QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Top KQED QUEST Stories of 2011
O Perfect Christmas Tree
Biofuels Face a Reality Check
Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll
Getting Started on Earthquake Preparedness
How To Wash That Energy Waste Right Out of Your Hair
'Tis The Season for the Science of Holiday Lights
Yorba Brings Free Software to the Multimedia World
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Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Christmas Tree Farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28617\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, I went to buy a Christmas tree at the \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/forestryclub/\">Cal Forestry Club\u003c/a>’s annual tree sale fundraiser, and instead of full, lush conifers that tapered to a perfect pointy crown, I found only short little trees, with trunks that meandered left and right and branches that were sparse and uneven. These weren’t the picked-over remains—all the trees the club had sold that week resembled Charlie Brown’s tree. The Berkeley students from the Forestry Club described these trees as “free range,” in contrast to trees from Christmas tree farms, which are painstakingly grown to be perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Cal Forestry Club had chopped these trees down themselves, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The trees would have been chopped down anyway, Berkeley student and Forestry Club member Jamie Richards explained. They were growing in clumps that had to be thinned out to reduce competition between trees. Sierra Pacific Industries owned the land and donated the trees for the fundraiser. A handful of students packed 463 trees into a 24-foot U-Haul and steered it down an icy Highway 50 towards Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees they were selling were red firs, white firs, and incense cedars. I figured they didn’t look like typical Christmas trees because they were the wrong species. Jamie said that most Christmas trees are indeed different species—noble firs, grand firs, Douglas firs, and spruce are popular choices—but their perfect structure has more to do with the way they’re grown than their genetic makeup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Christmas tree farm, it takes a lot of work to get the trees to grow. The trees are “hedged” or pruned so they grow full and bushy, and their trunks are trained to grow straight. Most conifer species grow at high elevations, but most Christmas tree farms are at lower elevations; the trees need to be nurtured with fertilizer so they’ll grow in soil and weather conditions that are not the same as the conditions where they evolved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie pointed out that farmed trees are not as hearty as they would be in their native environment, and they’re more susceptible to diseases and damage from pests. Tree farms must apply pesticides and fungicides to prevent damage that could turn the needles yellow and make the trees un-sellable. Depending on the species and the environmental conditions, it takes 6-10 years for a Christmas tree to grow; some of the diseases that can afflict Christmas trees don’t develop until the tree is 4-5 years old, at which point the growers have already invested a lot of work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christmas trees came into fashion in the early 1900s. People usually chopped a wild-growing tree, until Christmas tree farms grew in numbers the 1930s and 1940s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://urbanext.illinois.edu/trees/facts.cfm\">98 percent\u003c/a> of non-artificial Christmas trees sold worldwide come from Christmas tree farms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees sold by the Cal Forestry Club are the two percent. They grew wild, and they look it. Nevertheless, I bought one. The tree barely reached my shoulder and had only a few branches, so it was easy take it home in the trunk of my tiny car. Once I added a string of lights and a few ornaments, though it wasn’t a perfect Christmas tree shape, it looked perfectly festive.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Christmas-Tree-Farm-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Christmas Tree Farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28617\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, I went to buy a Christmas tree at the \u003ca href=\"http://cnr.berkeley.edu/forestryclub/\">Cal Forestry Club\u003c/a>’s annual tree sale fundraiser, and instead of full, lush conifers that tapered to a perfect pointy crown, I found only short little trees, with trunks that meandered left and right and branches that were sparse and uneven. These weren’t the picked-over remains—all the trees the club had sold that week resembled Charlie Brown’s tree. The Berkeley students from the Forestry Club described these trees as “free range,” in contrast to trees from Christmas tree farms, which are painstakingly grown to be perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Cal Forestry Club had chopped these trees down themselves, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. The trees would have been chopped down anyway, Berkeley student and Forestry Club member Jamie Richards explained. They were growing in clumps that had to be thinned out to reduce competition between trees. Sierra Pacific Industries owned the land and donated the trees for the fundraiser. A handful of students packed 463 trees into a 24-foot U-Haul and steered it down an icy Highway 50 towards Berkeley. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees they were selling were red firs, white firs, and incense cedars. I figured they didn’t look like typical Christmas trees because they were the wrong species. Jamie said that most Christmas trees are indeed different species—noble firs, grand firs, Douglas firs, and spruce are popular choices—but their perfect structure has more to do with the way they’re grown than their genetic makeup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a Christmas tree farm, it takes a lot of work to get the trees to grow. The trees are “hedged” or pruned so they grow full and bushy, and their trunks are trained to grow straight. Most conifer species grow at high elevations, but most Christmas tree farms are at lower elevations; the trees need to be nurtured with fertilizer so they’ll grow in soil and weather conditions that are not the same as the conditions where they evolved. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie pointed out that farmed trees are not as hearty as they would be in their native environment, and they’re more susceptible to diseases and damage from pests. Tree farms must apply pesticides and fungicides to prevent damage that could turn the needles yellow and make the trees un-sellable. Depending on the species and the environmental conditions, it takes 6-10 years for a Christmas tree to grow; some of the diseases that can afflict Christmas trees don’t develop until the tree is 4-5 years old, at which point the growers have already invested a lot of work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Christmas trees came into fashion in the early 1900s. People usually chopped a wild-growing tree, until Christmas tree farms grew in numbers the 1930s and 1940s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://urbanext.illinois.edu/trees/facts.cfm\">98 percent\u003c/a> of non-artificial Christmas trees sold worldwide come from Christmas tree farms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trees sold by the Cal Forestry Club are the two percent. They grew wild, and they look it. Nevertheless, I bought one. The tree barely reached my shoulder and had only a few branches, so it was easy take it home in the trunk of my tiny car. Once I added a string of lights and a few ornaments, though it wasn’t a perfect Christmas tree shape, it looked perfectly festive.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-19-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28569\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28569\" title=\"DSC00009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00009-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A woody grass called Miscanthus is one of the biofuel feedstocks being examined.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite all the buzz around biofuels, commercial production has been slow to scale up. As a result, the EPA scaled back its goals for advanced biofuels earlier this year. Still, some Bay Area scientists recently made a breakthrough that could move us one step closer to a day when our cars run on fuels from plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea behind biofuels is pretty simple. Plants take sunlight and use that energy to make sugars. The biofuels industry wants to transform those sugars into fuel. That requires some molecular rearranging, so they’re looking to microbes to do the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.jbei.org/\">Joint BioEnergy Institute\u003c/a> (JBEI) in Emeryville, e.coli is the microbe of choice. Researcher Greg Bokinsky shows me racks of glass tubes that are home to e.coli cultures that have been biologically engineered. They’ve created e.coli that munch on a woody plant called \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicum_virgatum\">switchgrass\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve heard anything about biofuels, you’ve probably heard about ethanol that’s made from corn, which you can buy at gas stations today. But ethanol can’t be transported long distances because it corrodes pipelines. And using corn for fuel has also raised some concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Corn is used extensively to feed animals. Corn is also used for some food as well, human consumption. So we want to be very careful about using corn itself,” says Jay Keasling, CEO of JBEI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Engineering Microbes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JBEI was founded 5 years ago with a $125 million grant from the Department of Energy. It’s a partnership between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab and other groups with the mission of creating biofuels from plants that aren’t used for food – also known as cellulosic biofuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Switchgrass is one that gets mentioned a lot,” says Keasling. “Switchgrass is a native to much of the Midwest. It grows without a lot of water and fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But unlocking the energy inside switchgrass is no easy task. “Plants have evolved to be tough. There are beetles, there are fungi that want to attack them all the time and get access to those sugars. So they’ve evolved defense mechanisms,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-28582\" title=\"DSC00005-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/DSC00005-2.jpg\" alt=\"A jar of ground-up switchgrass at the Joint BioEnergy Institute.\" width=\"240\" height=\"194\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first line of defense is like a barbed wire fence. Plants protect their sugars with a tough material called lignin. Keasling’s team breaks through it using a liquid salt solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once it’s gone, the sugars still have to be broken down further. Most companies use industrial enzymes to do that. But this is where Keasling’s \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/news-releases/2011/11/29/e-coli-make-three-fuels/\">engineered e.coli\u003c/a> comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’ve done is we’ve gone to places like the rainforest in Puerto Rico and to compost piles. We’ve sequenced the organisms that are breaking down that biomass and then cloned those genes into e.coli,” Keasling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The e.coli break down the sugars for themselves, saving an expensive step in the process. Using the sugars, they produce fuels. “Really they’re pooping out fuels,” says Keasling. “And these are fuels that can be put directly into gasoline engines, diesel engines or jet engines.” These microbes are an exciting breakthrough for Keasling, since they could help bring down the cost of production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Goals Scale Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government was once excited about cellulosic biofuels, too. In 2006, former President George W Bush included them in his State of the Union address, saying “we'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing ethanol, not just from corn but from wood chips and stalks or switchgrass. Our goal is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Congress set up tax credits for cellulosic biofuels with a goal of seeing 500 million gallons produced in 2012. Since then, the industry has faced a harsh reality. The \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/477321f362225aac852578b60068bf16!OpenDocument\">goal for next year\u003c/a> has been cut back to just 12 million gallons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was oversold. There was a lot of hype around it. It’s a tough problem. We can’t expect this to happen overnight,” says Keasling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Keasling says if there’s anything that casts a shadow over biofuels, it’s the price of their biggest competitor. “If oil is under $100 a barrel, we’re not going to see many advanced biofuels on the market. They’re just not going to be able to compete. It’s virtually impossible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris Somerville, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.energybiosciencesinstitute.org/\">Energy Biosciences Institute\u003c/a> (EBI), agrees. “The costs are still not where we need them to be.” EBI is also run by UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab, among other collaborators. It was started with a $500 million grant from BP.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like JBEI, EBI’s mission is also engineering cellulosic biofuels. They’ve developed specially engineered yeast that eat feedstocks like miscanthus. “It’s going to be another 10 years before it really scales up. And it’s not because there’s a big problem. It’s just takes time to build and bring online big industrial facilities that are first of a kind.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies, including BP, are now building commercial-scale biofuel plants. But the science is evolving so quickly, Somerville says it’s hard for companies to commit. “If you’re a company that has to lay down some hundreds of millions of dollars for a new facility and you look around and everyday, there’s new advances, you think, well maybe I’ll wait until next week and build a better facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although some in Congress are impatient over the progress of advanced biofuels, Somerville is confident that it’s just a matter of time before the industry scales up. “What we’re really trying to do is change the world. And we have this huge entrenched energy sector. And so there’s lots of entrenched players that don’t welcome change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he says, if we care about addressing climate change, we won’t be able to do it without remaking the fuels that go in our cars.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Kepler 22B: Exoplanet Dress-up Doll ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/kepler22b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28422\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg\" alt=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" title=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28422\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery\u003c/a>, the extrasolar-planet (exoplanet) Kepler 22B. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real, Earth-sized planet to imagine? Cool! I'm on it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's fun to play around with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/09/kepler-22-b-helliconia-new-earth-nasa?newsfeed=true\" target=\"_blank\">planetary possibilities\u003c/a>, as science fiction writers have done for decades, but having a real find out there to pin our thoughts on is something more. On that blank ball-shaped canvass we can paint whatever atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere--and who knows, biosphere?--we care to imagine, at least until scientific observation starts to fill in those details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kepler 22B offers something more to our fancy than a mere Earthoid dress-up doll. Being somewhat larger than our world, though still smaller than a Neptune or a Uranus, places it in the category of \"super-Earth,\" a type of planet that we have very little experience with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we know of Kepler 22B beyond the barebone figures revealed by the Kepler spacecraft? In a word, not much. Kepler—a really big camera orbiting the Sun and staring at a patch of 150,000 or so stars in the constellation Cygnus—was designed to detect the presence of Earth-like exoplanets. Using the \"transit\" method of exoplanet detection, Kepler watches unblinkingly for the slight dimming of a star's light as one of its planets \"transits,\" or moves across, its face. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dimming can tell us exactly three things: the approximate diameter of the planet by how much of the star's light is blocked, the orbital period of the planet by how often it transits, and the distance between the planet and its star (because once you know the orbital period, you can calculate that distance--or \u003ca href=\"http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit\" target=\"_blank\">visa versa\u003c/a>--as long as you know the mass of the star the planet orbits…which we do). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being relatively close to the size of the Earth makes Kepler 22B an important find, but maybe more important is the fact of the planet's distance from its star. Kepler's mission isn't merely to find Earth-sized planets, but ones that are within their stars' habitable zones: the right distance so that, given a sufficient atmosphere, liquid water could exist on their surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 22B is at that correct distance. Though it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, that star is slightly cooler than the Sun, so its habitable zone is closer in. (Earth is obviously in the Sun's habitable zone; if you're not sure, go get yourself a glass of water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to what we know, and don't know, about Kepler 22B. Not having a super-Earth in our own Solar System, we don't have an up-close example to study. Is it like Earth, a rocky sphere from the core right up to the visible surface, with an apple-peel thin layer of gas and liquid on top? Or is it more like Uranus, with a solid core deep down with massive layers of fluid and gas upholstered around it? Or something between?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know. Future observations may reveal more about this planet, and others. One day we might know more about Kepler 22B's atmosphere (if it has one) through spectroscopic measurements. If we can make a measurement of the planet's mass, we could calculate its average density and better place it on the spectrum between super-Earth and infra-Uranus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were we to travel there, could we land, step outside and breathe the air (as well as strain under a super-Earth's gravity)? Would we sink into the fluid envelope around the hidden core, falling to ever greater depths and atmospheric pressure? Would we find ourselves surrounded by human-sized chimpanzees? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That adventure is yet far in the future…but a lot of fun to imagine in the meantime….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28422\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/16/kepler-22b-exoplanet-dress-up-doll/kepler22b/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28422\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg\" alt=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" title=\"Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28422\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/kepler22b-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kepler 22B compared to the solar terrestrial planets\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's 600 light years from Earth, orbits a star very similar to our Sun in a period of about 290 days, and has a diameter about two and a half times that of Earth. What is it? It's the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepscicon-briefing.html\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Kepler mission's most recent exciting confirmed discovery\u003c/a>, the extrasolar-planet (exoplanet) Kepler 22B. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another real, Earth-sized planet to imagine? Cool! I'm on it….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's fun to play around with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/dec/09/kepler-22-b-helliconia-new-earth-nasa?newsfeed=true\" target=\"_blank\">planetary possibilities\u003c/a>, as science fiction writers have done for decades, but having a real find out there to pin our thoughts on is something more. On that blank ball-shaped canvass we can paint whatever atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere--and who knows, biosphere?--we care to imagine, at least until scientific observation starts to fill in those details. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Kepler 22B offers something more to our fancy than a mere Earthoid dress-up doll. Being somewhat larger than our world, though still smaller than a Neptune or a Uranus, places it in the category of \"super-Earth,\" a type of planet that we have very little experience with. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What do we know of Kepler 22B beyond the barebone figures revealed by the Kepler spacecraft? In a word, not much. Kepler—a really big camera orbiting the Sun and staring at a patch of 150,000 or so stars in the constellation Cygnus—was designed to detect the presence of Earth-like exoplanets. Using the \"transit\" method of exoplanet detection, Kepler watches unblinkingly for the slight dimming of a star's light as one of its planets \"transits,\" or moves across, its face. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That dimming can tell us exactly three things: the approximate diameter of the planet by how much of the star's light is blocked, the orbital period of the planet by how often it transits, and the distance between the planet and its star (because once you know the orbital period, you can calculate that distance--or \u003ca href=\"http://www.calctool.org/CALC/phys/astronomy/planet_orbit\" target=\"_blank\">visa versa\u003c/a>--as long as you know the mass of the star the planet orbits…which we do). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being relatively close to the size of the Earth makes Kepler 22B an important find, but maybe more important is the fact of the planet's distance from its star. Kepler's mission isn't merely to find Earth-sized planets, but ones that are within their stars' habitable zones: the right distance so that, given a sufficient atmosphere, liquid water could exist on their surfaces. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 22B is at that correct distance. Though it is closer to its star than Earth is from the Sun, that star is slightly cooler than the Sun, so its habitable zone is closer in. (Earth is obviously in the Sun's habitable zone; if you're not sure, go get yourself a glass of water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But back to what we know, and don't know, about Kepler 22B. Not having a super-Earth in our own Solar System, we don't have an up-close example to study. Is it like Earth, a rocky sphere from the core right up to the visible surface, with an apple-peel thin layer of gas and liquid on top? Or is it more like Uranus, with a solid core deep down with massive layers of fluid and gas upholstered around it? Or something between?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don't know. Future observations may reveal more about this planet, and others. One day we might know more about Kepler 22B's atmosphere (if it has one) through spectroscopic measurements. If we can make a measurement of the planet's mass, we could calculate its average density and better place it on the spectrum between super-Earth and infra-Uranus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Were we to travel there, could we land, step outside and breathe the air (as well as strain under a super-Earth's gravity)? Would we sink into the fluid envelope around the hidden core, falling to ever greater depths and atmospheric pressure? Would we find ourselves surrounded by human-sized chimpanzees? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That adventure is yet far in the future…but a lot of fun to imagine in the meantime….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Getting Started on Earthquake Preparedness",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/getting-started-on-earthquake-preparedness/eqpreptop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28518\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/EQpreptop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQpreptop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28518\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've talked about some of the science related to earthquakes here on KQED, things like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/\">shake-table studies\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/12/deep-jiggles-with-distant-triggers/\">triggered creep\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant/\">long earthquake cycles\u003c/a>. And I've introduced some of the Bay Area's earthquake-producing faults like the San Andreas fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">here\u003c/a>), the Hayward fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a>), the San Gregorio fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">here\u003c/a>) and the Green Valley fault (\u003ca>here\u003c/a>). I've showed you some ways to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">friend your local fault\u003c/a> on your own, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But talking about all this cool fun science is circling around something that's more urgent: earthquakes are on their way, wherever you live in the Bay Area. And by preparing in advance for these earthquakes, you can save a whole lot of trouble for yourself, your family and your neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know all this; I've known it and written about it for years. But I shy away from the implications, like a lot of people, and as a result I haven't done much serious preparation. Truth be told, I'm kind of paralyzed at the prospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are people out there who understand this resistance to action. They are being as creative as they know how in a sincere effort to draw us into doing the right things. What works?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I go there, I can tell you what has and hasn't worked for me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The authorities tell us that \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">a big, damaging earthquake is a certainty (over 99 percent) in the next 30 years in California\u003c/a>. (My instinctive, self-justifying response is, \"\u003ci>Fine, the Big One will be down south.\u003c/i>\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. They tell us that a big, damaging earthquake has \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/core/public/sceccontext.php/3935/13663\">2-to-1 odds of happening in the Bay Area\u003c/a> in the next 30 years. (\u003ci>Yeah, the epicenter will most likely be somewhere else and not this year either.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. They tell us that damaging shaking from that big quake will affect my area. \u003ca href=\"http://quake.abag.ca.gov/shaking/\">The scenarios\u003c/a> show that problems from the quake will affect my area's infrastructure, its traffic, its economy. (\u003ci>Well . . . that's hard to ignore.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/simulations/\">Recent, realistic simulations\u003c/a> show that the experience will be scary and challenging under the best of circumstances. (\u003ci>Imagining this keeps me awake sometimes.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. You insure yourself against sudden death, illness and car crashes, don't you, so why not treat earthquakes the same way? (\u003ci>Um, O.K.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, all that feels more like being harangued than being helped. Can earthquake preparation be easy instead? Or failing that, can it be simple? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you settle for orderly? That is definitely doable. Some things come before other things, and those sincere, creative people have sorted them out in a program called \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/seven_steps.html\">Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety\u003c/a>. That turns the daunting mountain of earthquake preparedness into a path, with one step at a time. For instance, step 1 is \"Secure it now!\" That sounds like something with a beginning and an end; like something I could incorporate into my routine, one errand at a time, a small new item in the family-meeting agenda and the household budget. That sounds like something I can actually manage. And once it's done, step 2——but let's not get ahead of ourselves; that's how the paralysis started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is coaching available, too. At least I think of it that way. A creative team at \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/\">TotallyUnprepared.com\u003c/a> has a growing set of stories and demonstrations of the small, ordinary things that make up \"securing it now.\" There's a lovely set of videos answering the simple question, \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/our-tv-shows/will-it-shake/\">Will it shake?\u003c/a> The newest one \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/2011/12/will-it-shake-snowglobe-edition/\">tests a snowglobe collection\u003c/a>. Of course it will shake; you know that; but it still helps to \u003ci>see\u003c/i> it shake. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/get-ready-quick/\">how-to section\u003c/a> covers lots of specific problems, from securing refrigerators to getting earthquake insurance. You can even sign up for a regular email message from the Totally Unprepared team with tips and encouragement. Links from Totally Unprepared go to lots of good background info. It seems like just the place to bookmark and, dare I say it, make part of a New Year's resolution.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/getting-started-on-earthquake-preparedness/eqpreptop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28518\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/EQpreptop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"EQpreptop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28518\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've talked about some of the science related to earthquakes here on KQED, things like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/shaking-things-up/\">shake-table studies\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/12/deep-jiggles-with-distant-triggers/\">triggered creep\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/30/salton-sea-15-months-pregnant/\">long earthquake cycles\u003c/a>. And I've introduced some of the Bay Area's earthquake-producing faults like the San Andreas fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/29/geozeum-a-personal-museum-of-geology/\">here\u003c/a>), the Hayward fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/05/geological-outings-around-the-bay-a-visit-to-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/10/06/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-pinole-and-the-hayward-fault/\">here\u003c/a>), the San Gregorio fault (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/10/geological-outings-around-the-bay-fitzgerald-marine-preserve/\">here\u003c/a>) and the Green Valley fault (\u003ca>here\u003c/a>). I've showed you some ways to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/17/befriend-your-local-fault/\">friend your local fault\u003c/a> on your own, too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But talking about all this cool fun science is circling around something that's more urgent: earthquakes are on their way, wherever you live in the Bay Area. And by preparing in advance for these earthquakes, you can save a whole lot of trouble for yourself, your family and your neighborhood. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know all this; I've known it and written about it for years. But I shy away from the implications, like a lot of people, and as a result I haven't done much serious preparation. Truth be told, I'm kind of paralyzed at the prospect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are people out there who understand this resistance to action. They are being as creative as they know how in a sincere effort to draw us into doing the right things. What works?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before I go there, I can tell you what has and hasn't worked for me:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. The authorities tell us that \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3027/\">a big, damaging earthquake is a certainty (over 99 percent) in the next 30 years in California\u003c/a>. (My instinctive, self-justifying response is, \"\u003ci>Fine, the Big One will be down south.\u003c/i>\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. They tell us that a big, damaging earthquake has \u003ca href=\"http://www.scec.org/core/public/sceccontext.php/3935/13663\">2-to-1 odds of happening in the Bay Area\u003c/a> in the next 30 years. (\u003ci>Yeah, the epicenter will most likely be somewhere else and not this year either.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. They tell us that damaging shaking from that big quake will affect my area. \u003ca href=\"http://quake.abag.ca.gov/shaking/\">The scenarios\u003c/a> show that problems from the quake will affect my area's infrastructure, its traffic, its economy. (\u003ci>Well . . . that's hard to ignore.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/nca/simulations/\">Recent, realistic simulations\u003c/a> show that the experience will be scary and challenging under the best of circumstances. (\u003ci>Imagining this keeps me awake sometimes.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>5. You insure yourself against sudden death, illness and car crashes, don't you, so why not treat earthquakes the same way? (\u003ci>Um, O.K.\u003c/i>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, all that feels more like being harangued than being helped. Can earthquake preparation be easy instead? Or failing that, can it be simple? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Would you settle for orderly? That is definitely doable. Some things come before other things, and those sincere, creative people have sorted them out in a program called \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthquakecountry.info/roots/seven_steps.html\">Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety\u003c/a>. That turns the daunting mountain of earthquake preparedness into a path, with one step at a time. For instance, step 1 is \"Secure it now!\" That sounds like something with a beginning and an end; like something I could incorporate into my routine, one errand at a time, a small new item in the family-meeting agenda and the household budget. That sounds like something I can actually manage. And once it's done, step 2——but let's not get ahead of ourselves; that's how the paralysis started.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is coaching available, too. At least I think of it that way. A creative team at \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/\">TotallyUnprepared.com\u003c/a> has a growing set of stories and demonstrations of the small, ordinary things that make up \"securing it now.\" There's a lovely set of videos answering the simple question, \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/our-tv-shows/will-it-shake/\">Will it shake?\u003c/a> The newest one \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/2011/12/will-it-shake-snowglobe-edition/\">tests a snowglobe collection\u003c/a>. Of course it will shake; you know that; but it still helps to \u003ci>see\u003c/i> it shake. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.totallyunprepared.com/get-ready-quick/\">how-to section\u003c/a> covers lots of specific problems, from securing refrigerators to getting earthquake insurance. You can even sign up for a regular email message from the Totally Unprepared team with tips and encouragement. Links from Totally Unprepared go to lots of good background info. It seems like just the place to bookmark and, dare I say it, make part of a New Year's resolution.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/How-to-shampoo-your-hair.WidePlayer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28490\" title=\"How-to-shampoo-your-hair.WidePlayer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/How-to-shampoo-your-hair.WidePlayer-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"shampoo\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One morning I realized that I could cut down my showering time by at least one minute if I could combine my shampooing and conditioning into one step. I went to a grocery store looking for a combination shampoo and conditioner that really works. I’m still looking, but I know they are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study commissioned by the California Department of Water Resources looked at water use in California single-family homes. The study determined that showering was the third largest user of water inside a home, after toilets, which are the biggest users, and washing machines the second biggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 36-million people in California. Each person uses about 18 gallons of water each day for a shower. I’m not including baths, but baths generally use as much as or more water than showers. The average shower lasts about 9 minutes. Average flow rate is about 2 gallons per minute. If just 10% of us switched to a combination shampoo and conditioner, shaving at least a minute off of our shower time, it would save the state:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1/9 minutes x 18 gpm x 365 days x 3.6 million people = 2,628,000,000 gallons of water each year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anywhere from 50%–75% of the water in a shower—depending on the preference of the person taking the shower—comes from the water heater. To heat a gallon of water from 60\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F to 105\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F takes about 375 Btu, which is the equivalent of 0.1 kWh. At a price of $0.12 per kWh, the cost of heating a gallon of water is about one cent. If half the water used in a minute of showering is heated water, and one out of ten of us switched to a combination shampoo and conditioner, the amount of energy we could save and the cost of that energy is about:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2.63-trillion gallons x 0.5 x 0.1 kWh = 130-million kWh of power saved each year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>130-million kWh x $0.12 per kWh = $15.8-million saved each year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an individual, switching to a two-in-one shampoo and conditioner could save more than 730 gallons of water a year and save about $4 in energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/How-to-shampoo-your-hair.WidePlayer.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28490\" title=\"How-to-shampoo-your-hair.WidePlayer\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/How-to-shampoo-your-hair.WidePlayer-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"shampoo\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One morning I realized that I could cut down my showering time by at least one minute if I could combine my shampooing and conditioning into one step. I went to a grocery store looking for a combination shampoo and conditioner that really works. I’m still looking, but I know they are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study commissioned by the California Department of Water Resources looked at water use in California single-family homes. The study determined that showering was the third largest user of water inside a home, after toilets, which are the biggest users, and washing machines the second biggest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are about 36-million people in California. Each person uses about 18 gallons of water each day for a shower. I’m not including baths, but baths generally use as much as or more water than showers. The average shower lasts about 9 minutes. Average flow rate is about 2 gallons per minute. If just 10% of us switched to a combination shampoo and conditioner, shaving at least a minute off of our shower time, it would save the state:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1/9 minutes x 18 gpm x 365 days x 3.6 million people = 2,628,000,000 gallons of water each year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anywhere from 50%–75% of the water in a shower—depending on the preference of the person taking the shower—comes from the water heater. To heat a gallon of water from 60\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F to 105\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F takes about 375 Btu, which is the equivalent of 0.1 kWh. At a price of $0.12 per kWh, the cost of heating a gallon of water is about one cent. If half the water used in a minute of showering is heated water, and one out of ten of us switched to a combination shampoo and conditioner, the amount of energy we could save and the cost of that energy is about:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2.63-trillion gallons x 0.5 x 0.1 kWh = 130-million kWh of power saved each year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>and\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>130-million kWh x $0.12 per kWh = $15.8-million saved each year\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an individual, switching to a two-in-one shampoo and conditioner could save more than 730 gallons of water a year and save about $4 in energy costs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/science-of-holiday-lights/spectrum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/spectrum1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"spectrum\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28556\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Dimaano Photography\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday night, I caught myself, while waiting at a crosswalk, squinting at the oncoming traffic and studying the difference intensities of light coming off of car headlights. I was trying to figure out which headlights were LEDs and which ones were incandescents. I missed my signal to cross and had to wait for the next light change because of my musings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My musings were inspired by a 90-minute walk through a hilly region of the city led by Robin Marks. Robin, a biochemist, science journalist and former science tinkerer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>, started \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverystreettours.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Discovery Street Tours\u003c/a> this past July. The website describes the tours as “more than just a walking tour. It’s an urban investigation of the science under your feet, in your food, and in your life. You’ll demo the science for yourself with hands-on activities, eat some tasty treats, and meet other folks like yourself—curious, active, and a little beyond the ordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science got festive on the night of Sunday, December 11th as 18 of us, bundled against the cold and misting fog headed up 20th Street for the The Science of (Holiday) Light preview tour. Through the up-and-down mile and half route, we took frequent stops to admire holiday handiwork, discuss the history of holiday lights, view the different types and understand how our brains were taking in light signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite part of the tour was when we stopped at a corner house strung with both LED and incandescent holiday lights. We were encouraged to look closely and notice the difference in both the quality and brightness of light. While incandescent bulbs use a filament to produce light and heat, LEDs (light emitting diodes) are lower energy semi-conducters. LEDs shoot out light in a straight line. After learning this, I was able to identify the LED string of lights not only by the light but the crystal cut bulbs around the light that enabled the straight line of light to be refracted -- making the iconic twinkling glow associated with holiday lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nerd herder and being generally inquisitive about science, this was a very satisfying tour. I was able to ramble through the city taking in wonderful panoramic scenes in one instance and then turn around and look closer at the mundane with awe at how I was seeing it with new insight and understanding. My fellow tour-goers raised other questions about light and color, as our curiosity was further sparked by what we were seeing and learning. One conversation that got started involved pollinators; which insects and birds are attracted to the red over white flowers, and the effects the visible spectrum they see have on how they pollinate species of flowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this was a preview, the inquisitive can still put science in their step. Robin will be leading The Science of (Holiday) Light tour several more times in December, including Christmas Eve and the evening of Christmas Day. Tours start at 6:30pm and all the dates, more details and booking information can be found online. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/science-of-holiday-lights/spectrum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/spectrum1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"spectrum\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28556\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Dimaano Photography\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday night, I caught myself, while waiting at a crosswalk, squinting at the oncoming traffic and studying the difference intensities of light coming off of car headlights. I was trying to figure out which headlights were LEDs and which ones were incandescents. I missed my signal to cross and had to wait for the next light change because of my musings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My musings were inspired by a 90-minute walk through a hilly region of the city led by Robin Marks. Robin, a biochemist, science journalist and former science tinkerer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>, started \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverystreettours.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Discovery Street Tours\u003c/a> this past July. The website describes the tours as “more than just a walking tour. It’s an urban investigation of the science under your feet, in your food, and in your life. You’ll demo the science for yourself with hands-on activities, eat some tasty treats, and meet other folks like yourself—curious, active, and a little beyond the ordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science got festive on the night of Sunday, December 11th as 18 of us, bundled against the cold and misting fog headed up 20th Street for the The Science of (Holiday) Light preview tour. Through the up-and-down mile and half route, we took frequent stops to admire holiday handiwork, discuss the history of holiday lights, view the different types and understand how our brains were taking in light signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite part of the tour was when we stopped at a corner house strung with both LED and incandescent holiday lights. We were encouraged to look closely and notice the difference in both the quality and brightness of light. While incandescent bulbs use a filament to produce light and heat, LEDs (light emitting diodes) are lower energy semi-conducters. LEDs shoot out light in a straight line. After learning this, I was able to identify the LED string of lights not only by the light but the crystal cut bulbs around the light that enabled the straight line of light to be refracted -- making the iconic twinkling glow associated with holiday lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nerd herder and being generally inquisitive about science, this was a very satisfying tour. I was able to ramble through the city taking in wonderful panoramic scenes in one instance and then turn around and look closer at the mundane with awe at how I was seeing it with new insight and understanding. My fellow tour-goers raised other questions about light and color, as our curiosity was further sparked by what we were seeing and learning. One conversation that got started involved pollinators; which insects and birds are attracted to the red over white flowers, and the effects the visible spectrum they see have on how they pollinate species of flowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"8972422_d44db3e83b_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/visualvelocitypcs/8972422/\" target=\"_blank\">visual velocity pc\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is a non-profit startup in San Francisco that is on a mission to bring quality multimedia programs to the free desktop. Founded in January 2009 by Adam Dingle, Yorba's team has created \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/shotwell/\"> Shotwell\u003c/a>, one of the most widely used open source photo management applications (similar to iPhoto on the Mac).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From its modest offices it the Mission, Yorba's team of half a dozen developers are not driven by the thrill of a big payout or getting rich quick -- they're fueled by the idea of bringing multumedia software to the world. All Yorba's software is 100% free and available to anyone on the free desktop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the free desktop?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the Mac and Windows war lies a different type of operating system -- the free desktop. Operating systems such as Ubuntu, Fedora and Debian are built by a community of developers who provide them for free to end users like you and me. While open source operating systems have commonly been the stomping ground of uber nerds (more commonly known as \"neck beards\"), they have become increasingly user friendly and offer a variety of applications akin to what you might find on your Mac or Windows computer. Best of all, they are entirely free to run, copy and distribute to friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with some spare time and a passion for programming can write applications for open source and release it to the community. Quality can vary drastically among applications, and not all of the same user friendliness to their Mac/PC counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adam started Yorba out of the frustration of not being able to find good audio recoding software for the free desktop when he wanted to record his guitar riffs. From that moment, the idea was born to create Yorba and build a variety of multimedia software that could be easily used, freely distributed and of excellent quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28353\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/13/yorba-brings-free-software-to-the-multimedia-world/shotwell1_l/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28353\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-28353\" title=\"shotwell\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/shotwell1_l-483x360.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"483\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cdl id=\"attachment_28353\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"width: 510px;\">\n\u003cdt class=\"wp-caption-dt\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Screenshot of Shotwell, Yorba's photo manager\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/dt>\u003c/dl>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adam is passionate about Yorba's mission and future. He says, \"We want to see a world where artists working with photos, audio and video can use a free desktop for their work, where they have excellent free software for working with these media types and where they themselves can participate in the development and evolution of that software. We think that San Francisco is a great place for this to happen because it has a strong culture of art, technology, freedom and generosity, all of which are related to our goals\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds crazy, right? Build a company to give software away! Well perhaps it is, but through private donation Yorba has continued on its mission. Thanks to Yorba's work, millions of people around the world have been able to access high quality multimedia software for free. For many that are unable to afford commercial software, Yorba (and the free desktop) provide opportunities otherwise out of reach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the company has four applications available for users of the free desktop. Its photo manager, Shotwell, comes installed with Ubuntu. Fillmore, a multitrack recorder, and Lombard, a video editor, round out the multimedia applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is hiring. If your interested in working for Yorba or contributing code to their software, you can! To learn much more and to try out its software, visit \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/\">Yorba.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"8972422_d44db3e83b_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-28412\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/8972422_d44db3e83b_z-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Photo courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/visualvelocitypcs/8972422/\" target=\"_blank\">visual velocity pc\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yorba is a non-profit startup in San Francisco that is on a mission to bring quality multimedia programs to the free desktop. Founded in January 2009 by Adam Dingle, Yorba's team has created \u003ca href=\"http://yorba.org/shotwell/\"> Shotwell\u003c/a>, one of the most widely used open source photo management applications (similar to iPhoto on the Mac).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From its modest offices it the Mission, Yorba's team of half a dozen developers are not driven by the thrill of a big payout or getting rich quick -- they're fueled by the idea of bringing multumedia software to the world. All Yorba's software is 100% free and available to anyone on the free desktop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the free desktop?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phylo1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phylo1\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phylo1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phylo1-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Line up the blocks and help cure a disease!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yesterday I discovered an online game called \u003ca href=\"http://phylo.cs.mcgill.ca/\">Phylo\u003c/a>. No, it isn’t about Greek pastry dough. It has more to do with phylogenetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylogenetics is the study of how living things are related to each other. It takes advantage of the fact that DNA changes slowly over time. So the more distantly related two things are, the less DNA they will share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also learn which bits of DNA are important for life (or good health) by seeing which ones stay pretty constant between various animals. Since these don’t change, they are probably being used for something. And if they get changed in people who have a disease, then they may be involved in that disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what Phylo is based on. In the game, you are trying to line up the DNA sequences of various animals to figure out which DNA is important and which isn’t. This is a lot harder than it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While DNA changes slowly, we’re dealing with some pretty long spans of time since two animals shared a common ancestor (i.e. had the same DNA). This means that the DNA can start to look pretty different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo gives you sets of DNA sequences that haven’t been lined up yet and has you try to line them up manually. Apparently people are still better at this than computers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lining these sequences up helps scientists discover which DNA bases are important. It can also give us some basic knowledge about the evolutionary relationship of various animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA sequence might be a little intimidating, Phylo uses colored blocks instead. Each different colored block represents one of the four DNA bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the game, you have a certain amount of time to align the sequences as best you can. You want the fewest mismatches with the fewest gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is pretty hard but it is engaging. And you’re doing your bit for science which is always a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would make it even better is more explanation about what I am doing and why it is important. This could make the game fun and educational. (I’d also like to see the DNA sequences I aligned but that’s probably just me.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So give it a whirl and do your bit to help humanity. And have a little fun in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://realdoctorstu.com/2011/02/15/earn-a-nobel-prize-in-your-lunch-break-the-best-citizen-science-games-reviewed/\">Nice list of top 5 citizen scientist games (Phylo is number 1).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phylo1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Phylo1\" width=\"640\" height=\"371\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phylo1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Phylo1-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Line up the blocks and help cure a disease!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Yesterday I discovered an online game called \u003ca href=\"http://phylo.cs.mcgill.ca/\">Phylo\u003c/a>. No, it isn’t about Greek pastry dough. It has more to do with phylogenetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylogenetics is the study of how living things are related to each other. It takes advantage of the fact that DNA changes slowly over time. So the more distantly related two things are, the less DNA they will share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also learn which bits of DNA are important for life (or good health) by seeing which ones stay pretty constant between various animals. Since these don’t change, they are probably being used for something. And if they get changed in people who have a disease, then they may be involved in that disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what Phylo is based on. In the game, you are trying to line up the DNA sequences of various animals to figure out which DNA is important and which isn’t. This is a lot harder than it sounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While DNA changes slowly, we’re dealing with some pretty long spans of time since two animals shared a common ancestor (i.e. had the same DNA). This means that the DNA can start to look pretty different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo gives you sets of DNA sequences that haven’t been lined up yet and has you try to line them up manually. Apparently people are still better at this than computers!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lining these sequences up helps scientists discover which DNA bases are important. It can also give us some basic knowledge about the evolutionary relationship of various animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA sequence might be a little intimidating, Phylo uses colored blocks instead. Each different colored block represents one of the four DNA bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the game, you have a certain amount of time to align the sequences as best you can. You want the fewest mismatches with the fewest gaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is pretty hard but it is engaging. And you’re doing your bit for science which is always a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What would make it even better is more explanation about what I am doing and why it is important. This could make the game fun and educational. (I’d also like to see the DNA sequences I aligned but that’s probably just me.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So give it a whirl and do your bit to help humanity. And have a little fun in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://realdoctorstu.com/2011/02/15/earn-a-nobel-prize-in-your-lunch-break-the-best-citizen-science-games-reviewed/\">Nice list of top 5 citizen scientist games (Phylo is number 1).\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28265\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In many PTSD patients, sleep problems such as insomnia and nightmares are the most common complaint. (Photo courtesy of Flickr user <a href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kreep\" target=\"_blank\">Kreep</a>.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sam Brace doesn’t want to talk about what he saw when he was a soldier in Iraq eight years ago. Brace is an inpatient at a PTSD treatment center run by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Menlo Park, and that trauma is something he’s actively trying not to dwell on. But what he can’t control are his dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was overseas we hit an IED, um…\" he says, trailing off. \"When I have a nightmare normally it’s something related to that. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists who study PTSD thought of nightmares and insomnia as byproducts of the disorder, side effects that could only be targeted through daytime interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. But that view is changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sam Brace and others afflicted with PTSD, nightmares and insomnia lead to alcoholism and drug abuse, and the inability to function well during the day. Doctors who treat PTSD say that sleep is central to the disorder, and that restoring it may go a long way toward helping patients return to normal lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Wacky\" dreams are healthy dreams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Woodward, a psychiatrist with the National Center for PTSD in Menlo Park says the hallmark of a healthy dream is that it seems kind of random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re wacky,\" says Woodward. \"They associate things that are not normally associated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTSD dreams, in contrast, are like a broken record: the same, real-life event, played over and over again. Woodward says he's seen patients haunted by the same true-to-life nightmare for twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question scientists had was: why? Why can't people with PTSD sleep normally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Healthy sleep as therapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://walkerlab.berkeley.edu/people.html\">Matthew Walker\u003c/a> is a sleep researcher at the University of California, Berkeley. One of his particular interests is in rapid eye movement, or REM. It’s the stage of sleep where a lot of dreaming occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REM sleep is also the only time of the day that the brain stops producing a kind of adrenaline called norepinephrine. That fact struck Walker as an intriguing mystery. Why would rapid eye movement sleep suppress this neurochemical, he wondered. Is there any function to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Walker and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119526\">found\u003c/a> is that in healthy people, REM sleep is kind of like therapy. It's an adrenaline-free environment where the brain can process its memories while stripping away their sharp, emotional edges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you come back the next day,\" says Walker, \"yes, you can better recollect [the memory]. But also, it doesn’t trigger that same visceral reaction that you had at the time of learning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emotions are useful, says Walker, because they show us what really matters to us. But it's not useful to hold onto what he calls the \"emotional blanket,\" that accompanied the original event. The emotions, he says, \"have done their job. Now it’s time to hold on to the information of that memory, but let go of the emotion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Broken\" REM sleep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker believes that in many people who have PTSD, REM sleep is broken. Something about PTSD either causes the brain to be overly sensitive to norepinephrine, or forces the brain to create too much of it. The brain's adrenaline system is effectively out of whack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, REM sleep is no longer theraputic. The PTSD brain can't process tough memories, so it just cycles through them, again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs a question: What if you could change that? What if you could make the adrenaline go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An old drug finds a new role\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind directs Mental Health Services for the Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. About a decade ago, he became interested in a drug called Prazosin, which was traditionally used to treat high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prazosin can be bought generically for about ten cents a pill. It can have the side effect of making people dizzy. For the most part, it's been supplanted by other, more recent hypertension drugs, whose effects last longer. But Prazosin turned out to have another use: It makes the PTSD brain less receptive to adrenaline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, as Raskind discovered, prazosin can change the way those patients dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raskind tells the story of one of the first vets he ever treated with prazosin, a veteran Raskind calls Charles, who spent 13 months in a combat infantry unit in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunted Charles was one specific event from his service: Under an ambush by Vietcong forces, Charles and a fellow soldier, his closest friend, found themselves trapped in a landing zone in the jungle. Charles watched as his friend was killed by a mortar round. Fragments of the round pierced Charles' right knee, leaving him unable to run. Charles was saved at the last minute by troops in a Huey helicopter, just as Vietcong forces climbed through the wire to reach him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This near-death experience,\" says Raskind, \"and even more distressing, the death of his best friend, whose death he felt he was unable to prevent, haunted him most nights, every week, year in and year out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few weeks of Prazosin, Charles came in for a follow-up appointment. He told Raskind that he didn't think the drug was working. He was still dreaming, just about something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raskind, the dream went like this: \"I'm in my fifth-grade classroom. And there’s a test, and if I don’t pass the test, I’m not gonna be promoted to the next grade. And I never even got the assignment!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the stress dream, says Raskind, of a healthy brain, trying to work things out. \"I said 'Charles, that’s MY nightmare!'\" Raskind recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the studies on prazosin have been small (abstracts can be found online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Thompson%20CE%2C%20Taylor%20FB%2C%20McFall%20ME%2C%20Barnes%20RF%2C%20Raskind%20MA\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473055\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20726290\">here\u003c/a> – as well as of a 2008 round-up of data, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387899\">here\u003c/a>) but promising in decreasing nightmares and helping people sleep longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small studies involving non-combat PTSD – people who had been victims of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350188/?tool=pubmed\">crime and sexual assault\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934720\">refugees\u003c/a> – found an improvement in the quality of their dreams, and overall sleep, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Veterans Affairs is undergoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/programs/csp/csp563.cfm\">its own study \u003c/a>on prazosin in PTSD, which is taking part in 13 medical centers across the country. But is already prescribing the drug to about 15 percent of its PTSD patients -- about 70,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind, for one, would like to see that number rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us,\" he says, \"it's a simple thing that works.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28265\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In many PTSD patients, sleep problems such as insomnia and nightmares are the most common complaint. (Photo courtesy of Flickr user <a href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kreep\" target=\"_blank\">Kreep</a>.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sam Brace doesn’t want to talk about what he saw when he was a soldier in Iraq eight years ago. Brace is an inpatient at a PTSD treatment center run by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Menlo Park, and that trauma is something he’s actively trying not to dwell on. But what he can’t control are his dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was overseas we hit an IED, um…\" he says, trailing off. \"When I have a nightmare normally it’s something related to that. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists who study PTSD thought of nightmares and insomnia as byproducts of the disorder, side effects that could only be targeted through daytime interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. But that view is changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sam Brace and others afflicted with PTSD, nightmares and insomnia lead to alcoholism and drug abuse, and the inability to function well during the day. Doctors who treat PTSD say that sleep is central to the disorder, and that restoring it may go a long way toward helping patients return to normal lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Wacky\" dreams are healthy dreams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Woodward, a psychiatrist with the National Center for PTSD in Menlo Park says the hallmark of a healthy dream is that it seems kind of random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re wacky,\" says Woodward. \"They associate things that are not normally associated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTSD dreams, in contrast, are like a broken record: the same, real-life event, played over and over again. Woodward says he's seen patients haunted by the same true-to-life nightmare for twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question scientists had was: why? Why can't people with PTSD sleep normally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Healthy sleep as therapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://walkerlab.berkeley.edu/people.html\">Matthew Walker\u003c/a> is a sleep researcher at the University of California, Berkeley. One of his particular interests is in rapid eye movement, or REM. It’s the stage of sleep where a lot of dreaming occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REM sleep is also the only time of the day that the brain stops producing a kind of adrenaline called norepinephrine. That fact struck Walker as an intriguing mystery. Why would rapid eye movement sleep suppress this neurochemical, he wondered. Is there any function to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Walker and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119526\">found\u003c/a> is that in healthy people, REM sleep is kind of like therapy. It's an adrenaline-free environment where the brain can process its memories while stripping away their sharp, emotional edges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you come back the next day,\" says Walker, \"yes, you can better recollect [the memory]. But also, it doesn’t trigger that same visceral reaction that you had at the time of learning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emotions are useful, says Walker, because they show us what really matters to us. But it's not useful to hold onto what he calls the \"emotional blanket,\" that accompanied the original event. The emotions, he says, \"have done their job. Now it’s time to hold on to the information of that memory, but let go of the emotion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Broken\" REM sleep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker believes that in many people who have PTSD, REM sleep is broken. Something about PTSD either causes the brain to be overly sensitive to norepinephrine, or forces the brain to create too much of it. The brain's adrenaline system is effectively out of whack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, REM sleep is no longer theraputic. The PTSD brain can't process tough memories, so it just cycles through them, again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs a question: What if you could change that? What if you could make the adrenaline go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An old drug finds a new role\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind directs Mental Health Services for the Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. About a decade ago, he became interested in a drug called Prazosin, which was traditionally used to treat high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prazosin can be bought generically for about ten cents a pill. It can have the side effect of making people dizzy. For the most part, it's been supplanted by other, more recent hypertension drugs, whose effects last longer. But Prazosin turned out to have another use: It makes the PTSD brain less receptive to adrenaline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, as Raskind discovered, prazosin can change the way those patients dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raskind tells the story of one of the first vets he ever treated with prazosin, a veteran Raskind calls Charles, who spent 13 months in a combat infantry unit in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunted Charles was one specific event from his service: Under an ambush by Vietcong forces, Charles and a fellow soldier, his closest friend, found themselves trapped in a landing zone in the jungle. Charles watched as his friend was killed by a mortar round. Fragments of the round pierced Charles' right knee, leaving him unable to run. Charles was saved at the last minute by troops in a Huey helicopter, just as Vietcong forces climbed through the wire to reach him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This near-death experience,\" says Raskind, \"and even more distressing, the death of his best friend, whose death he felt he was unable to prevent, haunted him most nights, every week, year in and year out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few weeks of Prazosin, Charles came in for a follow-up appointment. He told Raskind that he didn't think the drug was working. He was still dreaming, just about something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raskind, the dream went like this: \"I'm in my fifth-grade classroom. And there’s a test, and if I don’t pass the test, I’m not gonna be promoted to the next grade. And I never even got the assignment!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the stress dream, says Raskind, of a healthy brain, trying to work things out. \"I said 'Charles, that’s MY nightmare!'\" Raskind recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the studies on prazosin have been small (abstracts can be found online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Thompson%20CE%2C%20Taylor%20FB%2C%20McFall%20ME%2C%20Barnes%20RF%2C%20Raskind%20MA\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473055\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20726290\">here\u003c/a> – as well as of a 2008 round-up of data, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387899\">here\u003c/a>) but promising in decreasing nightmares and helping people sleep longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small studies involving non-combat PTSD – people who had been victims of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350188/?tool=pubmed\">crime and sexual assault\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934720\">refugees\u003c/a> – found an improvement in the quality of their dreams, and overall sleep, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Veterans Affairs is undergoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/programs/csp/csp563.cfm\">its own study \u003c/a>on prazosin in PTSD, which is taking part in 13 medical centers across the country. But is already prescribing the drug to about 15 percent of its PTSD patients -- about 70,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind, for one, would like to see that number rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us,\" he says, \"it's a simple thing that works.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "AGU: Twenty Thousand Geeks by the Sea",
"title": "AGU: Twenty Thousand Geeks by the Sea",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28239\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agutop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agutop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moscone Center West holds just part of the enormous annual AGU fall meeting. This building, by the way, is built to keep functioning after a major earthquake.Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week San Francisco pays host to the annual meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/\">American Geophysical Union\u003c/a>. Most of us just call the occasion \"AGU.\" I always go. Here's what it's like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AGU meeting is the world's largest gathering of Earth scientists, and it's been held in San Francisco in early December every year since the 1960s. By now it's been around longer than Herb Caen. Over the years it has grown into a Woodstock-size event and moved from the old Civic Center to the Moscone Center. What do 20,000 scientists do here for a week?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They give scientific talks, of course, the traditional short lecture with slides about what they're up to, given to a roomful of their closest colleagues. Prominent scientists give longer lectures to very large rooms, and often it's standing room only. Sessions may deal with dry topics, but sometimes there are intangible extras, like the session I saw Wednesday in which each of the speakers paused to remember their colleague, the late \u003ca href=\"http://www-sdt.univ-brest.fr/news/in-memoriam-jean-francheteau-en\">Jean Francheteau\u003c/a>, with photos and reminiscences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more and more, the meeting's science is presented on posters: a 4-by-6-foot panel on which a scientist hangs a large printed poster, standing there for a scheduled time period to discuss the work with anyone who stops by. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28241\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposter\" width=\"600\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28241\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poster presentations are not all about big topics, but they do feature new science.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Posters fill Moscone Center South, several acres of them. The nice thing about posters is that the interaction is of high quality, unlike a lecture where time is limited and you can't have a proper dialog. They can be quite popular, especially in mid-afternoon when the beer is served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposters/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28242\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposters\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28242\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scenes like this fill the whole cavernous space of Moscone Center South.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere is high-energy, even at 8 a.m. when proceedings open. The whole world is represented, as well as all ages. You can see the gleam in a student's eye who is meeting a grand old scientific titan for the first time—and the corresponding pleasure of passing wisdom on to the next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of meetings that go on: task forces, society committees, interest groups. I've seen participants who do nothing but these, and they seem to be happy to do it. \"Town meeting\" sessions take advantage of the occasion to gather widespread researchers in one room. One example I attended was for the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthscope.org/\">EarthScope program\u003c/a>, a ten-year project that is covering the entire United States with a moving network of seismographs like a doctor moving a stethoscope. (They started in California.) Over a hundred people were on hand for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social events abound as well. Medals were awarded Wednesday night; receptions are held for all sorts of groups; geoscience bloggers get their own lunch today. There's something for everyone, even a 5K run and a sort of science slam I saw Wednesday evening where people gave 5-minute talks using no more than 20 slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gathering of this size is a magnet for the universe of suppliers to the trade, who have a whole floor of Moscone Center West to spread their wares. High-tech instrument dealers, scholarly and textbook publishers, government and industry agencies, and fancy rock and gem dealers create a veritable casbah, and there's plenty of talk in the long beer lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agudemo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28240\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agudemo\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An official from NASA demonstrates some of the agency's capabilities in the Exhibit Hall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a hundred reporters and writers occupy the pressroom, many shuttling across the hall to a room outfitted for press conferences. This year there have been a lot of them centered around earthquakes, climate change and interplanetary space. Is all that really in the realm of geology? It is in my book. When you watch or read the news, look for science items \"presented in San Francisco.\" It's all part of the geosciences' holiday season.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28239\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agutop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28239\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agutop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agutop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moscone Center West holds just part of the enormous annual AGU fall meeting. This building, by the way, is built to keep functioning after a major earthquake.Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This week San Francisco pays host to the annual meeting of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/\">American Geophysical Union\u003c/a>. Most of us just call the occasion \"AGU.\" I always go. Here's what it's like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AGU meeting is the world's largest gathering of Earth scientists, and it's been held in San Francisco in early December every year since the 1960s. By now it's been around longer than Herb Caen. Over the years it has grown into a Woodstock-size event and moved from the old Civic Center to the Moscone Center. What do 20,000 scientists do here for a week?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They give scientific talks, of course, the traditional short lecture with slides about what they're up to, given to a roomful of their closest colleagues. Prominent scientists give longer lectures to very large rooms, and often it's standing room only. Sessions may deal with dry topics, but sometimes there are intangible extras, like the session I saw Wednesday in which each of the speakers paused to remember their colleague, the late \u003ca href=\"http://www-sdt.univ-brest.fr/news/in-memoriam-jean-francheteau-en\">Jean Francheteau\u003c/a>, with photos and reminiscences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But more and more, the meeting's science is presented on posters: a 4-by-6-foot panel on which a scientist hangs a large printed poster, standing there for a scheduled time period to discuss the work with anyone who stops by. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28241\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposter/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28241\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposter\" width=\"600\" height=\"410\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28241\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposter-400x273.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Poster presentations are not all about big topics, but they do feature new science.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Posters fill Moscone Center South, several acres of them. The nice thing about posters is that the interaction is of high quality, unlike a lecture where time is limited and you can't have a proper dialog. They can be quite popular, especially in mid-afternoon when the beer is served.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/aguposters/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28242\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"aguposters\" width=\"600\" height=\"483\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28242\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/aguposters-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scenes like this fill the whole cavernous space of Moscone Center South.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The atmosphere is high-energy, even at 8 a.m. when proceedings open. The whole world is represented, as well as all ages. You can see the gleam in a student's eye who is meeting a grand old scientific titan for the first time—and the corresponding pleasure of passing wisdom on to the next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lots of meetings that go on: task forces, society committees, interest groups. I've seen participants who do nothing but these, and they seem to be happy to do it. \"Town meeting\" sessions take advantage of the occasion to gather widespread researchers in one room. One example I attended was for the great \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthscope.org/\">EarthScope program\u003c/a>, a ten-year project that is covering the entire United States with a moving network of seismographs like a doctor moving a stethoscope. (They started in California.) Over a hundred people were on hand for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Social events abound as well. Medals were awarded Wednesday night; receptions are held for all sorts of groups; geoscience bloggers get their own lunch today. There's something for everyone, even a 5K run and a sort of science slam I saw Wednesday evening where people gave 5-minute talks using no more than 20 slides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gathering of this size is a magnet for the universe of suppliers to the trade, who have a whole floor of Moscone Center West to spread their wares. High-tech instrument dealers, scholarly and textbook publishers, government and industry agencies, and fancy rock and gem dealers create a veritable casbah, and there's plenty of talk in the long beer lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28240\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/08/agu-twenty-thousand-geeks-by-the-sea/agudemo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28240\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"agudemo\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28240\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/agudemo-400x293.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An official from NASA demonstrates some of the agency's capabilities in the Exhibit Hall.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a hundred reporters and writers occupy the pressroom, many shuttling across the hall to a room outfitted for press conferences. This year there have been a lot of them centered around earthquakes, climate change and interplanetary space. Is all that really in the realm of geology? It is in my book. When you watch or read the news, look for science items \"presented in San Francisco.\" It's all part of the geosciences' holiday season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seastar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28193\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">See sea stars in the intertidal during one of the upcoming super-low tides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST blogger Andrew Alden’s recent post about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/\">Bay Area Tides\u003c/a> got me thinking about pulling on my rubber boots and heading out to the intertidal during an upcoming low tide. In the next few weeks, we’ll get some really low tides during daylight hours—a great opportunity to see the organisms that live on the narrow edge between the land and the ocean.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. (See \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">Science on the Spot: Watching the Tides\u003c/a> for a nice, clear explanation.) The moon is a lot closer to the Earth than the sun is, so the moon’s influence on the tides is far greater than the sun’s. But sometimes, \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides06_variations.html\">the sun and the moon can join gravitational forces\u003c/a> and all that gravitational pull can create some really high (and really low) tides. Each year around January 2, Earth, in its elliptical orbit, is closest to the sun. Here, the sun’s gravitational pull on Earth (and Earth’s water) is strongest. The gravitational pull of the moon combines with the gravitational pull of the (relatively) nearby sun when the moon’s position is such that the Earth, sun, and moon are aligned in a straight line. This creates the highest high tides and the lowest low tides of the year. The exact dates vary each year, because it depends on where the moon is in its orbit. Usually we get these super high/super low sun-plus-moon tides, also called \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/01/18/king-tides-could-preview-sea-level-rise/\">King Tides\u003c/a>, in December and January. (When the earth is at the point in its orbit that is farthest from the sun, around July 2, and the moon is aligned just right, we also get super high and super low tides.) Super high tides can give us a preview of sea level rise and help us identify areas that are prone to submergence. And when the tide goes out, super low tides are a great opportunity to go tidepooling! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few great tidepooling spots in the Bay Area, including \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, near Half Moon Bay. QUEST producer Joshua Cassidy made a fantastic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/03/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/\">short film\u003c/a> about intertidal life in the Reserve. \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz is another great intertidal area. To see photos of some of its marine life, check out the QUEST Natural Bridges Tidepools Exploration (and see a fun audio slide show I made while I was an intern at QUEST). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My personal favorite place for tidepooling is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/directions_inpark_highwayone.htm\">Duxbury Reef\u003c/a>, which is part of Point Reyes National Seashore and is close to Bolinas Lagoon. It has a really flat, rocky bench, and at low tide you can walk way out. Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/481567/overview\">turban snails\u003c/a> (there seem to be zillions at this site), and the different species of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cannon/marinealgae.html\">seaweed\u003c/a> (my favorite intertidal inhabitants). If you’re into identifying things and learning about intertidal ecology, there are a lot of great books out there: \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Seashore-Life-Northern-Pacific-Coast/dp/0295960841/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067674&sr=1-1-fkmr1\">Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast\u003c/a> has nice color pictures, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Between-Pacific-Tides-Edward-Ricketts/dp/0804720681/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067749&sr=1-1\">Between Pacific Tides\u003c/a> is a classic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wear rubber boots with a rugged sole (that seaweed is slippery) and maybe bring a magnifying glass or hand lens. Keep your wits about you, and look up and look around often so the tide doesn’t sneak in on you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To choose a good day to go tidepooling, you need to look at a tide table, which lists the predicted times and tidal heights of all the high and low tides throughout the year. You can often get a tide table for your area at a local surf shop or bait shop. Or, check out \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.shtml\">NOAA’s Tide Predictions\u003c/a>, which has tide tables for tidal stations throughout the country. (Tidal stations are places where the height of the water is measured regularly—often along with weather data. San Francisco’s tidal station is the oldest continuously operating tidal station in the western hemisphere, a fun fact I learned in the Watching the Tides video!) Find the tidal station closest to your tidepooling spot on NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/gmap3/index.shtml?type=TidePredictions®ion=\">map\u003c/a>. My favorite, Duxbury Reef, is closest to the Bolinas Lagoon station. From the \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions/viewDailyPredictions.jsp?Stationid=9414958\">Bolinas Lagoon Station’s tide predictions page\u003c/a>, download the station’s tide table—click on the Published Tide Tables Formats on the top right. Look for dates with a nice, low tide—something below 1.0 feet is generally pretty good, depending on the site. To time your visit, it is helpful to look at graph of the predicted height of the tide throughout the day. You can generate a graph for any day this year. In Northern California, wintertime low tides occur in the evening; find out what time the sun sets and plan to finish your intertidal excursion before it gets dark. We have some great low tides coming up on December 9, 23, 24, and 25—with heights at -0.9 feet—so ask for rubber boots for Christmas!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28193\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/seastar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"seastar\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28193\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">See sea stars in the intertidal during one of the upcoming super-low tides.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST blogger Andrew Alden’s recent post about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/bay-area-tides/\">Bay Area Tides\u003c/a> got me thinking about pulling on my rubber boots and heading out to the intertidal during an upcoming low tide. In the next few weeks, we’ll get some really low tides during daylight hours—a great opportunity to see the organisms that live on the narrow edge between the land and the ocean.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. (See \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides/\">Science on the Spot: Watching the Tides\u003c/a> for a nice, clear explanation.) The moon is a lot closer to the Earth than the sun is, so the moon’s influence on the tides is far greater than the sun’s. But sometimes, \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_tides/tides06_variations.html\">the sun and the moon can join gravitational forces\u003c/a> and all that gravitational pull can create some really high (and really low) tides. Each year around January 2, Earth, in its elliptical orbit, is closest to the sun. Here, the sun’s gravitational pull on Earth (and Earth’s water) is strongest. The gravitational pull of the moon combines with the gravitational pull of the (relatively) nearby sun when the moon’s position is such that the Earth, sun, and moon are aligned in a straight line. This creates the highest high tides and the lowest low tides of the year. The exact dates vary each year, because it depends on where the moon is in its orbit. Usually we get these super high/super low sun-plus-moon tides, also called \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/01/18/king-tides-could-preview-sea-level-rise/\">King Tides\u003c/a>, in December and January. (When the earth is at the point in its orbit that is farthest from the sun, around July 2, and the moon is aligned just right, we also get super high and super low tides.) Super high tides can give us a preview of sea level rise and help us identify areas that are prone to submergence. And when the tide goes out, super low tides are a great opportunity to go tidepooling! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are quite a few great tidepooling spots in the Bay Area, including \u003ca href=\"http://fitzgeraldreserve.org/\">Fitzgerald Marine Reserve\u003c/a>, near Half Moon Bay. QUEST producer Joshua Cassidy made a fantastic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/03/producers-notes-your-videos-on-quest-joshua-cassidy/\">short film\u003c/a> about intertidal life in the Reserve. \u003ca href=\"http://parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz is another great intertidal area. To see photos of some of its marine life, check out the QUEST Natural Bridges Tidepools Exploration (and see a fun audio slide show I made while I was an intern at QUEST). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My personal favorite place for tidepooling is \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/directions_inpark_highwayone.htm\">Duxbury Reef\u003c/a>, which is part of Point Reyes National Seashore and is close to Bolinas Lagoon. It has a really flat, rocky bench, and at low tide you can walk way out. Check out the \u003ca href=\"http://eol.org/pages/481567/overview\">turban snails\u003c/a> (there seem to be zillions at this site), and the different species of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cannon/marinealgae.html\">seaweed\u003c/a> (my favorite intertidal inhabitants). If you’re into identifying things and learning about intertidal ecology, there are a lot of great books out there: \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Seashore-Life-Northern-Pacific-Coast/dp/0295960841/ref=sr_1_fkmr1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067674&sr=1-1-fkmr1\">Seashore Life of the Northern Pacific Coast\u003c/a> has nice color pictures, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Between-Pacific-Tides-Edward-Ricketts/dp/0804720681/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1323067749&sr=1-1\">Between Pacific Tides\u003c/a> is a classic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wear rubber boots with a rugged sole (that seaweed is slippery) and maybe bring a magnifying glass or hand lens. Keep your wits about you, and look up and look around often so the tide doesn’t sneak in on you. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To choose a good day to go tidepooling, you need to look at a tide table, which lists the predicted times and tidal heights of all the high and low tides throughout the year. You can often get a tide table for your area at a local surf shop or bait shop. Or, check out \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/tide_predictions.shtml\">NOAA’s Tide Predictions\u003c/a>, which has tide tables for tidal stations throughout the country. (Tidal stations are places where the height of the water is measured regularly—often along with weather data. San Francisco’s tidal station is the oldest continuously operating tidal station in the western hemisphere, a fun fact I learned in the Watching the Tides video!) Find the tidal station closest to your tidepooling spot on NOAA’s \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/gmap3/index.shtml?type=TidePredictions®ion=\">map\u003c/a>. My favorite, Duxbury Reef, is closest to the Bolinas Lagoon station. From the \u003ca href=\"http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/noaatidepredictions/viewDailyPredictions.jsp?Stationid=9414958\">Bolinas Lagoon Station’s tide predictions page\u003c/a>, download the station’s tide table—click on the Published Tide Tables Formats on the top right. Look for dates with a nice, low tide—something below 1.0 feet is generally pretty good, depending on the site. To time your visit, it is helpful to look at graph of the predicted height of the tide throughout the day. You can generate a graph for any day this year. In Northern California, wintertime low tides occur in the evening; find out what time the sun sets and plan to finish your intertidal excursion before it gets dark. We have some great low tides coming up on December 9, 23, 24, and 25—with heights at -0.9 feet—so ask for rubber boots for Christmas!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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