QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Life With The Leaf: Lessons From An Early Adopter
Confounding Concretions
The Benefits of Radioactive Fallout
A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars
Got Science on the Brain? Come Blog with QUEST
Homegrown Fruit in the New Year
A Census for the Birds
Operation Vesta: Pluto's Devious Plan to Regain Status?
We Don’t Want the Funk (in our Wine)
Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts
Got Mercury? The New EPA Ruling And The San Francisco Bay
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"bio": "An avid writer, surfer and ocean voyager, \u003cstrong>David McGuire\u003c/strong> is the founder of the conservation non profit Sea Stewards and is an advocate for a healthy ocean. As Captain, Dive Master and Cinematographer, David has explored the world ocean on numerous sailing voyages collecting media with an emphasis on ocean awareness.Educated in Marine Biology, he holds a masters degree in Environmental Health and has worked in education and public health at the University of California at Berkeley for over a decade. David is the writer, producer and underwater cinematographer of the award winning documentary \u003cem>Sharks: Stewards of the Reef\u003c/em>, and was writer and cinematographer on a film on \u003cem>California Marine Protected Areas\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>Palmyra Atoll\u003c/em>. David has written, filmed and produced a new documentary on the \u003cem>Sharks of San Francisco Bay\u003c/em> and has worked as cameraman on feature films such as \u003cem>180 South\u003c/em> and \u003cem>A Beautiful Wave\u003c/em>. His underwater filmwork on San Francisco elasmobranches and ecosystems continues and he frequently donates his work for conservation causes. As Field and Research Associate with the California Academy of Sciences, David is Project Manager of a shark research program on the San Francisco Bay and has initiated a new sharks awareness campaign: Shark Sanctuary San Francisco. Through expedition sailing and video production, Sea Stewards is exploring and explaining our ocean world, influencing policies and practices from sustainable fishing to marine protection. Through Sea Steward Studios, our Media Production work is used to influence sound policies and sustainable ocean practices. Current work includes a series on Sea Turtle Conservation in Mexico, a film with partners Team Fish Finders using local fishermen to promote catch and release and a documentary on local sustainable seafood and a Cordell Banks Expedition.",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29306\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg\" alt=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29306\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Test driving the Nissn Leaf. Photo: Josh Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I never thought I would buy an electric car. But here I am, two months after purchase, zipping around in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\">Nissan’s all-electric Leaf\u003c/a> with not too many regrets. Sure, there have been some rude awakenings, wild mileage swings, the painful details of the federal tax credit, waiting for special diamond lane stickers and a disappointingly slow roll out of charging stations around the Bay Area. Over the next several months, I'll post regular updates on my experiences and invite other owners and would-be green car drivers to chime in. Here is my quick story to get us started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, as I got ready to trade in my old, leaky Honda, I explored cleaner alternatives. As an editor and reporter on the environmental beat at KQED, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/130535115/a-mainstream-push-for-electric-cars\">I had a chance to test drive several types of upcoming green cars\u003c/a>, clean diesel, biodiesel, plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars. After all that research and test driving, here is what I came up with: Electric cars are totally cool and green, have this very smooth drive and quick acceleration but still too expensive with no information on resale value or any real charging infrastructure. Like many people, I had range anxiety before I even knew what the actual range would be. There were also alternatives. Why not wait for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-plug-in/\">Plug-In Prius\u003c/a> or the upcoming \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-57342921-54/ford-focus-electric-to-hit-over-100-mpg-equivalent/?tag=mncol;txt\">all-electric Ford Focus\u003c/a> or go \u003ca href=\"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/how-clean-diesel-fuel-works.htm\">clean diesel\u003c/a> or even \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel\">biodiesel\u003c/a> which would allow me to carry my fuel with me? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Car Sticker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have been commuting from my house in Oakland to San Francisco for 12 years. It takes an hour whether I drive or ride BART. The Bay Bridge is the bane of my existence. For years I have coveted those clean air stickers that allow drivers to go solo in the carpool lane. Since all solo hybrid drivers were kicked out of the diamond lane last year, all-electric, compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuel cell cars are the only ones under state law that qualify right now for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\">clean vehicle white sticker.\u003c/a> Super clean plug-in-hybrids will qualify for a clean vehicle sticker starting this year. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 352px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan1-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29388\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan13.jpg\" alt=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"352\" height=\"235\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I first made an online reservation with Nissan back in September of 2010. I filled out the specs that I thought I would like and put down a refundable $99 reservation fee. Finally, by last April my name had reached the top of the Nissan Leaf waiting list and I decided to place an order. Since I didn't have to pay until I picked up the car, I could still back out. More months went by as I tried to make a decision. I had never bought a new car before. Even with state and federal incentives, an electric car is a lot of money. By September I had two friends happily driving Leafs. The price and release date for the new plug-in Prius was not set and I had doubts about the price of clean diesel staying affordable. I also had doubts about hydrogen-powered cars. I am still waiting for the much touted, “Hydrogen Highway.” I couldn't afford the extended drive \u003ca href=\"http://www.chevrolet.com/volt-electric-car/\">Chevy Volt\u003c/a> or the high priced \u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla Roadster\u003c/a>. And unlike the Volt, or the \u003ca href=\"http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/2009-2010-volkswagen-golf-vi-20-tdi-diesel-first-drive-review\">VW clean Diesel\u003c/a> Golf or even used hybrids, the Leaf was the only one in that group, other than other electric cars, that would garner a carpool sticker. I jumped.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCan I Make It Home From the Dealer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, I was notified that my shiny black Leaf had arrived at my chosen dealer.\u003cbr>\nA friend had recommended North Bay Nissan in Petaluma because they seemed the most informed on the Leaf and offered a small discount off the final price. My first consideration was whether I could make it back to my home in the Oakland hills. The car was fully charged to 105 miles. It turned out that real-world driving got me home with 19 miles to spare. But first, I spent three hours learning how to drive the car, charge the car, service the car -- the ins and outs of the \u003ca href=\"http://reviews.cnet.com/coupe-hatchback/2011-nissan-leaf/4505-10867_7-33995888-2.html?tag=mncol;rvwBody\">Car Wings telematics system\u003c/a>, not to mention filling out endless paperwork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan2-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29255\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan21.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"360\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My first time charging the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When all is said and done my Leaf cost $36,989.76. This included closing costs, delivery, taxes, my discount and a $700 Nissan rebate for a high-speed charging port. I received the rebate less than one month after buying the car. In just over two months I got my $2,500 rebate from the state. Now at $33,500, I expected another $7,500 back from the federal government to bring my grand total down to $26,000. I was in for a surprise.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nStay tuned next week for my first big shock, the details about the federal tax credit and also how I chose my home charger. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29306\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29306\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg\" alt=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Test driving the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"640\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29306\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan5-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Test driving the Nissn Leaf. Photo: Josh Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I never thought I would buy an electric car. But here I am, two months after purchase, zipping around in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nissanusa.com/leaf-electric-car/index#/leaf-electric-car/index\">Nissan’s all-electric Leaf\u003c/a> with not too many regrets. Sure, there have been some rude awakenings, wild mileage swings, the painful details of the federal tax credit, waiting for special diamond lane stickers and a disappointingly slow roll out of charging stations around the Bay Area. Over the next several months, I'll post regular updates on my experiences and invite other owners and would-be green car drivers to chime in. Here is my quick story to get us started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>My Story\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2010, as I got ready to trade in my old, leaky Honda, I explored cleaner alternatives. As an editor and reporter on the environmental beat at KQED, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/series/130535115/a-mainstream-push-for-electric-cars\">I had a chance to test drive several types of upcoming green cars\u003c/a>, clean diesel, biodiesel, plug-in hybrids and all-electric cars. After all that research and test driving, here is what I came up with: Electric cars are totally cool and green, have this very smooth drive and quick acceleration but still too expensive with no information on resale value or any real charging infrastructure. Like many people, I had range anxiety before I even knew what the actual range would be. There were also alternatives. Why not wait for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.toyota.com/prius-plug-in/\">Plug-In Prius\u003c/a> or the upcoming \u003ca href=\"http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-57342921-54/ford-focus-electric-to-hit-over-100-mpg-equivalent/?tag=mncol;txt\">all-electric Ford Focus\u003c/a> or go \u003ca href=\"http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/alternative-fuels/how-clean-diesel-fuel-works.htm\">clean diesel\u003c/a> or even \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel\">biodiesel\u003c/a> which would allow me to carry my fuel with me? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clean Car Sticker\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have been commuting from my house in Oakland to San Francisco for 12 years. It takes an hour whether I drive or ride BART. The Bay Bridge is the bane of my existence. For years I have coveted those clean air stickers that allow drivers to go solo in the carpool lane. Since all solo hybrid drivers were kicked out of the diamond lane last year, all-electric, compressed natural gas and hydrogen fuel cell cars are the only ones under state law that qualify right now for a \u003ca href=\"http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/carpool/carpool.htm\">clean vehicle white sticker.\u003c/a> Super clean plug-in-hybrids will qualify for a clean vehicle sticker starting this year. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29388\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 352px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan1-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29388\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan13.jpg\" alt=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"352\" height=\"235\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29388\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Negotiating for the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I first made an online reservation with Nissan back in September of 2010. I filled out the specs that I thought I would like and put down a refundable $99 reservation fee. Finally, by last April my name had reached the top of the Nissan Leaf waiting list and I decided to place an order. Since I didn't have to pay until I picked up the car, I could still back out. More months went by as I tried to make a decision. I had never bought a new car before. Even with state and federal incentives, an electric car is a lot of money. By September I had two friends happily driving Leafs. The price and release date for the new plug-in Prius was not set and I had doubts about the price of clean diesel staying affordable. I also had doubts about hydrogen-powered cars. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October, I was notified that my shiny black Leaf had arrived at my chosen dealer.\u003cbr>\nA friend had recommended North Bay Nissan in Petaluma because they seemed the most informed on the Leaf and offered a small discount off the final price. My first consideration was whether I could make it back to my home in the Oakland hills. The car was fully charged to 105 miles. It turned out that real-world driving got me home with 19 miles to spare. But first, I spent three hours learning how to drive the car, charge the car, service the car -- the ins and outs of the \u003ca href=\"http://reviews.cnet.com/coupe-hatchback/2011-nissan-leaf/4505-10867_7-33995888-2.html?tag=mncol;rvwBody\">Car Wings telematics system\u003c/a>, not to mention filling out endless paperwork. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/life-with-the-leaf-lessons-from-an-early-adopter/nissan2-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29255\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Nissan21.jpg\" alt=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Charging the Nissan Leaf\" width=\"360\" height=\"250\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29255\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">My first time charging the Nissan Leaf. Photo: Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When all is said and done my Leaf cost $36,989.76. This included closing costs, delivery, taxes, my discount and a $700 Nissan rebate for a high-speed charging port. I received the rebate less than one month after buying the car. In just over two months I got my $2,500 rebate from the state. Now at $33,500, I expected another $7,500 back from the federal government to bring my grand total down to $26,000. I was in for a surprise.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cbr>\nStay tuned next week for my first big shock, the details about the federal tax credit and also how I chose my home charger. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concretiontop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29218\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concretiontop\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29218\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concretiontop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My line of work brings various people to me, asking about a mineral object they have found. Often that object is a rounded shape of ordinary-looking sedimentary material, cemented into stone. \"It's a very nice concretion,\" I inform them. A concretion is not as exciting as what they hoped it might be—a fossil egg is their fondest wish, followed by a meteorite—but concretions can be sources of wonder and even inspiration, if not money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What is this thing in the rock?\" may be the oldest question in geology. It was, at least, the subject of geology's founding document, a short treatise published in 1669 by Nicolaus Steno on \"solids naturally embedded in solids\" better known by the first word of its long Latin title, \"Prodromus.\" It took strenuous reasoning and airtight argument for Steno to establish today's common-sense knowledge that most \"solids in solids\" are either fossils, large sedimentary particles, or mineral crystals of some kind. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/doodles/nicolas-stenos-374th-birthday\">Steno's birthday was observed yesterday with a \"Google doodle.\"\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions aren't any one of those three possibilities, but a confusing mixture: hard and symmetrical like a crystal, granular like a sedimentary stone, round and organized-looking like a fossil. They look as if they actually grew inside solid rock. And so they did, sort of. They appear to have formed rather early in the process that turns buried sediment into rock, as mineral cement is deposited in layers growing outward from a central point—or perhaps resisting a cementation process advancing inward upon them instead. The grains of sediment were undisturbed; only the cementing mineral, usually calcite or iron oxides, moved in to fix them in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to tell how a concretion might have formed. Some are stony lumps with a fossil or a mineral particle inside, where it's plausible that some chemical mechanism arising from the central object controlled things. Some have fractures inside, filled with crystals. Others, like this concretion I found in the hills of Oakland, have nothing in particular at their core, just pure clay or sand. Geologists find concretions only slightly less puzzling than the general public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/12/confounding-concretions/concoakclay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29219\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"concoakclay\" width=\"500\" height=\"367\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-29219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/concoakclay-400x294.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While fossil eggs aren't documented in the Bay Area (no dinosaurs at all, in fact) and meteorites aren't either, you may spot concretions wherever sandstone or shale crops out. The biggest ones I know of are in Mendocino County at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=446\">Schooner Gulch State Beach\u003c/a> near Point Arena, where the stretch north of Gallaway is called Bowling Ball Beach. That's it at the top of this post. There are large ones, less well formed, at Fitzgerald Marine Preserve \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">that I showed here a few weeks back\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concretions can take many shapes. (I have \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_sedrocks/ig/concretionpics/\">a gallery of them\u003c/a> on About.com.) In the Imperial Valley on the Mexican border, a site west of Calexico near the iconic mountain El Centinela (Mount Signal) yielded \"sand spikes,\" concretions the shape of a whole clove. Most of them had their long tips pointed west. In 2000, they inspired artist Allan McCollum to make them the basis of a large art project, \"\u003ca href=\"http://allanmccollum.net/allanmcnyc/mtsignaltitlepage.html\">Sand Spikes from Mount Signal\u003c/a>.\" The signature image was a five-meter replica and a hundred life-size copies of one of these curious solids within a solid.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/09/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout/wolves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wolves\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29087\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animals are doing surprisingly well in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine people’s worst fears are realized and the nuclear power plant at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> here in California has a Chernobyl-style meltdown. The effects on people are obvious: high rates of thyroid and other cancers, permanent resettlement elsewhere, increased rates of birth defects and so on. But as the area around Chernobyl is showing, the effects on the environment may be more subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the break I watched a Nature special called, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/radioactive-wolves/introduction/7108/\">Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\". This is a documentary about wildlife in a radioactive exclusion zone around Chernobyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the area around Chernobyl is still so contaminated that humans can only go in for limited amounts of time, the wildlife appears to be doing surprisingly well. Birth defects are higher than in surrounding areas but life is thriving. Wolves are doing great, beavers have returned and everything looks hunky dory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemed strange to me. I would think that so much radiation should be having pretty severe effects on these animals. And as noted in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002049\">in this NIH study\u003c/a>, for certain individuals it definitely is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is in perspective. For the individual, the area around Chernobyl is terrible. Your kids have a higher rate of being stillborn or having birth defects, you have a much higher rate of developing various cancers, and so on. But for the species as a whole, things aren’t so bad. The higher background radiation appears to hardly be affecting their numbers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say that the initial fallout wasn’t catastrophic to wildlife. It was. Untold numbers of animals died a terrible death in Chernobyl’s aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the lucky survivors and new immigrants, though, Chernobyl is a different story. It is a chance to live a life without human interference. At least for now it looks like the high background radiation is preferable to man for these animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important that scientists keep studying this ecosystem though. The DNA of the animals in this area are under constant attack from the radiation. There may come a tipping point where the genetic burden becomes too high and populations start to crash. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Reading: \u003ca href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/arts/television/radioactive-wolves-on-pbs-review.html\">NY Times Review of Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/09/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout/wolves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wolves\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29087\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animals are doing surprisingly well in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine people’s worst fears are realized and the nuclear power plant at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> here in California has a Chernobyl-style meltdown. The effects on people are obvious: high rates of thyroid and other cancers, permanent resettlement elsewhere, increased rates of birth defects and so on. But as the area around Chernobyl is showing, the effects on the environment may be more subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the break I watched a Nature special called, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/radioactive-wolves/introduction/7108/\">Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\". This is a documentary about wildlife in a radioactive exclusion zone around Chernobyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the area around Chernobyl is still so contaminated that humans can only go in for limited amounts of time, the wildlife appears to be doing surprisingly well. Birth defects are higher than in surrounding areas but life is thriving. Wolves are doing great, beavers have returned and everything looks hunky dory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemed strange to me. I would think that so much radiation should be having pretty severe effects on these animals. And as noted in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002049\">in this NIH study\u003c/a>, for certain individuals it definitely is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is in perspective. For the individual, the area around Chernobyl is terrible. Your kids have a higher rate of being stillborn or having birth defects, you have a much higher rate of developing various cancers, and so on. But for the species as a whole, things aren’t so bad. The higher background radiation appears to hardly be affecting their numbers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say that the initial fallout wasn’t catastrophic to wildlife. It was. Untold numbers of animals died a terrible death in Chernobyl’s aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the lucky survivors and new immigrants, though, Chernobyl is a different story. It is a chance to live a life without human interference. At least for now it looks like the high background radiation is preferable to man for these animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important that scientists keep studying this ecosystem though. The DNA of the animals in this area are under constant attack from the radiation. There may come a tipping point where the genetic burden becomes too high and populations start to crash. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Reading: \u003ca href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/arts/television/radioactive-wolves-on-pbs-review.html\">NY Times Review of Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Most Earthly Mineral on Mars",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mer/news/mer20111207.html\">Read more about the discovery from NASA.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.",
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"description": "The planet Mars tantalizes with its resemblance to parts of Earth. Now space geologists with their trusty field assistant, the rover Opportunity, have found gypsum veins there like those in our own countryside.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29074\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypsum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypsum\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29074\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypsum1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This solid vein of white mineral near Endeavour crater, up to 2 centimeters thick, has every appearance of the well-known mineral gypsum. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We have been studying Mars with spacecraft for almost 40 years now, starting with fly-bys and progressing to landers and then rovers. Each of these scientific missions has been more ambitious than the one before, and each has found more and more Earth-like features on Mars. The latest example was announced last month in San Francisco at the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/\">annual AGU meeting\u003c/a>: Mars has veins of gypsum. I've seen gypsum veins myself, right here in California. And you can too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The currently operating Mars rover is named \u003ca href=\"http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/home/index.html\">Opportunity\u003c/a>, and it has managed to roll across the pristine Martian ground for more than 33 kilometers since it landed in 2004. Nosing around the rampart of the crater Endeavour in a monotonous area of basalt rock, Opportunity came upon the vein of solid bone-white mineral shown above. It approached closer and turned its alpha particle X-ray spectrometer on the stuff, along with its close-up camera. The spectrometer indicated sulfur and calcium in the right proportions, and the camera images reminded NASA scientists of nothing but \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpicsulfates/minpicgypsum.htm\">gypsum\u003c/a>, hydrated calcium sulfate or CaSO\u003csub>4\u003c/sub>·2H\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>O.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29078\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/marsgypclose/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29078\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/marsgypclose.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"marsgypclose\" width=\"600\" height=\"395\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29078\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Close-up of the Martian gypsum vein. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All right, so what? Well, gypsum points directly and unmistakably to liquid water, something that we've been looking for on Mars but never quite proving. There is gypsum-like dust blowing around parts of Mars, like it does at White Sands in New Mexico, but no sign of its origin. The mission's chief scientist, Steve Squyres, said at the AGU press conference, \"This stuff was formed right here. There was a fracture in the rock, water flowed through it, gypsum was precipitated from the water. End of story. Okay, there is no ambiguity about this. This is what makes it so cool. . . . Here the chemistry and mineralogy of it just scream of water.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Earth, gypsum is found in two main settings: wherever seawater begins to dry up, gypsum comes out of solution first and can accumulate in thick beds. And wherever hot-spring type fluids concentrate dissolved matter, gypsum is a likely mineral. The Martian vein appears to be of the latter, hydrothermal type. California's Central Valley, for much of recent geologic time, has been the former type of setting—a shallow sea basin or brackish lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gypsum is especially abundant in the Kettleman Hills, an area of former Central Valley seabed that has been gently lifted by recent tectonic activity. If you have an extra hour next time you're on Interstate 5 going to Los Angeles, turn off at 25th Avenue, south of Kettleman City, and pull over once you enter the hills. Gypsum litters the ground there, and farther south near Lost Hills gypsum is being mined to make drywall, soil additives and plaster of Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29077\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettlemangyp/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29077\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettlemangyp\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29077\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettlemangyp-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gypsum of the Kettleman Hills. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're there in nice weather, enjoy the scene and think of Mars. Maybe you'll share the tantalizing feeling that the discovery of Martian gypsum arouses in geologists despite their best mental effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29076\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/kettleman/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29076\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kettleman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29076\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/kettleman-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kettleman Hills, 26 May 2010. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29075\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/05/a-most-earthly-mineral-on-mars/endeavour/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29075\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"endeavour\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/endeavour-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Endeavour crater, Mars, 6 August 2011. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Cornell/ASU image.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like one of those 1950s-vintage Cuban taxis, Opportunity has hung on far longer than people originally planned. Planetary space missions have a fairly short \"prime mission\" of a few months or maybe a year, but everyone knows without admitting it that the rugged, overdesigned machinery will last a lot longer. NASA makes a big deal out of extending the mission, a year or so at a time, and we all feel good about getting our money's worth. In the case of Opportunity, its prime mission began eight years ago and the solar-powered contraption is still plugging along. Imagine what its successor, the rover \u003ca href=\"http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\">Curiosity\u003c/a>, might do once it lands in Gale crater in August of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg\" alt=\"farallones\" title=\"farallones\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29014\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/farallones-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Do you have a unique voice that sets you apart from the crowd? Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. Schedule determined on availability, but weekly or bi-monthly is preferred.\u003cbr>\n• Posts should relate back to at least one of our 9 themes for the program: Astronomy, Chemistry, Engineering, Physics, Weather, Geology, Biology, Environment, Health.\u003cbr>\n• Topic should be something about which you have some expertise and/or passion.\u003cbr>\n• A unique voice and ability to follow our QUEST writing guidelines (see below).\u003cbr>\n• Experience with WordPress or similar blogging platform.\u003cbr>\n• Willingness to occasionally be assigned a post topic by the editor as current events dictate.\u003cbr>\n• Respect for copyright and fair use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ScionExchange2009.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ScionExchange2009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ScionExchange2009\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29034\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is your new year’s resolution to eat more fruits and veggies? Or eat more local produce? You can do both at once by growing your own fruit—you can’t get more local than fruit you harvest in your own backyard. Start by going to a \u003ca href=\"http://crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/scionex.htm\">scion exchange\u003c/a>, where local rare fruit enthusiasts take cuttings from their fruit trees and swap them for other varietals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://crfg.org/index.html\">California Rare Fruit Growers\u003c/a> (CRFG) hold these exchanges in the winter, when fruit trees are dormant. It’s a good time to clip the pencil-thin branches that have grown in the past year—called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/what_is_a_scion_exchange.htm\">scion\u003c/a>—and graft these branches onto other plants. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/index.htm\">Golden Gate Chapter\u003c/a> of the CRFG is holding its annual scion exchange on Saturday, January 21 at Laney College in Oakland. Check \u003ca href=\"http://crfg.org/local.html\">this list\u003c/a> to find your local chapter and its upcoming scion exchange. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you go to the exchange, make a wish list of the types of fruit trees you want to acquire. (The cuttings are free—donated by individuals—but the organization usually requests a small donation. The Golden Gate Chapter requests $4, but they note that no one is turned away for lack of funds.) Base your list on the types of fruit you like to eat, and the climate where you live. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important measure of climate is the number of chill hours an area receives: the cumulative number of hours throughout the winter when the temperature is between 32 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit. Find out \u003ca href=\"http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/chillcalc/index1.htm\">the number of chill hours for your area\u003c/a>, so you know what kinds of fruit trees to choose. For example, the Oakland Hills, where I live, get about 400 chill hours. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/MakingtheBestFINAL4.pdf\">Making the Best of the Scion Exchange guide \u003c/a>from the Golden Gate Chapter of the CRFG, the best trees for my cool summers and mild winters are lemons and something called feijoa (a.k.a. the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_sellowiana\">guavasteen\u003c/a>). It isn’t cold enough for apples, nor is it warm enough for grapes. Also think about your yard’s aspect: if you are on a north-facing slope, you’ll probably get more chill hours than if you’re on a south-facing hillside, which tends to get more sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’ve made your list and acquired the scions you want at a scion exchange, the next step is to graft these on to existing plants. You can use rootstock, which are young plants that are grown for grafting. Or you can graft onto an established tree that is already growing in your backyard, a practice known as top working. Some plants can be grafted only onto the same kind of tree—like apples to apples, quince to quince. Others can be grafted onto other types of trees—for example, pears can be grafted onto quince trees (if you happen to have one of those in your backyard). You can get rootstocks at the scion exchange, and (more importantly) advice on how to graft; there are several grafting workshops at the Golden Gate event on January 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One more thing to think about as you make your wish list: if you’re planning to grow multiple trees, you want to stagger your harvest throughout the year, so you aren’t inundated with fruit all at once. Or, if you’re planning to make jam or to dry your fruit to save it for later, maybe a bountiful harvest is okay. Here’s to a fruit-filled 2012!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ScionExchange2009.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/ScionExchange2009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ScionExchange2009\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-29034\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is your new year’s resolution to eat more fruits and veggies? Or eat more local produce? You can do both at once by growing your own fruit—you can’t get more local than fruit you harvest in your own backyard. Start by going to a \u003ca href=\"http://crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/scionex.htm\">scion exchange\u003c/a>, where local rare fruit enthusiasts take cuttings from their fruit trees and swap them for other varietals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://crfg.org/index.html\">California Rare Fruit Growers\u003c/a> (CRFG) hold these exchanges in the winter, when fruit trees are dormant. It’s a good time to clip the pencil-thin branches that have grown in the past year—called the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/what_is_a_scion_exchange.htm\">scion\u003c/a>—and graft these branches onto other plants. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/index.htm\">Golden Gate Chapter\u003c/a> of the CRFG is holding its annual scion exchange on Saturday, January 21 at Laney College in Oakland. Check \u003ca href=\"http://crfg.org/local.html\">this list\u003c/a> to find your local chapter and its upcoming scion exchange. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you go to the exchange, make a wish list of the types of fruit trees you want to acquire. (The cuttings are free—donated by individuals—but the organization usually requests a small donation. The Golden Gate Chapter requests $4, but they note that no one is turned away for lack of funds.) Base your list on the types of fruit you like to eat, and the climate where you live. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An important measure of climate is the number of chill hours an area receives: the cumulative number of hours throughout the winter when the temperature is between 32 and 45 degrees Fahrenheit. Find out \u003ca href=\"http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/chillcalc/index1.htm\">the number of chill hours for your area\u003c/a>, so you know what kinds of fruit trees to choose. For example, the Oakland Hills, where I live, get about 400 chill hours. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.crfg.org/chapters/golden_gate/MakingtheBestFINAL4.pdf\">Making the Best of the Scion Exchange guide \u003c/a>from the Golden Gate Chapter of the CRFG, the best trees for my cool summers and mild winters are lemons and something called feijoa (a.k.a. the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acca_sellowiana\">guavasteen\u003c/a>). It isn’t cold enough for apples, nor is it warm enough for grapes. Also think about your yard’s aspect: if you are on a north-facing slope, you’ll probably get more chill hours than if you’re on a south-facing hillside, which tends to get more sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’ve made your list and acquired the scions you want at a scion exchange, the next step is to graft these on to existing plants. You can use rootstock, which are young plants that are grown for grafting. Or you can graft onto an established tree that is already growing in your backyard, a practice known as top working. Some plants can be grafted only onto the same kind of tree—like apples to apples, quince to quince. Others can be grafted onto other types of trees—for example, pears can be grafted onto quince trees (if you happen to have one of those in your backyard). You can get rootstocks at the scion exchange, and (more importantly) advice on how to graft; there are several grafting workshops at the Golden Gate event on January 21.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One more thing to think about as you make your wish list: if you’re planning to grow multiple trees, you want to stagger your harvest throughout the year, so you aren’t inundated with fruit all at once. Or, if you’re planning to make jam or to dry your fruit to save it for later, maybe a bountiful harvest is okay. Here’s to a fruit-filled 2012!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-101.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"275\" height=\"191\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28862\">In the final days of the holiday season, when shoppers were crowding malls and searching the internet for sales, Kevin McKereghan was also looking for a last-minute find. “Oop, there it is, all teed up for us, a peregrine,” exclaimed McKereghan. Bundled up in a heavy brown parka and a red and gold wool hat, he has just spotted a peregrine falcon on a wire.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting at Dawn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco audio engineer rose early to spend a cold December Sunday taking part in \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/get-involved-christmas-bird-count\">the annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. During the last two weeks of every year, rain or shine, volunteers looking for birds spread out over 22,000 locations including such countries as Peru, Guam, Haiti, the U.S. and Canada. The count is one of the oldest, and largest, citizen science events in the world. \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/history-christmas-bird-count\">The tradition\u003c/a> has been taking place since 1900, when birders proposed a ‘kinder’ alternative to an annual bird hunt – a bird survey that scientists now rely on to determine how bird populations are changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28913\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-census-for-the-birds/oyster-catcher-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28913\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Oyster-catcher2.jpg\" alt=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" title=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28913\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland’s 71st count\u003c/a>, group leader McKereghan and seven volunteers are surveying an urbanized swath of shore along I-80 from Emeryville to Albany. “We’ve got to cover everything, the good and the bad. We will spend a lot of time in parking lots and roadways,” explains McKereghan. A 10 a.m. check-in confirms the group already has spotted more than 30 species including six ruddy ducks, six mallards one great egret and one oyster catcher. McKereghan takes the numbers down on a new iPhone app, the first time he’s not using a pen and paper check list.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTips for Counting Birds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you might wonder, as I did, how one actually counts birds. I mean, it’s not like they are exactly… cooperative. “Certain things like eagles, you take note of the direction and time they are headed. You have to assume that we are missing a huge number of birds so I think it sort of averages itself out nicely,” says McKereghan. He says that when it comes to large flocks, like black birds on a wire next to Golden Gate Fields race track, it’s best to count in groups of ten, rather than individuals. \u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-111.jpg\" alt=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" title=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28879\">Part of McKereghan’s count area includes the horse track, and his group is given access each year prior to race time. As jockeys put their horses through early morning runs, these bird watchers gather at the top of the bleachers -- oblivious to the race horses below. Peering through scopes and binoculars, all eyes are trained on the edge of one of two ponds in the middle of the track. A small brown marsh bird known as a Wilson’s snipe has been spotted. “It has little stripes on its head, oh I have a good view,” exclaims one birder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Popular Hobby\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have noticed birders get really excited over things that non-birders would not even notice. But these folks are definitely not alone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/birds/\">The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates\u003c/a> there are about 48 million birders in the U.S. - that’s more than twice as large as the television audience for the World Series. These hobbyists obsess over birds the way some fans obsess about sports. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phila-2.jpg\" alt=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28884\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audubon volunteer Phila Rogers. Photo Credit, Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>80-year-old Phila Rogers has been birding since she was eight. She explains the hobby as a kind of ‘madness.’ “You know, I took time off to have children and have love affairs but the birding was always there it was ready to bubble up from everything else,” says Rogers. The long time birder has served her time slogging through rain and chilly temperatures to complete the Christmas Count. Now Rogers participates as one of a few feeder watchers who observe birds, in her case, from her living room through a window onto her backyard deck, high in the Berkeley hills. You would think Rogers has seen it all but this year offered something really exciting. “For the first time in almost sixty years of watching birds at these feeders on this hill I see a white-throated sparrow. This is so big. So I actually took pictures. For me it was really exciting because it’s count day,” she says. Rogers could hardly wait to share her find at the area count compilation dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compilation Dinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one hundred birders gather in the community hall of a church in north Berkeley. Tired and hungry from a long day in the field, the volunteers turn in their check lists and warm up on hot chocolate. Although these birders skewed older, there were a few counters under 12, one already asleep on his dad’s lap. I caught up with two members of my group from earlier, Kevin McKereghan and Alan Krakauer, both excited over their high species count for the day, 110 total. Says Krakauer, \"We had nice weather which is sort of a double bonus. For me Wild Turkeys were a big surprise to see way down into the flats and the urban area.” Kevin McKereghan thinks for a moment about what sighting most surprised him, “I think the white-throated swift and the pygmy nuthatch.” This year was even more special for the local birders because of the release of the long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohloneaudubon.org/index.php/birding/breeding-bird-atlas\">Alameda County Breeding Bird Atlas\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/turkeys.jpg\" alt=\"Wild turkeys\" title=\"Wild Turkeys\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28969\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild turkeys. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the evening went on, Oakland Count leaders Bob Lewis and Dave Quady, who both got up at 2:30 in the morning to count owls, ran through a check list of common birds. Next, presentations were given on special sightings and omissions. While some species like peregrine falcons and wild turkeys have been growing in number, the bird count also has shown some troubling trends. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">National Audubon Society\u003c/a> has documented a 40 percent drop in migratory birds over the past four decades, some common bird numbers have dropped by half, and there has been a move by some species north which could be an indicator of climate change. With the data, Audubon tries to take steps to mitigate some of the changes. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Grab your binoculars and checklist! The annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count is under way. During the last two weeks of the year, from dawn to dusk volunteers spread out over 22,000 count areas, including Peru, Haiti, the U.S. and Canada. Their tally is used by scientists to understand changes in bird populations.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/01/2012-01-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-101.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Kevin McKereghan, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"275\" height=\"191\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28862\">In the final days of the holiday season, when shoppers were crowding malls and searching the internet for sales, Kevin McKereghan was also looking for a last-minute find. “Oop, there it is, all teed up for us, a peregrine,” exclaimed McKereghan. Bundled up in a heavy brown parka and a red and gold wool hat, he has just spotted a peregrine falcon on a wire.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nStarting at Dawn\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco audio engineer rose early to spend a cold December Sunday taking part in \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/get-involved-christmas-bird-count\">the annual Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a>. During the last two weeks of every year, rain or shine, volunteers looking for birds spread out over 22,000 locations including such countries as Peru, Guam, Haiti, the U.S. and Canada. The count is one of the oldest, and largest, citizen science events in the world. \u003ca href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/history-christmas-bird-count\">The tradition\u003c/a> has been taking place since 1900, when birders proposed a ‘kinder’ alternative to an annual bird hunt – a bird survey that scientists now rely on to determine how bird populations are changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\"> \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28913\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-census-for-the-birds/oyster-catcher-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28913\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Oyster-catcher2.jpg\" alt=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" title=\"Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28913\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oyster catcher. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year, as part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland’s 71st count\u003c/a>, group leader McKereghan and seven volunteers are surveying an urbanized swath of shore along I-80 from Emeryville to Albany. “We’ve got to cover everything, the good and the bad. We will spend a lot of time in parking lots and roadways,” explains McKereghan. A 10 a.m. check-in confirms the group already has spotted more than 30 species including six ruddy ducks, six mallards one great egret and one oyster catcher. McKereghan takes the numbers down on a new iPhone app, the first time he’s not using a pen and paper check list.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nTips for Counting Birds\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you might wonder, as I did, how one actually counts birds. I mean, it’s not like they are exactly… cooperative. “Certain things like eagles, you take note of the direction and time they are headed. You have to assume that we are missing a huge number of birds so I think it sort of averages itself out nicely,” says McKereghan. He says that when it comes to large flocks, like black birds on a wire next to Golden Gate Fields race track, it’s best to count in groups of ten, rather than individuals. \u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/bird-count-111.jpg\" alt=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" title=\"Counting birds at Golden Gate Fields\" width=\"300\" height=\"205\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28879\">Part of McKereghan’s count area includes the horse track, and his group is given access each year prior to race time. As jockeys put their horses through early morning runs, these bird watchers gather at the top of the bleachers -- oblivious to the race horses below. Peering through scopes and binoculars, all eyes are trained on the edge of one of two ponds in the middle of the track. A small brown marsh bird known as a Wilson’s snipe has been spotted. “It has little stripes on its head, oh I have a good view,” exclaims one birder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Popular Hobby\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may have noticed birders get really excited over things that non-birders would not even notice. But these folks are definitely not alone. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/birds/\">The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service estimates\u003c/a> there are about 48 million birders in the U.S. - that’s more than twice as large as the television audience for the World Series. These hobbyists obsess over birds the way some fans obsess about sports. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28884\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phila-2.jpg\" alt=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" title=\"Phila Rogers, Audubon volunteer\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28884\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audubon volunteer Phila Rogers. Photo Credit, Nancy Warren\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>80-year-old Phila Rogers has been birding since she was eight. She explains the hobby as a kind of ‘madness.’ “You know, I took time off to have children and have love affairs but the birding was always there it was ready to bubble up from everything else,” says Rogers. The long time birder has served her time slogging through rain and chilly temperatures to complete the Christmas Count. Now Rogers participates as one of a few feeder watchers who observe birds, in her case, from her living room through a window onto her backyard deck, high in the Berkeley hills. You would think Rogers has seen it all but this year offered something really exciting. “For the first time in almost sixty years of watching birds at these feeders on this hill I see a white-throated sparrow. This is so big. So I actually took pictures. For me it was really exciting because it’s count day,” she says. Rogers could hardly wait to share her find at the area count compilation dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Compilation Dinner\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About one hundred birders gather in the community hall of a church in north Berkeley. Tired and hungry from a long day in the field, the volunteers turn in their check lists and warm up on hot chocolate. Although these birders skewed older, there were a few counters under 12, one already asleep on his dad’s lap. I caught up with two members of my group from earlier, Kevin McKereghan and Alan Krakauer, both excited over their high species count for the day, 110 total. Says Krakauer, \"We had nice weather which is sort of a double bonus. For me Wild Turkeys were a big surprise to see way down into the flats and the urban area.” Kevin McKereghan thinks for a moment about what sighting most surprised him, “I think the white-throated swift and the pygmy nuthatch.” This year was even more special for the local birders because of the release of the long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohloneaudubon.org/index.php/birding/breeding-bird-atlas\">Alameda County Breeding Bird Atlas\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28969\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/turkeys.jpg\" alt=\"Wild turkeys\" title=\"Wild Turkeys\" width=\"300\" height=\"229\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28969\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild turkeys. Photo, Alan Krakauer\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the evening went on, Oakland Count leaders Bob Lewis and Dave Quady, who both got up at 2:30 in the morning to count owls, ran through a check list of common birds. Next, presentations were given on special sightings and omissions. While some species like peregrine falcons and wild turkeys have been growing in number, the bird count also has shown some troubling trends. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">National Audubon Society\u003c/a> has documented a 40 percent drop in migratory birds over the past four decades, some common bird numbers have dropped by half, and there has been a move by some species north which could be an indicator of climate change. With the data, Audubon tries to take steps to mitigate some of the changes. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Operation Vesta: Pluto's Devious Plan to Regain Status? ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28626\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/30/operation-vesta-plutos-devious-plan-to-regain-status/vesta-dawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28626\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" title=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28626\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/whereis_nh.php\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft hurtling toward its 2014 encounter with Pluto, and with the Dawn spacecraft now at its most up-close and personal encounter with Vesta, we are in the process of learning scads of information about two objects that are among the poorest understood and least explored bodies in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before NASA's Dawn settled into orbit around the asteroid Vesta—the second largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt, after the Dwarf Planet Ceres—we knew very little about it. That it is mega-mountain of rock 330 miles across that rotates rather quickly in space and is slightly egg-shaped, these things we knew—but not much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/vesta_dawn_gallery.asp\" target=\"_blank\">What Dawn has revealed to us\u003c/a>, however, is a tiny world with unexpected complexities, inside and out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, Vesta's anatomy may not be unlike Earth and the other Terrestrial planets, which all developed cores heavy with iron and mantles and crusts made of lighter silicate rocks when they were young and molten. This \"differentiation\" occurs for the same reason that gold particles sink to the bottom of a gold-pan as a prospector shakes the water-sand slurry back and forth: the gold is denser, the sand lighter, so the materials separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside, Vesta's surface offers amazing landscape vista opportunities for a future robot lander or astronaut: complex topography of valleys, cliffs, troughs, ridges, and a huge mountain, with elevation differences deviating above and below the global average elevation by as much as 15 miles—that's three Mount Everests, or two Marianas Trenches! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the surface resemble some of the basaltic formations of cooled lava in Hawaii, suggesting that, long ago, there may have been active volcanoes on Vesta, spewing out lava to shape the young surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a sight it must have been—and it makes me smile when I think about the children's book \"The Little Prince.\" My favorite part of that story was the description of how the Prince, on his little asteroid world (which was only twenty or thirty feet across, I'd guess), cooked his meals on a frying pan held over a miniature volcano, which he made sure to keep clean and functional with a periodic cleaning using a giant Q-tip….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these revelations—the core/mantle differentiation, complicated geography, possible tectonic features, and signs of past volcanism--have prompted some scientists to ask, should Vesta be reclassified as a Dwarf Planet, along with Ceres, Pluto, and the others thus dubbed? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have on my desk at work a letter from a 3rd Grader. It starts, \"I think Pluto should be a planet (not a Dwarf Planet)….\" The letter continues in richer detail and quite a bit of passionate defense of Pluto, but I was struck by the fact that this 3rd Grader was, at the time Pluto was originally \"demoted,\" three years old. (And some thought the Pluto controversy would end with the previous generation of kids….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it did get me wondering. If Dawn has changed our view of Vesta from a mere large asteroid to something maybe worthy of promotion to Dwarf Planet, what might New Horizons do to our current view of Pluto? I'm not suggesting the International Astronomical Union will reinstate Pluto as a planet when we get our first up-close images of its surface—after all, no matter what Pluto's surface may hold in store for us, this Dwarf Planet can't meet one of the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/planet.htm\" target=\"_blank\">three conditions\u003c/a> for planethood: being massive enough to clear the region of space in which it revolves. Alas, Pluto shares its orbital space with other objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I fully expect that New Horizons will change \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto\" target=\"_blank\">our perspective on Pluto\u003c/a>, as Dawn is doing for Vesta. The more we learn of the rich details of mysterious places like these, the more, I think, we regard them as \"worlds\"—regardless of their classification as asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28626\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/30/operation-vesta-plutos-devious-plan-to-regain-status/vesta-dawn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28626\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg\" alt=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" title=\"Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28626\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/vesta-dawn-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Asteroid Vesta - Images from the Dawn Spacecraft\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With the \u003ca href=\"http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/mission/whereis_nh.php\" target=\"_blank\">New Horizons\u003c/a> spacecraft hurtling toward its 2014 encounter with Pluto, and with the Dawn spacecraft now at its most up-close and personal encounter with Vesta, we are in the process of learning scads of information about two objects that are among the poorest understood and least explored bodies in the Solar System. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before NASA's Dawn settled into orbit around the asteroid Vesta—the second largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt, after the Dwarf Planet Ceres—we knew very little about it. That it is mega-mountain of rock 330 miles across that rotates rather quickly in space and is slightly egg-shaped, these things we knew—but not much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/vesta_dawn_gallery.asp\" target=\"_blank\">What Dawn has revealed to us\u003c/a>, however, is a tiny world with unexpected complexities, inside and out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, Vesta's anatomy may not be unlike Earth and the other Terrestrial planets, which all developed cores heavy with iron and mantles and crusts made of lighter silicate rocks when they were young and molten. This \"differentiation\" occurs for the same reason that gold particles sink to the bottom of a gold-pan as a prospector shakes the water-sand slurry back and forth: the gold is denser, the sand lighter, so the materials separate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outside, Vesta's surface offers amazing landscape vista opportunities for a future robot lander or astronaut: complex topography of valleys, cliffs, troughs, ridges, and a huge mountain, with elevation differences deviating above and below the global average elevation by as much as 15 miles—that's three Mount Everests, or two Marianas Trenches! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the surface resemble some of the basaltic formations of cooled lava in Hawaii, suggesting that, long ago, there may have been active volcanoes on Vesta, spewing out lava to shape the young surface. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What a sight it must have been—and it makes me smile when I think about the children's book \"The Little Prince.\" My favorite part of that story was the description of how the Prince, on his little asteroid world (which was only twenty or thirty feet across, I'd guess), cooked his meals on a frying pan held over a miniature volcano, which he made sure to keep clean and functional with a periodic cleaning using a giant Q-tip….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of these revelations—the core/mantle differentiation, complicated geography, possible tectonic features, and signs of past volcanism--have prompted some scientists to ask, should Vesta be reclassified as a Dwarf Planet, along with Ceres, Pluto, and the others thus dubbed? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have on my desk at work a letter from a 3rd Grader. It starts, \"I think Pluto should be a planet (not a Dwarf Planet)….\" The letter continues in richer detail and quite a bit of passionate defense of Pluto, but I was struck by the fact that this 3rd Grader was, at the time Pluto was originally \"demoted,\" three years old. (And some thought the Pluto controversy would end with the previous generation of kids….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it did get me wondering. If Dawn has changed our view of Vesta from a mere large asteroid to something maybe worthy of promotion to Dwarf Planet, what might New Horizons do to our current view of Pluto? I'm not suggesting the International Astronomical Union will reinstate Pluto as a planet when we get our first up-close images of its surface—after all, no matter what Pluto's surface may hold in store for us, this Dwarf Planet can't meet one of the \u003ca href=\"http://space.about.com/od/glossaries/g/planet.htm\" target=\"_blank\">three conditions\u003c/a> for planethood: being massive enough to clear the region of space in which it revolves. Alas, Pluto shares its orbital space with other objects. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I fully expect that New Horizons will change \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto\" target=\"_blank\">our perspective on Pluto\u003c/a>, as Dawn is doing for Vesta. The more we learn of the rich details of mysterious places like these, the more, I think, we regard them as \"worlds\"—regardless of their classification as asteroid, dwarf planet, or planet.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "We Don’t Want the Funk (in our Wine)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/26/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine/redwine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28442\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RedWine\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, sulfites are able to kill the yeast that might spoil this wine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wine sometimes tastes a bit funky because it was contaminated during fermentation with a yeast called \u003cem>Brettanomyces bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can give wine a \u003ca href=\"http://ajevonline.org/content/57/2/139.full\">variety of interesting flavors\u003c/a> like “…horse sweat, Band Aids, barnyard, and burnt plastic…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers usually keep this from happening by killing off the yeast with those dreaded sulfites. But for awhile now, people in the know have been worrying about the emergence of a sulfite-resistant form of this yeast. And this is a well-founded fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeast, like bacteria, are fast growing microorganisms with lots of variation in their DNA. If you hit a population like this with something that kills them (like sulfites for \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> or antibiotics for bacteria), some small percentage are probably going to be resistant. These resistant strains can then grow and replace the sensitive ones. The end result is sulfite-resistant yeast ruining our wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to head off this problem, a group of scientists in Australia has \u003ca href=\"http://www.winebiz.com.au/wvj/\">figured out this yeast’s DNA\u003c/a>. The hope is that scientists will be able to use this data to determine how \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> might evolve into a more resistant form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that despite much trumpeting online, they haven’t really solved any problems with this knowledge yet. They have merely created the tool that might let them solve a potential future problem. And given how cheap and easy DNA sequencing is these days, it isn’t necessarily even an impressive feat of technological prowess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it may one day prove useful in allowing winemakers to more quickly defeat a sulfite-resistant strain. Which can only be a good thing for wine making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t want to end this before saying a nice word or two about \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can spoil wines but it isn’t all bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it gives Belgian beers their special taste. And some winemakers actively seek it to give their wine a bit of a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/brettanomyces_article.html\">brett\u003c/a>” taste. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a sulfite-resistant form would definitely be a bad thing for most winemakers. So scientists should definitely stay vigilant and be ready to come up with quick solutions using this new tool (and whatever other ones they can find) when sulfite-resistant \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> begin to appear. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28442\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/26/we-don%e2%80%99t-want-the-funk-in-our-wine/redwine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28442\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RedWine\" width=\"640\" height=\"376\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/RedWine-400x235.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">For now, sulfites are able to kill the yeast that might spoil this wine.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wine sometimes tastes a bit funky because it was contaminated during fermentation with a yeast called \u003cem>Brettanomyces bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can give wine a \u003ca href=\"http://ajevonline.org/content/57/2/139.full\">variety of interesting flavors\u003c/a> like “…horse sweat, Band Aids, barnyard, and burnt plastic…” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winemakers usually keep this from happening by killing off the yeast with those dreaded sulfites. But for awhile now, people in the know have been worrying about the emergence of a sulfite-resistant form of this yeast. And this is a well-founded fear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeast, like bacteria, are fast growing microorganisms with lots of variation in their DNA. If you hit a population like this with something that kills them (like sulfites for \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> or antibiotics for bacteria), some small percentage are probably going to be resistant. These resistant strains can then grow and replace the sensitive ones. The end result is sulfite-resistant yeast ruining our wines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To try to head off this problem, a group of scientists in Australia has \u003ca href=\"http://www.winebiz.com.au/wvj/\">figured out this yeast’s DNA\u003c/a>. The hope is that scientists will be able to use this data to determine how \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> might evolve into a more resistant form.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Note that despite much trumpeting online, they haven’t really solved any problems with this knowledge yet. They have merely created the tool that might let them solve a potential future problem. And given how cheap and easy DNA sequencing is these days, it isn’t necessarily even an impressive feat of technological prowess.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it may one day prove useful in allowing winemakers to more quickly defeat a sulfite-resistant strain. Which can only be a good thing for wine making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don’t want to end this before saying a nice word or two about \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em>. This yeast can spoil wines but it isn’t all bad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it gives Belgian beers their special taste. And some winemakers actively seek it to give their wine a bit of a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.aromadictionary.com/articles/brettanomyces_article.html\">brett\u003c/a>” taste. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, a sulfite-resistant form would definitely be a bad thing for most winemakers. So scientists should definitely stay vigilant and be ready to come up with quick solutions using this new tool (and whatever other ones they can find) when sulfite-resistant \u003cem>B. bruxellensis\u003c/em> begin to appear. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. There were a dozen disasters nationwide that cost more than a billion dollars, including floods and heat waves. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But climate change is making that tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Corporation is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. There were a dozen disasters nationwide that cost more than a billion dollars, including floods and heat waves. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But climate change is making that tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Corporation is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Bay Area Geological Holiday Quiz",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28656\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/22/the-bay-area-geological-holiday-quiz/diablo-xmasquiz/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28656\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"diablo-xmasquiz\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28656\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/diablo-xmasquiz-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You know Mount Diablo. But do you know what kind of rock it's made of? Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you're like me, one highlight of your Christmas celebration is the consternating quiz that columnist Jon Carroll publishes in the \u003ci>San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/i> every year. Acknowledging the greatness as well as the priority of the Carroll quiz, I am humbly pleased to bring a geological version to the pages of KQED Quest Science Blogs. The quiz is centered on the Bay Area, which in addition to its other virtues is a premier destination for Earth scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 20 questions, each with one correct answer. Some answers may be found in my posts from this year. Some answers can be found on Google and others cannot, but you're coolest if you don't need to search. There is one big hint on this page.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the fine print: No prizes are awarded; answers will be added to this post on Boxing Day; until then please post questions, not answers, in the comments. All right? OK!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. What is California's state rock: gold, mariposite, quartz, serpentine?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. How big was the 1906 San Francisco earthquake: 7.8, 8.0, 8.2, 9.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Which of these places is on the North American plate: Aptos, Bolinas, Colma, Davenport?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Which of these places is on the Pacific plate: San Francisco, San Jose, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. What is the highest magnitude earthquake that the Hayward fault is capable of: 6.7, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily what rock type: blueschist, chert, marble, melange?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. What mineral resource has NOT been produced in the Bay Area: coal, mercury, petroleum, uranium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. What fossils are NOT found in the Bay Area: ammonites, dinosaurs, hypsodonts, mammoths?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. What fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends: Calaveras, Rodgers Creek, San Andreas, Zayante?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily what rock type: gneiss, granite, graywacke, greenstone?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. What fault continues north where the Concord fault ends: Flint Hills, Green Valley, Greenville, Maacama?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. Which Spanish word tells you there was once a lime kiln here: calabaza, calavera, calera, calesitas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore in what county?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called what: belts, formations, melanges, terranes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. What rock type is at the top of Mount Diablo: basalt, harzburgite, rhyolite, schist?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. Which entity allows personal fossil collecting: BLM, Caltrans, Coastal Commission, state parks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. Which North Bay mountain is an actual (former) volcano: Burdell, Konocti, St. Helena, Tamalpais?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily what rock type: diatomite, serpentinite, slate, tuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. What kind of ore was mined south of Livermore during World War II: iron, magnesium, uranium, vanadium?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. Where is the Bay Area's only geyser: Calistoga, The Geysers, Great America Park, Mount Diablo?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>And here are the answers:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. California's state rock is serpentine, better known as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/metrockindex/rocpicserpentinite.htm\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. The \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/historicearthquakes/a/aa_frisco06.htm\">1906 San Francisco earthquake\u003c/a> was magnitude 7.8.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Colma is east of the San Andreas fault and therefore on the North American plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Santa Cruz, conversely, is on the Pacific plate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. The Hayward fault is considered capable of a magnitude 7.5 earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>6. Mount Tamalpais is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">melange\u003c/a>, an intimate mixture of metamorphic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7. To my knowledge, uranium has never been produced in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>8. No dinosaur fossils are known from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>9. The Rodgers Creek fault continues north where the Hayward fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>10. Mount Hamilton is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/sedrockindex/rocpicgraywacke.htm\">graywacke\u003c/a>, a variety of sandstone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>11. The Green Valley fault continues north where the Concord fault ends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12. \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/14/calera-limestone-a-gift-from-the-ancient-pacific/\">Calera\u003c/a>\" is the Spanish term for a limekiln, where limestone is roasted into lime. You may now look up the other three words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>13. The San Gregorio fault occurs onshore only in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">San\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/28/greater-bay-area-geo-attractions-san-gregorio-beach/\">Mateo\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">County\u003c/a>, just missing San Francisco and Santa Cruz counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>14. Franciscan rocks are mapped in 14 different entities called terranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>15. The top of Mount Diablo consists mostly of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/basalt/\">basalt\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>16. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">The Bureau of Land Management allows personal fossil collecting\u003c/a> on the public lands it administers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>17. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/28/bay-area-volcanoes/\">Mount Konocti\u003c/a>, overlooking Clear Lake, is a former volcano, although the others contain volcanic rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>18. Mount St. Helena is primarily \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpictuff.htm\">tuff\u003c/a>, or volcanic sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>19. Magnesium ore, the mineral \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/minerals/ig/minpiccarbonates/minpicmagnesite.htm\">magnesite\u003c/a>, was mined in the ultramafic rocks south of Livermore during World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>20. The Bay Area's only geyser \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/library/bl/images/bloldfaithful.htm\">is in Calistoga\u003c/a>, but it's an artificial one that erupts in a drilled hole.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"science-friday": {
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