described previously at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a> a few miles to the north and at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a> in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21537\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anoterrace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21537\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoterrace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anoterrace\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21537\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoterrace.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoterrace-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The top layer of this geologic cake is a thin frosting of brown soil, some orangish stream deposits just beneath it and lighter-colored beach sands. The bottom layer is solid rock all the way down to the beach. The contact between the two layers is a strip of vegetation, where groundwater collects. That contact represents an ancient wave-cut platform, from a time about 105,000 years ago (105 ka) when the sea level was higher than today (because the glaciers had melted even more than they have today).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a closer look at that wave-cut surface. It appears just like the modern seafloor, complete with the borings of pholad clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anowavecut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21538\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anowavecut.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anowavecut\" width=\"640\" height=\"396\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21538\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anowavecut.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anowavecut-400x248.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I could photograph this without having to climb the cliffs is that the ground in places has been faulted since 105 ka. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21529\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anocutdrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocutdrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anocutdrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"497\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocutdrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocutdrop-400x311.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Field trip leader Gerald Weber of UC Santa Cruz lectures at a downdropped wave-cut terrace. Behind him, this surface is several meters higher.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Time to look at the geologic map, which shows several faults crossing Point Año Nuevo. The photo above is from the beach cliff above the word \"Bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevogeomap-485x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"anonuevogeomap\" width=\"485\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extracted from USGS Geologic Map of San Mateo County (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137). Click image to see a larger version. Qmt, marine terrace; Qs, dune sand; Tsc, Santa Cruz Mudstone; Tp, Purisima Formation; Qyf, active alluvial fan; gold color, older alluvial fan deposits. Año Nuevo Island is Monterey Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of these faults are part of the San Gregorio fault zone, an obscure part of the San Andreas family that runs mostly offshore. It is thought capable of a very large magnitude 7.5 earthquake. The two most prominent strands at Point Año Nuevo are on the right-hand side of the map; they're informally named the Coastways fault (on the east) and the Frijoles fault. The Frijoles is at the center of this view:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anofrijoles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anofrijoles.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anofrijoles\" width=\"640\" height=\"336\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anofrijoles.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anofrijoles-400x210.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This closeup shows where Año Nuevo Creek, long ago, took advantage of the downdrop on the fault and cut into the underlying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Purisima Formation\u003c/a> (which is about 5 million years old). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anocreekcut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21528\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocreekcut.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anocreekcut\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocreekcut.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocreekcut-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Point Año Nuevo is a very active place today, even though no large earthquakes have been documented here for about a thousand years. When first logged by European explorers in 1603, there was no island here. By the end of the 1700s there was one. Researcher Gerald Weber, who has tramped the Point since 1973, has evidence that this change created a huge washout of sand that protected the southern seacliffs of the Point until just recently. In a field trip recently, he paced off the amount he has seen the cliffs retreat since about 1980. The hat sits where renewed erosion uncovered an old pier post dating from the 1850s, when the pier served lumbering operations in the nearby hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anoretreat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21536\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoretreat.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anoretreat\" width=\"640\" height=\"451\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21536\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoretreat.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoretreat-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weber thinks that this sand has moved down the coast and is now affecting Santa Cruz Harbor. Eventually it will spill into Monterey Canyon and wash out to the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Gregorio fault zone is an important mystery. This image from an old map shows its extent in this part of the San Mateo coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anooldgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21535\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anooldgeomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anooldgeomap\" width=\"632\" height=\"273\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21535\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anooldgeomap.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anooldgeomap-400x173.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent mapping has improved this picture, but the work is very difficult. Lidar technology promises big advances, though. This light-based form of radar mapping allows us to strip buildings and vegetation off the underlying ground surface, making even subtle fault features stand out. Lidar imagery now covers this region:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21532\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anolidarsynopt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21532\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarsynopt.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anolidarsynopt\" width=\"640\" height=\"210\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarsynopt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarsynopt-400x131.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy www.opentopography.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>. . . and the Frijoles fault trace on Point Año Nuevo stands out beautifully in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anolidarclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarclose.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anolidarclose\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarclose.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarclose-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Point Año Nuevo's geology from the park's \u003ca href=\"http://sanmateocoastnha.org/pages/docent_training.html\">2009 docent training materials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://opentopo.sdsc.edu/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=otgoogleearth\">Lidar data from many Northern California fault traces\u003c/a> is freely viewable in Google Earth.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Elephant seals are seasonal attractions at Point Año Nuevo, but the geology and the earthquake hazard it presents is there year-round.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21534\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevotop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anonuevotop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevotop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevotop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Point Año Nuevo from the air, with Año Nuevo Island to its left. When Sebastian Vizcaino sighted this point on New Year's Day 1603, the island was part of the mainland.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003csup>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/docsearls/\">Doc Searls\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Point Año Nuevo gets a crush of visitors during the mating season of elephant seals, a spectacle well worth the trip down the San Mateo coast. The rest of the year, especially at low tide, is good for enjoying the Point's geology. For instance, nowhere else on the California coast is a major fault zone so well exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first let's notice something about the Point: it's all a big flat space. In fact, looking at it from the edge, down on the beach, you'll see that it's a classic marine terrace, just like ones I've described previously at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-pebble-beach/\">Pebble Beach\u003c/a> a few miles to the north and at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a> in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21537\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anoterrace/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21537\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoterrace.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anoterrace\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21537\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoterrace.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoterrace-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The top layer of this geologic cake is a thin frosting of brown soil, some orangish stream deposits just beneath it and lighter-colored beach sands. The bottom layer is solid rock all the way down to the beach. The contact between the two layers is a strip of vegetation, where groundwater collects. That contact represents an ancient wave-cut platform, from a time about 105,000 years ago (105 ka) when the sea level was higher than today (because the glaciers had melted even more than they have today).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a closer look at that wave-cut surface. It appears just like the modern seafloor, complete with the borings of pholad clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anowavecut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21538\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anowavecut.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anowavecut\" width=\"640\" height=\"396\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21538\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anowavecut.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anowavecut-400x248.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason I could photograph this without having to climb the cliffs is that the ground in places has been faulted since 105 ka. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21529\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anocutdrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocutdrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anocutdrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"497\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocutdrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocutdrop-400x311.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Field trip leader Gerald Weber of UC Santa Cruz lectures at a downdropped wave-cut terrace. Behind him, this surface is several meters higher.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Time to look at the geologic map, which shows several faults crossing Point Año Nuevo. The photo above is from the beach cliff above the word \"Bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 485px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anonuevogeomap-485x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"anonuevogeomap\" width=\"485\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Extracted from USGS Geologic Map of San Mateo County (http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137). Click image to see a larger version. Qmt, marine terrace; Qs, dune sand; Tsc, Santa Cruz Mudstone; Tp, Purisima Formation; Qyf, active alluvial fan; gold color, older alluvial fan deposits. Año Nuevo Island is Monterey Formation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of these faults are part of the San Gregorio fault zone, an obscure part of the San Andreas family that runs mostly offshore. It is thought capable of a very large magnitude 7.5 earthquake. The two most prominent strands at Point Año Nuevo are on the right-hand side of the map; they're informally named the Coastways fault (on the east) and the Frijoles fault. The Frijoles is at the center of this view:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anofrijoles/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anofrijoles.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anofrijoles\" width=\"640\" height=\"336\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anofrijoles.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anofrijoles-400x210.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This closeup shows where Año Nuevo Creek, long ago, took advantage of the downdrop on the fault and cut into the underlying \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Purisima Formation\u003c/a> (which is about 5 million years old). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anocreekcut/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21528\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocreekcut.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anocreekcut\" width=\"640\" height=\"373\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocreekcut.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anocreekcut-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Point Año Nuevo is a very active place today, even though no large earthquakes have been documented here for about a thousand years. When first logged by European explorers in 1603, there was no island here. By the end of the 1700s there was one. Researcher Gerald Weber, who has tramped the Point since 1973, has evidence that this change created a huge washout of sand that protected the southern seacliffs of the Point until just recently. In a field trip recently, he paced off the amount he has seen the cliffs retreat since about 1980. The hat sits where renewed erosion uncovered an old pier post dating from the 1850s, when the pier served lumbering operations in the nearby hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anoretreat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21536\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoretreat.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anoretreat\" width=\"640\" height=\"451\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21536\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoretreat.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anoretreat-400x282.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weber thinks that this sand has moved down the coast and is now affecting Santa Cruz Harbor. Eventually it will spill into Monterey Canyon and wash out to the deep sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Gregorio fault zone is an important mystery. This image from an old map shows its extent in this part of the San Mateo coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anooldgeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21535\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anooldgeomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anooldgeomap\" width=\"632\" height=\"273\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21535\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anooldgeomap.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anooldgeomap-400x173.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 632px) 100vw, 632px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent mapping has improved this picture, but the work is very difficult. Lidar technology promises big advances, though. This light-based form of radar mapping allows us to strip buildings and vegetation off the underlying ground surface, making even subtle fault features stand out. Lidar imagery now covers this region:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21532\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anolidarsynopt/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21532\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarsynopt.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anolidarsynopt\" width=\"640\" height=\"210\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarsynopt.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarsynopt-400x131.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy www.opentopography.org\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>. . . and the Frijoles fault trace on Point Año Nuevo stands out beautifully in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/anolidarclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarclose.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"anolidarclose\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-21531\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarclose.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/anolidarclose-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about Point Año Nuevo's geology from the park's \u003ca href=\"http://sanmateocoastnha.org/pages/docent_training.html\">2009 docent training materials\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://opentopo.sdsc.edu/gridsphere/gridsphere?cid=otgoogleearth\">Lidar data from many Northern California fault traces\u003c/a> is freely viewable in Google Earth.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Green Eggs By The Gram - Sustainable Caviar",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21331\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-21331\" title=\"caviar (81)_640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/caviar-81_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"White sturgeon farmed by Sterling Caviar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Four-year-old white sturgeons farmed by Sterling Caviar in Sacramento County. Photo: Jenny Oh\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sturgeons, the fish whose eggs are known as caviar, have been around for about 250 million years. These giants are the largest of the freshwater fish and have been known to grow to over 4,000 pounds and live more than 100 years. But it took us only a couple hundred years to deplete their stocks around the world, to the point where most caviar is now harvested from farmed sturgeon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caviar is generally associated with the \u003ca href=\"http://geography.howstuffworks.com/oceans-and-seas/the-caspian-sea.htm\">Caspian Sea\u003c/a>, the large land-locked body of water surrounded by Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Sturgeon are such big animals and the females produce so many eggs (in the wild, eggs can make up as much as 25 percent of their bodyweight) that historically they were a great source of protein. The caviar was for royalty, with the lightest-colored, blond caviar being reserved for the tsar, in Russia, and the shah, in Iran. But this year, virtually \u003ca href=\"http://www.cites.org/eng/resources/quotas/sturgeon_intro.shtml\">no wild-harvested caviar\u003c/a> came out of that region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less known is the fact that in the late 1800s, the United States was a purveyor of wild-harvested caviar to the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here in California, they were harvesting millions of pounds in the late 1800s. And actually there was a town in New Jersey called Caviar, which was the world-leading exporter of caviar,” said Peter Struffeneger, general manager of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/\">Sterling Caviar\u003c/a>, one of the two companies in California that farm sturgeon for caviar. “But within a span of 30 years they wiped it out. They closed down all fishing from about 1905 to the 1950s, 1960s, depending on which river, for the stocks to recover. And most of them have only gotten back to a point where there’s a limited sport fish for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two species of sturgeon are native to California: the \u003ca href=\"http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=113&ds=241\">white sturgeon \u003c/a>and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/fish/Resources/Sturgeon/index.asp\">green sturgeon\u003c/a>. The green sturgeon is a threatened species and can’t even be fished by sport fishermen. Anglers in California can only catch \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/sportfishing_regs2011.asp#tips\">three white sturgeon per year \u003c/a>and need a special card from the state’s Department of Fish and Game to do so. White sturgeons have been plentiful in the Bay Area in 2011, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_18192560\">this report\u003c/a>. But \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/news/news04/04040.html\">sturgeon poaching \u003c/a>remains a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We filmed the caviar harvest at Sterling Caviar’s processing plant in Sacramento County. Sterling Caviar is one of only two companies in California, and a handful around the country, that are raising sturgeon for caviar and meat. (Sterling Caviar ships most of the meat overseas, though some ends up in Brooklyn, where it’s prized by the Russian community).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve ever wondered why caviar is so expensive (an ounce of Sterling’s highest-grade caviar goes for close to $90 \u003ca href=\"http://www.sterlingcaviar.com/details.asp?ItemID=57&loc=3\">on its Web site\u003c/a>), one reason is that even in the best of circumstances, you can only harvest a small amount of it, said Struffeneger. It takes eight to 10 years for Sterling’s female sturgeons to produce eggs. The other reason for the high price, said Struffeneger, is caviar’s unique flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Maybe a hint of the ocean to it, but not an overbearing saltiness,” he said. “It should hit your taste buds and it actually explodes and you get this ‘wow’ sensation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working with \u003ca href=\"http://caba.ucdavis.edu/faculty/dir/sidorosh\">Serge Doroshov\u003c/a>, a University of California, Davis, scientist who pioneered sturgeon farming in California, Sterling Caviar has figured out ways to \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AquacultureCriteraMethodology.pdf\">farm sustainably\u003c/a>. When the company started out, in the early 1980s, it got permits from the Department of Fish and Game to take white sturgeon from the Sacramento River. But in 1994 the company figured out how to spawn its own females, and since then it hasn’t taken any fish from the wild. And Sterling’s sturgeons are fed fish meal made from sustainably fished sardines and menhaden from Peru and Chile, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Struffeneger, who has degrees in marine and fisheries biology, the United States isn't doing enough to encourage aquaculture. As a result, he said, the country imports 82 percent of the fish we eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish farming is the only way forward, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can’t increase the supply out of the oceans without doing what happened to sturgeon, destroying the resource,” he said. “One hundred years from now we’ll look back at this as a very transitional period in which we’ve really changed from a hunting-and-gathering society for our seafood to a farming-and-ranching society for our seafood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/Caviar_Slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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