QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area
The Season of the Gray Whale
Exoskeletons Walk Forward
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve
Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct: Big Fixes for Big Quakes
SF Beta Mobile Gaming Edition Showcases Startups
Saving Daylight and Energy
Sniffing Out Mr. Right
From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program
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"disqusTitle": "Fossil Collecting in the Bay Area",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossiltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27406\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossiltop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossiltop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27406\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shell hash is common in the Briones Formation, in the East Bay. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, rich as it is in geological interest, is not supreme in fossils. We have no dinosaur bones here, no human ancestors, none of the truly precious \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/a/lagerstatten.htm\">\u003ci>lagerstätten\u003c/i>\u003c/a> sites like the Solnhofen Limestone or Burgess Shale. But fossil collecting can still be a subject fraught with disagreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal codes are clear. California Public Resources Code section 5097.5 forbids anyone to \"excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure, or deface, any . . . vertebrate paleontological site . . . or any other . . . paleontological . . . feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over the lands.\" This covers city, county, regional and state parks. National parks? Forget that too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Express permission\" is possible. Most parks permit scientists to conduct research, but that is carefully specified so as not to affect your full enjoyment of the public's land. And park staff can carry out excavations for, as the East Bay Regional Parks District puts it, \"research, interpretive, educational or park operational purposes.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These people take their responsibility very seriously. In \"Junior Ranger\" programs in state parks, the instructors allow children to pick up fossils, but after making rubbings of them to take home (or take photos, of course) the kids leave the fossils behind. Even rocks must be returned to where they were found. Guides for the public (like the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/FitzFossil.pdf\">guide\u003c/a> to the fossils of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>) scrupulously invite you to \"observe\" the fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope that you will honor and internalize this attitude. Nevertheless, here are three good ways to collect lots of fossils in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The most straightforward is to visit private lands, where the owner can grant permission and charge an appropriate fee. The remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhillproperty.com/\">Ernst Quarry\u003c/a> in the Sharktooth Hill district, near Bakersfield, is a good example. And at Sonoma's \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a>, a private park, you can buy specimens in the gift shop. Once they're yours, fossils can be traded or sold as you wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilpetforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27408\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg\" align=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilpetforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Some public parks allow the public to participate in fossil research under supervision. The Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, for instance, will let you help its professionals on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/vertebrate-paleontology/red-rock-canyon\">digs at Red Rock Canyon State Park\u003c/a>. Whatever you find typically belongs to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. On federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands, the default is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/CRM/paleontology/fossil_collecting.html\">casual personal collecting is allowed without a permit\u003c/a>. This opens up vast areas of the state to you. There are limits: vertebrate fossils (that is, fossil bones) and scientifically valuable finds must be left alone and reported. Other common invertebrates and plant fossils are OK to collect for personal enjoyment in reasonable quantities, but not for trading or for sale. There should be \"negligible disturbance to the Earth's surface and other resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To judge from the postings on public fossil forums, many fossil collectors carry the BLM's approach away from BLM lands, to private lands like railroad tracks and public lands like beach cliffs and roadcuts. That remains a violation of statute law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Bob Dylan's words, \"To live outside the law you must be honest.\" If you are thinking about becoming such a fossil collector, I can only advise you not to. My own practice is catch and release: I bring a brush and collect with a camera. That's how I collected this Pliocene clam at Capitola Beach. If it's still in the cliff when you visit, you can collect it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilcapitolaclam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27407\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilcapitolaclam\" width=\"600\" height=\"426\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27407\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam-400x284.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who will ignore my advice, I suggest an honorable rule: do no more than nature does. Roadcuts are always shedding debris, which road crews shovel up and discard. Breaking up this material and taking hand specimens leaves no trace. And at the beach, every stone is there to be destroyed by the scrubbing and chipping of the waves. A handful taken away has slim odds of harming scientific interests. You will risk a scolding by park rangers or landowners, which is no fun for them or for you. They have the law on their side and must speak up. Finally, nature does not conduct trading or selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I had my druthers, some of our parks would find a way to grant express permission to fossil collectors. \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/tp/parks-that-allow-fossil-collecting.htm\">This happens in other states.\u003c/a> There might be a place in, say, Walnut Creek's \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/shell_ridge_open_space_.asp\">Shell Ridge Open Space\u003c/a> where an old borrow pit could be dedicated to the interests of fossil hunters. Trading and sale of fossils would remain unlawful. I think that by cultivating awareness and appreciation of our fossil resources, it might help inoculate the rest of the land from casual collection.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossiltop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27406\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossiltop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossiltop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27406\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shell hash is common in the Briones Formation, in the East Bay. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area, rich as it is in geological interest, is not supreme in fossils. We have no dinosaur bones here, no human ancestors, none of the truly precious \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilstimeevolution/a/lagerstatten.htm\">\u003ci>lagerstätten\u003c/i>\u003c/a> sites like the Solnhofen Limestone or Burgess Shale. But fossil collecting can still be a subject fraught with disagreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal codes are clear. California Public Resources Code section 5097.5 forbids anyone to \"excavate upon, or remove, destroy, injure, or deface, any . . . vertebrate paleontological site . . . or any other . . . paleontological . . . feature, situated on public lands, except with the express permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over the lands.\" This covers city, county, regional and state parks. National parks? Forget that too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Express permission\" is possible. Most parks permit scientists to conduct research, but that is carefully specified so as not to affect your full enjoyment of the public's land. And park staff can carry out excavations for, as the East Bay Regional Parks District puts it, \"research, interpretive, educational or park operational purposes.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These people take their responsibility very seriously. In \"Junior Ranger\" programs in state parks, the instructors allow children to pick up fossils, but after making rubbings of them to take home (or take photos, of course) the kids leave the fossils behind. Even rocks must be returned to where they were found. Guides for the public (like the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/sfbay/FitzFossil.pdf\">guide\u003c/a> to the fossils of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">Fitzgerald Marine Preserve\u003c/a>) scrupulously invite you to \"observe\" the fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I hope that you will honor and internalize this attitude. Nevertheless, here are three good ways to collect lots of fossils in California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The most straightforward is to visit private lands, where the owner can grant permission and charge an appropriate fee. The remarkable \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharktoothhillproperty.com/\">Ernst Quarry\u003c/a> in the Sharktooth Hill district, near Bakersfield, is a good example. And at Sonoma's \u003ca href=\"http://www.petrifiedforest.org/\">Petrified Forest\u003c/a>, a private park, you can buy specimens in the gift shop. Once they're yours, fossils can be traded or sold as you wish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilpetforest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27408\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg\" align=\"aligncenter\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilpetforest\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27408\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilpetforest-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Some public parks allow the public to participate in fossil research under supervision. The Los Angeles County Natural History Museum, for instance, will let you help its professionals on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/vertebrate-paleontology/red-rock-canyon\">digs at Red Rock Canyon State Park\u003c/a>. Whatever you find typically belongs to the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. On federal Bureau of Land Management (BLM) lands, the default is that \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/CRM/paleontology/fossil_collecting.html\">casual personal collecting is allowed without a permit\u003c/a>. This opens up vast areas of the state to you. There are limits: vertebrate fossils (that is, fossil bones) and scientifically valuable finds must be left alone and reported. Other common invertebrates and plant fossils are OK to collect for personal enjoyment in reasonable quantities, but not for trading or for sale. There should be \"negligible disturbance to the Earth's surface and other resources.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To judge from the postings on public fossil forums, many fossil collectors carry the BLM's approach away from BLM lands, to private lands like railroad tracks and public lands like beach cliffs and roadcuts. That remains a violation of statute law. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Bob Dylan's words, \"To live outside the law you must be honest.\" If you are thinking about becoming such a fossil collector, I can only advise you not to. My own practice is catch and release: I bring a brush and collect with a camera. That's how I collected this Pliocene clam at Capitola Beach. If it's still in the cliff when you visit, you can collect it too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/fossilcapitolaclam/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27407\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fossilcapitolaclam\" width=\"600\" height=\"426\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27407\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fossilcapitolaclam-400x284.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for those who will ignore my advice, I suggest an honorable rule: do no more than nature does. Roadcuts are always shedding debris, which road crews shovel up and discard. Breaking up this material and taking hand specimens leaves no trace. And at the beach, every stone is there to be destroyed by the scrubbing and chipping of the waves. A handful taken away has slim odds of harming scientific interests. You will risk a scolding by park rangers or landowners, which is no fun for them or for you. They have the law on their side and must speak up. Finally, nature does not conduct trading or selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If I had my druthers, some of our parks would find a way to grant express permission to fossil collectors. \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/fossilbasics/tp/parks-that-allow-fossil-collecting.htm\">This happens in other states.\u003c/a> There might be a place in, say, Walnut Creek's \u003ca href=\"http://www.walnut-creek.org/about/visiting_us/shell_ridge_open_space_.asp\">Shell Ridge Open Space\u003c/a> where an old borrow pit could be dedicated to the interests of fossil hunters. Trading and sale of fossils would remain unlawful. I think that by cultivating awareness and appreciation of our fossil resources, it might help inoculate the rest of the land from casual collection.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Season of the Gray Whale ",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\" alt=\"graywhale\" title=\"graywhale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-27417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>One of the more remarkable migrations among marine animals occurs each year right outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late fall, the California gray whales passes south along our shoreline to the warm waters of the Sea of Cortez and the lagoons of Baja California, Mexico. Leaving the rich feeding grounds of the Bering and Chukchi seas off Alaska, these baleen whales travel along the coastal margins traveling a distance of approximately 6000 miles to breed and give birth. This round trip of 10,000 to 14,000 miles is considered among the longest annual migration of any mammal. Frequently these whales can be seen from our shoreline with great viewing site off the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\" href=\"http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> or off Point Montara to the south. The whale is considered a conservation success story because protections instituted in the early 1930's have allowed populations to rebound from possibly less than 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading my last wildlife trip of the year with SF Bay Whale watching last weekend, we spotted a resident gray whale at the southeast Farallon Island, likely an individual among the two hundred or so considered to be resident. These whales are generally juveniles who do not participate in the migration but feed along the shores of California. As opportunistic feeders, the whales scrape along the bottom filtering out crustaceans with their baleen, or scoops krill from the water or even in kelp beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an undergraduate I studied these whales in Laguna Ojo de Liebre (also known as \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\" href=\"http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\">Scammon’s Lagoon\u003c/a> after the infamous whaler of the name) and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\" href=\"http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\">Guerrero Negro\u003c/a> in the Baja Peninsula. Camping along the margins of an estuary, we counted and identified whales, monitored movements and even dived the lagoon to observe behavior and collect bottom samples. At that time it was believed that the whales did not feed during their visit to Baja, or along the way, but relied instead on the fat stored from the rich feeding grounds to the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our observations of feeding whales, the verification of food in the lagoons, and other observations of feeding along the coast helped disprove that theory. Gray whales are opportunists, and this opportunism of feeding, migrations and non-migration may have helped the survival of the species. Back in the day before tighter restrictions were in place in Mexico, we commonly paddled our longboards across the lagoon to the sand dunes separating the calm waters from the sea. Juvenile whales would bump our boards and adults 40 feet long passed a hand's breadth beneath us -- with a grapefruit-sized eye staring back at us. Friendly whales frequently rubbed their parasites alongside our inflatable dinghy, as whales spy-hopped, breached and spouted all around us as we collected our data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall surfing the lagoon mouth as whales passed through the narrow channel nearby, and slid on breaking waves from the shallow sand into the deeper channel, gliding over the whales' backs. Large tuna and sharks also shared the waters and it was not unusual to see a beached baby whale with the large serrated gnaw marks of white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diving in the lagoon to collect bottom samples, whales would appear and disappear like grey ghosts or slide along creating a muck cloud. In addition to feeding on planktonic shrimp, gray whales bottom feed, skidding along the soft sediment, collecting mouthfuls of muck and loads of crabs, shrimps, isopods and other crustaceans and invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like people, these whales are right or left sided, and older whales actually become blind in one eye from the continued contact with sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time around the American Civil War, the gray whale population was dramatically reduced by hunting in the lagoons. Especially vulnerable because of their coastal navigation, and exposure in what became called the “whaling lagoons,” the eastern Pacific gray whale population dwindled. Over 150 years ago, whalers like Charles Scammon slaughtered whales with abandon like fish in a barrel until the lagoons were described as vacant. Today, whale watch tours take tourists onto the Mexican lagoons to watch hundreds of these gentle whales. The old pier on Guererro Negro Lagoon still serves as a prime viewing ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/hOcxWkK0KQ8\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Mexico to Canada, whalers hunted the California gray. In fact, a whaling station operated in the San Francisco Bay near Point Molate in Richmond to hunt and process gray whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/Goo2MHirBLs\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sister population in the North Atlantic was pushed to extinction and a remnant population of a few hundred individuals lives further west in the Sea of Okhotsk and near Korea. After less than 75 years of systematic whaling the Eastern Pacific gray whale population had been reduced to numbers endangering their survival as a species. The gray whale was given partial protection in 1937 and full protection in 1947 by the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\" href=\"http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\">International Whaling Commission (IWC).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the gray whale is a conservation success story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once estimated at less than 1000 individuals, the population of gray whales is currently between 20,000 and 22,000. Historically, this population is estimated to have been far greater. In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\" href=\"http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\">Dr. Steven Palumbi\u003c/a> of Stanford University used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales. The researchers reported DNA variability consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean ecosystem has very likely changed since the pre-whaling era including direct impacts from fishing the ocean and other indirect impacts making a return to pre-whaling numbers infeasible. Not all gray whales migrate. A population of about 200 resident gray whales stay along the eastern Pacific coast from Canada to California throughout the summer, avoiding the farther trip to Alaska waters. One of these resident whales has been regularly seen off Southeast Farallon Island in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research has questioned past paradigms regarding gray whale migratory and feeding behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\">study\u003c/a> recently published by Dr. David Lindberg, a UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology with his former student Nicholas D. Pyenson, suggests that the whales appear to have more evolutionary plasticity than previously imagined. Gray whales survived many cycles of global cooling and warming over the past few million years, likely by exploiting a more varied diet than they do today, according to the paleontologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it appears that gray whales may be highly resilient to environmental changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest gray whale fossils date back 2.5 million years, and since then, the Earth has gone through more than 40 major cycles of warming and cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists propose that gray whales survived the disappearance of their primary feeding ground by employing generalist filter-feeding modes, similar to the resident gray whales found between northern Washington State and Vancouver Island. These whales filter feed for krill and other crustaceans similar to other baleen whales like humpbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new assessment is hopeful for the gray whales survival, and may help them survive the potential impacts of climate change over the next few centuries where an expected sea level rise of several meters, and where alterations in current patterns and temperatures are predicted. Let's hope that increased protections for these and other whales that visit our sanctuary waters, and protecting whale food like \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\" href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\">krill from commercial harvest\u003c/a>, will help these magnificent marine mammals continue to survive the environmental change in the coming century.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg\" alt=\"graywhale\" title=\"graywhale\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-27417\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/graywhale-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>One of the more remarkable migrations among marine animals occurs each year right outside the Golden Gate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In late fall, the California gray whales passes south along our shoreline to the warm waters of the Sea of Cortez and the lagoons of Baja California, Mexico. Leaving the rich feeding grounds of the Bering and Chukchi seas off Alaska, these baleen whales travel along the coastal margins traveling a distance of approximately 6000 miles to breed and give birth. This round trip of 10,000 to 14,000 miles is considered among the longest annual migration of any mammal. Frequently these whales can be seen from our shoreline with great viewing site off the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\" href=\"http://www.ptreyes.org/index.shtml\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> or off Point Montara to the south. The whale is considered a conservation success story because protections instituted in the early 1930's have allowed populations to rebound from possibly less than 1000 individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading my last wildlife trip of the year with SF Bay Whale watching last weekend, we spotted a resident gray whale at the southeast Farallon Island, likely an individual among the two hundred or so considered to be resident. These whales are generally juveniles who do not participate in the migration but feed along the shores of California. As opportunistic feeders, the whales scrape along the bottom filtering out crustaceans with their baleen, or scoops krill from the water or even in kelp beds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an undergraduate I studied these whales in Laguna Ojo de Liebre (also known as \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\" href=\"http://www.ontheroadin.com/baja/bajarvparks/scammonslagoon.htm\">Scammon’s Lagoon\u003c/a> after the infamous whaler of the name) and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\" href=\"http://www.miramar-adventures.com/BajaMap.html#CentralBaja\">Guerrero Negro\u003c/a> in the Baja Peninsula. Camping along the margins of an estuary, we counted and identified whales, monitored movements and even dived the lagoon to observe behavior and collect bottom samples. At that time it was believed that the whales did not feed during their visit to Baja, or along the way, but relied instead on the fat stored from the rich feeding grounds to the north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our observations of feeding whales, the verification of food in the lagoons, and other observations of feeding along the coast helped disprove that theory. Gray whales are opportunists, and this opportunism of feeding, migrations and non-migration may have helped the survival of the species. Back in the day before tighter restrictions were in place in Mexico, we commonly paddled our longboards across the lagoon to the sand dunes separating the calm waters from the sea. Juvenile whales would bump our boards and adults 40 feet long passed a hand's breadth beneath us -- with a grapefruit-sized eye staring back at us. Friendly whales frequently rubbed their parasites alongside our inflatable dinghy, as whales spy-hopped, breached and spouted all around us as we collected our data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recall surfing the lagoon mouth as whales passed through the narrow channel nearby, and slid on breaking waves from the shallow sand into the deeper channel, gliding over the whales' backs. Large tuna and sharks also shared the waters and it was not unusual to see a beached baby whale with the large serrated gnaw marks of white sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diving in the lagoon to collect bottom samples, whales would appear and disappear like grey ghosts or slide along creating a muck cloud. In addition to feeding on planktonic shrimp, gray whales bottom feed, skidding along the soft sediment, collecting mouthfuls of muck and loads of crabs, shrimps, isopods and other crustaceans and invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like people, these whales are right or left sided, and older whales actually become blind in one eye from the continued contact with sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time around the American Civil War, the gray whale population was dramatically reduced by hunting in the lagoons. Especially vulnerable because of their coastal navigation, and exposure in what became called the “whaling lagoons,” the eastern Pacific gray whale population dwindled. Over 150 years ago, whalers like Charles Scammon slaughtered whales with abandon like fish in a barrel until the lagoons were described as vacant. Today, whale watch tours take tourists onto the Mexican lagoons to watch hundreds of these gentle whales. The old pier on Guererro Negro Lagoon still serves as a prime viewing ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/hOcxWkK0KQ8\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Mexico to Canada, whalers hunted the California gray. In fact, a whaling station operated in the San Francisco Bay near Point Molate in Richmond to hunt and process gray whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/Goo2MHirBLs\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sister population in the North Atlantic was pushed to extinction and a remnant population of a few hundred individuals lives further west in the Sea of Okhotsk and near Korea. After less than 75 years of systematic whaling the Eastern Pacific gray whale population had been reduced to numbers endangering their survival as a species. The gray whale was given partial protection in 1937 and full protection in 1947 by the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\" href=\"http://iwcoffice.org/index.htm\">International Whaling Commission (IWC).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the gray whale is a conservation success story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once estimated at less than 1000 individuals, the population of gray whales is currently between 20,000 and 22,000. Historically, this population is estimated to have been far greater. In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter and \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\" href=\"http://www.stanfordscientific.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:a-passion-for-service&catid=42:volume-6-issue-2&Itemid=59\">Dr. Steven Palumbi\u003c/a> of Stanford University used a genetic approach to estimate pre-whaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales. The researchers reported DNA variability consistent with a population size of 76,000–118,000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean ecosystem has very likely changed since the pre-whaling era including direct impacts from fishing the ocean and other indirect impacts making a return to pre-whaling numbers infeasible. Not all gray whales migrate. A population of about 200 resident gray whales stay along the eastern Pacific coast from Canada to California throughout the summer, avoiding the farther trip to Alaska waters. One of these resident whales has been regularly seen off Southeast Farallon Island in the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research has questioned past paradigms regarding gray whale migratory and feeding behaviors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/07/06/gray-whales-likely-survived-the-ice-ages-by-changing-their-diets/\">study\u003c/a> recently published by Dr. David Lindberg, a UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology with his former student Nicholas D. Pyenson, suggests that the whales appear to have more evolutionary plasticity than previously imagined. Gray whales survived many cycles of global cooling and warming over the past few million years, likely by exploiting a more varied diet than they do today, according to the paleontologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it appears that gray whales may be highly resilient to environmental changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oldest gray whale fossils date back 2.5 million years, and since then, the Earth has gone through more than 40 major cycles of warming and cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists propose that gray whales survived the disappearance of their primary feeding ground by employing generalist filter-feeding modes, similar to the resident gray whales found between northern Washington State and Vancouver Island. These whales filter feed for krill and other crustaceans similar to other baleen whales like humpbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new assessment is hopeful for the gray whales survival, and may help them survive the potential impacts of climate change over the next few centuries where an expected sea level rise of several meters, and where alterations in current patterns and temperatures are predicted. Let's hope that increased protections for these and other whales that visit our sanctuary waters, and protecting whale food like \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\" href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/jointplan/mb_krill.html#description\">krill from commercial harvest\u003c/a>, will help these magnificent marine mammals continue to survive the environmental change in the coming century.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27230\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pillar Point, topped by its military base, is the bulwark of Half Moon Bay on the San Mateo County coast. You may be familiar with it as the nearest place to the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.maverickssurf.com\">Mavericks surf break\u003c/a>. Its abrupt appearance along the shoreline, and the linear hill extending from it to the north, are geomorphic oddities that gain significance when the geologist checks them out in detail. Here's what the area looks like on the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Geologic Map of San Mateo County\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27229\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27229\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pink area is granite and related rocks of the Montara Mountain block, which I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">showed you in August\u003c/a>. Those rocks are something like 80 million years old. The ridge between Pillar Point and the town of Moss Beach is made of something else, though: the much younger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Purisima Formation\u003c/a>, shown in beige. Between them is a thick black line denoting a good exposure of the San Gregorio fault, which we saw a few months ago at its other end, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>. The units labeled \"Q\" are geologically recent sediments and not rocks at all—Qmt represents marine terraces like those at Point Año Nuevo and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastline here and parts of the ridge are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=8a6bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a county park with a dedicated group of supporters at \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">fitzgeraldreserve.org\u003c/a>. When you visit, leave your rock hammer at home. Oh, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.protides.com/california/2193/\">check the tides\u003c/a> first, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the reserve's south end is a trail leading over the ridge to the beach. Here we get our first look at the extensive wave-cut platform, exposed at low tides, that makes Fitzgerald such a destination for tidepoolers as well as surfing fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpillar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27233\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpillar\" width=\"600\" height=\"409\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27233\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs here are a good place to become acquainted with the Purisima Formation, a mixture of shale and mudstone with occasional large concretions along certain bedding planes. You can find a few fossils here if you look carefully, but there are better places farther along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpuriss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27234\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpuriss\" width=\"600\" height=\"415\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27234\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss-400x277.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The middle portion of the Fitzgerald Reserve is on the east side of the ridge facing the Half Moon Bay airport. From Airport Road you can see where the San Gregorio fault runs along its base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27226\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfault\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27226\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The north end of the reserve is where the tidepoolers all go. The fault comes out here, pointing straight at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> in Marin County where it merges with the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzviewn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27237\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzviewn\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBefore you go out on the rocks, turn around and look at the east side of the entrance, which is typical marine terrace sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaulte/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27227\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaulte\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then go to the west side and see the contrast presented by the Purisima Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaultw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaultw\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Purisima in the tidepools is sanded by the surf to bring out its tilted bedding layers, which are punctuated by layers of dropstones and shell hash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzridges/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzridges\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell hash is pretty much what it sounds like, a layer rich in shell fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27232\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along the north side of the beach, the rocks turn rapidly into coarse granite conglomerate, some layers containing outright boulders. It was an extremely vigorous environment that produced rocks like this—perhaps a high sea level and large landslides produced by major earthquakes. Perhaps something like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/07/geology-of-the-devils-slide-area/\">Devils Slide\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgranite\" width=\"600\" height=\"477\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27231\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some point, be sure and climb to a higher vantage point to see why every geology class in the Bay Area comes here to practice mapping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzsyncline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzsyncline\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27236\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a magnificant syncline, or folded trough, where fault motion has bent the rock layers and the sea has planed them off into this dramatic arc.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The area around Pillar Point is famous for surfing and tidepooling, but its fault-related landforms are significant geological resources too.",
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"description": "The area around Pillar Point is famous for surfing and tidepooling, but its fault-related landforms are significant geological resources too.",
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"headline": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fitzgerald Marine Preserve",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27230\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldtop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27230\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldtop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27230\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldtop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Pillar Point, topped by its military base, is the bulwark of Half Moon Bay on the San Mateo County coast. You may be familiar with it as the nearest place to the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.maverickssurf.com\">Mavericks surf break\u003c/a>. Its abrupt appearance along the shoreline, and the linear hill extending from it to the north, are geomorphic oddities that gain significance when the geologist checks them out in detail. Here's what the area looks like on the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-137/\">Geologic Map of San Mateo County\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgeraldmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27229\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgeraldmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27229\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgeraldmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pink area is granite and related rocks of the Montara Mountain block, which I \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/11/what-happens-to-old-quarries/\">showed you in August\u003c/a>. Those rocks are something like 80 million years old. The ridge between Pillar Point and the town of Moss Beach is made of something else, though: the much younger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Purisima Formation\u003c/a>, shown in beige. Between them is a thick black line denoting a good exposure of the San Gregorio fault, which we saw a few months ago at its other end, at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">Point Año Nuevo\u003c/a>. The units labeled \"Q\" are geologically recent sediments and not rocks at all—Qmt represents marine terraces like those at Point Año Nuevo and elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coastline here and parts of the ridge are part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=8a6bc8909231e110VgnVCM1000001d37230aRCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, a county park with a dedicated group of supporters at \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">fitzgeraldreserve.org\u003c/a>. When you visit, leave your rock hammer at home. Oh, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.protides.com/california/2193/\">check the tides\u003c/a> first, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the reserve's south end is a trail leading over the ridge to the beach. Here we get our first look at the extensive wave-cut platform, exposed at low tides, that makes Fitzgerald such a destination for tidepoolers as well as surfing fans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpillar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27233\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpillar\" width=\"600\" height=\"409\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27233\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpillar-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cliffs here are a good place to become acquainted with the Purisima Formation, a mixture of shale and mudstone with occasional large concretions along certain bedding planes. You can find a few fossils here if you look carefully, but there are better places farther along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzpuriss/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27234\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzpuriss\" width=\"600\" height=\"415\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27234\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzpuriss-400x277.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The middle portion of the Fitzgerald Reserve is on the east side of the ridge facing the Half Moon Bay airport. From Airport Road you can see where the San Gregorio fault runs along its base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfault/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27226\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfault\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27226\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfault-400x246.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The north end of the reserve is where the tidepoolers all go. The fault comes out here, pointing straight at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/23/geological-outings-around-the-bay-stinson-beach/\">Stinson Beach\u003c/a> in Marin County where it merges with the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzviewn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27237\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzviewn\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27237\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzviewn-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nBefore you go out on the rocks, turn around and look at the east side of the entrance, which is typical marine terrace sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaulte/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27227\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaulte\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaulte-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then go to the west side and see the contrast presented by the Purisima Formation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzfaultw/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27228\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzfaultw\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27228\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzfaultw-400x233.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Purisima in the tidepools is sanded by the surf to bring out its tilted bedding layers, which are punctuated by layers of dropstones and shell hash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzridges/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27235\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzridges\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27235\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzridges-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shell hash is pretty much what it sounds like, a layer rich in shell fragments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzhash/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27232\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzhash\" width=\"600\" height=\"419\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzhash-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther along the north side of the beach, the rocks turn rapidly into coarse granite conglomerate, some layers containing outright boulders. It was an extremely vigorous environment that produced rocks like this—perhaps a high sea level and large landslides produced by major earthquakes. Perhaps something like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/07/geology-of-the-devils-slide-area/\">Devils Slide\u003c/a> today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzgranite/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27231\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzgranite\" width=\"600\" height=\"477\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27231\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzgranite-400x318.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But at some point, be sure and climb to a higher vantage point to see why every geology class in the Bay Area comes here to practice mapping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/fitzsyncline/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27236\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fitzsyncline\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-27236\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fitzsyncline-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a magnificant syncline, or folded trough, where fault motion has bent the rock layers and the sea has planed them off into this dramatic arc.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct: Big Fixes for Big Quakes",
"title": "Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct: Big Fixes for Big Quakes",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 2002, San Francisco voters passed a ballot measure that would more than double their water rates by 2016. Why? Because the majority of those voters felt that spending billions of dollars to seismically retrofit and upgrade their water system was worth such an investment, especially when that water, most of which originated as Sierra Nevada snow melt 167 miles to the east, crosses three active faults on its way to Bay Area faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long overdue for an upgrade, much of the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system was built in the 1920s and 1930s, with large swathes of pipelines made of riveted steel that don't perform well during big earthquakes. At a cost of $4.6 billion, paid for by 2.5 million residents in Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties who rely on a blend of Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been installing new pipes and employing state-of-the-art engineering elements designed to withstand, for example, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault. Water storage capacity is also being expanded under the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. When the program is completed in 2016, a new tunnel built 100 feet below the San Francisco Bay will carry a steel water pipeline 5 miles from the peninsula to the East Bay. The nearly 90 year-old, earthen Calaveras dam in southern Alameda county will also be replaced, allowing the adjacent reservoir to finally be filled to its original storage capacity of 31 billion gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24626\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills pipelines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josiah Hooper and Producer Sheraz Sadiq inside a concrete vault containing two Hetch Hetchy water pipelines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was assigned this story, I knew that it would be a challenge to describe key features of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program while also explaining the controversial history of the creation of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct after San Francisco officials received federal permission in 1913 to flood and dam Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite National Park. Fortunately, my job was made much easier thanks to the assistance provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to film the construction activities on several key projects and to interview members of their staff, including General Manager Ed Harrington and the director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helped to find an eloquent historian, \u003ca href=\"http://graybrechin.net/\">Gray Brechin\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, to share with me the colorful history of Hetch Hetchy. He used to work as a TV Producer at KQED in the '80s, so he knew the importance of delivering concise and engaging soundbites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest and most vocal champion for Hetch Hetchy water was San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, who served from 1897 to 1902. Mayor Phelan hired an official at the USGS who was willing to moonlight on Phelan's behalf and file water rights to stretches of the Tuolumne River which flows through the Hetch Hetchy valley. Other water sources such as the American River, Sacramento River and even Lake Tahoe were also considered, and while they would have been cheaper to divert for the bustling metropolis of San Francisco, they wouldn't provide the quality of drinking water passing through the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley\">Hetch Hetchy valley\u003c/a> in Yosemite National Park. Even President Theodore Roosevelt, a pragmatic conservationist who had camped with John Muir in Yosemite and established five national parks during his presidency, sympathized with San Francisco's request for the Sierra water flowing through Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir, a Scottish-born naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, led the fight to save Hetch Hetchy. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, local publications like \u003cem>The Call\u003c/em> pilloried Muir for refusing to go along with the city's plans to dam the valley. But Muir stood firm, writing passionately about the \"cathedral\" of Hetch Hetchy in national publications and trying to rally wealthy East Coast contacts and friends to his cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Phelan left office in 1902, a corruption scandal involving his successor and a series of ineffectual, caretaker mayors didn't help the city's grasp for the waters of Hetch Hetchy. But the tide began to turn with the election of James Rolph Jr. in 1911 and President Woodrow Wilson's appointment of Phelan business associate and attorney, Franklin K. Lane, as Secretary of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed into law the Raker Act which allowed the city to move forward with the construction of the Hetch Hetchy water system. Muir died just a year later, embittered by the loss of his David vs. Goliath struggle to protect the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we didn't have the resources to visit the reservoir created by the dam at Hetch Hetchy, we were granted rare access inside a new tunnel being adjacent to the Irvington Tunnel. This tunnel transports 95% of the system's water from Sunol to Fremont and it has not been taken out of service for maintenance and repair since 1966. When it's completed in 2014, the nearly 9-foot in diameter new Irvington Tunnel will offer an important level of redundancy to back-up a critical piece of Hetch Hetchy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24627\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills roadheader\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A roadheader inside the New Irvington Tunnel which is being built alongside the old Irvington Tunnel to convey Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water from Sunol Valley to Fremont.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Redundancy\" is a word that came up quite often during my research into the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program which, in addition to the New Irvington Tunnel, is building other infrastructure to ensure the continued delivery of 265 million gallons of water a day within 24 hours of a major earthquake. Take for example the new Bay Division Pipeline, a fifth regional pipeline that will extend for 21 miles, including a five mile-section bored under the San Francisco Bay that will connect to a seven mile-section of pipe extending from Newark to the New Irvington Tunnel in Fremont. The new 6-foot diameter, welded steel water pipeline will also extend nine miles from Menlo Park across the peninsula in San Mateo county. The last time a regional water pipeline was added to the Hetch Hetchy water system was Bay Division Pipeline #4, built in 1973 to carry water south of the San Francisco Bay alongside another regional pipeline completed 17 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24628\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2 trailing gear\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two sections of trailing gear located next to the new Bay Tunnel construction site in Menlo Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system will improve earthquake reliability, in part through redundant, back-up structures like the New Irvington Tunnel and the new Bay Division Pipeline #5. The upgrades to the water system will also boost storage capacity and, according to Julie Labonte and Ed Harrington, will also enable more efficient use of water through enhanced delivery of recycled water or groundwater. Given the likely increase in the Bay Area's population, and the effects of climate change on rainfall and Sierra snowpack levels, making sure the taps continue to flow with Hetch Hetchy water for future generations is a daunting task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also a race against time. A stretch of Hetch Hetchy water pipelines cross the Hayward fault, an active fault which last ruptured in 1868. The past five earthquakes on that fault had intervals of roughly 140 years, so the fault could slip at any time, triggering a massive earthquake in a dense urban corridor. Having water on hand to drink and fight fires will be essential to minimizing the repercussions of a massive, magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since ancient Rome, water has been essential to the growth of cities and the expansion of empires. To paraphrase William Mulholland, the visionary engineer behind the 230-mile Owens Valley aqueduct that serves Los Angeles, \"if we don't get it, we won't need it.\" Indeed, empires may come and go but the need for water will persist. The challenge today, it would seem, is how to continue to meet this need while upgrading these marvels of 20th-century engineering to adapt to a 21st-century landscape of seismic hazards, urban growth and stretches of hot, dry days.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 2002, San Francisco voters passed a ballot measure that would more than double their water rates by 2016. Why? Because the majority of those voters felt that spending billions of dollars to seismically retrofit and upgrade their water system was worth such an investment, especially when that water, most of which originated as Sierra Nevada snow melt 167 miles to the east, crosses three active faults on its way to Bay Area faucets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Long overdue for an upgrade, much of the Hetch Hetchy water delivery system was built in the 1920s and 1930s, with large swathes of pipelines made of riveted steel that don't perform well during big earthquakes. At a cost of $4.6 billion, paid for by 2.5 million residents in Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo and San Francisco counties who rely on a blend of Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water, the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission has been installing new pipes and employing state-of-the-art engineering elements designed to withstand, for example, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault. Water storage capacity is also being expanded under the \u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/index.aspx?page=114\">Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program\u003c/a>. When the program is completed in 2016, a new tunnel built 100 feet below the San Francisco Bay will carry a steel water pipeline 5 miles from the peninsula to the East Bay. The nearly 90 year-old, earthen Calaveras dam in southern Alameda county will also be replaced, allowing the adjacent reservoir to finally be filled to its original storage capacity of 31 billion gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24626\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24626\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills pipelines\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-pipelines-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameraman Josiah Hooper and Producer Sheraz Sadiq inside a concrete vault containing two Hetch Hetchy water pipelines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When I was assigned this story, I knew that it would be a challenge to describe key features of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program while also explaining the controversial history of the creation of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct after San Francisco officials received federal permission in 1913 to flood and dam Hetch Hetchy valley in Yosemite National Park. Fortunately, my job was made much easier thanks to the assistance provided by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission to film the construction activities on several key projects and to interview members of their staff, including General Manager Ed Harrington and the director of the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program, Julie Labonte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also helped to find an eloquent historian, \u003ca href=\"http://graybrechin.net/\">Gray Brechin\u003c/a> at UC Berkeley, to share with me the colorful history of Hetch Hetchy. He used to work as a TV Producer at KQED in the '80s, so he knew the importance of delivering concise and engaging soundbites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earliest and most vocal champion for Hetch Hetchy water was San Francisco Mayor James Phelan, who served from 1897 to 1902. Mayor Phelan hired an official at the USGS who was willing to moonlight on Phelan's behalf and file water rights to stretches of the Tuolumne River which flows through the Hetch Hetchy valley. Other water sources such as the American River, Sacramento River and even Lake Tahoe were also considered, and while they would have been cheaper to divert for the bustling metropolis of San Francisco, they wouldn't provide the quality of drinking water passing through the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Valley\">Hetch Hetchy valley\u003c/a> in Yosemite National Park. Even President Theodore Roosevelt, a pragmatic conservationist who had camped with John Muir in Yosemite and established five national parks during his presidency, sympathized with San Francisco's request for the Sierra water flowing through Hetch Hetchy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Muir, a Scottish-born naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, led the fight to save Hetch Hetchy. After the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, local publications like \u003cem>The Call\u003c/em> pilloried Muir for refusing to go along with the city's plans to dam the valley. But Muir stood firm, writing passionately about the \"cathedral\" of Hetch Hetchy in national publications and trying to rally wealthy East Coast contacts and friends to his cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Phelan left office in 1902, a corruption scandal involving his successor and a series of ineffectual, caretaker mayors didn't help the city's grasp for the waters of Hetch Hetchy. But the tide began to turn with the election of James Rolph Jr. in 1911 and President Woodrow Wilson's appointment of Phelan business associate and attorney, Franklin K. Lane, as Secretary of the Interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1913, Congress passed and President Wilson signed into law the Raker Act which allowed the city to move forward with the construction of the Hetch Hetchy water system. Muir died just a year later, embittered by the loss of his David vs. Goliath struggle to protect the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we didn't have the resources to visit the reservoir created by the dam at Hetch Hetchy, we were granted rare access inside a new tunnel being adjacent to the Irvington Tunnel. This tunnel transports 95% of the system's water from Sunol to Fremont and it has not been taken out of service for maintenance and repair since 1966. When it's completed in 2014, the nearly 9-foot in diameter new Irvington Tunnel will offer an important level of redundancy to back-up a critical piece of Hetch Hetchy infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24627\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24627\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills roadheader\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills-roadheader-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A roadheader inside the New Irvington Tunnel which is being built alongside the old Irvington Tunnel to convey Hetch Hetchy and local reservoir water from Sunol Valley to Fremont.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Redundancy\" is a word that came up quite often during my research into the Hetch Hetchy Water System Improvement Program which, in addition to the New Irvington Tunnel, is building other infrastructure to ensure the continued delivery of 265 million gallons of water a day within 24 hours of a major earthquake. Take for example the new Bay Division Pipeline, a fifth regional pipeline that will extend for 21 miles, including a five mile-section bored under the San Francisco Bay that will connect to a seven mile-section of pipe extending from Newark to the New Irvington Tunnel in Fremont. The new 6-foot diameter, welded steel water pipeline will also extend nine miles from Menlo Park across the peninsula in San Mateo county. The last time a regional water pipeline was added to the Hetch Hetchy water system was Bay Division Pipeline #4, built in 1973 to carry water south of the San Francisco Bay alongside another regional pipeline completed 17 years earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24628\" title=\"512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2 trailing gear\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/512A_HetchHetchy_ProductionStills2-trailing-gear-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two sections of trailing gear located next to the new Bay Tunnel construction site in Menlo Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So the overhaul of the Hetch Hetchy system will improve earthquake reliability, in part through redundant, back-up structures like the New Irvington Tunnel and the new Bay Division Pipeline #5. The upgrades to the water system will also boost storage capacity and, according to Julie Labonte and Ed Harrington, will also enable more efficient use of water through enhanced delivery of recycled water or groundwater. Given the likely increase in the Bay Area's population, and the effects of climate change on rainfall and Sierra snowpack levels, making sure the taps continue to flow with Hetch Hetchy water for future generations is a daunting task.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's also a race against time. A stretch of Hetch Hetchy water pipelines cross the Hayward fault, an active fault which last ruptured in 1868. The past five earthquakes on that fault had intervals of roughly 140 years, so the fault could slip at any time, triggering a massive earthquake in a dense urban corridor. Having water on hand to drink and fight fires will be essential to minimizing the repercussions of a massive, magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Hayward fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "SF Beta Mobile Gaming Edition Showcases Startups",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/whiskeytango/165476922/lightbox/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27031\" title=\"party\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/party-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by BruceTurner on Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Local technology entrepreneurs, investors and a gaggle of tech loving folk will be descending on \u003ca href=\"http://sfbeta.com/\">SF Beta\u003c/a> tonight, the largest networking event for startup junkies in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SF Beta's regular events offer early stage startups (those with under $1 million in funding) a chance to demo their product or service to a room of over 500 fellow technology fans. Companies will demo at SF Beta to gain exposure, meet business partners and grab the attention of investors. Part interactive competition, all the attendees receive three chips, simulating investment poker chips. Participants place their \"bets\" on their favorite demos and winners receive extra exposure at the event and online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Started in September of 2006 by Christian Perry, the event is now entering into its fifth year. Perry created the event due to a lack of technology mixers for the next generation of startups. He pulled together the first event in two weeks and hasn't looked back. What started out as a hobby has become Perry's full time job. He now organizes quarterly \"beta\" events in Seattle, Bolder, NY, Boston and Dublin. SF Beta runs every other month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tonight's mobile game edition features 14 demos. For coding enthusiasts, \u003ca href=\"http://www.primerlabs.com/\">Code Hero\u003c/a> will be demoing its game which teaches Javascript through a game interface while \u003ca href=\"http://getjoypad.com/\">Joypad\u003c/a> will be showing off its app which turns an iPhone into a game controller. \u003ca href=\"http://www.snapzing.com/\">Snapzing\u003c/a>, a social photo game, encourages users to take photos with their phone and compete in daily contests where they can win real prizes. With a dozen more gaming demos, this should be an inspiring event.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nSF Beta is being held at Terra SF. The event runs from 6 - 9pm and costs $25 per person. For more information, visit \u003ca href=\"http://sfbeta.com/\">SF Beta\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/FerryBuildingClock.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/FerryBuildingClock-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"FerryBuildingClock\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26956\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wee hours of Sunday morning, the little hand on the clock ticked backwards one hour and Daylight Saving Time ended. Now we’re on Standard Time, which will last for about 4 months, until we click forward to Daylight Saving Time again in March. Daylight Saving Time (DST) started in Europe during WWI, to save energy, and has been used consistently in the US since 1966. DST was temporarily extended in 1974 and 1975, to save energy during the Arab Oil Embargo. It was extended in 1986 and again in 2007—DST now begins earlier in the spring and ends later in the fall than ever before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we turn the clock forward in the spring, we move an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening. The idea is that we save energy in the evenings, because we don’t need to turn our lights on for an extra hour. A \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/pdfs/epact_sec_110_edst_report_to_congress_2008.pdf\">2008 report to Congress\u003c/a> quantified the amount of energy saved after the 3-week extension of DST that began in 2007: 1.3 Tera Watt-hours, a decrease of 0.03% of the country’s annual energy usage. The amount of energy saved depends on where you live. You might actually use MORE energy during DST, if you need to run your heater on a cold, dark morning or if you come home at the end of a workday to a hot, stuffy house and need to run your air conditioner. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that extra hour of daylight impacts more than just the energy bill, as reviewed in an \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/110313-daylight-savings-time-2011-what-time-is-it-spring-forward-nation/\">article in National Geographic Daily News\u003c/a>. People tend to be more active outdoors during DST. This is beneficial for tourism. Plus, crime rates drop because crime tends to happen in darkness. There are fewer traffic accidents because people aren’t driving home from work in the dark. And there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/06/daylight-savings-time-health_n_1078661.html\">effects on human health\u003c/a>: there is evidence that springing forward is linked with increased risk of heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are places in the world that don’t observe Daylight Saving Time; their inhabitants don’t have to deal with the bi-annual adjustment of their internal clocks. In areas close to the equator, day length remains relatively consistent throughout the year; there is not much daylight to save. Many tropical lands don’t observe DST, including Hawaii. (Neither do parts of Arizona—don’t ask me why). Russia observes DST year round, and in the summer turns its clock forward an hour anyway—Double DST. In 2001, in the wake of rolling blackouts, California requested to observe Daylight Saving Time year round, and observe double DST during the summer. \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/displayOneReport.php?pubNum=P400-01-013\">This report\u003c/a> details small but measurable energy savings, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/daylightsaving.html\">the request was never approved\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turning clocks back and forth doesn’t make the airlines happy, as they try to schedule international connecting flights that originate in one time zone and end in another, which may or may not be observing DST, depending on the day of the year. The whole idea of a standard time, at least in the US, began with the advent of the railroad. Before that, towns set their own time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was a kid, I went to summer camp in New Brunswick, pretty far north, where summertime sunsets occur around 9:00. We would have “camp time”—we’d turn the clock back, so it would seem to get dark earlier in the evening. We could sing camp songs and cook bannock around a campfire, and still be in our bunks by 10. Time, I guess, is relative.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/FerryBuildingClock.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/FerryBuildingClock-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"FerryBuildingClock\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26956\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the wee hours of Sunday morning, the little hand on the clock ticked backwards one hour and Daylight Saving Time ended. Now we’re on Standard Time, which will last for about 4 months, until we click forward to Daylight Saving Time again in March. Daylight Saving Time (DST) started in Europe during WWI, to save energy, and has been used consistently in the US since 1966. DST was temporarily extended in 1974 and 1975, to save energy during the Arab Oil Embargo. It was extended in 1986 and again in 2007—DST now begins earlier in the spring and ends later in the fall than ever before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we turn the clock forward in the spring, we move an hour of daylight from the morning to the evening. The idea is that we save energy in the evenings, because we don’t need to turn our lights on for an extra hour. A \u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/pdfs/epact_sec_110_edst_report_to_congress_2008.pdf\">2008 report to Congress\u003c/a> quantified the amount of energy saved after the 3-week extension of DST that began in 2007: 1.3 Tera Watt-hours, a decrease of 0.03% of the country’s annual energy usage. The amount of energy saved depends on where you live. You might actually use MORE energy during DST, if you need to run your heater on a cold, dark morning or if you come home at the end of a workday to a hot, stuffy house and need to run your air conditioner. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that extra hour of daylight impacts more than just the energy bill, as reviewed in an \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/11/110313-daylight-savings-time-2011-what-time-is-it-spring-forward-nation/\">article in National Geographic Daily News\u003c/a>. People tend to be more active outdoors during DST. This is beneficial for tourism. Plus, crime rates drop because crime tends to happen in darkness. There are fewer traffic accidents because people aren’t driving home from work in the dark. And there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/06/daylight-savings-time-health_n_1078661.html\">effects on human health\u003c/a>: there is evidence that springing forward is linked with increased risk of heart attacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are places in the world that don’t observe Daylight Saving Time; their inhabitants don’t have to deal with the bi-annual adjustment of their internal clocks. In areas close to the equator, day length remains relatively consistent throughout the year; there is not much daylight to save. Many tropical lands don’t observe DST, including Hawaii. (Neither do parts of Arizona—don’t ask me why). Russia observes DST year round, and in the summer turns its clock forward an hour anyway—Double DST. In 2001, in the wake of rolling blackouts, California requested to observe Daylight Saving Time year round, and observe double DST during the summer. \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/publications/displayOneReport.php?pubNum=P400-01-013\">This report\u003c/a> details small but measurable energy savings, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov/daylightsaving.html\">the request was never approved\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/07/sniffing-out-mr-right/sniffingdogs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26726\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SniffingDogs\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-26726\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Lots of animals pick their mate at least partly by how they smell. And a bunch of studies show that it may not be that different in people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite ones are those where women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/29/the-nose-knows/\">sniff the shirts of various men\u003c/a> and pick out the ones that smell the best to them. The ones they like best are usually from men whose immune systems are most different from theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some sense if you think about it. The strongest immune system is a varied one. It can fight off lots of different kinds of bacteria, parasites, and viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since our immune system is programmed by our genes and our genes come from mom and dad, the more different mom and dad’s genes are, the more varied your immune system will be. So ideally you would choose a mate that would give your children the stronger immune system. That mate would have an immune system very different from yours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way you might be able to find that particular mate is if different immune systems have different odors. The stinky guys share your immune system; the pleasant smelling ones have a different one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to be what is happening in these armpit smelling experiments. So at least some amount of attraction between people is happening with the nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what I found even more interesting was that oral contraceptives mess with this system. Women on the pill tend to prefer the smell of men with similar immune systems. Some scientists think this is because pregnant women prefer family around them and family tends to have a similar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first read this I thought, “Wow, this is going to really mess up future generations’ immune systems. Maybe it even helps to explain the recent rise in allergies and autoimmune diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I caught myself and thought a little harder. It is probably not that likely that the recent increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases would have happened so quickly if the pill were the main culprit. And besides, there is undoubtedly more to human mate selection than smell!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are complicated. There are all sorts of cues that cause someone to fall in love. Pheromones may play a role but they are certainly not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some studies use photos and ask women which men are the most attractive. The women in these studies tend to pick men with more similar immune systems (apparently there is some correlation between facial symmetry and the immune system).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when scientists look at couples who actually have children together, they get mixed results. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">early study\u003c/a> pointed to Europeans having children with partners with different immune system genes. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000925\">deeper look at that data\u003c/a> and looking at a larger group of couples showed that this didn’t seem to be the case. Differing immune systems had little impact on who women chose to have children with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most that could be said was that women tended to avoid men with really similar immune systems. A bit similar was OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course we could already be seeing the effects of the pill in these studies. Maybe if the women in these studies hadn’t been on the pill when they met their partners, they might have chosen someone with a more dissimilar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists need to look at people who did not meet while women were on the pill. Then we will have a better idea of how big a role your nose plays in choosing your soul mate. And how worried we should be about the pill’s effect on that selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html\">Nice PBS video about the t-shirt smelling experiments.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/07/sniffing-out-mr-right/sniffingdogs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26726\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SniffingDogs\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-26726\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/SniffingDogs-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Lots of animals pick their mate at least partly by how they smell. And a bunch of studies show that it may not be that different in people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite ones are those where women \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/29/the-nose-knows/\">sniff the shirts of various men\u003c/a> and pick out the ones that smell the best to them. The ones they like best are usually from men whose immune systems are most different from theirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This makes some sense if you think about it. The strongest immune system is a varied one. It can fight off lots of different kinds of bacteria, parasites, and viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since our immune system is programmed by our genes and our genes come from mom and dad, the more different mom and dad’s genes are, the more varied your immune system will be. So ideally you would choose a mate that would give your children the stronger immune system. That mate would have an immune system very different from yours. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way you might be able to find that particular mate is if different immune systems have different odors. The stinky guys share your immune system; the pleasant smelling ones have a different one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seems to be what is happening in these armpit smelling experiments. So at least some amount of attraction between people is happening with the nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what I found even more interesting was that oral contraceptives mess with this system. Women on the pill tend to prefer the smell of men with similar immune systems. Some scientists think this is because pregnant women prefer family around them and family tends to have a similar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I first read this I thought, “Wow, this is going to really mess up future generations’ immune systems. Maybe it even helps to explain the recent rise in allergies and autoimmune diseases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I caught myself and thought a little harder. It is probably not that likely that the recent increases in allergies and autoimmune diseases would have happened so quickly if the pill were the main culprit. And besides, there is undoubtedly more to human mate selection than smell!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are complicated. There are all sorts of cues that cause someone to fall in love. Pheromones may play a role but they are certainly not the whole story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, some studies use photos and ask women which men are the most attractive. The women in these studies tend to pick men with more similar immune systems (apparently there is some correlation between facial symmetry and the immune system).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when scientists look at couples who actually have children together, they get mixed results. An \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000184\">early study\u003c/a> pointed to Europeans having children with partners with different immune system genes. But a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000925\">deeper look at that data\u003c/a> and looking at a larger group of couples showed that this didn’t seem to be the case. Differing immune systems had little impact on who women chose to have children with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most that could be said was that women tended to avoid men with really similar immune systems. A bit similar was OK.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course we could already be seeing the effects of the pill in these studies. Maybe if the women in these studies hadn’t been on the pill when they met their partners, they might have chosen someone with a more dissimilar immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists need to look at people who did not meet while women were on the pill. Then we will have a better idea of how big a role your nose plays in choosing your soul mate. And how worried we should be about the pill’s effect on that selection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/6/l_016_08.html\">Nice PBS video about the t-shirt smelling experiments.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Swords to Test Tubes: The Million Veteran Program",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"schuler_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Schuler is one of 10,000 vets to have donated blood samples to the Million Veteran Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, on Veterans Day, we hear stories about bravery on the battlefield, or the challenges returning veterans face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is about a different type of military service: It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">a project\u003c/a> where veterans help scientists learn more about conditions like cancer and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's what brought Carl Schuler to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto one sunny October morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler served in the military for ten years, completing two tours in Iraq. The second tour was in Fallujah, where he oversaw a batallion of 18 soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunts him about his time in Iraq is the fact that he came home largely unscathed. That was not the case for his best friend, who was badly injured by an IED. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You start thinking, well, how fair is that?\" says Schuler. \"Here's my friend, 88 percent burned, two people in his battalion killed. And here I am in a similar situation and we're all OK. It's a tough thing to deal with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the States, Schuler struggled with problems that will sound familiar to a lot of returning vets. He's had to tame his road rage. And sometimes, he can be a bit withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's gotten him through this is helping other returning soldiers. He is now a fellow for a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.missioncontinues.org/\">The Mission Continues\u003c/a>. His placement is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://app01.usatogether.org/\">USA Together\u003c/a>, counseling Bay Area vets who are having financial problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that same impulse -- to help vets – that brought him down to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto on a recent morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler came to take part in something called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">Million Veterans Program\u003c/a>, or MVP. It is a project to build the largest database of medical information in the world, with both medical histories and blood samples from one million US vets. The Medical Center in Palo Alto is one of 33 VA hospitals across the country taking part, with the ultimate goal of making participation available to all veterans enrolled in the VA healthcare system. The recruitment will last between five and seven years. In 2012 alone, the program is projected to cost $19.8 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this program possible is something that puts the VA well ahead of the curve, when it comes to health care: electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when virtually every other sector of the economy has gone online, medicine has lagged behind. Most American doctors still carry paper files when they go into see a patient. Less than a third of hospitals have digitized records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VA abounds in electronic data, says the VA’s Dr. Jennifer Hoblyn. She says in addition to clinical records of its 8.6 million patients, the VA also has annual assessments that it uses to track patients, including evaluations of depression, PTSD, alcoholic substances, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions. All of the information is digitized and available to VA doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an amazing medical record,\" says Hoblyn, \"and it stretches back 25 years.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the VA wants to pair that information -- detached from individual names -- with anonymous blood samples from a million vets. It would be the biggest medical database in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an exciting prospect for people like Robert Hiatt, who chairs the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsis at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiatt says when he started out in his field, researchers would send staff with clipboards from doctor’s office to doctor’s office, pulling folders from shelves and manually tallying up the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic databases have made this type of research vastly faster and more powerful. A massive database like what the VA is building would allow Hiatt to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would help him and other researchers look for genetic explanations to the mystery of why some people get sick with diseases like lung cancer, and others don't. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know smoking leads to lung cancer, but not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer,\" says Hiatt. \"And some people who get lung cancer don't smoke. Is that because of some genetic predisposition? Or some large genetic protective effect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those types of questions are common in epidemiology, as well as in drug development, where researchers try and understand why some drugs work for some people, but not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA, one major focus of research is on PTSD, which is relatively common, but hard to predict. Some soldiers suffer terribly. Others don't. To understand why, you need to look for patterns, across large numbers of vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Kupersmith, the VA's Chief Research and Development Officer, says the MVP will allow VA researchers to compare the genes of people who have PTSD with others who don't. They’ll also take environmental factors into consideration: Where a vet lives, what other conditions he or she has, what he or she might have been exposed to in the service. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets to be very complicated,\" says Kupersmith, \"and you need large numbers to sort it out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like an impressionist painting that only comes into focus when you stand far away from it. The more data, says UCSF’s Robert Hiatt, the stronger your conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Big numbers are important because effects are small. In order to see effects and have some confidence in them, you need large numbers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Million Veteran Project signed on its ten thousandth participant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Flier\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26846\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA's Kupersmith believes that in 18 months they’ll pass the half-million mark. That would put them well ahead of the other medical databases currently available to researchers, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/DORExternal/rpgeh/index.aspx\">Kaiser Permanete's biobank\u003c/a>, which includes anonymous saliva samples -- containing DNA -- from 170,000 Kaiser patients, and is aiming for 500,000 participants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach its goal, VA staff will have to convince hundreds of thousands of veterans to come in and donate blood. They'll also have to reassure them that the information will be kept private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The info is totally de-identified,\" says the VA's Jennifer Hoblyn. \"Each sample gets a unique study info number. So actually it won’t be connected with your name whatsoever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler says he knows this information isn't likely to improve his own health, or even that of the soldiers he served with. But he considers it an extension of his work to help other vets, \"another piece of the puzzle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a way to continue his service, even now that he's back home.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-07-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26844\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"schuler_2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26844\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/schuler_2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carl Schuler is one of 10,000 vets to have donated blood samples to the Million Veteran Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every year, on Veterans Day, we hear stories about bravery on the battlefield, or the challenges returning veterans face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is about a different type of military service: It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">a project\u003c/a> where veterans help scientists learn more about conditions like cancer and post-traumatic stress disorder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's what brought Carl Schuler to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto one sunny October morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler served in the military for ten years, completing two tours in Iraq. The second tour was in Fallujah, where he oversaw a batallion of 18 soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunts him about his time in Iraq is the fact that he came home largely unscathed. That was not the case for his best friend, who was badly injured by an IED. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You start thinking, well, how fair is that?\" says Schuler. \"Here's my friend, 88 percent burned, two people in his battalion killed. And here I am in a similar situation and we're all OK. It's a tough thing to deal with.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the States, Schuler struggled with problems that will sound familiar to a lot of returning vets. He's had to tame his road rage. And sometimes, he can be a bit withdrawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's gotten him through this is helping other returning soldiers. He is now a fellow for a group called \u003ca href=\"http://www.missioncontinues.org/\">The Mission Continues\u003c/a>. His placement is with a group called \u003ca href=\"https://app01.usatogether.org/\">USA Together\u003c/a>, counseling Bay Area vets who are having financial problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that same impulse -- to help vets – that brought him down to the VA Medical Center in Palo Alto on a recent morning. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler came to take part in something called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/mvp/\">Million Veterans Program\u003c/a>, or MVP. It is a project to build the largest database of medical information in the world, with both medical histories and blood samples from one million US vets. The Medical Center in Palo Alto is one of 33 VA hospitals across the country taking part, with the ultimate goal of making participation available to all veterans enrolled in the VA healthcare system. The recruitment will last between five and seven years. In 2012 alone, the program is projected to cost $19.8 million. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this program possible is something that puts the VA well ahead of the curve, when it comes to health care: electronic medical records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when virtually every other sector of the economy has gone online, medicine has lagged behind. Most American doctors still carry paper files when they go into see a patient. Less than a third of hospitals have digitized records.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But VA abounds in electronic data, says the VA’s Dr. Jennifer Hoblyn. She says in addition to clinical records of its 8.6 million patients, the VA also has annual assessments that it uses to track patients, including evaluations of depression, PTSD, alcoholic substances, traumatic brain injury, and other conditions. All of the information is digitized and available to VA doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's an amazing medical record,\" says Hoblyn, \"and it stretches back 25 years.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the VA wants to pair that information -- detached from individual names -- with anonymous blood samples from a million vets. It would be the biggest medical database in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's an exciting prospect for people like Robert Hiatt, who chairs the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatisticsis at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hiatt says when he started out in his field, researchers would send staff with clipboards from doctor’s office to doctor’s office, pulling folders from shelves and manually tallying up the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Electronic databases have made this type of research vastly faster and more powerful. A massive database like what the VA is building would allow Hiatt to compare thousands of anonymous medical records with just a few keystrokes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would help him and other researchers look for genetic explanations to the mystery of why some people get sick with diseases like lung cancer, and others don't. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know smoking leads to lung cancer, but not everyone who smokes gets lung cancer,\" says Hiatt. \"And some people who get lung cancer don't smoke. Is that because of some genetic predisposition? Or some large genetic protective effect?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those types of questions are common in epidemiology, as well as in drug development, where researchers try and understand why some drugs work for some people, but not others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA, one major focus of research is on PTSD, which is relatively common, but hard to predict. Some soldiers suffer terribly. Others don't. To understand why, you need to look for patterns, across large numbers of vets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joel Kupersmith, the VA's Chief Research and Development Officer, says the MVP will allow VA researchers to compare the genes of people who have PTSD with others who don't. They’ll also take environmental factors into consideration: Where a vet lives, what other conditions he or she has, what he or she might have been exposed to in the service. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It gets to be very complicated,\" says Kupersmith, \"and you need large numbers to sort it out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a bit like an impressionist painting that only comes into focus when you stand far away from it. The more data, says UCSF’s Robert Hiatt, the stronger your conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Big numbers are important because effects are small. In order to see effects and have some confidence in them, you need large numbers.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, the Million Veteran Project signed on its ten thousandth participant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Flier-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Flier\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-26846\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA's Kupersmith believes that in 18 months they’ll pass the half-million mark. That would put them well ahead of the other medical databases currently available to researchers, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.dor.kaiser.org/external/DORExternal/rpgeh/index.aspx\">Kaiser Permanete's biobank\u003c/a>, which includes anonymous saliva samples -- containing DNA -- from 170,000 Kaiser patients, and is aiming for 500,000 participants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To reach its goal, VA staff will have to convince hundreds of thousands of veterans to come in and donate blood. They'll also have to reassure them that the information will be kept private.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The info is totally de-identified,\" says the VA's Jennifer Hoblyn. \"Each sample gets a unique study info number. So actually it won’t be connected with your name whatsoever.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schuler says he knows this information isn't likely to improve his own health, or even that of the soldiers he served with. But he considers it an extension of his work to help other vets, \"another piece of the puzzle,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a way to continue his service, even now that he's back home.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores!",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/asteroid20100429-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26681\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" title=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Radar image taken in 2010 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On November 8th at 3:28 PM PST the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. This is a relatively close pass for an asteroid, like a football-stadium-sized football making a field goal through the posts of the Earth and the Moon. Fortunately for us, there will be no touchdown….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 1,300 feet across, this roughly spherical, charcoal-black space rock would give us quite a wallop if it were to hit the Earth. A bit larger than a typical football stadium (including a bit of the parking lot), if this asteroid were to strike Earth's ocean a powerful tsunami result, and if it struck land, a city-sized hole in the ground. Not to mention a lot of fireworks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids and comets that can come close to the Earth—\u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news171.html\">Near Earth Objects\u003c/a>, or NEOs—have been a concern to life on Earth since it began. From the end of the \"era of heavy bombardment,\" when the young Earth endured frequent impacts by asteroids and comets, large and small, debris leftover from the formation of our Solar System still meets up on occasion with our planet. Craters from past large impacts can be found today, camouflaged by millennia or eons of erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity—Earth's scar-healing processes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crater left by a 10-mile-sized asteroid (that would be the stadium, parking lot, and the surrounding major metropolitan area) believed to have contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs lies hidden and buried at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula: the \u003ca href=\"http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/chicxulub.htm\">Chicxulub crater\u003c/a>. (No, Chicxulub is not an all-women car service station….) Other craters masquerade as round lakes and other landscape sculptures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are quite candidly impact craters, like \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater, Arizona\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>\" near Winslow Arizona. When I was in the Peace Corps in Cameroon, my house was 2 kilometers from a round lake that is apparently a meteorite crater. (That's Lake Ejagham; \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=lake+ejagham,+cameroon&hl=en&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=43.25835,71.894531&vpsrc=0&hnear=Ejagham+Lake&t=h&z=12\" title=\"Lake Ejagham, Cameroon\">check it out\u003c/a> at 5.750000 degrees north latitude and 8.987778 degrees east longitude.) Lake Ejagham is about a kilometer in diameter and 60 meters deep (not counting sediment infill). The meteorite that created it wasn't nearly that big—probably the size of a very small house….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine an object the size of asteroid 2005 YU55 striking Earth, land or sea. It wouldn't cause our demise—except for unfortunate bystanders—but it would create havoc around ground zero. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though 2005 YU55 will not hit the Earth on November 8, all NEOs that pass that close (within the Moon's orbit) are considered near misses, and are scrutinized by the \"eyes of the Earth\": radio dishes and optical telescopes across the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\" title=\"Chabot Asteroid Search Program\">NEO observing team\u003c/a> will aim the eye of our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, on the asteroid and measure its trajectory, contributing to our knowledge of this particular NEO's orbit and improving our ability to predict its future passes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it's a mere field goal. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On November 8th, at 3:28 PM PST, the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).",
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"description": "On November 8th, at 3:28 PM PST, the asteroid "2005 YU55" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).",
"title": "Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores! | KQED",
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"headline": "Asteroid 2005 YU55 Scores!",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/04/asteroid-2005-yu55-scores-three-points/asteroid20100429-640/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26681\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" title=\"Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26681\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/asteroid20100429-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid 2005 YU55 - Radar image taken in 2010 - Credit NASA/Cornell/Arecibo\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On November 8th at 3:28 PM PST the asteroid \"2005 YU55\" will pass by the Earth at a distance of just over 200,000 miles, or about 40,000 miles within the Moon's orbit. This is a relatively close pass for an asteroid, like a football-stadium-sized football making a field goal through the posts of the Earth and the Moon. Fortunately for us, there will be no touchdown….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about 1,300 feet across, this roughly spherical, charcoal-black space rock would give us quite a wallop if it were to hit the Earth. A bit larger than a typical football stadium (including a bit of the parking lot), if this asteroid were to strike Earth's ocean a powerful tsunami result, and if it struck land, a city-sized hole in the ground. Not to mention a lot of fireworks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, the asteroid's trajectory is well known, and poses no threat to us (at this time).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids and comets that can come close to the Earth—\u003ca href=\"http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news171.html\">Near Earth Objects\u003c/a>, or NEOs—have been a concern to life on Earth since it began. From the end of the \"era of heavy bombardment,\" when the young Earth endured frequent impacts by asteroids and comets, large and small, debris leftover from the formation of our Solar System still meets up on occasion with our planet. Craters from past large impacts can be found today, camouflaged by millennia or eons of erosion, sedimentation, and tectonic activity—Earth's scar-healing processes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crater left by a 10-mile-sized asteroid (that would be the stadium, parking lot, and the surrounding major metropolitan area) believed to have contributed to the demise of the dinosaurs lies hidden and buried at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula: the \u003ca href=\"http://miac.uqac.ca/MIAC/chicxulub.htm\">Chicxulub crater\u003c/a>. (No, Chicxulub is not an all-women car service station….) Other craters masquerade as round lakes and other landscape sculptures. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some are quite candidly impact craters, like \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.meteorcrater.com/\" title=\"Meteor Crater, Arizona\">Meteor Crater\u003c/a>\" near Winslow Arizona. When I was in the Peace Corps in Cameroon, my house was 2 kilometers from a round lake that is apparently a meteorite crater. (That's Lake Ejagham; \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?q=lake+ejagham,+cameroon&hl=en&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=43.25835,71.894531&vpsrc=0&hnear=Ejagham+Lake&t=h&z=12\" title=\"Lake Ejagham, Cameroon\">check it out\u003c/a> at 5.750000 degrees north latitude and 8.987778 degrees east longitude.) Lake Ejagham is about a kilometer in diameter and 60 meters deep (not counting sediment infill). The meteorite that created it wasn't nearly that big—probably the size of a very small house….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now imagine an object the size of asteroid 2005 YU55 striking Earth, land or sea. It wouldn't cause our demise—except for unfortunate bystanders—but it would create havoc around ground zero. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though 2005 YU55 will not hit the Earth on November 8, all NEOs that pass that close (within the Moon's orbit) are considered near misses, and are scrutinized by the \"eyes of the Earth\": radio dishes and optical telescopes across the planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chabot's own \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/asteroid-search.htm\" title=\"Chabot Asteroid Search Program\">NEO observing team\u003c/a> will aim the eye of our 36-inch telescope, Nellie, on the asteroid and measure its trajectory, contributing to our knowledge of this particular NEO's orbit and improving our ability to predict its future passes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it's a mere field goal. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
"title": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Fremont Peak",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremonttop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fremont Peak is renowned for its views of Monterey Bay to the west and the Hollister Valley to the east. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I often think of the Bay Area as a series of regions dominated by a particular mountain. San Francisco is under the sway of Mount Tamalpais, of course, and the East Bay is Mount Diablo territory. Farther south the skylines feature Black Mountain on the west and Mission Peak on the east, then Loma Prieta and Mount Hamilton respectively. And the area stretching from Gilroy to Monterey is the land of Fremont Peak. It makes a good focus for a day trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the area in the online \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/RGM/monterey/monterey.html\">Geologic Map of the Monterey Quadrangle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremontpkmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremontpkmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from California Department of Conservation\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault slashes across the area southwest of Hollister. To its east are young (Miocene and Pliocene, 7 to 4 million years old) sedimentary rocks that correlate with the huge young sequences in the Central Valley. To its west (on the north side) are older sedimentary rocks mostly dating from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs around 35 million years old. The southern part of the map area, where Fremont Peak lies, is granite and related rocks making up the Gabilan Range. You reach the peak through the town of San Juan Bautista, located directly under the \"San Andreas fault\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time to find Anzar Road, north of San Juan Bautista, pay a visit to Anzar Lake, one of the best-developed sag ponds on the San Andreas fault. These form where fault movement causes the ground to sink below the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremanzarlake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremanzarlake\" width=\"600\" height=\"412\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anzar Road runs right along the fault trace pointing straight toward San Juan Bautista, where the old Spanish mission sits next to the fault overlooking the fertile soils that once formed the bottom of ancient Lake San Benito. The uplifted ground here made a desirable location, but the mission has suffered several large earthquakes during its history. The town is a good place to acquire lunch, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, and admire Fremont Peak from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26780\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremSJBmission\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont Peak, formerly known as Gabilan Peak, is the centerpiece of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=564\">Fremont Peak State Park\u003c/a>. The road up the mountain offers eastward views over Hollister Valley to the southern Diablo Range. The vegetation changes as you leave the sedimentary rocks and enter the granite zone. The granite of the Gabilan Range is part of the geologic province called Salinia. It's a segment of the Sierra Nevada that has been carried northward along the San Andreas fault. Other pieces of Salinia occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Point Reyes, and as far north as Bodega Head in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26776\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkeast\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26776\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs in front of the chaparral-covered hill at center. Note the change in vegetation as the bedrock changes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The peak itself is not made up of granite, but rather of the much older metamorphic rocks that lay on top when the granite was emplaced from below. The most distinctive of these rocks is marble. The rock has been so thoroughly squeezed that it contains no fossils from which to determine its age. On the map it's the blue zone labeled \"PzMz\" or Paleozoic-Mesozoic, the scientific version of \"beats me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkmarble/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkmarble\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak itself bears a plaque commemorating the famous stunt pulled by Captain John C. Frémont to taunt the Mexican authorities in early 1846, raising the American flag within sight of the capital in Monterey and Mexican troops gathered to the east. He soon took the flag down, blaming the bad weather, but his point had been made: the United States was coming into the country. The peak itself is a tumble of big marble boulders, worth a close look even if the views are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkplaque/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkplaque\" width=\"500\" height=\"365\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a clear day the whole sweep of Monterey Bay is visible. The western spine of the mountain consists of marble and beautifully displays the difference that topography makes to plant communities. The cool, sheltered north face is forest while the south face is parched grasslands and wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkwest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26779\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkwest\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26779\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock is riddled with small barite mines, and visitors with black lights will get a nice show inside them. At night, the park allows stargazers to \u003ca href=\"http://isthe.com/chongo/fpo/index.html\">view the sky through a 30-inch telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fremont Peak oversees a large region of the Coast Ranges between Monterey and Hollister. When you pay it a visit, be sure to look around your feet too.",
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"description": "Fremont Peak oversees a large region of the Coast Ranges between Monterey and Hollister. When you pay it a visit, be sure to look around your feet too.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26775\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremonttop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26775\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremonttop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fremont Peak is renowned for its views of Monterey Bay to the west and the Hollister Valley to the east. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I often think of the Bay Area as a series of regions dominated by a particular mountain. San Francisco is under the sway of Mount Tamalpais, of course, and the East Bay is Mount Diablo territory. Farther south the skylines feature Black Mountain on the west and Mission Peak on the east, then Loma Prieta and Mount Hamilton respectively. And the area stretching from Gilroy to Monterey is the land of Fremont Peak. It makes a good focus for a day trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the area in the online \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/RGM/monterey/monterey.html\">Geologic Map of the Monterey Quadrangle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26774\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremontpkmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26774\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremontpkmap\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26774\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremontpkmap-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map from California Department of Conservation\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas fault slashes across the area southwest of Hollister. To its east are young (Miocene and Pliocene, 7 to 4 million years old) sedimentary rocks that correlate with the huge young sequences in the Central Valley. To its west (on the north side) are older sedimentary rocks mostly dating from the Eocene and Oligocene epochs around 35 million years old. The southern part of the map area, where Fremont Peak lies, is granite and related rocks making up the Gabilan Range. You reach the peak through the town of San Juan Bautista, located directly under the \"San Andreas fault\" label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have the time to find Anzar Road, north of San Juan Bautista, pay a visit to Anzar Lake, one of the best-developed sag ponds on the San Andreas fault. These form where fault movement causes the ground to sink below the water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremanzarlake/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26773\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremanzarlake\" width=\"600\" height=\"412\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26773\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremanzarlake-400x275.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anzar Road runs right along the fault trace pointing straight toward San Juan Bautista, where the old Spanish mission sits next to the fault overlooking the fertile soils that once formed the bottom of ancient Lake San Benito. The uplifted ground here made a desirable location, but the mission has suffered several large earthquakes during its history. The town is a good place to acquire lunch, visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">GeoZeum\u003c/a>, and admire Fremont Peak from below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/fremsjbmission/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26780\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fremSJBmission\" width=\"600\" height=\"376\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26780\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/fremSJBmission-400x251.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fremont Peak, formerly known as Gabilan Peak, is the centerpiece of \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=564\">Fremont Peak State Park\u003c/a>. The road up the mountain offers eastward views over Hollister Valley to the southern Diablo Range. The vegetation changes as you leave the sedimentary rocks and enter the granite zone. The granite of the Gabilan Range is part of the geologic province called Salinia. It's a segment of the Sierra Nevada that has been carried northward along the San Andreas fault. Other pieces of Salinia occur in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Point Reyes, and as far north as Bodega Head in Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26776\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkeast\" width=\"600\" height=\"418\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26776\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkeast-400x279.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The San Andreas fault runs in front of the chaparral-covered hill at center. Note the change in vegetation as the bedrock changes.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The peak itself is not made up of granite, but rather of the much older metamorphic rocks that lay on top when the granite was emplaced from below. The most distinctive of these rocks is marble. The rock has been so thoroughly squeezed that it contains no fossils from which to determine its age. On the map it's the blue zone labeled \"PzMz\" or Paleozoic-Mesozoic, the scientific version of \"beats me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkmarble/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26777\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkmarble\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26777\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkmarble-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak itself bears a plaque commemorating the famous stunt pulled by Captain John C. Frémont to taunt the Mexican authorities in early 1846, raising the American flag within sight of the capital in Monterey and Mexican troops gathered to the east. He soon took the flag down, blaming the bad weather, but his point had been made: the United States was coming into the country. The peak itself is a tumble of big marble boulders, worth a close look even if the views are good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkplaque/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26778\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkplaque\" width=\"500\" height=\"365\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26778\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkplaque-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a clear day the whole sweep of Monterey Bay is visible. The western spine of the mountain consists of marble and beautifully displays the difference that topography makes to plant communities. The cool, sheltered north face is forest while the south face is parched grasslands and wildflowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/03/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fremont-peak/frempkwest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26779\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"frempkwest\" width=\"600\" height=\"371\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26779\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/frempkwest-400x247.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rock is riddled with small barite mines, and visitors with black lights will get a nice show inside them. At night, the park allows stargazers to \u003ca href=\"http://isthe.com/chongo/fpo/index.html\">view the sky through a 30-inch telescope\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Sharktober Continues in November",
"headTitle": "Sharktober Continues in November | KQED",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26678\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26678\" title=\"leatherbackturtle\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/leatherbackturtle-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"leatherbackturtle\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leatherback turtle offshore of Moss Landing, California. Photographed by Michael Sack, Sanctuary Cruises\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was another incredible weekend visually foraging for wildlife out on the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the season is in transition between the productive upwelling season and the storms of winter, the weather is fine and the wildlife a reflection of the mixture of the seasons. This weekend we were fortunate to see a minke whale, a species not often seen in these waters. The shy black whale swam north along the Pt. Bonita Channel not far from the Marin Headlands as we steamed north towards Bolinas. At a maximum length of 35 feet, the Northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are the second smallest baleen whale, and the smallest in the Northern Hemisphere. Minke whales are widely distributed throughout the world, commonly found from the poles to the tropics, but they prefer the open sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minke whales have been exploited by whalers since at least the 1930s, but were previously overlooked by hunters due to their relatively small size. Since these whales have been targeted by commercial whalers, several thousand have been hunted in the Northern Hemisphere and at least 100,000 have been killed in the Southern Hemisphere. In the past, these whales have been commercially hunted by China, Iceland, Korea, Russia and Taiwan. Today, they are still taken by whaling countries such as Greenland, Japan and Norway as a source of food and for ‘scientific research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California/Oregon/Washington population is estimated to be 500-1,000 animals, so we were fortunate to watch the whale as she shallow dived in the characteristic “head up, roll and dive” without showing the fluke’s pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ocean had barely a mild bump and little wind and the sun glittered on the surface as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsportfishing.com/outerlimits.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outer Limits\u003c/a> headed west on the journey to the islands. En route we spotted a number of unusual seabirds with the help of two biologists who were hitching a ride as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.farallonpatrol.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Farallones Patrol\u003c/a>. This voluntary program incorporates private yachts and fishing boats like the Outer limits to transport people and supplies to aid the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prbo.org/cms/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes Bird Observatory\u003c/a> who work on the island. Abe is a graduate student, while Matthew is a post-doctoral researcher at UC Santa Cruz. They’re recording the calls of storm petrels on the island and with the help of computer algorithms are able to distinguish individuals among all the cacophony of nesting seabirds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the most important nesting sites for seabirds in North America, hundreds of thousands of seabirds visit the Farallones each year. One thing I can attest to on a visit is the sheer overwhelming noise of the birds calling, courting and generally raising a ruckus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s incredible that the scientists can isolate these sound signatures from the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the island, we see \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_Albatross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black-footed albatross\u003c/a> surfing the airwaves and rhinoceros and Cassin’s auklets skittering along the surface — so fat they can barely fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The humpbacks are taking their exit but we are still fortunate enough to steer a parallel path alongside as she steadily sails south. The pace is so even that the captain is able to set a speed and course so that every five minutes the whale rises nearby as she surfaces to breath before diving again. Some dives last nine minutes but most are between five and six minutes. We track the whale for over 45 minutes until the passengers are as somnolent as the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside the island, we encounter our resident California gray whale off the southern end. Also present were two of the white shark cage diving operations that were hoping a shark would swim by. We idled along transferring our passengers as we talked about white sharks, hoping to see the enigmatic predator. We didn’t see a shark but we did see \u003ca href=\"http://topp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tagging of Pacific Pelagic\u003c/a> (TOPP) researcher Scott Anderson out listening for tagged sharks with his acoustic monitoring device in a whaler the size of a female white shark. These biologists tag sharks and follow their movements to learn more about individual behavior, mobility and the shark population in general. As one of the early members of the shark watch program on the island, Scott is extremely knowledgeable and can identify individuals from their scars and markings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We circle the island watching the California sea lions frolic near shore, while steller sea lions and elephant seals bask in the warm sunlight on the rocks of Fisherman’s Cove. On the radio, we hear that my colleague, Dr. Chris Pincetech, who is leading a trip with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oceanic Society\u003c/a> has had the good fortune to see white shark investigating an object at the surface. Chris is with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sea Turtle Restoration Project\u003c/a> and is conducting a Leatherback watch program along the California coast. This project uses wildlife biologist on tours like ours and other voluntary citizen scientists to identify and record observations of these endangered sea turtles. The largest of the sea turtle species, leatherbacks visit our coastal waters to feed on the abundance of jellyfish each summer. In the late fall, the turtles leave the Sanctuary and head west three thousand miles to Japan and Indonesia where they nest. These sea turtles can weigh as much as a ton and can dive nearly 4000 feet! Industrial fishing practices combined with illegal poaching, deadly vessel strikes, and ocean pollution have driven leatherbacks towards extinction. For over 20 years, the Sea Turtle Restoration Project has worked to protect leatherback sea turtles from slipping closer to extinction. The largest and most majestic of all sea turtles survived the extinction of the dinosaurs over 65 million years ago but is now struggling to survive more than another few decades due to deadly industrial fishing, illegal poaching, and threats from vessel strikes and ocean pollution. One of the campaigns by STRP is to help establish our nearshore waters in the Sanctuary and adjacent waters as critical habitat. This designation would increase protection from gill net fisheries and give these incredible animals a chance to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Chris didn’t see a sea turtle (although he did see a shark), but the Leatherback Watch Project successfully reported 20 sightings of leatherbacks this season. The STRP and now the Shark Stewards project I’ll be leading with The \u003ca href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a> will continue studying, advocating and protecting endangered sea life in the future. To sharks, it’s still Sharktober. Weather permitting, we will continue our expeditions through \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbaywhalewatching.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SF Bay Whale Watching\u003c/a> over the next few weekends looking for turtles and sharks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "To sharks, it's still Sharktober. Weather permitting, we will continue our expeditions through SF Bay Whale Watching over the next few weekends looking for turtles and sharks.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one of the most important nesting sites for seabirds in North America, hundreds of thousands of seabirds visit the Farallones each year. One thing I can attest to on a visit is the sheer overwhelming noise of the birds calling, courting and generally raising a ruckus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s incredible that the scientists can isolate these sound signatures from the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near the island, we see \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_Albatross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">black-footed albatross\u003c/a> surfing the airwaves and rhinoceros and Cassin’s auklets skittering along the surface — so fat they can barely fly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The humpbacks are taking their exit but we are still fortunate enough to steer a parallel path alongside as she steadily sails south. The pace is so even that the captain is able to set a speed and course so that every five minutes the whale rises nearby as she surfaces to breath before diving again. Some dives last nine minutes but most are between five and six minutes. We track the whale for over 45 minutes until the passengers are as somnolent as the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alongside the island, we encounter our resident California gray whale off the southern end. Also present were two of the white shark cage diving operations that were hoping a shark would swim by. We idled along transferring our passengers as we talked about white sharks, hoping to see the enigmatic predator. We didn’t see a shark but we did see \u003ca href=\"http://topp.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tagging of Pacific Pelagic\u003c/a> (TOPP) researcher Scott Anderson out listening for tagged sharks with his acoustic monitoring device in a whaler the size of a female white shark. These biologists tag sharks and follow their movements to learn more about individual behavior, mobility and the shark population in general. As one of the early members of the shark watch program on the island, Scott is extremely knowledgeable and can identify individuals from their scars and markings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We circle the island watching the California sea lions frolic near shore, while steller sea lions and elephant seals bask in the warm sunlight on the rocks of Fisherman’s Cove. On the radio, we hear that my colleague, Dr. Chris Pincetech, who is leading a trip with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oceanic Society\u003c/a> has had the good fortune to see white shark investigating an object at the surface. Chris is with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaturtles.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sea Turtle Restoration Project\u003c/a> and is conducting a Leatherback watch program along the California coast. This project uses wildlife biologist on tours like ours and other voluntary citizen scientists to identify and record observations of these endangered sea turtles. The largest of the sea turtle species, leatherbacks visit our coastal waters to feed on the abundance of jellyfish each summer. In the late fall, the turtles leave the Sanctuary and head west three thousand miles to Japan and Indonesia where they nest. These sea turtles can weigh as much as a ton and can dive nearly 4000 feet! Industrial fishing practices combined with illegal poaching, deadly vessel strikes, and ocean pollution have driven leatherbacks towards extinction. For over 20 years, the Sea Turtle Restoration Project has worked to protect leatherback sea turtles from slipping closer to extinction. The largest and most majestic of all sea turtles survived the extinction of the dinosaurs over 65 million years ago but is now struggling to survive more than another few decades due to deadly industrial fishing, illegal poaching, and threats from vessel strikes and ocean pollution. One of the campaigns by STRP is to help establish our nearshore waters in the Sanctuary and adjacent waters as critical habitat. This designation would increase protection from gill net fisheries and give these incredible animals a chance to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"title": "Forum",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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