QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
NOVA “Fabric of the Cosmos” with Brian Green 11/2 Live Webcast
Food Increases Gut Size By Stimulating Stem Cells And Insulin
Affinity for Stone: The Public Art of Ruth Asawa
Sanctuary for Whales, Sanctuary for Sharks
Geekli.st: A New Social Network In The Works For Developers
The Bay Area Science Festival Begins
Will He Have My Nose?
"A Big, Captivating Idea": The Bay Area Ridge Trail
Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached!
Cycads: No Longer "Living Fossils"
Eucalyptus: Fuel for Fire
The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's "Sludge Puddle"
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/fruit-fly.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/fruit-fly-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"fruit fly\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26504\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research from UC Berkeley sheds light on how our bodies respond to food, making room for more when it is available and shrinking the gut when food is scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers investigated how stem cells in the gut of the fruit fly respond when different amounts of food are present. They found that when food is abundant, stem cells in the gut divide more rapidly, increasing the size of the gut as long as food continues to be available. When food is removed, the cells stop dividing and the gut shrinks down again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The real surprise was that the fruit fly intestine is capable of secreting its own insulin,” said principle investigator David Bilder in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/article/26562\">press release\u003c/a>. “This intestinal insulin spikes immediately after feeding and talks directly to stem cells, so the intestine controls its own adaptation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insulin is also the primary signaling molecule for converting blood sugar into usable energy in muscles, and storing it as fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the current findings mean for human physiology or chronic overeating is still unknown, but it raises many new questions regarding the role of intestinal stem cells and metabolism.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of the rock garden in Ruth Asawa's 'Garden of Remembrance' at UCSF. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is more than the peculiar specialty of geologists. All of us have dealt with stone since our deepest ancestors' days in the African savanna, and I welcome the variety of viewpoints that center around it. The child, the builder, the fabricator, the gravestone cutter and the artist see stone in special ways. Lately I've noticed the affinity for stone that Ruth Asawa displays in her art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/index.html\">Ruth Asawa\u003c/a> has created public art in the Bay Area and elsewhere for more than 40 years. Unlike her signature woven wire pieces, Asawa's public commissions are in bronze or stone. The bronze is carefully sculpted and cast, but the stone is as nearly natural as can be. Let's look at two interesting examples in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Buchanan Mall (Nihonmachi) Fountain\u003c/strong> is an installation meant for use and enjoyment as an integral part of the Japantown center. It immediately calls to mind the traditional Japanese rock garden in the streamlines of its cobblestone pavers and island stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawajapantown/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26374\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawajapantown\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawastele/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawastele\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bronze sculptures, one of them a fountain, sit in two stone circles like islands or ponds. Both were inspired by origami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawalotus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26375\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawalotus\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both circles include island stones and are harmoniously faced with Californian river rocks. It interests me that Japan and California, facing each other across the Pacific, both owe their geology to subduction, the plate tectonic process of clashing plates that pushes their rocks together into mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawacloseup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawacloseup\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Garden of Remembrance\u003c/strong> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/tour/garden_remembrance.htm\">in a courtyard at San Francisco State University\u003c/a>, built to commemorate the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II—a troubling act of U.S. public policy and a formative event in Asawa's life. It has two parts, a grassy square and a waterfall rock garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaucsflawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26371\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaucsflawn\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently Asawa's intent for the square was to bring together rocks from each of the ten \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment#WRA_Relocation_Centers\">War Relocation Centers\u003c/a>. But the first stone I approached told me immediately that geology had thwarted this purpose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26376\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26376\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This classic peridotite, streaked blue with serpentine minerals, could not have come from California's Tule Lake or Manzanar. The first would have been black Cascades lava, the second Sierran granite or gneiss. This boulder comes from the Klamath Range. Clearly these stones were symbolic, not literal representatives of the camps. It was a relief at that point to put down my geologist's mindset, because an artwork like this should not distract anyone from its true purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later I learned that the Rohwer, Arkansas, camp where Asawa spent the war years (along with George Takei, Janice Mirikitani and more than 8,000 other American citizens) was located in a marshy lowland with no rocks at all. The same was true of the camp at Jerome, Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there is some color among the ten boulders, most are structureless mudstones, dark and mute. They populate their lawn in a scatter that schematically matches their pattern on the American map. (In that context, the blue peridotite represents Tule Lake and its exceptional role in the camp system. Maybe my geologist's mind has something to work on after all.) Asawa collaborated with stonesetters Isao Ogura and Shigeru Namba in selecting and placing the stones here, and in the uplifting rock garden next to the lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawagarden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26373\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawagarden\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at shady times of day or in the typical fog, this garden must be a bright place thanks to the light-colored Sierran boulders. On a sunny day, the combined direct and reflected light makes it almost dazzling. The top photo of this post shows a closeup. The stones themselves are luscious, coaxing even the geologist to simply stand and gaze.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Stone is more than the plaything of geologists. Each of us sees it in special ways. Take a look at stone in two masterworks by San Francisco artist Ruth Asawa.",
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"description": "Stone is more than the plaything of geologists. Each of us sees it in special ways. Take a look at stone in two masterworks by San Francisco artist Ruth Asawa.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawatop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawatop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail of the rock garden in Ruth Asawa's 'Garden of Remembrance' at UCSF. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Stone is more than the peculiar specialty of geologists. All of us have dealt with stone since our deepest ancestors' days in the African savanna, and I welcome the variety of viewpoints that center around it. The child, the builder, the fabricator, the gravestone cutter and the artist see stone in special ways. Lately I've noticed the affinity for stone that Ruth Asawa displays in her art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ruthasawa.com/index.html\">Ruth Asawa\u003c/a> has created public art in the Bay Area and elsewhere for more than 40 years. Unlike her signature woven wire pieces, Asawa's public commissions are in bronze or stone. The bronze is carefully sculpted and cast, but the stone is as nearly natural as can be. Let's look at two interesting examples in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Buchanan Mall (Nihonmachi) Fountain\u003c/strong> is an installation meant for use and enjoyment as an integral part of the Japantown center. It immediately calls to mind the traditional Japanese rock garden in the streamlines of its cobblestone pavers and island stones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawajapantown/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26374\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawajapantown\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26374\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawajapantown-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawastele/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawastele\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawastele-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bronze sculptures, one of them a fountain, sit in two stone circles like islands or ponds. Both were inspired by origami.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawalotus/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26375\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawalotus\" width=\"600\" height=\"434\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawalotus-400x289.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both circles include island stones and are harmoniously faced with Californian river rocks. It interests me that Japan and California, facing each other across the Pacific, both owe their geology to subduction, the plate tectonic process of clashing plates that pushes their rocks together into mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawacloseup/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawacloseup\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26372\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawacloseup-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Garden of Remembrance\u003c/strong> is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfsu.edu/~puboff/tour/garden_remembrance.htm\">in a courtyard at San Francisco State University\u003c/a>, built to commemorate the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II—a troubling act of U.S. public policy and a formative event in Asawa's life. It has two parts, a grassy square and a waterfall rock garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaucsflawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26371\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaucsflawn\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26371\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaucsflawn-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Apparently Asawa's intent for the square was to bring together rocks from each of the ten \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment#WRA_Relocation_Centers\">War Relocation Centers\u003c/a>. But the first stone I approached told me immediately that geology had thwarted this purpose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawaperid/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26376\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawaperid\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26376\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawaperid-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This classic peridotite, streaked blue with serpentine minerals, could not have come from California's Tule Lake or Manzanar. The first would have been black Cascades lava, the second Sierran granite or gneiss. This boulder comes from the Klamath Range. Clearly these stones were symbolic, not literal representatives of the camps. It was a relief at that point to put down my geologist's mindset, because an artwork like this should not distract anyone from its true purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later I learned that the Rohwer, Arkansas, camp where Asawa spent the war years (along with George Takei, Janice Mirikitani and more than 8,000 other American citizens) was located in a marshy lowland with no rocks at all. The same was true of the camp at Jerome, Arkansas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there is some color among the ten boulders, most are structureless mudstones, dark and mute. They populate their lawn in a scatter that schematically matches their pattern on the American map. (In that context, the blue peridotite represents Tule Lake and its exceptional role in the camp system. Maybe my geologist's mind has something to work on after all.) Asawa collaborated with stonesetters Isao Ogura and Shigeru Namba in selecting and placing the stones here, and in the uplifting rock garden next to the lawn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/27/affinity-for-stone-the-public-art-of-ruth-asawa/asawagarden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26373\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"asawagarden\" width=\"600\" height=\"368\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26373\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/asawagarden-400x245.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at shady times of day or in the typical fog, this garden must be a bright place thanks to the light-colored Sierran boulders. On a sunny day, the combined direct and reflected light makes it almost dazzling. The top photo of this post shows a closeup. The stones themselves are luscious, coaxing even the geologist to simply stand and gaze.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sanctuary for Whales, Sanctuary for Sharks ",
"title": "Sanctuary for Whales, Sanctuary for Sharks ",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26250\" title=\"sharksanctuary640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"sharksanctuary\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. These wildlife tours transit the waters of the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> and visit the southeast Farallon Island, then continue on to the continental shelf where the coastal plane drops into the abyss of the deep sea. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m always amazed at how many San Franciscans are aboard and who have never been on the waters of the Sanctuary, much less out to the islands. The trips start with some trepidation about the weather, the wind and waves and the 27-mile transit to the islands. The nervousness fades as we immediately see several small harbor porpoises before we even cross beneath the Golden Gate. There are more of these shy cetaceans than I have ever seen, and local researcher \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ggcetacean.org/\" href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Bill Keener of Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> confirms that the small dolphins have returned to the San Francisco Bay after an absence of approximately 65 years. Their recent foraging in the bay may be an indicator of the health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing Point Bonita, we enter the shipping channel and begin our search for whales, but it is the pelagic seabirds that first greet us. We are currently experiencing a changing of the guard in the transition between seasons. The productive ecosystem off the coast of California has three oceanographic seasons: upwelling season in the spring and early summer; relaxation in the late summer and fall; the storm season in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the upwelling season (March-July), strong northwest winds and the south flowing California current combine with the earth's rotation to drive surface waters away from the shore. These surface waters are replaced by an upwelling of nutrient-rich deeper water from offshore. The nutrients become available for surface dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae). Phytoplankton form the foundation of this oceanic food web and the combination of nutrients and increased sunlight in spring initiates a bloom of life that radiates up the food web from small shrimp called krill to the great whales. An abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and young fish are food for animals at higher levels of the marine food web. During the summer months endangered blue, humpback and other species of whales visit our National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey, the Gulf of the Farallones and the Cordell Bank to feed on this abundance of krill. Here's a video from a summer trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/qfNu54GBOHU\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the season is in the relaxation mode, and the calm seas and sunny skies help relax the passengers as we watch pelagic and double-crested cormorants, arctic terns and marbled murrelets wing past. The islands are in sight, but no whales so far. With less food, the humpback whales are making their exit as the California gray whales enter our waters in their annual migration from the feeding grounds near Alaska to the warm lagoons of Baja California Mexico where they calve. The gray whale is a success story. Hunted to extinction in the Atlantic, and with a few hundred individuals in the eastern Pacific, protections afforded under the Marine Mammal Protection Act has allowed this population to increase to well over 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mid-channel, we are alerted by another vessel, The Salty Lady, that they are onto humpback whales. Captain Jimmy turns back towards the mainland and we see four humpback whales slowly swimming south. After a half hour, we head back to the islands and soon sea a California gray whale engaging in what looks like feeding near the south side of the Island. Nearby are two \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\" href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\">shark-watching\u003c/a> boats and I wonder if the divers inside the cage witness the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out near the continental shelf, we are joined by over one hundred Pacific white-sided dolphins and among them northern right whale dolphins. The large pod of dolphins swim alongside us, surfing the bow wave as they head north past Middle Rock and north Farallon Islands towards Point Reyes and the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\" href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the great whales migrate, so too do the great white sharks which visit the islands during this season to feed. As we discuss sharks on our way back to San Francisco, I reflect that like the whales. We can protect them in our sanctuary, but we can't protect them as they transit the open sea in their great migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the whales, sharks need protection locally and internationally and require shark sanctuaries, protection from fisheries on the high seas and at home, and shark finning banned worldwide. Perhaps one of the most important things we can do is to protect sharks that are reproducing and to protect nurseries like the southern California bight for white sharks and the San Francisco Bay for sevengill sharks, soupfin sharks and the smaller hound sharks that pup there. Through our Shark Steward program with \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.tirn.net/\" href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\">The Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a>, we are now developing a \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\" href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">San Francisco Shark Sanctuary\u003c/a> to protect local sharks reproducing in the bay so that sharks will continue to swim the waters of California.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-26250\" title=\"sharksanctuary640\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/sharksantuary640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"sharksanctuary\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>Yesterday I led another expedition out into the Gulf of the Farallones on the Outer Limits with Captain Jimmy. These wildlife tours transit the waters of the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://farallones.noaa.gov/\" href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> and visit the southeast Farallon Island, then continue on to the continental shelf where the coastal plane drops into the abyss of the deep sea. Primarily billed as whale watching, these trips are really about the entire ecosystem, and when I’m aboard, we talk shark, because sharks are what I love, study, advocate and protect through my non-profit Sea Stewards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m always amazed at how many San Franciscans are aboard and who have never been on the waters of the Sanctuary, much less out to the islands. The trips start with some trepidation about the weather, the wind and waves and the 27-mile transit to the islands. The nervousness fades as we immediately see several small harbor porpoises before we even cross beneath the Golden Gate. There are more of these shy cetaceans than I have ever seen, and local researcher \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.ggcetacean.org/\" href=\"http://www.ggcetacean.org/\">Bill Keener of Golden Gate Cetacean Research\u003c/a> confirms that the small dolphins have returned to the San Francisco Bay after an absence of approximately 65 years. Their recent foraging in the bay may be an indicator of the health of the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearing Point Bonita, we enter the shipping channel and begin our search for whales, but it is the pelagic seabirds that first greet us. We are currently experiencing a changing of the guard in the transition between seasons. The productive ecosystem off the coast of California has three oceanographic seasons: upwelling season in the spring and early summer; relaxation in the late summer and fall; the storm season in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the upwelling season (March-July), strong northwest winds and the south flowing California current combine with the earth's rotation to drive surface waters away from the shore. These surface waters are replaced by an upwelling of nutrient-rich deeper water from offshore. The nutrients become available for surface dwelling phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae). Phytoplankton form the foundation of this oceanic food web and the combination of nutrients and increased sunlight in spring initiates a bloom of life that radiates up the food web from small shrimp called krill to the great whales. An abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and young fish are food for animals at higher levels of the marine food web. During the summer months endangered blue, humpback and other species of whales visit our National Marine Sanctuaries of Monterey, the Gulf of the Farallones and the Cordell Bank to feed on this abundance of krill. Here's a video from a summer trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/qfNu54GBOHU\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the season is in the relaxation mode, and the calm seas and sunny skies help relax the passengers as we watch pelagic and double-crested cormorants, arctic terns and marbled murrelets wing past. The islands are in sight, but no whales so far. With less food, the humpback whales are making their exit as the California gray whales enter our waters in their annual migration from the feeding grounds near Alaska to the warm lagoons of Baja California Mexico where they calve. The gray whale is a success story. Hunted to extinction in the Atlantic, and with a few hundred individuals in the eastern Pacific, protections afforded under the Marine Mammal Protection Act has allowed this population to increase to well over 20,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mid-channel, we are alerted by another vessel, The Salty Lady, that they are onto humpback whales. Captain Jimmy turns back towards the mainland and we see four humpback whales slowly swimming south. After a half hour, we head back to the islands and soon sea a California gray whale engaging in what looks like feeding near the south side of the Island. Nearby are two \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\" href=\"http://www.greatwhiteadventures.com/\">shark-watching\u003c/a> boats and I wonder if the divers inside the cage witness the whale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Out near the continental shelf, we are joined by over one hundred Pacific white-sided dolphins and among them northern right whale dolphins. The large pod of dolphins swim alongside us, surfing the bow wave as they head north past Middle Rock and north Farallon Islands towards Point Reyes and the \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\" href=\"http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the great whales migrate, so too do the great white sharks which visit the islands during this season to feed. As we discuss sharks on our way back to San Francisco, I reflect that like the whales. We can protect them in our sanctuary, but we can't protect them as they transit the open sea in their great migrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the whales, sharks need protection locally and internationally and require shark sanctuaries, protection from fisheries on the high seas and at home, and shark finning banned worldwide. Perhaps one of the most important things we can do is to protect sharks that are reproducing and to protect nurseries like the southern California bight for white sharks and the San Francisco Bay for sevengill sharks, soupfin sharks and the smaller hound sharks that pup there. Through our Shark Steward program with \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://www.tirn.net/\" href=\"http://www.tirn.net/\">The Turtle Island Restoration Network\u003c/a>, we are now developing a \u003ca title=\"blocked::http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\" href=\"http://seastewards.org/projects/shark-sanctuary-san-francisco/\">San Francisco Shark Sanctuary\u003c/a> to protect local sharks reproducing in the bay so that sharks will continue to swim the waters of California.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Programmers have a new option when looking to network with fellow technorati. \u003ca href=\"http://geekli.st/\">Geekli.st\u003c/a>, a social network for developers and their kin, has taken off since launching merely six weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is the brainchild of Christian Sanz and Reuben Katz, two San Francisco entrepreneurs looking to change the way developers network. Sanz came up with the idea for geekli.st to ease the often painful process of job hunting. Job seekers normally go through the rigamarole of updating their CV, putting it on LinkedIn and reaching out to recruiters that don’t really understand an applicant’s skills. Geekli.st wants to take that model and turn it on its head. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanz and Katz emphasise that they’re building a community where developers like to communicate with each other. They’re trying to create safe place for developers to brag about their accomplishments and build a community of friends that are developers. Instead of creating job titles, they envision geekli.st users promoting projects and people involved with the project to the community. Instead of putting out a job requisition for a specific role, the goal is to find fellow geekli.st developers with complimentary skills to join the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/25/geekli-st-a-new-social-network-in-the-works-for-developers/geeklistprofile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26280\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/geeklistprofile-450x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"geeklistprofile\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">geekli.st profile page\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geekli.st promotes the idea of achievement cards, where users can promote cool projects they’ve worked on. Those cards are then shared with an activity stream with the community, where fellow users can “high five” others, make friends and uncover people with similar interests. Users can share their achievement cards with other social networks such as Twitter and Facebook. Eventually, geekli.st will add analytics supporting achievement cards, to learn how often they’ve been shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/25/geekli-st-a-new-social-network-in-the-works-for-developers/geeklistcard/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26283\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/geeklistcard-450x253.png\" alt=\"Geekli.st achievement card\" title=\"geeklistcard\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26283\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">geekli.st achievement card\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently there are no tools built into the site to help recruiters find potential candidates. Sanz and Katz are proceeding carefully, tracking user behavior on geekli.st and trying to be deliberate and thoughtful about how to best implement those features. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the site is in closed beta, geekli.st has already surpassed 10,000 registered usernames, with beta invites being released daily that give full access to the site. To meet its popularity in growth, the company has taken on eight core advisers and a team of four engineers. They’ve found a home with local incubator, RocketSpace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having taken a tour through geekli.st, I really do appreciate the approach the site is taking to helping developers network. I look forward to seeing where this goes and how geeli.st will walk the fine line between building a strong community and maintaining its integrity as is grows into more of a recruitment resource. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Programmers have a new option when looking to network with fellow technorati. \u003ca href=\"http://geekli.st/\">Geekli.st\u003c/a>, a social network for developers and their kin, has taken off since launching merely six weeks ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site is the brainchild of Christian Sanz and Reuben Katz, two San Francisco entrepreneurs looking to change the way developers network. Sanz came up with the idea for geekli.st to ease the often painful process of job hunting. Job seekers normally go through the rigamarole of updating their CV, putting it on LinkedIn and reaching out to recruiters that don’t really understand an applicant’s skills. Geekli.st wants to take that model and turn it on its head. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sanz and Katz emphasise that they’re building a community where developers like to communicate with each other. They’re trying to create safe place for developers to brag about their accomplishments and build a community of friends that are developers. Instead of creating job titles, they envision geekli.st users promoting projects and people involved with the project to the community. Instead of putting out a job requisition for a specific role, the goal is to find fellow geekli.st developers with complimentary skills to join the team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/25/geekli-st-a-new-social-network-in-the-works-for-developers/geeklistprofile/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26280\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/geeklistprofile-450x253.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"geeklistprofile\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">geekli.st profile page\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geekli.st promotes the idea of achievement cards, where users can promote cool projects they’ve worked on. Those cards are then shared with an activity stream with the community, where fellow users can “high five” others, make friends and uncover people with similar interests. Users can share their achievement cards with other social networks such as Twitter and Facebook. Eventually, geekli.st will add analytics supporting achievement cards, to learn how often they’ve been shared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26283\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/25/geekli-st-a-new-social-network-in-the-works-for-developers/geeklistcard/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26283\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/geeklistcard-450x253.png\" alt=\"Geekli.st achievement card\" title=\"geeklistcard\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26283\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">geekli.st achievement card\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Currently there are no tools built into the site to help recruiters find potential candidates. Sanz and Katz are proceeding carefully, tracking user behavior on geekli.st and trying to be deliberate and thoughtful about how to best implement those features. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the site is in closed beta, geekli.st has already surpassed 10,000 registered usernames, with beta invites being released daily that give full access to the site. To meet its popularity in growth, the company has taken on eight core advisers and a team of four engineers. They’ve found a home with local incubator, RocketSpace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having taken a tour through geekli.st, I really do appreciate the approach the site is taking to helping developers network. I look forward to seeing where this goes and how geeli.st will walk the fine line between building a strong community and maintaining its integrity as is grows into more of a recruitment resource. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"festival\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26227\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\">The Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>, a 10-day celebration of science, starts this week. There are over 50 exciting events throughout the Bay Area, including hikes, lectures, and concerts. From a day of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/stanford-the-tech/\">hands-on activities with Stanford’s Genetics department\u003c/a> to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/hawk-talk-banding-demonstration/\">hawk talk\u003c/a> in the Marin Headlands, from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/explore-what-you-eat-hands-on-science-at-east-bay-farmers%E2%80%99-markets/\">exploration of food at the farmers’ market\u003c/a> to a screening of the movie \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/are-we-alone-a-special-screening-of-contact-with-jill-tarter/\">Contact\u003c/a> with astronomer Jill Tarter (on whom Jodie Foster’s character was based), there is something for everyone.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the highlights: MythBuster Adam Savage will talk with author Mary Roach about her book \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/packing-for-mars/\">Packing for Mars\u003c/a>. Science writer Carl Zimmer will talk with two UCSF scientists about tiny friends and foes in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/gut-check-the-hidden-world-of-microbes-in-your-body/\">Gut Check: The Hidden World of Microbes\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/radiolablive-2/\">RadioLab\u003c/a> will be live at Berkeley’s Zellerbach Hall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots-275x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dinosvsrobots\" width=\"275\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Check out Dinosaurs vs. Robots at the Lawrence Hall of Science on Sunday, October 30.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/30/robots-vs-dinosaurs/\">Dinosaurs vs. Robots\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Hall of Science, you can do hands-on activities to see for yourself which is the most awesome: paleontology or engineering. KQED will moderate a discussion, \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/events/#challenge-promise-artificial-intelligence-bay\">The Challenge and Promise of Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a>, with researchers from Microsoft and Google at the Computer History Museum in San Jose. And there are three Discovery Days, packed with free shows, exhibits, and games. The Discovery Days are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/discovery-days-at-cal-state-east-bay/\">Cal State East Bay\u003c/a> (10/29), \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/05/discovery-days-at-infineon-raceway/\">Infineon Raceway\u003c/a> (11/5), and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/06/dd-at-att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a> (11/6). If you go, keep an eye out for QUEST’s table! Find more fun stuff on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/month/\">calendar\u003c/a>—be sure to click over to see the events in November, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Science Festival is part of a growing movement to celebrate science in the community. The festivals bring together different organizations and individuals to engage diverse audiences in science. The Bay Area Science Festival is organized by the \u003ca href=\"http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/programs/sep/\">Science and Heath Education Partnership\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco—along with dozens of partners. \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/about-/what-is-a-science-festival.html\">Science festivals\u003c/a> started in the UK; now there are annual festivals in Philadelphia and Cambridge, Mass. And last year the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.usasciencefestival.org/\">USA Science and Engineering Festival\u003c/a> descended on the National Mall in Washington DC. To find a science festival near you, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/index.php/go-to-a-festival.html\">map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll be representing the Lawrence Hall of Science at the Discovery Day in AT&T Park on Sunday November 6—the Festival’s finale. Hope to see you there! \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/festival-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"festival\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26227\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/\">The Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a>, a 10-day celebration of science, starts this week. There are over 50 exciting events throughout the Bay Area, including hikes, lectures, and concerts. From a day of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/stanford-the-tech/\">hands-on activities with Stanford’s Genetics department\u003c/a> to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/hawk-talk-banding-demonstration/\">hawk talk\u003c/a> in the Marin Headlands, from an \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/explore-what-you-eat-hands-on-science-at-east-bay-farmers%E2%80%99-markets/\">exploration of food at the farmers’ market\u003c/a> to a screening of the movie \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/are-we-alone-a-special-screening-of-contact-with-jill-tarter/\">Contact\u003c/a> with astronomer Jill Tarter (on whom Jodie Foster’s character was based), there is something for everyone.\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are some of the highlights: MythBuster Adam Savage will talk with author Mary Roach about her book \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/02/packing-for-mars/\">Packing for Mars\u003c/a>. Science writer Carl Zimmer will talk with two UCSF scientists about tiny friends and foes in \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/gut-check-the-hidden-world-of-microbes-in-your-body/\">Gut Check: The Hidden World of Microbes\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/04/radiolablive-2/\">RadioLab\u003c/a> will be live at Berkeley’s Zellerbach Hall. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26230\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 275px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/dinosvsrobots-275x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dinosvsrobots\" width=\"275\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Check out Dinosaurs vs. Robots at the Lawrence Hall of Science on Sunday, October 30.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/30/robots-vs-dinosaurs/\">Dinosaurs vs. Robots\u003c/a> at the Lawrence Hall of Science, you can do hands-on activities to see for yourself which is the most awesome: paleontology or engineering. KQED will moderate a discussion, \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/events/#challenge-promise-artificial-intelligence-bay\">The Challenge and Promise of Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a>, with researchers from Microsoft and Google at the Computer History Museum in San Jose. And there are three Discovery Days, packed with free shows, exhibits, and games. The Discovery Days are at \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/10/29/discovery-days-at-cal-state-east-bay/\">Cal State East Bay\u003c/a> (10/29), \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/05/discovery-days-at-infineon-raceway/\">Infineon Raceway\u003c/a> (11/5), and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/11/06/dd-at-att-park/\">AT&T Park\u003c/a> (11/6). If you go, keep an eye out for QUEST’s table! Find more fun stuff on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/schedule/month/\">calendar\u003c/a>—be sure to click over to see the events in November, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Science Festival is part of a growing movement to celebrate science in the community. The festivals bring together different organizations and individuals to engage diverse audiences in science. The Bay Area Science Festival is organized by the \u003ca href=\"http://biochemistry.ucsf.edu/programs/sep/\">Science and Heath Education Partnership\u003c/a> at the University of California, San Francisco—along with dozens of partners. \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/about-/what-is-a-science-festival.html\">Science festivals\u003c/a> started in the UK; now there are annual festivals in Philadelphia and Cambridge, Mass. And last year the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.usasciencefestival.org/\">USA Science and Engineering Festival\u003c/a> descended on the National Mall in Washington DC. To find a science festival near you, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://sciencefestivals.org/index.php/go-to-a-festival.html\">map\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’ll be representing the Lawrence Hall of Science at the Discovery Day in AT&T Park on Sunday November 6—the Festival’s finale. Hope to see you there! \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26088\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/silcouple/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26088\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SilCouple\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26088\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Or my eyes? Or my smile? Or…? \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is that most traits have not been studied in very much detail. Which makes sense in a world of finite research dollars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is right, we spend most of the limited money on trying to understand and find cures for diseases. Very little goes toward figuring out the chances that Junior will have grandpa’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big reason we can’t make good predictions is that the genetics behind most traits are surprisingly complex. Except maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=44\">red hair\u003c/a>, there really aren’t any simple dominant-recessive traits. Which means we don’t even have the parents with recessive traits to fall back on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you probably already know, we have two copies of each of our genes – one from mom and one from dad. These genes can come in different versions and some versions are dominant and some recessive. The dominant ones trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if you have a recessive trait, then both of your copies of the gene in question should be the recessive version. So if two parents each had a recessive trait, then their child should end up with a recessive trait too. Because that is all the parents have to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why we can predict that two red haired parents will pretty much \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=189\">always have red haired kids\u003c/a> (J.K. Rowling got the Weasleys right!). None of the other traits out there are so simple though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=372\">ear lobe attachment\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\">cleft chin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> and whatever else you learned in high school biology are way more complicated than advertised. None of them are a simple, single gene, dominant/recessive trait. Even eye color is complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much everyone knows that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. And so blue-eyed parents can’t have a brown eyed-child. Heck, one group of scientists even used this as a basis for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-2-804099-0\">evolutionary model\u003c/a>. Too bad it is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-eyed parents can have brown-eyed kids. It isn’t as common as the other way around but it can and does happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is hard to guess what a child will look like just by seeing the parents. But if we could look at their DNA we could predict what their child might look like, right? No. In fact, we couldn’t predict what \u003cem>they \u003c/em>looked like from their DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are often surprised to learn that even if scientists are given a complete genetic readout of a person, they would not be able to predict what he or she looks like. We could guess ethnic background and have a good shot at predicting if they had red hair. And that is pretty much it. Oh, except for eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are starting to make real progress on figuring out eye color from a person’s DNA. By looking at six different markers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309121933.htm\">they can predict\u003c/a> whether someone has blue or brown eyes around 90% of the time. They are only right about hazel, green and other colors about 75% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can see that even “simple” eye color takes six genes to make any good predictions. How can anyone make a good prediction just from looking at two brown eyed people? They can’t without a good family history and even then, they can be fooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is with a well-studied trait where we have the markers and understand what is going on. All bets are off for the other traits. For now anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26088\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/24/will-he-have-my-nose/silcouple/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26088\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SilCouple\" width=\"640\" height=\"369\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26088\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SilCouple-400x231.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Or my eyes? Or my smile? Or…? \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I get these kinds of questions all the time. And except for a few traits, I have to pretty much say I don’t know. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is that most traits have not been studied in very much detail. Which makes sense in a world of finite research dollars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As is right, we spend most of the limited money on trying to understand and find cures for diseases. Very little goes toward figuring out the chances that Junior will have grandpa’s nose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other big reason we can’t make good predictions is that the genetics behind most traits are surprisingly complex. Except maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=44\">red hair\u003c/a>, there really aren’t any simple dominant-recessive traits. Which means we don’t even have the parents with recessive traits to fall back on!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you probably already know, we have two copies of each of our genes – one from mom and one from dad. These genes can come in different versions and some versions are dominant and some recessive. The dominant ones trump the recessive ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if you have a recessive trait, then both of your copies of the gene in question should be the recessive version. So if two parents each had a recessive trait, then their child should end up with a recessive trait too. Because that is all the parents have to share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is why we can predict that two red haired parents will pretty much \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=189\">always have red haired kids\u003c/a> (J.K. Rowling got the Weasleys right!). None of the other traits out there are so simple though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous studies have shown that \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=372\">ear lobe attachment\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=47\">cleft chin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=125\">tongue rolling\u003c/a> and whatever else you learned in high school biology are way more complicated than advertised. None of them are a simple, single gene, dominant/recessive trait. Even eye color is complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty much everyone knows that blue eyes are recessive to brown eyes. And so blue-eyed parents can’t have a brown eyed-child. Heck, one group of scientists even used this as a basis for an \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-2-804099-0\">evolutionary model\u003c/a>. Too bad it is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blue-eyed parents can have brown-eyed kids. It isn’t as common as the other way around but it can and does happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it is hard to guess what a child will look like just by seeing the parents. But if we could look at their DNA we could predict what their child might look like, right? No. In fact, we couldn’t predict what \u003cem>they \u003c/em>looked like from their DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are often surprised to learn that even if scientists are given a complete genetic readout of a person, they would not be able to predict what he or she looks like. We could guess ethnic background and have a good shot at predicting if they had red hair. And that is pretty much it. Oh, except for eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are starting to make real progress on figuring out eye color from a person’s DNA. By looking at six different markers \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/03/090309121933.htm\">they can predict\u003c/a> whether someone has blue or brown eyes around 90% of the time. They are only right about hazel, green and other colors about 75% of the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can see that even “simple” eye color takes six genes to make any good predictions. How can anyone make a good prediction just from looking at two brown eyed people? They can’t without a good family history and even then, they can be fooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that is with a well-studied trait where we have the markers and understand what is going on. All bets are off for the other traits. For now anyway.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail",
"title": "\"A Big, Captivating Idea\": The Bay Area Ridge Trail",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26185\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sierra Vista TRail_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26185\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve adds five miles of hiking and biking trails to the Bay Area Ridge Trail. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Joseph)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it's complete, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail\u003c/a> will stretch 550 miles around the Bay Area. It'll link the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the Golden Gate Bridge, the vineyards of Napa and Sonoma to the Eucalyptus groves of Tilden Park in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as often as possible, it'll give hikers, mountain bikers, and horseback riders a view of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\">the bay\u003c/a> that is the \"centralizing feature\" of this region, says Janet McBride, executive director of the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/ridgetrailoverviewmapsep09.pdf\">See the full map of the Bay Area Ridge Trail (pdf).\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nMcBride and her staff of six work out of a cluttered office in San Francisco’s Presidio district. It’s an incongruously small operation for such a vast project. So far, it's taken 20 years to complete the first 332 miles of the Bay Ridge trail. McBride predicts it'll be another 20 years before it's complete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as an Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Toddlers today who are just beginning to walk, when they celebrate their 21st birthday, they could travel continuously along the ridge trail route,\" says McBride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TrailMap_Cropped\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26184\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New, Five-Mile Addition \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 22nd, McBride and others will be at the Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">celebrating\u003c/a> the latest addition to the Bay Trail: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/sierra.html\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>. Sierra Vista's five miles of trails constitute the biggest section of Bay Area Ridge trail to open up on four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the trail is reachable from Alum Rock Park -- one of the oldest parks in California -- by a steep climb up grassy slopes and through oak woodlands to an altitude of 2500 feet. The reward is a spectacular view over Silicon Valley, clear across to the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can actually look \u003cem>down\u003c/em> at planes taking off from San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build a staging area at the top, with a small parking lot, restrooms and some informational signs, so that people can come here directly, without having to hike all the way up from the valley floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, this is ranch land. But today, Sierra Vista's only permanent residents are Corriente cattle, here to do absolutely nothing but munch on grass, to keep the risk of wildfires down and help maintain wildlife habitat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Litwin, a volunteer coordinator for the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, points out that the peace and quiet up on Sierra Vista are in stark contrast to what's going on below, in the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26183\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"LItwin_Mackenzie_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26183\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara Open Space Authority's Dana Litwin and Andrea Mackenzie helped secure the latest chunk of the Ridge Trail, overlooking San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If you want to get away from a screen for a while, you can come up here and get that break and be reminded that there are things that have value that were here long before any of us.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAn Expensive, Time-Consuming Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining this land took about five years of negotiations with a handful of landowners, descendants of ranching families. Much – though not all – of the money came from a $12 dollar parcel tax on every home in Santa Clara County. The planned staging area will cost about $400,000. Then, there will be the costs of maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of calculations \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-ridge-trail/ci_15159951\">are being carried out\u003c/a> in all nine Bay Area counties, as local open space districts try to figure out how to make their respective chunks of the Ridge Trail a reality. The negotiations are often complicated and can last years. Some landowners are willing to put easements on their land that protect the trail in perpetuity; others sell the land outright. Many landowners worry about trespassing, trash, and property values. Sometimes they can be convinced, other times the trail must be re-routed around them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all costs money. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to what counties have been able to raise independently, much of the money is from the state: open space bonds approved by California voters. But most of that money runs out in two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet McBride says in a tight economic climate, it’s hard to know when is the right time to come back to voters to ask for more money. But she's optimistic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m confident that Californians, and especially residents in the Bay Area are not going to walk away from their parks and open spaces,\" McBride says. \"It’s just too important to our quality of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Downhill_CREDIT OSA STAFF_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Vista trail (photo courtesy of Open Space Authority staff)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Like the great pyramids of Egypt, the 550-mile Ridge Trail will take generations to complete. Think of it as a local Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26185\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Sierra-Vista-TRail_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Sierra Vista TRail_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26185\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve adds five miles of hiking and biking trails to the Bay Area Ridge Trail. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Joseph)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When it's complete, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail\u003c/a> will stretch 550 miles around the Bay Area. It'll link the redwood forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains to the Golden Gate Bridge, the vineyards of Napa and Sonoma to the Eucalyptus groves of Tilden Park in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as often as possible, it'll give hikers, mountain bikers, and horseback riders a view of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\">the bay\u003c/a> that is the \"centralizing feature\" of this region, says Janet McBride, executive director of the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.ridgetrail.org/\">Bay Area Ridge Trail Council\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/ridgetrailoverviewmapsep09.pdf\">See the full map of the Bay Area Ridge Trail (pdf).\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\nMcBride and her staff of six work out of a cluttered office in San Francisco’s Presidio district. It’s an incongruously small operation for such a vast project. So far, it's taken 20 years to complete the first 332 miles of the Bay Ridge trail. McBride predicts it'll be another 20 years before it's complete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it as an Appalachian Trail for the current crop of two-year olds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Toddlers today who are just beginning to walk, when they celebrate their 21st birthday, they could travel continuously along the ridge trail route,\" says McBride. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/TrailMap_Cropped-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TrailMap_Cropped\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-26184\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New, Five-Mile Addition \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 22nd, McBride and others will be at the Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/\">celebrating\u003c/a> the latest addition to the Bay Trail: The \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspaceauthority.org/trails/sierra.html\">Sierra Vista Open Space Preserve\u003c/a>. Sierra Vista's five miles of trails constitute the biggest section of Bay Area Ridge trail to open up on four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the trail is reachable from Alum Rock Park -- one of the oldest parks in California -- by a steep climb up grassy slopes and through oak woodlands to an altitude of 2500 feet. The reward is a spectacular view over Silicon Valley, clear across to the Santa Cruz Mountains. You can actually look \u003cem>down\u003c/em> at planes taking off from San Jose. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step is to build a staging area at the top, with a small parking lot, restrooms and some informational signs, so that people can come here directly, without having to hike all the way up from the valley floor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, this is ranch land. But today, Sierra Vista's only permanent residents are Corriente cattle, here to do absolutely nothing but munch on grass, to keep the risk of wildfires down and help maintain wildlife habitat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Litwin, a volunteer coordinator for the Santa Clara Open Space Authority, points out that the peace and quiet up on Sierra Vista are in stark contrast to what's going on below, in the valley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26183\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/LItwin_Mackenzie_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"LItwin_Mackenzie_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26183\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Clara Open Space Authority's Dana Litwin and Andrea Mackenzie helped secure the latest chunk of the Ridge Trail, overlooking San Jose.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"If you want to get away from a screen for a while, you can come up here and get that break and be reminded that there are things that have value that were here long before any of us.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nAn Expensive, Time-Consuming Process\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obtaining this land took about five years of negotiations with a handful of landowners, descendants of ranching families. Much – though not all – of the money came from a $12 dollar parcel tax on every home in Santa Clara County. The planned staging area will cost about $400,000. Then, there will be the costs of maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of calculations \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-ridge-trail/ci_15159951\">are being carried out\u003c/a> in all nine Bay Area counties, as local open space districts try to figure out how to make their respective chunks of the Ridge Trail a reality. The negotiations are often complicated and can last years. Some landowners are willing to put easements on their land that protect the trail in perpetuity; others sell the land outright. Many landowners worry about trespassing, trash, and property values. Sometimes they can be convinced, other times the trail must be re-routed around them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It all costs money. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to what counties have been able to raise independently, much of the money is from the state: open space bonds approved by California voters. But most of that money runs out in two years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Janet McBride says in a tight economic climate, it’s hard to know when is the right time to come back to voters to ask for more money. But she's optimistic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m confident that Californians, and especially residents in the Bay Area are not going to walk away from their parks and open spaces,\" McBride says. \"It’s just too important to our quality of life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Downhill_CREDIT-OSA-STAFF_adj-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Downhill_CREDIT OSA STAFF_adj\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-26182\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Sierra Vista trail (photo courtesy of Open Space Authority staff)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached!",
"title": "Seeing Relativity: No Bungees Attached!",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse plate\" title=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26065\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Burckhalter's 1900 solar eclipse image with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elevendy-one years ago (that's a hundred and eleven to the non-Shireborne), \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">Chabot Observatory\u003c/a> Director Charles Burckhalter set forth on an expedition across the plains of India, risking bandits, tigers, famine, and plague, on a hunt for big game: a rare meeting of the Sun and the migrating Moon in a total solar eclipse. Little could he know, years later his then-world-class astrophotographs of the event would be used in an effort to prove or disprove the General Theory of Relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1916. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein's \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring98/ast3033/Relativity/GeneralRelativity.htm\">General Theory of Relativity\u003c/a> is the one that describes gravity, that attractive force between objects, not as some kind of invisible bungee cord but as a distortion, or warping, of space (and time) by matter. Other objects within the warped, \"curved\" space accelerate \"downhill\" along the curve, toward the mass producing the distortion. Likewise, objects moving through the gravity field are deflected, their trajectories curved toward the mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick was how to prove this theory with observational evidence. That gravity is a fact is easily demonstrated by holding up an object and then letting go of it. Gravity, whatever gravity is, accelerates it \"downward\"—in our case, toward the center of Earth's mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how to demonstrate that gravity, as Einstein theorized, is the effect of space-time warped by matter causing objects to slide down the \"uneven ground,\" (yeah, using a lot of quotation marks, I know) was a bit like trying to prove that gnomes are responsible for missing keys (as we all know they are, but just can't prove!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, an experiment was proposed to try to sort out the culprit of gravity as curved space-time, or \"merely\" an invisible bungee cord. If space-time is in fact warped around a massive object, then not only other material objects, but non-material forms of energy should follow along the contours of the warp and also be deflected. Light was the handiest observable, non-material form of energy available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the deflection, and the Sun was by far the most massive nearby object available. If the stars behind the Sun's vicinity could be observed to shift their apparent position—as a consequence of their light rays being deflected as they flew past the Sun on their way to Earth—then General Relativity could be observationally confirmed. And there were astronomers in both camps—pro-Relativity and pro-Invisible-Bungee-Cords—trying to observe the effect, or the lack thereof. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse in 1919 made itself available only three years after Einstein published, and so became a very important eclipse to science. (And, coincidentally, occurred on almost the same day of the year, May 29, as the May 28, 1900 eclipse captured by Burckhalter--which meant that the stars whose positions were being measured, the Hyades cluster in Taurus, were the same in both cases.) In the early 20th century, before space-based satellite observatories existed, stars could not be observed close to the Sun's disk, the Sun being so bright as to drown them out completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during a total solar eclipse, the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun's bright disk, briefly giving astronomers a glimpse of the starry background surrounding the Sun. Photographs of the stars' positions taken during the eclipse could be compared to those of the same stars taken at a different time of the year, when the Sun wasn't present in that location, and so the space-time distortions of gravity (if there were any) might be observed in the deflection of the stars' apparent positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Burckhalter's expedition photos from the 1900 eclipse were accessed as part of the observational experiment—including by those on the bungee-advocacy side of the aisle. His innovations in a technique for photographing solar eclipses made his image plates quite valuable among the 1900 sets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, General Relativity was, in fact, demonstrated observationally, by \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_index_0.html\">Arthur Eddington\u003c/a> and others, which opened up a whole new universe of astounding possibilities, including the origin of the universe in the Big Bang, and the existence of the mind-bending, light-devouring objects called Black Holes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, back in the day, Burckhalter was probably more concerned by the sounds of tigers creeping through the bush and reports of the surrounding plague epidemic as he snapped his shots of the darkened Sun above….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "One hundred eleven years ago, Chabot Director Charles Burckhalter photographed a solar eclipse. What he couldn't know is that, almost two decades later, his pictures would be caught up in a race, to prove or disprove, one of the great Universe-changing theories in history.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/21/seeing-relativity-no-bungees-attached/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg\" alt=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse plate\" title=\"Charles Burckhalter 1900 solar eclipse with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26065\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/burckhalter-1900-eclipse-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Burckhalter's 1900 solar eclipse image with stars marked for Relativity analysis. Credit: Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Elevendy-one years ago (that's a hundred and eleven to the non-Shireborne), \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/29/oaklands-observatory/\">Chabot Observatory\u003c/a> Director Charles Burckhalter set forth on an expedition across the plains of India, risking bandits, tigers, famine, and plague, on a hunt for big game: a rare meeting of the Sun and the migrating Moon in a total solar eclipse. Little could he know, years later his then-world-class astrophotographs of the event would be used in an effort to prove or disprove the General Theory of Relativity published by Albert Einstein in 1916. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Einstein's \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/spring98/ast3033/Relativity/GeneralRelativity.htm\">General Theory of Relativity\u003c/a> is the one that describes gravity, that attractive force between objects, not as some kind of invisible bungee cord but as a distortion, or warping, of space (and time) by matter. Other objects within the warped, \"curved\" space accelerate \"downhill\" along the curve, toward the mass producing the distortion. Likewise, objects moving through the gravity field are deflected, their trajectories curved toward the mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trick was how to prove this theory with observational evidence. That gravity is a fact is easily demonstrated by holding up an object and then letting go of it. Gravity, whatever gravity is, accelerates it \"downward\"—in our case, toward the center of Earth's mass. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how to demonstrate that gravity, as Einstein theorized, is the effect of space-time warped by matter causing objects to slide down the \"uneven ground,\" (yeah, using a lot of quotation marks, I know) was a bit like trying to prove that gnomes are responsible for missing keys (as we all know they are, but just can't prove!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, an experiment was proposed to try to sort out the culprit of gravity as curved space-time, or \"merely\" an invisible bungee cord. If space-time is in fact warped around a massive object, then not only other material objects, but non-material forms of energy should follow along the contours of the warp and also be deflected. Light was the handiest observable, non-material form of energy available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the theory went, the greater the mass of an object, the greater the deflection, and the Sun was by far the most massive nearby object available. If the stars behind the Sun's vicinity could be observed to shift their apparent position—as a consequence of their light rays being deflected as they flew past the Sun on their way to Earth—then General Relativity could be observationally confirmed. And there were astronomers in both camps—pro-Relativity and pro-Invisible-Bungee-Cords—trying to observe the effect, or the lack thereof. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total solar eclipse in 1919 made itself available only three years after Einstein published, and so became a very important eclipse to science. (And, coincidentally, occurred on almost the same day of the year, May 29, as the May 28, 1900 eclipse captured by Burckhalter--which meant that the stars whose positions were being measured, the Hyades cluster in Taurus, were the same in both cases.) In the early 20th century, before space-based satellite observatories existed, stars could not be observed close to the Sun's disk, the Sun being so bright as to drown them out completely. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But during a total solar eclipse, the Moon temporarily blocks the Sun's bright disk, briefly giving astronomers a glimpse of the starry background surrounding the Sun. Photographs of the stars' positions taken during the eclipse could be compared to those of the same stars taken at a different time of the year, when the Sun wasn't present in that location, and so the space-time distortions of gravity (if there were any) might be observed in the deflection of the stars' apparent positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Burckhalter's expedition photos from the 1900 eclipse were accessed as part of the observational experiment—including by those on the bungee-advocacy side of the aisle. His innovations in a technique for photographing solar eclipses made his image plates quite valuable among the 1900 sets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, General Relativity was, in fact, demonstrated observationally, by \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMDYPXO4HD_index_0.html\">Arthur Eddington\u003c/a> and others, which opened up a whole new universe of astounding possibilities, including the origin of the universe in the Big Bang, and the existence of the mind-bending, light-devouring objects called Black Holes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, back in the day, Burckhalter was probably more concerned by the sounds of tigers creeping through the bush and reports of the surrounding plague epidemic as he snapped his shots of the darkened Sun above….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Cycads: No Longer \"Living Fossils\"",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycadsf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26007\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadSF\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Living fossil\" is a term for species alive today that have been unchanged for millions of years. Among the animals, the horseshoe crab is considered a classic example, looking just like its remotest ancestor from early Paleozoic times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the plants, people often cite the cycads: a line of fernlike, cone-bearing shrubs that have looked the same since the Permian Period nearly 300 million years ago. Their heyday was in the Jurassic, but today they have dwindled to about 300 species in 11 genera, still with the same old looks and lifestyle. However, in a new paper just published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencexpress.org/\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, a team led by UC Berkeley paleobotanist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/about/profile.php?lastname=Nagalingum&firstname=Nathalie\">Nathalie Nagalingum\u003c/a> used genetic methods to show that nearly all of today's cycad species are actually quite young. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nagalingum, whose team included five other plant specialists, tested two independent gene lines in 199 different cycad species to estimate the speed and timing of their evolution. They also used fossil cycads to calibrate the genetic results, yielding a pair of \"timetrees\" of cycad evolution. The timetrees show just six slender stems, representing ancestral cycad lineages, that extend from the deeper past beyond the end of the Mesozoic Era (and the dinosaurs) 65 million years ago. The stems burst into thick bundles of twigs, like the explosion of skyrockets, much later in geologic time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This news overturns a favorite theory that today's cycad species inherit their characteristics from evolutionary pressures during the days when dinosaurs browsed upon them. Today's species instead arose in the late Miocene, about 10 to 5 million years ago. Nagalingum's team surmises that the reason was rearrangements of the continents that interrupted tropical ocean currents, causing the world to have stronger seasons. Even though the cycads responded to this change with a burst of speciation, two-thirds of existing cycad species are nevertheless on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>. They don't have good tools to thrive in today's colder, drier world. Call them victims of plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research means that cycads aren't really living fossils—relict species bearing the marks of a world now vanished—but ordinary twigs on the bushy tree of life. Only one line of cycads does appear to date from the dinosaur age, little changed to this day: \u003cem>Bowenia spectabilis\u003c/em> and \u003cem>B. serrulata\u003c/em>, of coastal Queensland, Australia. That's not enough to support the dinosaur-browsing theory, but \u003ci>Bowenia\u003c/i> leaves are commonly used in the floral trade for an echo of ages past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycaduc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadUC\" width=\"600\" height=\"478\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC-400x319.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit a variety of cycads in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">Strybing Arboretum\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park and in the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Botanical Garden\u003c/a>, among other places.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Cycads are considered \"living fossils,\" unchanged from the days when Jurassic dinosaurs fed upon them. New research shows that today's cycads are much younger than that.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycadsf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26007\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadSF\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadSF-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Living fossil\" is a term for species alive today that have been unchanged for millions of years. Among the animals, the horseshoe crab is considered a classic example, looking just like its remotest ancestor from early Paleozoic times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the plants, people often cite the cycads: a line of fernlike, cone-bearing shrubs that have looked the same since the Permian Period nearly 300 million years ago. Their heyday was in the Jurassic, but today they have dwindled to about 300 species in 11 genera, still with the same old looks and lifestyle. However, in a new paper just published in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencexpress.org/\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, a team led by UC Berkeley paleobotanist \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/about/profile.php?lastname=Nagalingum&firstname=Nathalie\">Nathalie Nagalingum\u003c/a> used genetic methods to show that nearly all of today's cycad species are actually quite young. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nagalingum, whose team included five other plant specialists, tested two independent gene lines in 199 different cycad species to estimate the speed and timing of their evolution. They also used fossil cycads to calibrate the genetic results, yielding a pair of \"timetrees\" of cycad evolution. The timetrees show just six slender stems, representing ancestral cycad lineages, that extend from the deeper past beyond the end of the Mesozoic Era (and the dinosaurs) 65 million years ago. The stems burst into thick bundles of twigs, like the explosion of skyrockets, much later in geologic time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This news overturns a favorite theory that today's cycad species inherit their characteristics from evolutionary pressures during the days when dinosaurs browsed upon them. Today's species instead arose in the late Miocene, about 10 to 5 million years ago. Nagalingum's team surmises that the reason was rearrangements of the continents that interrupted tropical ocean currents, causing the world to have stronger seasons. Even though the cycads responded to this change with a burst of speciation, two-thirds of existing cycad species are nevertheless on the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iucnredlist.org/\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\u003c/a>. They don't have good tools to thrive in today's colder, drier world. Call them victims of plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This research means that cycads aren't really living fossils—relict species bearing the marks of a world now vanished—but ordinary twigs on the bushy tree of life. Only one line of cycads does appear to date from the dinosaur age, little changed to this day: \u003cem>Bowenia spectabilis\u003c/em> and \u003cem>B. serrulata\u003c/em>, of coastal Queensland, Australia. That's not enough to support the dinosaur-browsing theory, but \u003ci>Bowenia\u003c/i> leaves are commonly used in the floral trade for an echo of ages past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/20/cycads-no-longer-living-fossils/cycaduc/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-26026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"cycadUC\" width=\"600\" height=\"478\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/cycadUC-400x319.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can visit a variety of cycads in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">Strybing Arboretum\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park and in the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley Botanical Garden\u003c/a>, among other places.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Removing eucalyptus trees is labor intensive and expensive. But then, so are fires.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26000\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26000\" title=\"Eucalyptus\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Eucalyptus-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The eucalyptus grove on the Berkeley campus. Photo: {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/2073661175/\"}John-Morgan{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Twenty years ago this week, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiareport.org/archive/R201110141630/c\">fire\u003c/a> ripped through the Oakland and Berkeley hills, taking 25 lives and burning more than 3,000 homes. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus\">Eucalyptus trees\u003c/a>, leaf litter, and long peels of bark were fuel for the fire. The Park Service estimates that eucalyptus was responsible for 70% of the energy released though combustion of vegetation. The trees, leaves, and bark are packed with phenolic compounds that burn hot, and the trees’ tall stature, proximity to homes, and long, swaying branches helped propagate the fire. To minimize future fires, the Park Service and others call for the removal of eucalyptus leaf litter and even whole trees—which is expensive and sometimes controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eucalyptus trees are relatively new to California. Originally from Australia, the species most common in the Bay Area, Eucalyptus globulus, or blue gum, was planted in the 1850s following the gold rush, with the hope that the timber could be used for railroad ties. Old-growth eucalyptus forests in Australia provided excellent timber. But while eucalyptus grew quickly in California, the young trees made awful timber. The wood twisted and split as it dried. So eucalyptus trees were instead used as windbreaks, to mark property boundaries, and to prevent erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees quickly spread. Eucalyptus grow like crazy in the California climate, growing much taller than they do in their native Australia. Once eucalyptus become established, they can take over. Their Australian competitors did not come to California with them. Their dense canopy blocks light from entering the understory. As the fallen leaves decompose, they make the soil more acidic, and other plants can’t grow there. In California, eucalyptus often form a monoculture, devoid of other species. And the trees take up huge amounts of water. In some areas of the world, people planted eucalyptus to drain swamps and reduce the habitat for mosquito larvae, thereby eradicating malaria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blue gum eucalyptus evolved in a fire-prone environment, and the species has many fire adaptations. Their seeds are extremely resistant to heat. After a fire, trees that are relatively intact will quickly drop their seeds. And trees that have burned can re-sprout from their stumps and root systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent eucalyptus from fueling future fires, the bark peelings and leaves need to be removed from the understory. \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca2709p13-64054.pdf\">A study conducted in the 1970s\u003c/a> estimated 10-40% of the leaves that fall each year decompose in that year; fuel builds up quickly. Sometimes, entire trees need to be removed. After the 1991 fire, approximately 400 acres of eucalyptus were removed from the East Bay Regional Park District. Removing trees is even more difficult and expensive than removing litter, as the trees are huge and they re-sprout from the stump. To prevent re-sprouting, stumps need to be treated with chemical herbicides or covered in sheets of black plastic, so sunlight does not reach them. Another option is to topple the trees—knock them over so their roots are torn up from the ground. In addition to being a lot of work, removing trees is often controversial; neighbors don’t like it. Several large eucalyptus trees were recently removed from a Department of Motor Vehicles property in Oakland, \u003ca href=\"http://oaklandnorth.net/2011/08/16/neighbors-concerned-over-tree-removal-at-claremont-dmv/\">resulting in neighborhood outrage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco's \"Sludge Puddle\"",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay was almost entirely privately owned. Even if you’d wanted to go down and sit by the water, you couldn’t have. And you probably wouldn't have wanted to in the first place, says David Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bay was choked with sewage and toxic waste. There were no environmental laws, no regulations. The bay was really dying before our eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25953\" title=\"bayside junk\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk-350x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SF Bay was a convenient place fo dump garbage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lewis is executive director of Save the Bay. For decades, he says, the bay had functioned as official and unofficial trash dump for nearly every city on its perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Bay's Grim Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a proposal by the Rockefeller brothers,\" says Lewis, \"to actually chop down the top of San Bruno Mountain and move it by conveyor belt to the west side of the bay, creating more fill the size of Manhattan out in the bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Richard Walker, a professor of geography at UC Berkeley, this was the ethos of the day: The bay served no purpose. To fill it up was to make it useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d had the depression, the war. There was lot of money to be made in expanding cities, expanding highways, building bridges,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a study showing that 70 percent of the San Francisco Bay could be filled and transformed into usable land. The City of Berkeley, meanwhile, had proposed to double its size by extending three miles into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25954\" title=\"Esther Kay Sylvia_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Save the Bay's founders: Kay Kerr, Sylvia McLaughlin, and Esther Gulick\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This caught the attention of three Berkeley women: \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-10-05/living/17512857_1_berkeley-hills-point-molate-shoreline\">Sylvia McLaughlin\u003c/a>, Catherine \"Kay\" Kerr, and Esther Gulick. Married to prominent UC Berkeley faculty members, the women had strong political connections in the area, as well as to local groups such as the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to call a meeting of local conservationists (the word \"environmentalist\" didn't exist yet). Once those activists found out about the plans for the bay, surely they'd swing into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were all busy doing their own things,\" recalls McLaughlin, who is now 94 and lives in the Berkeley hills. \"They were saving the redwoods, this and that. They said they they understood the need but they were too busy to help.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA New Movement Takes Shape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, in 1961, Save the Bay was born as a campaign to stop cities from filling in the Bay. McLaughlin says it was not always a popular position to take. \"I got called all kinds of names, not very complementary,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while developers complained, Save the Bay was growing as an organization, in ways that other groups hadn’t thought to do in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25956\" title=\"Warning sign_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj-297x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They very wisely turned themselves into a mass organization by charging $1 for membership,\" says UC Berkeley's Walker. \"And they very quickly had thousands, even tens of thousands of members within two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast membership, Save the Bay rallied the media. Pete Seeger even wrote \u003ca href=\"http://new.music.yahoo.com/pete-seeger/tracks/70-miles--177241411\">a song about the Bay\u003c/a>, calling it a \"sludge puddle, sad and gray.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this point, says Walker, environmentalism had been a small, elite movement. But Save the Bay changed that. It resembled other major movements of the day, civil rights, free speech, and, eventually, the anti-war movement: Popular movements of ordinary people, trying to change policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Save the Bay is absolutely there at the birth of that kind of popular environmentalism,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Worked.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 1965, California passed the McAteer Petris Act, which created a new agency, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, which has the power to stop development on the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to that, to the 1972 Clean Water Act and other laws, the bay is much cleaner. And after decades of shrinking, it’s getting bigger, thanks to wetland restoration. That leaves a host of new challenges, including sea level rise and invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re starting from a different place now than we were in the sixties. And that is thanks to the deceptively simple idea that occurred to Sylvia McLaughlin, while looking out of her window, half a century ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is something we don’t have a lot of other places,\" she says \"and we have to take care of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can watch excerpts of the wonderful, four-part documentary \"Saving the Bay,\" on \u003ca href=\"http://www.savingthebay.org/\">the show's website\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/saving_the_bay_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x423\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"423\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/10/2011-10-17-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty years ago, the shoreline of the San Francisco Bay was almost entirely privately owned. Even if you’d wanted to go down and sit by the water, you couldn’t have. And you probably wouldn't have wanted to in the first place, says David Lewis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bay was choked with sewage and toxic waste. There were no environmental laws, no regulations. The bay was really dying before our eyes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-25953\" title=\"bayside junk\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/bayside-junk-350x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SF Bay was a convenient place fo dump garbage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lewis is executive director of Save the Bay. For decades, he says, the bay had functioned as official and unofficial trash dump for nearly every city on its perimeter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco Bay's Grim Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumping garbage into the bay wasn’t only convenient, it served the larger goal of getting rid of the bay entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was a proposal by the Rockefeller brothers,\" says Lewis, \"to actually chop down the top of San Bruno Mountain and move it by conveyor belt to the west side of the bay, creating more fill the size of Manhattan out in the bay.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Richard Walker, a professor of geography at UC Berkeley, this was the ethos of the day: The bay served no purpose. To fill it up was to make it useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d had the depression, the war. There was lot of money to be made in expanding cities, expanding highways, building bridges,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1959, the United States Army Corps of Engineers released a study showing that 70 percent of the San Francisco Bay could be filled and transformed into usable land. The City of Berkeley, meanwhile, had proposed to double its size by extending three miles into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25954\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-25954\" title=\"Esther Kay Sylvia_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Esther-Kay-Sylvia_adj-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Save the Bay's founders: Kay Kerr, Sylvia McLaughlin, and Esther Gulick\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This caught the attention of three Berkeley women: \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-10-05/living/17512857_1_berkeley-hills-point-molate-shoreline\">Sylvia McLaughlin\u003c/a>, Catherine \"Kay\" Kerr, and Esther Gulick. Married to prominent UC Berkeley faculty members, the women had strong political connections in the area, as well as to local groups such as the Sierra Club.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They decided to call a meeting of local conservationists (the word \"environmentalist\" didn't exist yet). Once those activists found out about the plans for the bay, surely they'd swing into action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were all busy doing their own things,\" recalls McLaughlin, who is now 94 and lives in the Berkeley hills. \"They were saving the redwoods, this and that. They said they they understood the need but they were too busy to help.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nA New Movement Takes Shape\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so, in 1961, Save the Bay was born as a campaign to stop cities from filling in the Bay. McLaughlin says it was not always a popular position to take. \"I got called all kinds of names, not very complementary,\" she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while developers complained, Save the Bay was growing as an organization, in ways that other groups hadn’t thought to do in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-25956\" title=\"Warning sign_adj\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/Warning-sign_adj-297x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They very wisely turned themselves into a mass organization by charging $1 for membership,\" says UC Berkeley's Walker. \"And they very quickly had thousands, even tens of thousands of members within two years.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to its vast membership, Save the Bay rallied the media. Pete Seeger even wrote \u003ca href=\"http://new.music.yahoo.com/pete-seeger/tracks/70-miles--177241411\">a song about the Bay\u003c/a>, calling it a \"sludge puddle, sad and gray.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this point, says Walker, environmentalism had been a small, elite movement. But Save the Bay changed that. It resembled other major movements of the day, civil rights, free speech, and, eventually, the anti-war movement: Popular movements of ordinary people, trying to change policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Save the Bay is absolutely there at the birth of that kind of popular environmentalism,\" says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It Worked.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 1965, California passed the McAteer Petris Act, which created a new agency, the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, which has the power to stop development on the Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to that, to the 1972 Clean Water Act and other laws, the bay is much cleaner. And after decades of shrinking, it’s getting bigger, thanks to wetland restoration. That leaves a host of new challenges, including sea level rise and invasive species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’re starting from a different place now than we were in the sixties. 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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
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