QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
NASA’s WISE Spots Ys
Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation
Glove with Sonar Helps the Blind Navigate
Enter Our Photo Caption Contest with The Tech Museum!
California Gets New Environmental Chief
There's Nothing Like a Rock Show
Science on the SPOT: Northern Pacific Rattlesnake Tracker
Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe
Learn to Make Electroluminescent Clothing
Redesigning Life
What Happens to Old Quarries?
HTTPS Everywhere Comes out of Beta, Supports 1000 Sites
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"disqusTitle": "NASA’s WISE Spots Ys",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/ydwarf-artistconcept/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" title=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, though long anticipated, “Y Dwarf” is an even smaller, cooler version of the sub-stellar object called a \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/brown_dwarfs.html\">brown dwarf\u003c/a>, with surface temperatures hovering around that of a human body, or even “room temperature.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y Dwarf stars are so cool that even the infrared radiation they emit is faint, and it took the new, state of the art instruments on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/\">NASA’s WISE \u003c/a>(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) spacecraft to detect them. With its highly sensitive IR cameras, WISE has discovered about 100 new brown dwarf stars, with six among them being Y Dwarfs ranging in distance from 9 to 40 light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imaginative side of me likes the idea: a cool, dark, quiescent “star,” like a large, lone Jupiter, floating in the dark interstices between the showier “\u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>” stars, warmly casting its low-energy heat rays into the stellar community. And perhaps it has planets, too, this dark star; worlds of icy darkness, day and night. By night, the clearest, darkest, starriest skies you can see anywhere; by day, the same, except with a softly glowing magenta “sun” embedded in the glittering blackness….\u003cbr>\n…but this is not what comes to mind when I think of a star! Stars are supposed to be blindingly bright, incredibly hot, and violently eruptive! Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars, like planets, belong to a wide, continuous spectrum of physical stature, from the giant “O” class stars with 60 solar masses, 50,000 degree C surface temperatures, and 800,000 times the brightness of our Sun down the scale though the B, A, F, G (our Sun), and K classes, to the small M class stars. M stars possess less than a tenth the mass of our Sun and as little as a thousandth the brightness, being only two to three thousand degrees at the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below the classical “Oh Be A Fine (Girl or Guy—pick one!), Kiss Me” scale, astronomers have added letters to the scale as they theorized, and eventually observed, even lesser balls of gas that were still too massive to be classified as big planets: L, T, and sometimes Y. Well, not sometimes—not now that WISE has seen six of them, pulling them out of theory into scientific fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beside temperature and mass, one of the attributes astronomers use to help classify these objects is by the abundances, or lack, of certain chemical compounds, like titanium oxide, methane, water vapor—which got me to thinking. It is too hot on our Sun for chemical compounds (molecules) to exist; they would quickly be broken into simple chemical elements (atoms) if they ever appeared there. But Y Dwarfs have surface temperatures not unlike that of the air surrounding you right now, and so more complex molecules can dwell there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It occurs to me (following a short string of ifs) that, if Y Dwarfs have these Earth-like surface temperatures, and if the heat energy from inside the star is sufficient, and if sufficiently complex molecules could develop, over time, under those conditions—if, if, if—then might it be possible for life to exist on such an object? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life, on a star? That’s my own musing, nothing more, but how cool would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23191\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/26/nasa%e2%80%99s-wise-spots-ys/ydwarf-artistconcept/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg\" alt=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" title=\"Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Ydwarf-artistconcept-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of a Y Dwarf star\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the ongoing hunt for things in space that are more and more difficult to find (because scientists love a good challenge), NASA’s WISE spacecraft has revealed something new lurking in the dark: Y Dwarfs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newly discovered, though long anticipated, “Y Dwarf” is an even smaller, cooler version of the sub-stellar object called a \u003ca href=\"http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/cosmic_reference/brown_dwarfs.html\">brown dwarf\u003c/a>, with surface temperatures hovering around that of a human body, or even “room temperature.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Y Dwarf stars are so cool that even the infrared radiation they emit is faint, and it took the new, state of the art instruments on \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/23aug_coldeststars/\">NASA’s WISE \u003c/a>(Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) spacecraft to detect them. With its highly sensitive IR cameras, WISE has discovered about 100 new brown dwarf stars, with six among them being Y Dwarfs ranging in distance from 9 to 40 light years away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The imaginative side of me likes the idea: a cool, dark, quiescent “star,” like a large, lone Jupiter, floating in the dark interstices between the showier “\u003ca href=\"http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/stellarevolution_mainsequence.html\">main sequence\u003c/a>” stars, warmly casting its low-energy heat rays into the stellar community. And perhaps it has planets, too, this dark star; worlds of icy darkness, day and night. By night, the clearest, darkest, starriest skies you can see anywhere; by day, the same, except with a softly glowing magenta “sun” embedded in the glittering blackness….\u003cbr>\n…but this is not what comes to mind when I think of a star! Stars are supposed to be blindingly bright, incredibly hot, and violently eruptive! Right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars, like planets, belong to a wide, continuous spectrum of physical stature, from the giant “O” class stars with 60 solar masses, 50,000 degree C surface temperatures, and 800,000 times the brightness of our Sun down the scale though the B, A, F, G (our Sun), and K classes, to the small M class stars. M stars possess less than a tenth the mass of our Sun and as little as a thousandth the brightness, being only two to three thousand degrees at the surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below the classical “Oh Be A Fine (Girl or Guy—pick one!), Kiss Me” scale, astronomers have added letters to the scale as they theorized, and eventually observed, even lesser balls of gas that were still too massive to be classified as big planets: L, T, and sometimes Y. Well, not sometimes—not now that WISE has seen six of them, pulling them out of theory into scientific fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beside temperature and mass, one of the attributes astronomers use to help classify these objects is by the abundances, or lack, of certain chemical compounds, like titanium oxide, methane, water vapor—which got me to thinking. It is too hot on our Sun for chemical compounds (molecules) to exist; they would quickly be broken into simple chemical elements (atoms) if they ever appeared there. But Y Dwarfs have surface temperatures not unlike that of the air surrounding you right now, and so more complex molecules can dwell there. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It occurs to me (following a short string of ifs) that, if Y Dwarfs have these Earth-like surface temperatures, and if the heat energy from inside the star is sufficient, and if sufficiently complex molecules could develop, over time, under those conditions—if, if, if—then might it be possible for life to exist on such an object? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life, on a star? That’s my own musing, nothing more, but how cool would that be?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: The Moraga Formation",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Moraga Formation's distinctive set of volcanic rocks can be visited in many places in the East Bay hills. Let's have a look at five localities.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23203\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23203\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23203\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pillar of Moraga Formation lava sets off the view across Strawberry Canyon and the Bay from Grizzly Peak Boulevard in northernmost Oakland. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Berkeley Hills are not just a great vantage point above the central Bay Area—they're also a textbook for geology students. And one of the main chapters in that textbook is our local lava, the Moraga Formation. Dating from 9 to 10 million years ago, this distinctive set of rocks can be visited in many places. Let's have a look at five localities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everywhere it occurs, the Moraga is a strong volcanic rock that underlies hills. But it was laid down on flat ground in late Miocene time, erupting from two or three vents near a range of high hills to its west, where the Bay lies today. The outcrops of the Moraga Formation lie on the map in the outline of a firebird flying northwest. Here's what I mean. Click the image for a 1000-pixel version.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23200\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 502px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23200\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmmap-502x360.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmmap\" width=\"502\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-23200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Moraga Formation is brown on this geologic map, derived from {link url=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2000/2342/\"}USGS Misc. Field Studies Map 2342{/link}. Localities 1 through 5 are shown in this article.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This view from the southeast shows the high hills above Berkeley, Grizzly Peak on the left and Vollmer Peak on the right. Both consist of lava flows (Vollmer is made of the slightly younger Bald Peak Basalt). Locality 1 is near Grizzly Peak on Grizzly Peak Boulevard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23205\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23205\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizview\" width=\"640\" height=\"377\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23205\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizview-400x236.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The foreground with the winding road is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve (locality 3); behind it is the hidden canyon of Route 24 (locality 2).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Grizzly Peak Boulevard is reached from the west on Claremont Avenue and from the east on Fish Ranch Road; head north and you're immediately in the Moraga Formation. Stop early and often to inspect the rocks. You'll note that everything is strongly tilted, like nearly all rocks of the East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragagrizcrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23204\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragagrizcrop\" width=\"640\" height=\"344\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragagrizcrop-400x215.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moraga1sthandspec/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23198\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moraga1sthandspec.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moraga1sthandspec\" width=\"360\" height=\"259\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23198\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moraga Formation consists of lava flows, sedimentary rocks that were laid down between eruptions, and occasional beds of tuff—rock composed of volcanic ash. Rocks like this hand specimen show former gas bubbles, or vesicles. These are a sign that the lava was near the ground surface, allowing water vapor and carbon dioxide to come out of solution and propel eruptions. The Moraga formation is noteworthy for the amount of vesiculated lava it has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just south of the trailhead to Grizzly Peak, a rampart of lava stands up on the west side of the road. Enjoy the view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrampart/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23201\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrampart\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23201\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrampart-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the north, the Moraga Formation underlies most of Tilden Park all the way up to Inspiration Point. But let's turn around and \u003ci>really\u003c/i> see it. This photo is a view south showing the next two localities, the Route 24 cut and behind it Sibley Volcanic Preserve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragavwsouth/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23197\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragavwsouth\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23197\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragavwsouth-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Fish Ranch Road down to Route 24 and head east; make a u-turn at the Wilder Road exit and pull off on the Fish Ranch Road exit heading west. You may observe signs forbidding pedestrians. This is what you'll see across the highway. (Of course, when traffic is backed up from the Caldecott Tunnel you can admire these at leisure from your car.) The Moraga Formation consists of two packages, each consisting of five large lava flows, with a section of mostly sedimentary rocks between them. This is the lower set of flows; up is to the left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmrt24/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23202\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmrt24\" width=\"640\" height=\"419\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmrt24-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you turn your attention northward, you may see the basal contact of the Moraga Formation, where the first lava flows came down upon the coarse conglomerate beds of the Orinda Formation. The lavas are of basalt and andesite composition and are quite dark, but they may also be red where they flowed into water or over wet ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragafmcontact/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23199\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragafmcontact\" width=\"640\" height=\"324\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23199\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragafmcontact-400x203.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragasibfly/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23208\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragasibfly.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragasibfly\" width=\"360\" height=\"475\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23208\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 3 is Sibley Volcanic Regional Preserve, which you reach by going back up Fish Ranch Road and taking Grizzly Peak Boulevard the other direction. Sibley deserves its own separate article, so I will be brief today. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides rocks, Sibley has a lot of wonderful habitat and is interesting at all times of year for its plant and animal life. There are also \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/07/11/the-labyrinths-of-sibley/\">several labyrinths\u003c/a> to discover. And the views are fine in all directions. The only disadvantage is that the parking lot fills up on nice weekends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sibley's great value to geologists is that it exposes a cross section of a volcano's guts, from its feeder dikes coming up through the underlying Orinda and Claremont formations to the remains of the central vent and a short-lived crater lake. These are things you won't see without a lot of legwork and educated eyes, but a history of quarry operations here has unveiled excellent exposures of features that even duffers can spot. One is the presence of \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2009/06/09/amygdules/\">amygdules\u003c/a>, or mineral-filled vesicles. You'll find these throughout the Moraga, but they are most visible at Sibley. Collect them only with your camera, please.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The southern exposures of the Moraga are smaller and less well known, but you will surely have them to yourself. At locality 4, the dark lava crops out in a deep cleft along Valley View Drive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragaorinda/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23207\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragaorinda.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragaorinda\" width=\"360\" height=\"278\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23207\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have mapped the structure at this location as an anticline or arch, meaning that the whole volcanic section has been folded like a bedsheet being pushed up. The northern part of the Moraga, in contrast, is a syncline or downfold. All three previous localities are on the west side of that syncline, and its axis or center is at the Wilder Road exit on Route 24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locality 5 is where Canyon Road cuts across a narrow ridge of Moraga lava. The roadway itself is very narrow, and I can't recommend it. Nor are the rocks exposed there especially revealing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you drive a little farther and park at the Valle Vista Staging Area, it's easy to walk back along the old railroad bed, which has been turned into the Lafayette/Moraga Regional Trail. This is a much more peaceful way to see the rocks, which also include conglomerate of the Orinda Formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/25/geological-outings-around-the-bay-the-moraga-formation/moragamoraga/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23206\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/moragamoraga.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"moragamoraga\" width=\"360\" height=\"567\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-23206\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up on the slope are the remains of several old quarries, probably borrow pits for the railroad and road builders. Investigate them carefully, if at all, and watch for rattlesnakes—not that I know they occur here, but doing so is good practice. The Moraga here is dark and cryptic, but I did find a small outcrop of the red variety and—behold—some of the same vesiculated lava we saw at locality 1.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Glove with Sonar Helps the Blind Navigate",
"title": "Glove with Sonar Helps the Blind Navigate",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23081\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/23/glove-with-sonar-helps-the-blind-navigate/haptic_glove_sm-jpeg/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/haptic_glove_sm.jpeg-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"haptic_glove_sm.jpeg\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of \"Tacit\" by Steve Hoefer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tacit is a sonar-enabled glove that helps the blind to detect when objects are nearby. Developed by local maker, Steve Hoefer, \u003ca href=\"http://grathio.com/2011/08/meet-the-tacit-project-its-sonar-for-the-blind/\">Tacit\u003c/a> uses sound navigation and ranging to depress pads which alert wearers of their surroundings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Built using an Arduino Pro, servos and a whole lot of ingenuity, Steve provides the complete instructions for making Tacit on his blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tacit was developed with both form and function in mind. The first prototype was built as a headband, but as Steve explains on his blog, this couldn't work in the long term. Most serious obstacles to the blind occur closer to waist level and \"vibrating motors stuck on your skull will drive you insane quickly\". Having never placed a set of vibrating motors on my head, I am sadly without first hand experience (though the thought alone gives me a headache).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve put together this awesome video explaining Tacit and how it can be used:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://player.vimeo.com/video/27675622?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/27675622\">Project Tacit: Sonar For The Blind\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com/grathio\">Grathio Labs\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22956\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22956\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Display at the annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, world's largest gathering of Earth scientists. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was not a rock-and-mineral maniac growing up, but after getting my geology degree I started easing into that world. Now I can testify that rock shows—put on each year by any number of local societies—will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science. Beauty is its own truth, and rock shows proffer beauty of all kinds, physical \u003cem>and\u003c/em> intellectual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all know about gems and jewels, which are merely minerals cut and polished to show off their optical distinctions. But many people are enthralled by the minerals and stones in their less finished form, as natural crystals or smooth-faced cabochons or simply tumbled in a lapidary mill. Others love to make beautiful objects with their hands. And I've found that even the most cerebral scientists may have a mineral kickshaw or pet rock on their desk. No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Rock shows won't turn someone into a scientist, a lapidarist, a crystal therapist or a fossil hunter, but they give all those types a common place to rub shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowarray/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowarray\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22952\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collectible specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rock-and-mineral shows are determined to serve every level of interest, from jade carving and gem cutting to buying another pair of earrings. You can acquire a large fossil or glittering geode for a corporate atrium, or just a trilobite magnet for the fridge. At the core of the experience is education, whether for an afternoon or a lifetime if you are pulled into the orbit of the sponsoring gem-and-mineral society. At least ten of them hold annual shows in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22955\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtektites\" width=\"320\" height=\"233\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22955\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe beauty of a rock-and-mineral show is what might catch your eye there for the first time. You can own a meteorite, fresh from outer space, or a mysterious tektite, thought to be melted Earth rocks splashed into orbit by giant impacts. You might find just the thing to accent your miniature train set, or a good-luck charm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rock shows are also, naturally, a great place to shop for gifts. Skilled amateurs, working in their garages and spare rooms, make more exquisite things than they can give away. Help them clear the space to continue their obsession, whether it's agate bolo ties or jade lampshades or carved stone animals. And every one of them will be glad to talk with you. Who knows? Maybe you'll be seduced into joining their ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools like an extra magnifier might tempt you, or the $5 pocket ultraviolet light I got at the last show I attended. What's that good for? Well, there's a whole separate world of fluorescent minerals you can enter, whether it's just for a moment at the show, for an occasionally relevant mineral test (that's my case), or as a consuming hobby that will draw you out into the field with a gang of compatriates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowfluor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowfluor\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor-400x221.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent scorpion and mineral specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowjaspers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22954\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowjaspers.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowjaspers\" width=\"280\" height=\"402\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22954\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following are Bay Area organizations that (1) have a website and (2) host annual shows. For a larger list, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfmsinc.org/\">California Federation for Mineralogical Societies\u003c/a>, an association of more than 130 groups around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochlapidaryclub.com/\">Antioch Lapidary Club\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ccmgs.org/\">Contra Costa Mineral & Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.lithophiles.com/\">Livermore Valley Lithophiles Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.mgscv.org/\">Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pggs.org/\">Peninsula Gem & Geology Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgms.org/\">San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.scvgms.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://scmgs.org/\">Santa Cruz Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.srmgs.org/\">Santa Rosa Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://stocktonlapidary.com/\">Stockton Lapidary & Mineral Club\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren't the only avenue into the world of geology. Geological societies are what I prefer, but they don't reach out to beginners. Treasure-hunting clubs are another, as are hiking organizations and conservation groups, but in each of these you'll find that geology comes second to their primary mission. That's OK—science begins with wonder.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Bay Area rock-and-mineral shows will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22956\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22956\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22956\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Display at the annual American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting in San Francisco, world's largest gathering of Earth scientists. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was not a rock-and-mineral maniac growing up, but after getting my geology degree I started easing into that world. Now I can testify that rock shows—put on each year by any number of local societies—will use geology's loveliest faces to entice you into Earth science. Beauty is its own truth, and rock shows proffer beauty of all kinds, physical \u003cem>and\u003c/em> intellectual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all know about gems and jewels, which are merely minerals cut and polished to show off their optical distinctions. But many people are enthralled by the minerals and stones in their less finished form, as natural crystals or smooth-faced cabochons or simply tumbled in a lapidary mill. Others love to make beautiful objects with their hands. And I've found that even the most cerebral scientists may have a mineral kickshaw or pet rock on their desk. No one is above the appeal of a pretty rock. Rock shows won't turn someone into a scientist, a lapidarist, a crystal therapist or a fossil hunter, but they give all those types a common place to rub shoulders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22952\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowarray/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22952\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowarray\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22952\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowarray-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collectible specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rock-and-mineral shows are determined to serve every level of interest, from jade carving and gem cutting to buying another pair of earrings. You can acquire a large fossil or glittering geode for a corporate atrium, or just a trilobite magnet for the fridge. At the core of the experience is education, whether for an afternoon or a lifetime if you are pulled into the orbit of the sponsoring gem-and-mineral society. At least ten of them hold annual shows in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowtektites/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22955\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowtektites.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowtektites\" width=\"320\" height=\"233\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22955\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThe beauty of a rock-and-mineral show is what might catch your eye there for the first time. You can own a meteorite, fresh from outer space, or a mysterious tektite, thought to be melted Earth rocks splashed into orbit by giant impacts. You might find just the thing to accent your miniature train set, or a good-luck charm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rock shows are also, naturally, a great place to shop for gifts. Skilled amateurs, working in their garages and spare rooms, make more exquisite things than they can give away. Help them clear the space to continue their obsession, whether it's agate bolo ties or jade lampshades or carved stone animals. And every one of them will be glad to talk with you. Who knows? Maybe you'll be seduced into joining their ranks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tools like an extra magnifier might tempt you, or the $5 pocket ultraviolet light I got at the last show I attended. What's that good for? Well, there's a whole separate world of fluorescent minerals you can enter, whether it's just for a moment at the show, for an occasionally relevant mineral test (that's my case), or as a consuming hobby that will draw you out into the field with a gang of compatriates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowfluor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22953\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowfluor\" width=\"640\" height=\"353\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22953\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowfluor-400x221.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fluorescent scorpion and mineral specimens at the annual show of the Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/minshowjaspers/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22954\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/minshowjaspers.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"minshowjaspers\" width=\"280\" height=\"402\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22954\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following are Bay Area organizations that (1) have a website and (2) host annual shows. For a larger list, see the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfmsinc.org/\">California Federation for Mineralogical Societies\u003c/a>, an association of more than 130 groups around the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.antiochlapidaryclub.com/\">Antioch Lapidary Club\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ccmgs.org/\">Contra Costa Mineral & Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.lithophiles.com/\">Livermore Valley Lithophiles Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.mgscv.org/\">Mineral & Gem Society of Castro Valley\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pggs.org/\">Peninsula Gem & Geology Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgms.org/\">San Francisco Gem & Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.scvgms.org/\">Santa Clara Valley Gem and Mineral Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://scmgs.org/\">Santa Cruz Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.srmgs.org/\">Santa Rosa Mineral and Gem Society\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://stocktonlapidary.com/\">Stockton Lapidary & Mineral Club\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren't the only avenue into the world of geology. Geological societies are what I prefer, but they don't reach out to beginners. Treasure-hunting clubs are another, as are hiking organizations and conservation groups, but in each of these you'll find that geology comes second to their primary mission. That's OK—science begins with wonder.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Northern Pacific Rattlesnake Tracker",
"title": "Science on the SPOT: Northern Pacific Rattlesnake Tracker",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22991\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22991\" title=\"BlogPost\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/BlogPost-e1313703705765-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes are skilled swimmers, so take caution when reaching for that \"stick\" in the water. Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have always inspired our imaginations, from Native American cultures who have depicted them in their art and religions, to portrayals in Westerns as villainous, bad-tempered animals. But despite some popularly held beliefs about rattlesnakes’ supposed bad behavior, this is not usually the case. People aren't on the rattlesnakes' prey list. If they strike anyone, it’s usually a defensive maneuver – such as when they’re accidentally stepped on. And the majority of rattlesnake bites that occur in the United States are received by young men who tease a rattlesnake (and yes, alcohol is often involved in these instances). So for the majority of us who would never consider playing with a rattlesnake, there's relatively very little danger. It is important, however, to watch where you walk or put your hands when spending time in rattlesnake country. They’re not always vocal with their telltale rattle sound and blend in easily with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie Colbert, a naturalist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol-Ohlone Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, has often heard people warn that a baby rattlesnake is a greater threat due to the fact that they're unable to control the amount of poison they inject into their victim when they bite. According to Colbert, this is just not true: all rattlesnakes, babies and adults, can control their venom. In addition, Colbert says, \"Baby rattlesnakes can only produce and stash a very small fraction of [venom] an adult can.\" This does not change the fact, however, that a bite from any rattlesnake, regardless of age, is a dangerous bite and requires medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another myth is that a rattlesnake's tail can be used to determine the age of the animal. The origin of this misconception that each segment of the rattle corresponds to a year of the snake’s life can be traced back to English writer Thomas Morton, author of the book, \u003cem>New English Canaan\u003c/em>,\u003cem> \u003c/em>that was published in 1637. According to the website, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyreptilenews.com/?p=3644\" target=\"_blank\">Daily Reptile News\u003c/a>, we now understand that every time rattlesnakes shed their skin, they add a segment to their rattle. They can shed anywhere from one to three times a year, and the rattles often break off in the normal daily lives of the snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what should you do if you've been bitten by a rattlesnake? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.com/public/snakebite.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Poison Control Systems website\u003c/a> offers some helpful guidance:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A tourniquet should never be applied to the limb with the bite wound. This can cause gangrene to form and amputation may become necessary.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Bite wounds should never be cut open with a knife or razor. The extra blood flow is not only bad for the injured victim, but it can also spread the venom throughout the body more quickly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Sucking out the poison is also a bad idea, as it will not extract all of the venom. Bacteria from the person's mouth could also transmit bacteria to the wound that could exacerbate the risk of infection.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>While keeping the victim calm and still, wash the wound with soap and water, keep the wound below the heart, and get them emergency medical attention as soon as possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Although they are potentially dangerous animals, rattlesnakes tend to keep to themselves and only really become aggressive when provoked or cornered. As they are an important part of the ecosystem, it's best to just allow them plenty of room and safe passage when encountered in the wild so they can continue to do their part for the animal kingdom: control the population of rodents and provide food to the predators that feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Rattlesnake Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22991\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22991\" title=\"BlogPost\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/BlogPost-e1313703705765-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rattlesnakes are skilled swimmers, so take caution when reaching for that \"stick\" in the water. Image Courtesy of Mike Kahn / Green Stock Media\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Rattlesnakes have always inspired our imaginations, from Native American cultures who have depicted them in their art and religions, to portrayals in Westerns as villainous, bad-tempered animals. But despite some popularly held beliefs about rattlesnakes’ supposed bad behavior, this is not usually the case. People aren't on the rattlesnakes' prey list. If they strike anyone, it’s usually a defensive maneuver – such as when they’re accidentally stepped on. And the majority of rattlesnake bites that occur in the United States are received by young men who tease a rattlesnake (and yes, alcohol is often involved in these instances). So for the majority of us who would never consider playing with a rattlesnake, there's relatively very little danger. It is important, however, to watch where you walk or put your hands when spending time in rattlesnake country. They’re not always vocal with their telltale rattle sound and blend in easily with their environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Katie Colbert, a naturalist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/sunol\" target=\"_blank\">Sunol-Ohlone Regional Wilderness\u003c/a>, has often heard people warn that a baby rattlesnake is a greater threat due to the fact that they're unable to control the amount of poison they inject into their victim when they bite. According to Colbert, this is just not true: all rattlesnakes, babies and adults, can control their venom. In addition, Colbert says, \"Baby rattlesnakes can only produce and stash a very small fraction of [venom] an adult can.\" This does not change the fact, however, that a bite from any rattlesnake, regardless of age, is a dangerous bite and requires medical attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another myth is that a rattlesnake's tail can be used to determine the age of the animal. The origin of this misconception that each segment of the rattle corresponds to a year of the snake’s life can be traced back to English writer Thomas Morton, author of the book, \u003cem>New English Canaan\u003c/em>,\u003cem> \u003c/em>that was published in 1637. According to the website, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyreptilenews.com/?p=3644\" target=\"_blank\">Daily Reptile News\u003c/a>, we now understand that every time rattlesnakes shed their skin, they add a segment to their rattle. They can shed anywhere from one to three times a year, and the rattles often break off in the normal daily lives of the snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what should you do if you've been bitten by a rattlesnake? The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calpoison.com/public/snakebite.html\" target=\"_blank\">California Poison Control Systems website\u003c/a> offers some helpful guidance:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>A tourniquet should never be applied to the limb with the bite wound. This can cause gangrene to form and amputation may become necessary.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Bite wounds should never be cut open with a knife or razor. The extra blood flow is not only bad for the injured victim, but it can also spread the venom throughout the body more quickly.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>Sucking out the poison is also a bad idea, as it will not extract all of the venom. Bacteria from the person's mouth could also transmit bacteria to the wound that could exacerbate the risk of infection.\u003c/li>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cli>While keeping the victim calm and still, wash the wound with soap and water, keep the wound below the heart, and get them emergency medical attention as soon as possible.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Although they are potentially dangerous animals, rattlesnakes tend to keep to themselves and only really become aggressive when provoked or cornered. As they are an important part of the ecosystem, it's best to just allow them plenty of room and safe passage when encountered in the wild so they can continue to do their part for the animal kingdom: control the population of rodents and provide food to the predators that feed on them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A few weeks ago, scuba divers in \u003ca href=\"http://tahoe.usgs.gov/facts.html\">Lake Tahoe\u003c/a> found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes me shudder, years after I first heard it. Apparently, years ago, Cousteau went scuba diving in Lake Tahoe. He emerged from the water shaken, but not with cold. He said, “The world is not ready for what I have seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What did Cousteau see? Maybe the bodies of unlucky gamblers who crossed the Mafia in 1950s Reno. Or maybe it was Tahoe Tessie, the Loch Ness likeness of the lake. But, in its \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-missing-diver-20110809,0,7841332.story\">coverage\u003c/a> of the recent discovery, the LA Times said that Cousteau never actually visited Lake Tahoe. The Cousteau story may be a myth, but it is no less chilling, because the physical conditions of the lake are such that bodies could still be drifting beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 1645 feet (depending on the level of water in the basin), Lake Tahoe is the second deepest lake in the US. (Crater Lake in Oregon is the deepest in the country. The world record goes to Russia’s Lake Baikal, which is some 5,369 feet deep.) Lake Tahoe is located between two fault zones, and it formed through a tectonic combo of uplift and subsidence. The Sierra Nevada mountains rose up on the west and the Carson Range rose up on the east. The rock underneath the lake sank down to form a flat-bottomed basin called a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graben\">graben\u003c/a>. The word is German for “grave” and refers to the lake’s low-lying nature—and perhaps also to whatever Cousteau purportedly saw underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is cold. The temperature at the surface of the lake varies, from a low of about 40 degrees in February or March to a high of about 75 degrees towards the end of the summer. Below the surface, the temperature is a chilly 39 degrees. In the winter, when the surface and the deep waters are relatively close in temperature, the wind blowing across the surface of the lake mixes the water. This brings oxygen from the surface layer down to the depths, and nutrients from the depths up to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2010, the mixing occurred from the surface down to about 550 feet, because the surface of the lake remained relatively warm throughout the winter. In previous years, mixing has occurred down to about 1500 feet. Since the 1970s, the surface layer of the lake has gotten warmer in the summer, and it retains that heat throughout the winter. Just like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/08/the-deep-cold-secret-behind-summer-fog/\">in the ocean\u003c/a>, stratification—a warm surface layer that is distinct from the cold bottom layer—means it is hard to get the surface and deep waters to mix.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Tahoe is famous for its clear waters. But, as UC Davis’s recently released \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/stateofthelake/\">Tahoe: State of the Lake Report\u003c/a> explains, the lake is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2011/08/12/state/n133751D33.DTL\">not as clear as it used to be\u003c/a>. In the 1960s, you could see down to a depth of about 100 feet, but now you can see down to only about 70 feet. The lake has become cloudier because nutrients enter the lake via 63 rivers and streams, and those nutrients fuel the growth of algae. And, global warming plays a role: the warm surface of the lake gives a particular species of microalgae a competitive advantage, and the tiny bodies of the microalgae cloud the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The clarity of the lake, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/about-tahoe/threats-to-tahoe/\">its invasive species\u003c/a>, will be on the agenda today at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tahoefund.org/events/the-2011-lake-tahoe-environmental-summit/\">Lake Tahoe Environmental Summit\u003c/a>. Nevada Senator Harry Reid and California Senator Dianne Feinstein will both be at the Homewood Resort, discussing Lake Tahoe’s economic and ecological challenges.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In just a few short weeks the Bay Area will witness a mass migration to the high desert in Nevada for \u003ca href=\"http://www.burningman.com/\">Burning Man 2011\u003c/a>. Fur pants, lit up costumes and technological ingenuity are to be had on the Playa. Whether you're a first time burner, seasoned native or simply into cool costuming, there are a variety of Bay Area classes and resources to help you light up your clothing this August!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://techshop.ws/\">Tech Shop\u003c/a> has been offering a series of classes on using EL wire (electroluminescent wire) to light up clothing easily and inexpensively. Having taken the class myself, I highly recommend it for its great level of instruction. You'll learn the basics of using EL wire, how to avoid common pitfalls and best practices for sewing it into clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're in East Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/\">Cool Neon\u003c/a> is running weekly workshops to help you light up your clothing. Workshops are free and are taught by the wonderful Cool Neon staff. You can purchase your supplies on site and start making your costumes on the spot! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're crunched for time, Cool Neon has put together the definitive guide on learning how to solder EL wire. You can find it online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/el-wire-soldering/the-ultimate-beginers-guide-to-soldering-cool-neon-el-wire/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you need a place to simply get some sewing done, both \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a> and Tech Shop have sewing machines available to craft to your heart's desire. Noisebridge hosts a sewing and crafting night to help newbies get acquainted, while Tech Shop requires taking a basic safety training course before using their sewing machines. Both facilities are great options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In just a few short weeks the Bay Area will witness a mass migration to the high desert in Nevada for \u003ca href=\"http://www.burningman.com/\">Burning Man 2011\u003c/a>. Fur pants, lit up costumes and technological ingenuity are to be had on the Playa. Whether you're a first time burner, seasoned native or simply into cool costuming, there are a variety of Bay Area classes and resources to help you light up your clothing this August!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://techshop.ws/\">Tech Shop\u003c/a> has been offering a series of classes on using EL wire (electroluminescent wire) to light up clothing easily and inexpensively. Having taken the class myself, I highly recommend it for its great level of instruction. You'll learn the basics of using EL wire, how to avoid common pitfalls and best practices for sewing it into clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're in East Bay, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/\">Cool Neon\u003c/a> is running weekly workshops to help you light up your clothing. Workshops are free and are taught by the wonderful Cool Neon staff. You can purchase your supplies on site and start making your costumes on the spot! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're crunched for time, Cool Neon has put together the definitive guide on learning how to solder EL wire. You can find it online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.coolneon.com/el-wire-soldering/the-ultimate-beginers-guide-to-soldering-cool-neon-el-wire/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, if you need a place to simply get some sewing done, both \u003ca href=\"https://www.noisebridge.net/wiki/Noisebridge\">Noisebridge\u003c/a> and Tech Shop have sewing machines available to craft to your heart's desire. Noisebridge hosts a sewing and crafting night to help newbies get acquainted, while Tech Shop requires taking a basic safety training course before using their sewing machines. Both facilities are great options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22143\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/coloredbacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ColoredBacteria\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22143\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are redesigning bacteria like these to “speak” a new language. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=144\">Scientists in Boston\u003c/a> are close to teaching a strain of bacteria a new dialect of the genetic code. In combination with some work done by a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">group in 2010\u003c/a>, we are now getting to the point where we can actually think about (re)designing life. Which is a big step from what we have been able to do up until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering we have done in the past has been pretty crude. We have mostly added pre-existing genes to cells to give the cells new properties or to have the cells make something for us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we add a human gene to bacteria so they will make insulin for us. Or we add a gene from bacteria to a plant to make the plant resistant to an herbicide like Round Up. Or we even add two genes to cause rice to make vitamin A like in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=334\">golden rice\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we aren’t always this unsophisticated. We have managed to do some \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=63\">pretty elegant things with genes in mice\u003c/a>. There we have tinkered with mouse genes to slightly change how they work or to control how they are expressed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these new experiments are different. This is changing the language of life so we can make a living thing do things nothing living has yet been able to do. Maybe this is even the start of intelligent design…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason this is all possible is because nature has given us a very simple template to work with. Not only does the genetic code have just four letters and 64, three letter words, but many of its words also have the same meaning. It is this last point that has allowed researchers to futz with the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to teach bacteria a new language by co-opting one of the words in the genetic code and giving it a new meaning. There are two things scientists need to do to make this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is to replace all instances of one word in the bacteria’s genes with an equivalent word. Now the bacteria’s genes all still code for all the same things but a word has been freed up so it can be given a new meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step is to redefine the replaced word. This will probably be done by mutating the cell’s reading machinery using some pretty well established genetic techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church’s group has nearly finished the first step. They managed to create four strains of bacteria each with ¼ of all 314 instances of TAG changed to TAA. They are now in the process of combining these four strains in such a way to generate a single strain with no functional TAG’s. After this first step is done (which should be soon), this group of researchers will be ready to teach these bacteria a new language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An easy first thing they can do is to change the definition of the TAG so it means the same thing as one of the other words. So the TAG will no longer mean STOP but instead will mean Met or Lys or some other amino acid. (The genetic words or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=118\">codons\u003c/a> really just tell a cell which amino acid to put where in a protein.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done correctly, this would probably make the bacteria immune to viral infection.* Which would be a boon for the biotech industry as it loses millions of dollars every year because of infected bacterial strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is pretty pedestrian stuff though. The cool thing will be when they redefine TAG as a word that isn’t already in the genetic code. Then we’ll be able to easily create different proteins with properties useful as medicines, industrial enzymes or who knows what else. At least that is the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is just one word. There are another 30-40 codons that may be able to be freed up and given new meanings as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are stepping into a whole new area of research. We are retraining life to do what we want. Let’s hope we know what we’re doing…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This is because viruses use a cell’s machinery to read its own genes. If the machinery changes, the virus will misread its own genes and die.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22143\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 639px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/15/redesigning-life/coloredbacteria/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ColoredBacteria\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22143\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/ColoredBacteria-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists are redesigning bacteria like these to “speak” a new language. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All living things pretty much use the same language to read their genes. That is about to change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=144\">Scientists in Boston\u003c/a> are close to teaching a strain of bacteria a new dialect of the genetic code. In combination with some work done by a different \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">group in 2010\u003c/a>, we are now getting to the point where we can actually think about (re)designing life. Which is a big step from what we have been able to do up until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The genetic engineering we have done in the past has been pretty crude. We have mostly added pre-existing genes to cells to give the cells new properties or to have the cells make something for us. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we add a human gene to bacteria so they will make insulin for us. Or we add a gene from bacteria to a plant to make the plant resistant to an herbicide like Round Up. Or we even add two genes to cause rice to make vitamin A like in \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=334\">golden rice\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now we aren’t always this unsophisticated. We have managed to do some \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=63\">pretty elegant things with genes in mice\u003c/a>. There we have tinkered with mouse genes to slightly change how they work or to control how they are expressed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these new experiments are different. This is changing the language of life so we can make a living thing do things nothing living has yet been able to do. Maybe this is even the start of intelligent design…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big reason this is all possible is because nature has given us a very simple template to work with. Not only does the genetic code have just four letters and 64, three letter words, but many of its words also have the same meaning. It is this last point that has allowed researchers to futz with the code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers plan to teach bacteria a new language by co-opting one of the words in the genetic code and giving it a new meaning. There are two things scientists need to do to make this happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is to replace all instances of one word in the bacteria’s genes with an equivalent word. Now the bacteria’s genes all still code for all the same things but a word has been freed up so it can be given a new meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second step is to redefine the replaced word. This will probably be done by mutating the cell’s reading machinery using some pretty well established genetic techniques.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church’s group has nearly finished the first step. They managed to create four strains of bacteria each with ¼ of all 314 instances of TAG changed to TAA. They are now in the process of combining these four strains in such a way to generate a single strain with no functional TAG’s. After this first step is done (which should be soon), this group of researchers will be ready to teach these bacteria a new language.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An easy first thing they can do is to change the definition of the TAG so it means the same thing as one of the other words. So the TAG will no longer mean STOP but instead will mean Met or Lys or some other amino acid. (The genetic words or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=118\">codons\u003c/a> really just tell a cell which amino acid to put where in a protein.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done correctly, this would probably make the bacteria immune to viral infection.* Which would be a boon for the biotech industry as it loses millions of dollars every year because of infected bacterial strains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is pretty pedestrian stuff though. The cool thing will be when they redefine TAG as a word that isn’t already in the genetic code. Then we’ll be able to easily create different proteins with properties useful as medicines, industrial enzymes or who knows what else. At least that is the hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is just one word. There are another 30-40 codons that may be able to be freed up and given new meanings as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are stepping into a whole new area of research. We are retraining life to do what we want. Let’s hope we know what we’re doing…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This is because viruses use a cell’s machinery to read its own genes. If the machinery changes, the virus will misread its own genes and die.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Happens to Old Quarries?",
"title": "What Happens to Old Quarries?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some of our older quarries left fairly benign footprints. These can be turned into assets that offer some geological interest as well.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stony Point Rock Quarry is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sprqinc.com/prod_cotati.html\">a working business in Cotati\u003c/a>, busy making money and serving its community's needs from the humblest of materials. Today, you can't open a quarry without a plan for shutting it down—covering the scars and fixing any pollution. However, the Bay Area is dotted with older quarries, some in your own neighborhood, that closed without full remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won't be addressing the problems of mines (like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">mercury mines\u003c/a>), whether underground or open-pit types. Those foster chemical activity that threatens the environment and they require special care. Today I'll show you some simpler quarries with fairly benign footprints. They can be turned into assets, and they offer some geological interest as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To my knowledge, we don't have any dimension-stone quarries around here, the stereotypical kind (think Carrara, or Vermont) where blocks of solid stone are cut from pits. Our old quarries produced limestone, crushed stone, and sand and gravel. Let's look at an example of each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Limestone:\u003c/strong> The former Cowell limestone quarry sits south of Concord in the Lime Ridge Regional Preserve. It's accessible \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/lime_ridge_open_space_.asp\">from Walnut Creek\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ci.concord.ca.us/pdf/recreation/parks/lime-ridge-map.pdf\">from Concord\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22728\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell1\" width=\"640\" height=\"349\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22728\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell1-400x218.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the California Division of Mines, the Cowell quarry was opened in 1908 and closed in 1946, \"at which time depletion of local limestone reserves and loss of rail facilities forced a permanent shutdown.\" We may also surmise that the end of wartime conditions affected the market. Not much has been done to the pits, and you can enjoy two great features of the space at your leisure. The first is the view, or views, including this prospect of the Briones Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowell2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22729\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowell2\" width=\"640\" height=\"299\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22729\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowell2-400x187.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the stone itself. Apparently the regional rock, sandstone of the Domengine Formation, featured a thick layer of travertine (hot-spring) limestone. In the rubble you'll see sheets of calcite crystals and intricate layering from that setting. It's safe to assume that no collecting is allowed. Limestone from this site was roasted into lime and used to make cement (as was \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">the Calera Limestone\u003c/a>). Other Bay Area limestone quarries served sugar refiners, foundries and many other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriecowellcryst/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22730\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriecowellcryst\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22730\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriecowellcryst-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crushed stone\u003c/strong> is a necessity of engineering: road beds, runways, and foundations of all kinds use it at many different tightly specified grades. The main prerequisite is sound rock of benign minerals that can be reliably crushed and stay that way without crumbling further into sand. Near the little planned town of El Granada, on the San Mateo coast north of Half Moon Bay, a quarry produced construction stone from a large body of granitic rock, the Montara Quartz Diorite. This stone is closely related to the granite of the High Sierra, and plate tectonics brought it here. It's full of flaky biotite (black mica) and lath-shaped crystals of hornblende in a setting of white quartz and feldspar. Iron from the black minerals has stained the stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22735\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranite\" width=\"640\" height=\"405\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22735\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranite-400x253.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The stone was used locally in highways and the Half Moon Bay Airport, especially during World War II. It then sat quietly until the landowner sold it in 1995. Now called \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpl.sanmateo.org/qpinfo.html\">Quarry Park\u003c/a>, it serves several low-key uses: a playground in front, woodsy trails in back, and an amphitheater-like space in the former pit that looks suited for frisbeeing or picnics. A viewing platform has been built on its top edge for occasions when the sun comes out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitefloor/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22736\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitefloor\" width=\"640\" height=\"444\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22736\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitefloor-400x278.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still work to be done, of course: eucalyptus and other invasives are rampant, for instance. Also the stone itself is suspect. Natural fracturing from our long history of faulting (the site is only a kilometer from the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San Gregorio fault zone\u003c/a>) has made the rock easy to mine, but prone to crumble. This is not a place to linger during an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarrygranitepile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22737\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarrygranitepile\" width=\"640\" height=\"413\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22737\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarrygranitepile-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sand and gravel\u003c/strong> are also mainstays of civilization. In the Livermore valley, enormous beds of river gravel were exploited, starting in 1923 with Henry J. Kaiser, and they continue to produce today. Kaiser Industries donated one of its oldest pits, along the Arroyo del Valle, to the East Bay Regional Parks District. This became the mixed-use \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/shadow_cliffs\">Shadow Cliffs Regional Recreation Area\u003c/a>. You can swim and fish in the lake, birdwatch in the riverine habitat, geologize in the gravel and enjoy the views, which include \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/02/mount-diablo-views/\">Mount Diablo\u003c/a> and the neighboring pits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowview/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22733\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowview\" width=\"640\" height=\"310\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22733\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowview-400x194.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everything in the former pit became something useful, from fine sand to \"river rock\" to the head-sized boulders that constitute rip-rap. A close look at the raw material reveals a wide range of rock types, eroded from the Diablo Range and East Bay hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowgrav/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22731\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowgrav\" width=\"640\" height=\"421\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22731\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowgrav-400x263.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the east end of the pit the sediments can be seen with their original layering. They represent the heritage of a lengthy time of vigorous rivers and plenty of rainfall. Perhaps the park will grow as more gravel quarries mine out their claims here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarriesshadowstrata/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22732\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarriesshadowstrata\" width=\"639\" height=\"369\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22732\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarriesshadowstrata-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parks aren't the only thing that old quarries are good for. The \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2008/03/10/rockridge-shopping-center-quarry/\">former Bilger quarry\u003c/a> in Oakland, at the intersection of Broadway and 51st Street, produced construction stone and aggregate for the growing city starting a century ago. Now it houses a shopping center, with the California College of the Arts perched above it and a deep water-filled pit at its east end. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/quarryoakland/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22727\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"quarryoakland\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-22727\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/quarryoakland-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Catholic cemetery, from which I took this photo, is not likely to be torn down to fill the pond, so the pit appears to be here to stay. Fortunately the stone here is strong. Other former quarries encompass homes at Larkspur Landing in Marin County and around Telegraph Hill in San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/2011/04/23/six-oakland-quarries/\">There are even churches sitting in them\u003c/a>, truly looking at the stars from the gutter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/09/https-everywhere-comes-out-of-beta-supports-1000-sites/all-sizes-locks-flickr-photo-sharing/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22467\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/All-sizes-locks-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Locks\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22467\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by killrbeez on Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a> has released its 1.0 version, moving out of beta and boasting secure HTTPS connections for over 1000 popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/browse/type:7\">Firefox Plugin\u003c/a> that will ensure your information is securely encrypted over the Internet when using a variety of popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HTTPS Everywhere was popularized in response to Firesheep, a Firefox plugin that anyone could install that could \"sniff\" usernames and passwords from those passing data over HTTP on an open Wi-Fi network. Using HTTPS Everywhere, your session is automatically made secure on over 1000 sites including Wikipedia, The New York Times, Facebook, Google, Twitter, \u003ca href=\"https://www.torproject.org/\">TOR\u003c/a> and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about HTTPS Everywhere, visit the Electronic Frontier Foundation's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/09/https-everywhere-comes-out-of-beta-supports-1000-sites/all-sizes-locks-flickr-photo-sharing/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-22467\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/All-sizes-locks-Flickr-Photo-Sharing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Locks\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-22467\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by killrbeez on Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a> has released its 1.0 version, moving out of beta and boasting secure HTTPS connections for over 1000 popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter I wrote about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\">HTTPS Everywhere\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/browse/type:7\">Firefox Plugin\u003c/a> that will ensure your information is securely encrypted over the Internet when using a variety of popular websites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HTTPS Everywhere was popularized in response to Firesheep, a Firefox plugin that anyone could install that could \"sniff\" usernames and passwords from those passing data over HTTP on an open Wi-Fi network. Using HTTPS Everywhere, your session is automatically made secure on over 1000 sites including Wikipedia, The New York Times, Facebook, Google, Twitter, \u003ca href=\"https://www.torproject.org/\">TOR\u003c/a> and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about HTTPS Everywhere, visit the Electronic Frontier Foundation's \u003ca href=\"https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere\">website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"soldout": {
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