QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Chocolate Tasting in the Name of Science!
One Whale's Tale
Clean Car Diaries: Tesla Unveils and Fisker Stops Production
Building Better Roads with Next Generation Pavement
European Comet Blockbuster Currently in Production
What Can Lake Vostok Tell Us About Europa?
California’s Gray Wolves
Science Fair for the Rest of Us
Life with the Leaf: 5 Tips to Beat Range Anxiety
The Bay Area's National Park Expands South
Geological Outings Around the Bay: Napa Glass Mountain
Smitten Ice Cream: Old Fashioned Ice Cream in Sixty Seconds
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/2012-chocolate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30704\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30704\" title=\"2012-chocolate\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg\" alt=\"Diversity of Chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolates for a blind taste test. Photo by Josh Weaver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flavor is subjective, of course. But with a healthy sample size, a blind taste test, and a solid dose of statistics, one Bay Area foodie hopes to find an answer. IBM research engineer and UC Berkeley graduate student Christine Robson has held chocolate tastings at her San Jose home since 2007. This year's event on February 12 featured fifty-four chocolates, forty-two tasters, and an evening of rigorous data analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocoholic scientist that I am, I couldn't stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests included Annika Mongan of brand new Berkeley chocolate maker Ostara, who cleverly brought some raw material. Sure, I knew cocoa beans came from a cocoa pod, but I didn't realize they were surrounded inside that pod with gooey cocoa pulp, called \u003cem>baba\u003c/em> in Spanish--drool. Despite its unappetizing name, I enjoyed the dried \u003cem>baba\u003c/em>; its flavor was similar to other tropical fruits like papaya and mango.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of us never taste it, cocoa pulp is crucial to the flavor of chocolate. After picking the pods, farmers pile the beans and pulp together and ferment them for days. Yeast, bacteria, and fungi take turns breaking down pulp sugars, producing acids. Longer fermentation creates more acidic beans and a stronger, more aromatic flavor. Shorter fermentation leads to a milder flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cocoa beans become raw chocolate, the process of fermentation is mostly responsible for the taste--with contributions from cocoa genetics and growing conditions. Some people swear by it. I fell in love with the rich, fruity flavor of raw chocolate at the \u003ca title=\"Snake and Butterfly Chocolates\" href=\"http://snakeandbutterfly.com/\">Snake & Butterfly\u003c/a> booth in the Campbell Farmers' Market. This five-year-old local chocolate company was named after Aztec gods to honor the food’s mesoamerican origins. Like Ostara, Snake & Butterfly started with raw chocolate, but decided after a couple of years to start roasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roasting takes two fermentation products--amino acids and reducing sugars--and gives them a chemical shake called the Maillard reaction, which is famous among food scientists for browning bread and onions (among many other things). Along with fermentation, roasting produces the taste we recognize as distinctly \u003cem>chocolate\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake & Butterfly now only makes raw chocolate for special orders, but you can buy their roasted chocolate at Whole Foods, local farmers' markets, cafes, wineries—and art museums! Designer chocolate bars made to match the paintings of artist Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe will be \u003ca title=\"Awkward x 2 Chocolate Box\" href=\"http://awkwardx2.com/Awkwardx2_site/Chocolate_Box.html\">boxed up\u003c/a> and sold at his exhibitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostara's raw chocolate will soon be on the shelves at Whole Foods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to see how Bay Area chocolate measures up against chocolate from around the world, check out Robson’s \u003ca title=\"Chocolate Tasting Statistics\" href=\"http://chocolatestatistics.blogspot.com/\">chocolate statistics\u003c/a>. But be warned: chocolate snobbery is a slippery slope. According to Snake & Butterfly’s Celeste Flores, “My five-year-old refuses to trick-or-treat, because he says it doesn’t taste like chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30704\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/14/chocolate-tasting-in-the-name-of-science/2012-chocolate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30704\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30704\" title=\"2012-chocolate\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg\" alt=\"Diversity of Chocolates\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/2012-chocolate-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chocolates for a blind taste test. Photo by Josh Weaver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Chocolate scientists study everything from the disease resistance of cacao trees to the health benefits of the finished product. But they shy away from one critical question: which chocolate tastes best?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flavor is subjective, of course. But with a healthy sample size, a blind taste test, and a solid dose of statistics, one Bay Area foodie hopes to find an answer. IBM research engineer and UC Berkeley graduate student Christine Robson has held chocolate tastings at her San Jose home since 2007. This year's event on February 12 featured fifty-four chocolates, forty-two tasters, and an evening of rigorous data analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chocoholic scientist that I am, I couldn't stay away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guests included Annika Mongan of brand new Berkeley chocolate maker Ostara, who cleverly brought some raw material. Sure, I knew cocoa beans came from a cocoa pod, but I didn't realize they were surrounded inside that pod with gooey cocoa pulp, called \u003cem>baba\u003c/em> in Spanish--drool. Despite its unappetizing name, I enjoyed the dried \u003cem>baba\u003c/em>; its flavor was similar to other tropical fruits like papaya and mango.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although most of us never taste it, cocoa pulp is crucial to the flavor of chocolate. After picking the pods, farmers pile the beans and pulp together and ferment them for days. Yeast, bacteria, and fungi take turns breaking down pulp sugars, producing acids. Longer fermentation creates more acidic beans and a stronger, more aromatic flavor. Shorter fermentation leads to a milder flavor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When cocoa beans become raw chocolate, the process of fermentation is mostly responsible for the taste--with contributions from cocoa genetics and growing conditions. Some people swear by it. I fell in love with the rich, fruity flavor of raw chocolate at the \u003ca title=\"Snake and Butterfly Chocolates\" href=\"http://snakeandbutterfly.com/\">Snake & Butterfly\u003c/a> booth in the Campbell Farmers' Market. This five-year-old local chocolate company was named after Aztec gods to honor the food’s mesoamerican origins. Like Ostara, Snake & Butterfly started with raw chocolate, but decided after a couple of years to start roasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roasting takes two fermentation products--amino acids and reducing sugars--and gives them a chemical shake called the Maillard reaction, which is famous among food scientists for browning bread and onions (among many other things). Along with fermentation, roasting produces the taste we recognize as distinctly \u003cem>chocolate\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snake & Butterfly now only makes raw chocolate for special orders, but you can buy their roasted chocolate at Whole Foods, local farmers' markets, cafes, wineries—and art museums! Designer chocolate bars made to match the paintings of artist Jeremy Gilbert-Rolfe will be \u003ca title=\"Awkward x 2 Chocolate Box\" href=\"http://awkwardx2.com/Awkwardx2_site/Chocolate_Box.html\">boxed up\u003c/a> and sold at his exhibitions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ostara's raw chocolate will soon be on the shelves at Whole Foods as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’d like to see how Bay Area chocolate measures up against chocolate from around the world, check out Robson’s \u003ca title=\"Chocolate Tasting Statistics\" href=\"http://chocolatestatistics.blogspot.com/\">chocolate statistics\u003c/a>. But be warned: chocolate snobbery is a slippery slope. According to Snake & Butterfly’s Celeste Flores, “My five-year-old refuses to trick-or-treat, because he says it doesn’t taste like chocolate.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A rooftop is a long way from the deep blue sea, so when I learned that the skull of a juvenile minke whale was resting atop the California Academy of Sciences' living roof, my curiosity was piqued. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30429\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Minke-Whale-27-Dec-2011-e1328911342328.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Minke-Whale-27-Dec-2011-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Stranded minke whale\" title=\"Stranded minke whale\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30429\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo submitted to the Bear Valley Visitor Center in Point Reyes National Seashore by an unknown visitor.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On December 27, 2011, a hiker snapped some photos of a whale carcass stranded in a cove just south of Alamere Falls. Point Reyes ecologists forwarded the report to the Bay Area Marine Mammal Stranding Network team, a specialized group of volunteers and representatives from the California Academy of Sciences (which collects tissue samples and bones for its research collections) and the Marine Mammal Center (which leads any necropsy proceedings). In responding to such calls, their goal is to learn as much as possible from the animal's body. When you're talking about a body the size of a whale (literally), the logistics get complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've ever hiked or biked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/the-coastal-trail-to-alamere-falls\" title=\"Alamere Falls hike\">Alamere Falls\u003c/a>, you'll know the beautiful spot is not easy to access. Luckily the team received special permission from the National Park Service to drive to Wildcat Camp, shortening their walk to a mile each way. Upon arriving at the scene, they quickly realized that between its location, the tide schedule, and ocean conditions, it would be impossible to access the whale during daylight hours. Unable to perform a necropsy to determine the cause of death, they left it to roll in the surf. This turned out to be a mixed blessing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30439\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Whale skull on beach\" title=\"Whale skull on beach\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30439\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Photo submitted to the Bear Valley Visitor Center in Point Reyes National Seashore by an unknown visitor.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After just eleven days, the surf and surge had cleaned the skull and deposited it on the beach. The upside was that nature took care of the dirty work in record time. Typically to recover a skull, the team has to remove enough tissue by hand in order to transport the bones off the beach (not a task for the faint of heart). Then the skull is either buried or left to steep in a saltwater maceration tank for one to two months to finish the cleaning process. The downside to the \"surf method\" is that most of the smaller bones and tissue were lost in the ebb and flow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1000102-e1328911311727.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1000102-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Hauling the skull down the beach\" title=\"P1000102\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer Rick James and Academy Collections Manager Moe Flannery of the Bay Area Marine Mammal Stranding Network towed the skull down the beach at Alamere Falls, using a cart rigged out of two dollies and some inflatable \"beach wheels.\" Photo courtesy of California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A week later, the tides were right to collect the skull specimen, estimated at 200 pounds. The team sought special permission to drive to a point just one mile from the skull, greatly reducing the distance they needed to carry the heavy skull. It took five people two hours and a cart rigged from \"beach wheels\" and a pair of dollies to get the skull to their truck. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the skull is degreasing on the Academy's living roof, visible to museum-goers from the viewing deck. Over the course of the next year, its weight is expected to decrease by about half as rain and gravity work the grease out of the bones, providing nutrients for the native plants below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Skullonroof-e1328911329210.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Skullonroof-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Whale skull on Academy's rooftop\" title=\"Skull on roof\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30438\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When complete, the skull will be the largest of five in the Academy's mammalogy collection, and the first collected since 1992.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the scientific community, specimens like this one serve as a record of an animal at a specific location and time, as part of a valuable library of life. For future generations, it can be used to help answer questions about the health of whale populations through time, phylogenetic relationships, even what our ancestors used to eat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The minke whale population is considered stable through most of its range, with an estimated \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/minkewhale.htm\" title=\"Minke whale population\">500-1,000 animals along the California-Oregon-Washington coastline\u003c/a>. Beachgoers in the Bay Area should note that all marine mammals are protected by federal law, even after death. If you spot a dead marine mammal, contact the Academy's \u003ca href=\"http://research.calacademy.org/om/mmsn\" title=\"Ornithology and Mammalogy Department\">Ornithology & Mammalogy Department\u003c/a>. For sick or injured marine mammals, please contact \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" title=\"Marine Mammal Center\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A rooftop is a long way from the deep blue sea, so when I learned that the skull of a juvenile minke whale was resting atop the California Academy of Sciences' living roof, my curiosity was piqued. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30429\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Minke-Whale-27-Dec-2011-e1328911342328.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Minke-Whale-27-Dec-2011-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Stranded minke whale\" title=\"Stranded minke whale\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30429\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo submitted to the Bear Valley Visitor Center in Point Reyes National Seashore by an unknown visitor.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On December 27, 2011, a hiker snapped some photos of a whale carcass stranded in a cove just south of Alamere Falls. Point Reyes ecologists forwarded the report to the Bay Area Marine Mammal Stranding Network team, a specialized group of volunteers and representatives from the California Academy of Sciences (which collects tissue samples and bones for its research collections) and the Marine Mammal Center (which leads any necropsy proceedings). In responding to such calls, their goal is to learn as much as possible from the animal's body. When you're talking about a body the size of a whale (literally), the logistics get complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've ever hiked or biked to \u003ca href=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/the-coastal-trail-to-alamere-falls\" title=\"Alamere Falls hike\">Alamere Falls\u003c/a>, you'll know the beautiful spot is not easy to access. Luckily the team received special permission from the National Park Service to drive to Wildcat Camp, shortening their walk to a mile each way. Upon arriving at the scene, they quickly realized that between its location, the tide schedule, and ocean conditions, it would be impossible to access the whale during daylight hours. Unable to perform a necropsy to determine the cause of death, they left it to roll in the surf. This turned out to be a mixed blessing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30439\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop.jpg\" alt=\"Whale skull on beach\" title=\"Whale skull on beach\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30439\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Whale_3_Tougher_crop-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Photo submitted to the Bear Valley Visitor Center in Point Reyes National Seashore by an unknown visitor.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After just eleven days, the surf and surge had cleaned the skull and deposited it on the beach. The upside was that nature took care of the dirty work in record time. Typically to recover a skull, the team has to remove enough tissue by hand in order to transport the bones off the beach (not a task for the faint of heart). Then the skull is either buried or left to steep in a saltwater maceration tank for one to two months to finish the cleaning process. The downside to the \"surf method\" is that most of the smaller bones and tissue were lost in the ebb and flow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30441\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1000102-e1328911311727.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1000102-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Hauling the skull down the beach\" title=\"P1000102\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30441\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer Rick James and Academy Collections Manager Moe Flannery of the Bay Area Marine Mammal Stranding Network towed the skull down the beach at Alamere Falls, using a cart rigged out of two dollies and some inflatable \"beach wheels.\" Photo courtesy of California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A week later, the tides were right to collect the skull specimen, estimated at 200 pounds. The team sought special permission to drive to a point just one mile from the skull, greatly reducing the distance they needed to carry the heavy skull. It took five people two hours and a cart rigged from \"beach wheels\" and a pair of dollies to get the skull to their truck. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the skull is degreasing on the Academy's living roof, visible to museum-goers from the viewing deck. Over the course of the next year, its weight is expected to decrease by about half as rain and gravity work the grease out of the bones, providing nutrients for the native plants below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30438\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Skullonroof-e1328911329210.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Skullonroof-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Whale skull on Academy's rooftop\" title=\"Skull on roof\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30438\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When complete, the skull will be the largest of five in the Academy's mammalogy collection, and the first collected since 1992.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the scientific community, specimens like this one serve as a record of an animal at a specific location and time, as part of a valuable library of life. For future generations, it can be used to help answer questions about the health of whale populations through time, phylogenetic relationships, even what our ancestors used to eat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The minke whale population is considered stable through most of its range, with an estimated \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/minkewhale.htm\" title=\"Minke whale population\">500-1,000 animals along the California-Oregon-Washington coastline\u003c/a>. Beachgoers in the Bay Area should note that all marine mammals are protected by federal law, even after death. If you spot a dead marine mammal, contact the Academy's \u003ca href=\"http://research.calacademy.org/om/mmsn\" title=\"Ornithology and Mammalogy Department\">Ornithology & Mammalogy Department\u003c/a>. For sick or injured marine mammals, please contact \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/\" title=\"Marine Mammal Center\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30540\" title=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021-263x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" width=\"263\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla's new Model X. Photo: Wired\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/en-us\">Fisker\u003c/a> are not exactly producing electric cars for the 99 percent. Still, these two luxury green automakers are closely watched because both companies have received hundreds of millions in federal loans to help jump start the EV market and rehabilitate major U.S. commercial car factories. Also, they produce sexy cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Model X reveal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elon Musk has pulled the curtain back on his company’s third electric car. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/09/tesla-unveils-model-x-suv-wants-to-be-your-all-electric-crossov/\">The Model X\u003c/a> is an SUV that features a pair of double-hinged “Falcon Wing” rear doors for easy loading and unloading. Musk says they will open in tighter spots than the traditional door though I don’t know why you want to park this $50,000 plus luxury car that close to anything. The Model X will do 0-60 MPH in 4.4 seconds. Tesla has begun taking reservations online for its latest high performance EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the over-hyped debut of the new crossover has come and gone maybe Tesla can get back to building it’s Model S Sedan which is to be released this summer. Both the Model X and Model S will be built at the company’s factory in Fremont, California which was purchased from a now defunct Toyota-GM factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30358\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/clean-car-diaries-tesla-unveils-and-fisker-stops-production/images/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30358\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30358\" title=\"Fisker \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/images.jpg\" alt=\"Fisker\" width=\"287\" height=\"175\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Road and Track\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fisker shuts down\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, southern California based EV manufacturer Fisker has stopped work at its Delaware auto factory after the U.S. blocked a loan. Last year the Department of Energy awarded Fisker 529 million dollars to manufacture its next plug-in at a closed GM plant. The project is on hold while officials for Fisker and the DOE try to work out concerns that the electric car manufacturer is missing some important deadlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Fisker execs say the company is not going to go down the same path as now bankrupt solar panel company \u003ca href=\"http://www.solyndra.com/\">Solyndra\u003c/a>, Republican Congress members are already calling for more oversight of DOE loans. Fisker sells the Karma plug-in electric sports car retailing for a whopping $102,000 in the U.S. The company’s new car is supposed to sell for about half of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 263px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30540\" title=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Tesla-Model-X-021-263x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla-Model-X-02\" width=\"263\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla's new Model X. Photo: Wired\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiskerautomotive.com/en-us\">Fisker\u003c/a> are not exactly producing electric cars for the 99 percent. Still, these two luxury green automakers are closely watched because both companies have received hundreds of millions in federal loans to help jump start the EV market and rehabilitate major U.S. commercial car factories. Also, they produce sexy cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Model X reveal\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elon Musk has pulled the curtain back on his company’s third electric car. \u003ca href=\"http://www.engadget.com/2012/02/09/tesla-unveils-model-x-suv-wants-to-be-your-all-electric-crossov/\">The Model X\u003c/a> is an SUV that features a pair of double-hinged “Falcon Wing” rear doors for easy loading and unloading. Musk says they will open in tighter spots than the traditional door though I don’t know why you want to park this $50,000 plus luxury car that close to anything. The Model X will do 0-60 MPH in 4.4 seconds. Tesla has begun taking reservations online for its latest high performance EV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that the over-hyped debut of the new crossover has come and gone maybe Tesla can get back to building it’s Model S Sedan which is to be released this summer. Both the Model X and Model S will be built at the company’s factory in Fremont, California which was purchased from a now defunct Toyota-GM factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30358\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 287px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/clean-car-diaries-tesla-unveils-and-fisker-stops-production/images/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30358\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-30358\" title=\"Fisker \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/images.jpg\" alt=\"Fisker\" width=\"287\" height=\"175\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo: Road and Track\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fisker shuts down\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve driven around California lately, you might not be surprised to hear that the state’s roads and highways aren’t in great shape. A third of Bay Area roads are in poor condition and funding is dwindling on the state and federal level. That’s something Congress is discussing in Washington this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers at two University of California campuses are trying to find ways to stretch those sparse dollars by making pavement quieter, greener and more durable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving the life of roads\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Harvey of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucprc.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Pavement Research Center\u003c/a> is a sort of pavement doctor. \"A pothole is when you put the electric paddles [to it]. The pavement is dead. You should never get to a pothole.\" You can probably guess what he talks about on long car trips. \"Actually I’ve had people threaten to kick me out of the car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0T0W2_LX-g\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Davis’s pavement testing facility, a huge machine is rolling a truck tire over a patch of asphalt. \"It goes back and forth,\" says Harvey. \"We’re probably looking at 20, 22,000 repetitions a day.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This machine simulates years of traffic in just weeks or months, which shows whether a pavement will last or fall apart - like the rutted test patch Harvey shows me nearby. \"There’s all kind of cracks all over it and that is a structural failure.\" Roads fail because of repeated stress, especially from heavy-duty vehicles. \"We only really design for truck traffic. You don’t even count the cars. They’re irrelevant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a road’s first enemy is trucks, its second is weather. Temperature changes from night to day, or summer to winter, cause roads to curl. And just like a paperclip, if you bend it enough, it breaks. \"You get enough cracking, the cracks connect up. And so the piece is just sitting in there with no connection and it pops out under traffic.\" Cities often fill potholes as a stop-gap, but Harvey says it’s a temporary fix. \"Maximum life of a pothole repair: one year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the hurdle to fixing roads is cost. In 2009, Caltrans estimated that it needed more than six billion dollars to repair state highways. With the state budget in trouble, it got 1.5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30440\" title=\"Pavement-samples\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Pavement-samples-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of asphalt being tested at UC Davis.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1950s, road funding was plentiful. Car sales skyrocketed after World War II, which led Congress to pass the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=88\">Highway Act\u003c/a>, providing 51 billion dollars to be spent on highway construction. Around the same time, the Pavement Research Center was founded at UC Berkeley, just as engineering professor Carl Monismith arrived on campus. He says with the building boom, the state and federal government needed funding to maintain the roads. So, they set up gas taxes. \"The California tax in 1963 was 11 cents. And that bought a lot. It’s probably 18 cents now at the most.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas tax revenue has also fallen as cars have become more fuel efficient. That’s led analysts to predict that the federal Highway Trust Fund will be bankrupt by 2014. Monismith says many cities are already behind on maintaining their roads, so it’s tough to build new durable roads, which are more expensive. \"The Roman roads have lasted, what, twenty-some hundred years. But we couldn’t build them like that today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is - given the country spends an estimated 100 billion dollars a year on roads, even small improvements make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quieter pavement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 249px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30437\" title=\"Sound-microphones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Sound-microphones-249x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"249\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers use the microphones on this “noise car” to measure the sound coming from the tires.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a garage at UC Davis, John Harvey shows me what they use to test some of those improvements. This \"noise car\" is a Ford Escape hybrid with a large contraption on the back bumper. Harvey says, \"These are directional microphones. So the idea is to screen out everything but the noise coming from the tire-pavement interface.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know the sound of the wooshing of a freeway. At high speeds, that noise is mostly coming from the pavement. \"The tire is squeezing air out from under it continuously and that’s the hissing sound.\" The microphones on this car are just inches from the ground, so Harvey and his team can record newly designed quieter pavements, like sections of concrete installed on I-5 in Sacramento. \"We’re designing the pavement so the surface is porous and the air can be squeezed out from the tire and actually squeezed down into the pavement and that drops the noise considerably.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freeway noise is mostly controlled with sound walls in California, but Harvey says they’re often more expensive than building the road itself. Some next-generation pavements will also save money for consumers - since roads affect how much fuel a car uses. \"You’re consuming energy in your shock absorber. And your tires are actually consuming energy. They’re interacting with the surface of the road.\" The bumpier the road, the more work your car has to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you smooth a road, you can get two to five percent improvement in fuel economy, depending on the current roughness.\" And since that affects all the cars on the road, Harvey says it’s a way to cut greenhouse gas emissions under California’s landmark climate change law. Cleaner car regulations will undoubtedly make up the bulk of those cuts, but Harvey hopes that pavement will also get its due.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A third of Bay Area roads are in poor condition and funding is dwindling on the state and federal level. That’s something Congress is discussing in Washington this week. Meanwhile, researchers at two University of California campuses are trying to find ways to stretch those sparse dollars, by making pavement quieter, greener and more durable.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve driven around California lately, you might not be surprised to hear that the state’s roads and highways aren’t in great shape. A third of Bay Area roads are in poor condition and funding is dwindling on the state and federal level. That’s something Congress is discussing in Washington this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers at two University of California campuses are trying to find ways to stretch those sparse dollars by making pavement quieter, greener and more durable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Saving the life of roads\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Harvey of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucprc.ucdavis.edu/\">UC Pavement Research Center\u003c/a> is a sort of pavement doctor. \"A pothole is when you put the electric paddles [to it]. The pavement is dead. You should never get to a pothole.\" You can probably guess what he talks about on long car trips. \"Actually I’ve had people threaten to kick me out of the car.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/l0T0W2_LX-g'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/l0T0W2_LX-g'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Davis’s pavement testing facility, a huge machine is rolling a truck tire over a patch of asphalt. \"It goes back and forth,\" says Harvey. \"We’re probably looking at 20, 22,000 repetitions a day.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This machine simulates years of traffic in just weeks or months, which shows whether a pavement will last or fall apart - like the rutted test patch Harvey shows me nearby. \"There’s all kind of cracks all over it and that is a structural failure.\" Roads fail because of repeated stress, especially from heavy-duty vehicles. \"We only really design for truck traffic. You don’t even count the cars. They’re irrelevant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a road’s first enemy is trucks, its second is weather. Temperature changes from night to day, or summer to winter, cause roads to curl. And just like a paperclip, if you bend it enough, it breaks. \"You get enough cracking, the cracks connect up. And so the piece is just sitting in there with no connection and it pops out under traffic.\" Cities often fill potholes as a stop-gap, but Harvey says it’s a temporary fix. \"Maximum life of a pothole repair: one year.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, the hurdle to fixing roads is cost. In 2009, Caltrans estimated that it needed more than six billion dollars to repair state highways. With the state budget in trouble, it got 1.5 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30440\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30440\" title=\"Pavement-samples\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Pavement-samples-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samples of asphalt being tested at UC Davis.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1950s, road funding was plentiful. Car sales skyrocketed after World War II, which led Congress to pass the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=88\">Highway Act\u003c/a>, providing 51 billion dollars to be spent on highway construction. Around the same time, the Pavement Research Center was founded at UC Berkeley, just as engineering professor Carl Monismith arrived on campus. He says with the building boom, the state and federal government needed funding to maintain the roads. So, they set up gas taxes. \"The California tax in 1963 was 11 cents. And that bought a lot. It’s probably 18 cents now at the most.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gas tax revenue has also fallen as cars have become more fuel efficient. That’s led analysts to predict that the federal Highway Trust Fund will be bankrupt by 2014. Monismith says many cities are already behind on maintaining their roads, so it’s tough to build new durable roads, which are more expensive. \"The Roman roads have lasted, what, twenty-some hundred years. But we couldn’t build them like that today.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is - given the country spends an estimated 100 billion dollars a year on roads, even small improvements make a big difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quieter pavement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30437\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 249px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30437\" title=\"Sound-microphones\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Sound-microphones-249x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"249\" height=\"169\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers use the microphones on this “noise car” to measure the sound coming from the tires.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a garage at UC Davis, John Harvey shows me what they use to test some of those improvements. This \"noise car\" is a Ford Escape hybrid with a large contraption on the back bumper. Harvey says, \"These are directional microphones. So the idea is to screen out everything but the noise coming from the tire-pavement interface.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You probably know the sound of the wooshing of a freeway. At high speeds, that noise is mostly coming from the pavement. \"The tire is squeezing air out from under it continuously and that’s the hissing sound.\" The microphones on this car are just inches from the ground, so Harvey and his team can record newly designed quieter pavements, like sections of concrete installed on I-5 in Sacramento. \"We’re designing the pavement so the surface is porous and the air can be squeezed out from the tire and actually squeezed down into the pavement and that drops the noise considerably.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Freeway noise is mostly controlled with sound walls in California, but Harvey says they’re often more expensive than building the road itself. Some next-generation pavements will also save money for consumers - since roads affect how much fuel a car uses. \"You’re consuming energy in your shock absorber. And your tires are actually consuming energy. They’re interacting with the surface of the road.\" The bumpier the road, the more work your car has to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you smooth a road, you can get two to five percent improvement in fuel economy, depending on the current roughness.\" And since that affects all the cars on the road, Harvey says it’s a way to cut greenhouse gas emissions under California’s landmark climate change law. Cleaner car regulations will undoubtedly make up the bulk of those cuts, but Harvey hopes that pavement will also get its due.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "European Comet Blockbuster Currently in Production ",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30304\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg\" alt=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" title=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scene: Spacecraft hurtling through space, approaching a giant 4-kilometer flying mountain of ice and rock. The two hurtle on together, flying closer and closer to the hot, radiant Sun. Things get dicey as the comet, under fire from the Sun's intense rays, begins to come apart, erupting with great jets of gas and dust liberated from eons of frozen preservation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the spacecraft deploys a lander, maneuvering dangerously close to the hard ice and unpredictable blasts of shrapnel from within. The lander manages to safely set down, shooting harpoon anchors into the ice to fasten it securely to the comet in the low gravity environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you're envisioning explosions right and left, great shards of sharp ice ejecting skyward, frozen cutting shrapnel flying in every direction and bouncing off the lander's armored hull, please continue; it could add to the dramatic effect….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then… (wavy curtain distortions indicating that we're entering a dream state) …the hatch opens and out steps Bruce Willis, a custom-made comet-smashing bazooka in one hand, a rocket-powered grappling hook that would make Batman proud in the other…. (End wavy curtain distortions; back to reality, alas….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a thrilling blockbuster movie. But it gets better! (Yes, minus the wavy curtains….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is currently hibernating its way through space, en route to comet (get your pen ready) \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/ESAGJF7708D_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\u003c/a>, which is also currently in comet-hibernation far out in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.perihelio.org/67porb.htm\" target=\"_blank\">At this moment\u003c/a>, in fact, the comet is almost as far from the Sun as it gets: about 5.6 Astronomical Units, or a little beyond the orbit of Jupiter. The comet and the spacecraft will rendezvous in 2014, then together swing closest to the Sun in mid-2015, at a distance somewhat within Mars' orbit (1.29 AU). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoePrO4-fGQ&noredirect=1\" target=\"_blank\">TRUE mission of Rosetta\u003c/a>, and its lander Philae, are not to save the comet from destruction, or to destroy it—but a kind of combination of the two: to observe and study it while the comet is in the process of falling apart, under duress from the Sun. The Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander will accompany the comet from a point in space still relatively distant from the Sun, and follow it along its eccentric orbit sunward. The comet and its stalking spacecraft will swing by the Sun, then outward into deep space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the while, we will witness, for the first time, the process of a comet heating up under increasingly intense solar radiation, up close—not only up close from orbit, but with an observer \"on the ground\" as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've watched comets do their Inner Solar System dance with the Sun since prehistoric times. The image of a comet that probably comes to your mind is what humans have watched in the skies, periodically, since long before telescopes: the fuzzy knot of the comet's coma—the shroud of gas surrounding the icy nucleus—and the long blurry, feather-like smear of its tail, blown off into space by the solar wind. This is the characteristic appearance of comets that human eyes are able to see, at least the ones that come close enough to the Sun to be warmed and exude a tail (or tails—usually one tail of gas, another of dust) and close enough to Earth to become a fixture in our night skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years we've begun to witness comets up close with several fly-by spacecraft missions: comets \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961210.html\" target=\"_blank\">Halley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-371\" target=\"_blank\">Hartley 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/cometwild2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Wild 2\u003c/a>, and some others. The Stardust mission actually captured dust particles from the tail of its comet quarry and returned the sample to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will not only be our first up-close look at Comet 67P (etc.), it will be the first mission to follow the progress of a comet as it swings by the Sun, erupting in all its comet glory, then back out again toward another deep freeze cycle. It will also be the first landing on a comet ever. Should be pretty exciting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I expect the time-compressed movie constructed from images taken by Rosetta and Philae to show a lot of explosions, sharp icy shrapnel bouncing off of armor…oh, and of course a treasure trove of less flashy but more substantial scientific knowledge of the life and times of a frozen time capsule that hasn't changed much since the formation of the Solar System five billion years ago….\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30304\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/10/european-comet-blockbuster-currently-in-production/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30304\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg\" alt=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" title=\"Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30304\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/rosetta-philae-lander-at-work-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rosetta-Philae lander on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - artist concept\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scene: Spacecraft hurtling through space, approaching a giant 4-kilometer flying mountain of ice and rock. The two hurtle on together, flying closer and closer to the hot, radiant Sun. Things get dicey as the comet, under fire from the Sun's intense rays, begins to come apart, erupting with great jets of gas and dust liberated from eons of frozen preservation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the spacecraft deploys a lander, maneuvering dangerously close to the hard ice and unpredictable blasts of shrapnel from within. The lander manages to safely set down, shooting harpoon anchors into the ice to fasten it securely to the comet in the low gravity environment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(If you're envisioning explosions right and left, great shards of sharp ice ejecting skyward, frozen cutting shrapnel flying in every direction and bouncing off the lander's armored hull, please continue; it could add to the dramatic effect….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then… (wavy curtain distortions indicating that we're entering a dream state) …the hatch opens and out steps Bruce Willis, a custom-made comet-smashing bazooka in one hand, a rocket-powered grappling hook that would make Batman proud in the other…. (End wavy curtain distortions; back to reality, alas….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sounds like a thrilling blockbuster movie. But it gets better! (Yes, minus the wavy curtains….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Space Agency's (ESA) Rosetta spacecraft is currently hibernating its way through space, en route to comet (get your pen ready) \u003ca href=\"http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/ESAGJF7708D_0.html\" target=\"_blank\">67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko\u003c/a>, which is also currently in comet-hibernation far out in space. \u003ca href=\"http://www.perihelio.org/67porb.htm\" target=\"_blank\">At this moment\u003c/a>, in fact, the comet is almost as far from the Sun as it gets: about 5.6 Astronomical Units, or a little beyond the orbit of Jupiter. The comet and the spacecraft will rendezvous in 2014, then together swing closest to the Sun in mid-2015, at a distance somewhat within Mars' orbit (1.29 AU). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FoePrO4-fGQ&noredirect=1\" target=\"_blank\">TRUE mission of Rosetta\u003c/a>, and its lander Philae, are not to save the comet from destruction, or to destroy it—but a kind of combination of the two: to observe and study it while the comet is in the process of falling apart, under duress from the Sun. The Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander will accompany the comet from a point in space still relatively distant from the Sun, and follow it along its eccentric orbit sunward. The comet and its stalking spacecraft will swing by the Sun, then outward into deep space again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the while, we will witness, for the first time, the process of a comet heating up under increasingly intense solar radiation, up close—not only up close from orbit, but with an observer \"on the ground\" as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We've watched comets do their Inner Solar System dance with the Sun since prehistoric times. The image of a comet that probably comes to your mind is what humans have watched in the skies, periodically, since long before telescopes: the fuzzy knot of the comet's coma—the shroud of gas surrounding the icy nucleus—and the long blurry, feather-like smear of its tail, blown off into space by the solar wind. This is the characteristic appearance of comets that human eyes are able to see, at least the ones that come close enough to the Sun to be warmed and exude a tail (or tails—usually one tail of gas, another of dust) and close enough to Earth to become a fixture in our night skies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years we've begun to witness comets up close with several fly-by spacecraft missions: comets \u003ca href=\"http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961210.html\" target=\"_blank\">Halley\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-371\" target=\"_blank\">Hartley 2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/photo/cometwild2.html\" target=\"_blank\">Wild 2\u003c/a>, and some others. The Stardust mission actually captured dust particles from the tail of its comet quarry and returned the sample to Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rosetta will not only be our first up-close look at Comet 67P (etc.), it will be the first mission to follow the progress of a comet as it swings by the Sun, erupting in all its comet glory, then back out again toward another deep freeze cycle. It will also be the first landing on a comet ever. Should be pretty exciting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I expect the time-compressed movie constructed from images taken by Rosetta and Philae to show a lot of explosions, sharp icy shrapnel bouncing off of armor…oh, and of course a treasure trove of less flashy but more substantial scientific knowledge of the life and times of a frozen time capsule that hasn't changed much since the formation of the Solar System five billion years ago….\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Can Lake Vostok Tell Us About Europa?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europatop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europatop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa has a thick crust of ice over an ocean. Lake Vostok, miles beneath the Antarctic ice, is similar. But lessons from one may not apply to the other. NASA image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was a thrill to learn that on Sunday, Russian scientists managed to poke a drill tip through miles of Antarctic ice into Lake Vostok. Samples of water from this extreme environment promise to provide one of biology's severest tests of life on Earth. Scientists are talking up the possibility that this experiment, the first of several in progress in Antarctica, could tell us more about possible life on the icy satellite of Jupiter named Europa. Is that a stretch? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're asking different questions here. At Vostok, we want to know if life has survived; at Europa we want to know if life could have arisen. In that context I think that Vostok and Europa are worlds apart; their similarities are superficial. Let's look at the two places in a bit more detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Vostok is a large tectonic basin, rather like Lake Tahoe, that happened to be overrun some 15 million years ago by the growing Antarctic ice cap. It has been sealed in profound darkness and freezing cold ever since, with the ice flowing slowly over it. Here's a diagram of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/vostok/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30341\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"vostok\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30341\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok-400x254.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Science Foundation image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lake is kept unfrozen because of a trickle of heat from the Earth's crust beneath plus the effect of great pressure in depressing the freezing point. Ice melts at the upstream end and lake water freezes at the downstream end, so on the geological time scale there's an exchange of water, and the water itself must be charged with air carried in by the ice. But the amount of minerals and nutrients entering the lake this way must be astronomically small. Somewhat larger amounts may come from the rock and sediment of the lake's floor, but the picture is still disheartening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet we have found life everywhere on Earth, from temperatures above the boiling point to below freezing. Microbes are recovered from within the ice cap itself. I believe that the microbes originally sealed into Lake Vostok survive today, because that's the way to bet on this planet. However, from everything we know, life could never have \u003ci>arisen\u003c/i> in such a place. The raw ingredients and energy required are absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that true for Europa? It's colder on its warmest day than anywhere on Earth, true. But Europa should have much more of the assets for life than Vostok.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa is an old world that formed along with the rest of the planets. Like Earth, Europa separated into a dense interior and a light shell, only with a greater share of water. Its rocks, like those of the early Earth, had lots of natural radioactivity that must have generated enough heat to keep part of the overlying water melted throughout its history. (More recently, Jupiter's four major satellites have fallen into mutually resonant orbits that wring them with changing tidal forces. The innermost moon, Io, is heated to volcanism this way, and Europa and Ganymede are heated to lesser extents.) The heat must have expressed itself in hydrothermal vents, too, exactly like Earth's seafloor \"black smoker\" vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a word, as far as planetary scientists can tell Europa should have started out with the same setting that is commonly thought to have spawned life on Earth. The first structures that served as cell membranes could have arisen at hydrothermal vents, which would exist on Europa just as they do on Earth: springs of hot, chemically active water on the floor of a big cold sea. The water itself should contain ammonia, sulfates, even hydrocarbons. All of this is straightforward modeling based on what we already know about the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europacrust/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30342\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europacrust\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Model of the icy crust of Europa. Jet Propulsion Laboratory image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Planetary modelers are finding that the thick ice shell of Europa should have some interesting activity, too. The eerie striped pattern of Europa's surface shows that the ice fractures regularly due to tidal forces. When that happens, water would rise and its dissolved gases would come out in bubbles. These \"Perrier ocean\" eruptions would spray over the surface, where the ice and its organic compounds would bake and polymerize and react in the radiation from Jupiter and the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, after approximately a billion years, the entire icy crust would become replaced with ice bearing this baked material. And at that point you would have a nutrient cycle. In sum, it's quite plausible for life to arise and persist on Europa where it's quite impossible in Lake Vostok. If we ever get a spacecraft to Europa—proposals keep being submitted—our experience drilling to Vostok would help us drill through Europa's crust. But a more elegant proposal is to simply swoop over Europa in low orbit and scoop up bits of dust from its icy surface raised by micrometeorite impacts. Just like on Earth, if life is on Europa its signs should be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Does the prospect of life in subglacial Lake Vostok really point to the same on the icy satellite Europa? The answer may surprise you.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europatop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europatop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Europa has a thick crust of ice over an ocean. Lake Vostok, miles beneath the Antarctic ice, is similar. But lessons from one may not apply to the other. NASA image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was a thrill to learn that on Sunday, Russian scientists managed to poke a drill tip through miles of Antarctic ice into Lake Vostok. Samples of water from this extreme environment promise to provide one of biology's severest tests of life on Earth. Scientists are talking up the possibility that this experiment, the first of several in progress in Antarctica, could tell us more about possible life on the icy satellite of Jupiter named Europa. Is that a stretch? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're asking different questions here. At Vostok, we want to know if life has survived; at Europa we want to know if life could have arisen. In that context I think that Vostok and Europa are worlds apart; their similarities are superficial. Let's look at the two places in a bit more detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Vostok is a large tectonic basin, rather like Lake Tahoe, that happened to be overrun some 15 million years ago by the growing Antarctic ice cap. It has been sealed in profound darkness and freezing cold ever since, with the ice flowing slowly over it. Here's a diagram of the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/vostok/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30341\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"vostok\" width=\"640\" height=\"407\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30341\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/vostok-400x254.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">National Science Foundation image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The lake is kept unfrozen because of a trickle of heat from the Earth's crust beneath plus the effect of great pressure in depressing the freezing point. Ice melts at the upstream end and lake water freezes at the downstream end, so on the geological time scale there's an exchange of water, and the water itself must be charged with air carried in by the ice. But the amount of minerals and nutrients entering the lake this way must be astronomically small. Somewhat larger amounts may come from the rock and sediment of the lake's floor, but the picture is still disheartening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet we have found life everywhere on Earth, from temperatures above the boiling point to below freezing. Microbes are recovered from within the ice cap itself. I believe that the microbes originally sealed into Lake Vostok survive today, because that's the way to bet on this planet. However, from everything we know, life could never have \u003ci>arisen\u003c/i> in such a place. The raw ingredients and energy required are absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that true for Europa? It's colder on its warmest day than anywhere on Earth, true. But Europa should have much more of the assets for life than Vostok.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Europa is an old world that formed along with the rest of the planets. Like Earth, Europa separated into a dense interior and a light shell, only with a greater share of water. Its rocks, like those of the early Earth, had lots of natural radioactivity that must have generated enough heat to keep part of the overlying water melted throughout its history. (More recently, Jupiter's four major satellites have fallen into mutually resonant orbits that wring them with changing tidal forces. The innermost moon, Io, is heated to volcanism this way, and Europa and Ganymede are heated to lesser extents.) The heat must have expressed itself in hydrothermal vents, too, exactly like Earth's seafloor \"black smoker\" vents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a word, as far as planetary scientists can tell Europa should have started out with the same setting that is commonly thought to have spawned life on Earth. The first structures that served as cell membranes could have arisen at hydrothermal vents, which would exist on Europa just as they do on Earth: springs of hot, chemically active water on the floor of a big cold sea. The water itself should contain ammonia, sulfates, even hydrocarbons. All of this is straightforward modeling based on what we already know about the solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30342\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/09/vostok-and-europa/europacrust/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30342\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"europacrust\" width=\"640\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/europacrust-400x244.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Model of the icy crust of Europa. Jet Propulsion Laboratory image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Planetary modelers are finding that the thick ice shell of Europa should have some interesting activity, too. The eerie striped pattern of Europa's surface shows that the ice fractures regularly due to tidal forces. When that happens, water would rise and its dissolved gases would come out in bubbles. These \"Perrier ocean\" eruptions would spray over the surface, where the ice and its organic compounds would bake and polymerize and react in the radiation from Jupiter and the Sun. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, after approximately a billion years, the entire icy crust would become replaced with ice bearing this baked material. And at that point you would have a nutrient cycle. In sum, it's quite plausible for life to arise and persist on Europa where it's quite impossible in Lake Vostok. If we ever get a spacecraft to Europa—proposals keep being submitted—our experience drilling to Vostok would help us drill through Europa's crust. But a more elegant proposal is to simply swoop over Europa in low orbit and scoop up bits of dust from its icy surface raised by micrometeorite impacts. Just like on Earth, if life is on Europa its signs should be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California’s Gray Wolves",
"title": "California’s Gray Wolves",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30291\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30291\" title=\"gray_wolf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will gray wolves return to California? Photo: MacNeil Lyons, National Park Service/{link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmidwest/6545954933/in/set-72157628504266513/\"} U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Midwest Region{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a gray wolf wearing a GPS collar crossed from Oregon into California in December, it was the first wild gray wolf to tread on California soil since the 1920s. Wolves once roamed throughout California, and some people think packs may prowl the state again. It is debatable whether this lone wolf is a sign of things to come, but if wolves return to California, their role in the ecosystem will be different than it was in times past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">gray wolves\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Canis lupus\u003c/em>) lived throughout much of North America. They were present in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Coast Range, and the Central Valley, among other locations. Their range was not well documented. Gray wolves are predators; they hunt in packs and eat all kinds of prey, from small rodents on up to Bison. Their main prey items were \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_elk\">Tule Elk\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn\">Pronghorn\u003c/a>, an animal similar to an antelope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s Central Valley was converted to agricultural fields and pastures, the number of Tule Elk and Pronghorn dwindled. A shrinking supply of wild \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate\">ungulates\u003c/a> (hoofed mammals, such as elk, Pronghorn, and deer) meant that wolves started going after livestock—with major repercussions. Predator control programs led to extinction of the gray wolf in the lower 48 states. In 1924, the last known wolf in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were added to the Endangered Species List in 1974, shortly after the Endangered Species Act was passed. Then, in the mid 1990s, gray wolves from Canada were re-introduced to Idaho and to Yellowstone National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray wolves introduced to Idaho expanded their range, and there are now about 1600 wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. In Idaho, there are concerns that the local population is growing too large, and the wolves are getting too close to human habitation. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2011/06/23/58434/gray_wolf_in_cross_hairs_again_after_delisting?source=npr&category=politics\">gray wolves were de-listed\u003c/a> in certain areas, where it became legal to hunt them. Five wolves were killed via aerial gunning in Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies on the wolves in Yellowstone, conducted by \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/index.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor in the Environmental Studies Department at the University of California Santa Cruz, have found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092\">gray wolves buffer the effects of climate change\u003c/a> for other carnivores. Many scavengers, such as bald eagles, coyotes, and black bears, feed on elk carcasses during the winter. After heavy snowfall, elk become exhausted from walking through deep snow and eventually expire. However, winters are becoming shorter as a result of climate change, and there are fewer elk carcasses to be scavenged. After wolves were released in Yellowstone, their hunting activity increased the availability of food for scavengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gray Wolf that recently crossed into California—named \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/OR7story.html\">OR7\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/us/wildlife-activists-follow-lone-wolfs-trek-into-california.html\">re-named “Journey” in a naming contest\u003c/a>—split off from his pack in Oregon. Wolves can outgrow their packs and will disperse to find a mate. As the only known wild gray wolf in the state, is highly unlikely that Journey will find a mate. And without a pack to hunt with, this lone wolf will probably need to scavenge for food. Journey probably won’t father California’s future wolf population, but it is possible that other Oregon wolves may follow in his nearly 1000 miles of footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has suitable habitat for gray wolves, and has plenty of potential prey. But the state has changed a lot since gray wolves had the run of the place in the 1800s. There is little open space, and the climate is drastically altered; if wolves return, their ecological role will be very different.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30291\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30291\" title=\"gray_wolf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gray_wolf-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will gray wolves return to California? Photo: MacNeil Lyons, National Park Service/{link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmidwest/6545954933/in/set-72157628504266513/\"} U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Midwest Region{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When a gray wolf wearing a GPS collar crossed from Oregon into California in December, it was the first wild gray wolf to tread on California soil since the 1920s. Wolves once roamed throughout California, and some people think packs may prowl the state again. It is debatable whether this lone wolf is a sign of things to come, but if wolves return to California, their role in the ecosystem will be different than it was in times past.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the early 1900s, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">gray wolves\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Canis lupus\u003c/em>) lived throughout much of North America. They were present in California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains, the Coast Range, and the Central Valley, among other locations. Their range was not well documented. Gray wolves are predators; they hunt in packs and eat all kinds of prey, from small rodents on up to Bison. Their main prey items were \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tule_elk\">Tule Elk\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronghorn\">Pronghorn\u003c/a>, an animal similar to an antelope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As California’s Central Valley was converted to agricultural fields and pastures, the number of Tule Elk and Pronghorn dwindled. A shrinking supply of wild \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate\">ungulates\u003c/a> (hoofed mammals, such as elk, Pronghorn, and deer) meant that wolves started going after livestock—with major repercussions. Predator control programs led to extinction of the gray wolf in the lower 48 states. In 1924, the last known wolf in California was trapped and killed in Lassen County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gray wolves were added to the Endangered Species List in 1974, shortly after the Endangered Species Act was passed. Then, in the mid 1990s, gray wolves from Canada were re-introduced to Idaho and to Yellowstone National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray wolves introduced to Idaho expanded their range, and there are now about 1600 wolves in the Northern Rocky Mountains and Pacific Northwest. In Idaho, there are concerns that the local population is growing too large, and the wolves are getting too close to human habitation. Last year, \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2011/06/23/58434/gray_wolf_in_cross_hairs_again_after_delisting?source=npr&category=politics\">gray wolves were de-listed\u003c/a> in certain areas, where it became legal to hunt them. Five wolves were killed via aerial gunning in Idaho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies on the wolves in Yellowstone, conducted by \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/index.html\">Chris Wilmers\u003c/a>, Assistant Professor in the Environmental Studies Department at the University of California Santa Cruz, have found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030092\">gray wolves buffer the effects of climate change\u003c/a> for other carnivores. Many scavengers, such as bald eagles, coyotes, and black bears, feed on elk carcasses during the winter. After heavy snowfall, elk become exhausted from walking through deep snow and eventually expire. However, winters are becoming shorter as a result of climate change, and there are fewer elk carcasses to be scavenged. After wolves were released in Yellowstone, their hunting activity increased the availability of food for scavengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gray Wolf that recently crossed into California—named \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/OR7story.html\">OR7\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/28/us/wildlife-activists-follow-lone-wolfs-trek-into-california.html\">re-named “Journey” in a naming contest\u003c/a>—split off from his pack in Oregon. Wolves can outgrow their packs and will disperse to find a mate. As the only known wild gray wolf in the state, is highly unlikely that Journey will find a mate. And without a pack to hunt with, this lone wolf will probably need to scavenge for food. Journey probably won’t father California’s future wolf population, but it is possible that other Oregon wolves may follow in his nearly 1000 miles of footsteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has suitable habitat for gray wolves, and has plenty of potential prey. But the state has changed a lot since gray wolves had the run of the place in the 1800s. There is little open space, and the climate is drastically altered; if wolves return, their ecological role will be very different.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us/schmahlsciencemural/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SchmahlScienceMural\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These are just some of the beautiful murals adorn the outside of the labs at Schmahl Science headquarters.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you’re a student who wants to do a biology experiment for a science fair. Maybe you want to figure out how a certain cancer works or engineer a drought-resistant plant or any other sort of higher level experiment. How in the world do you get started and then do the necessary experiments?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know a biologist, then you can get them to help you. Unfortunately most folks don’t know any scientists let alone biologists. What interested people usually have to do is start cold-calling institutions and universities, hoping to find someone willing to help. This is rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re in the South Bay, there is another possibility – \u003ca href=\"http://prod.schmahlscience.org/schmahl_new/ps_ASRP\">Schmahl Science\u003c/a>. For around $40/hour, you can do your experiment with the help of a mentor in the lab facilities at Schmahl Science headquarters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price is a bargain by science standards but still ain’t cheap. For example, a cancer project can end up costing upwards of $3000! There are scholarships available and there is a sliding scale based on family income, but it will still definitely cost you. However, if you’re interested in doing a top notch science fair project and learning more about science as a career, you can’t beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the chance to take a tour of the facilities and chat with the executive director, Belinda Schmahl. My first impression of the place was that it was a bit ramshackle. It seemed to have been cobbled together from various spare parts into a Frankenstein sort of creation. This is because it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are able to keep prices so low (and really, they are low) by using other people’s castoffs in a location that is a bit off the beaten track. What it lacks in finish, though, it more than makes up for in personnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was incredibly impressed with the mentors I spoke with. They were knowledgeable and very excited about their students’ projects. And I can see why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One student I saw there was working on a biochemical experiment to test how well various sunscreens actually protect people from harmful ultraviolet light. One mentor told me about a successful experiment a student had done to generate electricity from bay mudflats. Another mentor told me about a student’s project that was exploring how houseflies were able to fly. Still another told me about a student’s project on the effects of the herbicide RoundUp on certain bacteria rice needs to grow. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 100 students mentored for the Synopsys science fair last year, 78 received some sort of award. This gives you some idea as to the quality of the work and the guidance each student receives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are incredibly interesting and important experiments that the students would not be able to do on their own. What a great service this organization provides for the community. I hope one day it can be cloned over and over again so more students can experience the thrill and excitement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://brochures.schmahlscience.org/Fall_2011/ASRP%20Data%20Sheet_2011%20CMS%20edits_2.pdf\">More information on the program\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.google.com/site/synopsyschampionship/201intel-isef-winners\">Recent winners of the Synopsys Science Fair. Wow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/06/science-fair-for-the-rest-of-us/schmahlsciencemural/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30026\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SchmahlScienceMural\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30026\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/SchmahlScienceMural-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These are just some of the beautiful murals adorn the outside of the labs at Schmahl Science headquarters.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Let’s say you’re a student who wants to do a biology experiment for a science fair. Maybe you want to figure out how a certain cancer works or engineer a drought-resistant plant or any other sort of higher level experiment. How in the world do you get started and then do the necessary experiments?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you know a biologist, then you can get them to help you. Unfortunately most folks don’t know any scientists let alone biologists. What interested people usually have to do is start cold-calling institutions and universities, hoping to find someone willing to help. This is rarely successful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you’re in the South Bay, there is another possibility – \u003ca href=\"http://prod.schmahlscience.org/schmahl_new/ps_ASRP\">Schmahl Science\u003c/a>. For around $40/hour, you can do your experiment with the help of a mentor in the lab facilities at Schmahl Science headquarters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The price is a bargain by science standards but still ain’t cheap. For example, a cancer project can end up costing upwards of $3000! There are scholarships available and there is a sliding scale based on family income, but it will still definitely cost you. However, if you’re interested in doing a top notch science fair project and learning more about science as a career, you can’t beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recently had the chance to take a tour of the facilities and chat with the executive director, Belinda Schmahl. My first impression of the place was that it was a bit ramshackle. It seemed to have been cobbled together from various spare parts into a Frankenstein sort of creation. This is because it was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are able to keep prices so low (and really, they are low) by using other people’s castoffs in a location that is a bit off the beaten track. What it lacks in finish, though, it more than makes up for in personnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was incredibly impressed with the mentors I spoke with. They were knowledgeable and very excited about their students’ projects. And I can see why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One student I saw there was working on a biochemical experiment to test how well various sunscreens actually protect people from harmful ultraviolet light. One mentor told me about a successful experiment a student had done to generate electricity from bay mudflats. Another mentor told me about a student’s project that was exploring how houseflies were able to fly. Still another told me about a student’s project on the effects of the herbicide RoundUp on certain bacteria rice needs to grow. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 100 students mentored for the Synopsys science fair last year, 78 received some sort of award. This gives you some idea as to the quality of the work and the guidance each student receives. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are incredibly interesting and important experiments that the students would not be able to do on their own. What a great service this organization provides for the community. I hope one day it can be cloned over and over again so more students can experience the thrill and excitement of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://brochures.schmahlscience.org/Fall_2011/ASRP%20Data%20Sheet_2011%20CMS%20edits_2.pdf\">More information on the program\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.google.com/site/synopsyschampionship/201intel-isef-winners\">Recent winners of the Synopsys Science Fair. Wow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Life with the Leaf: 5 Tips to Beat Range Anxiety",
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"headTitle": "Clean Car Diaries | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30090\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/03/life-with-the-leaf-5-tips-to-beat-range-anxiety/img_4665/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30090\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_4665.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf Dashboard\" title=\"Nissan Leaf Dashboard \" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30090\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_4665.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_4665-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nissan Leaf dashboard. Photo: Josh Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was way too literal in my thinking about the Leaf. I thought, “100 miles of range, great. I can go to work and back almost three times before I have to recharge.\" It’s about 33 miles from the Oakland Hills into where I work in San Francisco and back. I didn’t understand that I simply would never get 100 miles of range despite driving much more efficiently. I also didn’t realize, at the time, that it’s best to charge to 80% to extend battery life. So, now I pretty much have to charge between every trip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realized a lead foot and maybe climate control would reduce my range but I didn’t consider all of the other possible factors that would cut into my range including: terrain, weather, speed, elevation, technique and even how long ago I last charged. After four months of driving I am getting some ideas of what to do to eke out more miles. Also, I have been getting tips from several sites including: \u003ca href=\"http://www.mynissanleaf.com/\">Mynissanleaf.com\u003c/a>. While some of this might be specific to the Leaf, some tips are general ones that can apply to any of the upcoming electric car releases such as \u003ca href=\"http://i.mitsubishicars.com/\">Mitsubishi’s i electric\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/electric/focuselectric/2012/\">2012 Ford Electric Focus\u003c/a>. Oh, and if you have ideas on how to extend range, by all means, share!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Count bars, not miles\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDon’t look at the DTZ (Distance to Zero) which counts backwards from your mileage starting point. Leaf drivers call it the \"guess o’meter\". Look at the bars. This will help you not freak out. Battery-powered cars have huge mileage swings with climate control, acceleration, speed and elevation gains being the biggest. For those not driving a Leaf, the car has twelve bars stacked on top of each other. You can see this to the right of the dashboard on the photo above. Daily, I work with ten bars since I charge to 80%. If I average my road and highway driving during a moderate winter in the San Francisco Bay Area, I am getting almost 7 miles per bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Bundle up \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you really need to eke out every mile, don’t use the climate control. In extreme weather, the heat can cut the energy by 30%. It is a drag. It is best to use your seat warmers if you have them (I don't). Also, try heating up your car while it is still teathered to your charger (you can program it to go on before you go to work or use a phone app to turn it on from the warmth of your home.)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n3. Follow the bubbles \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhile it is not the best efficiency gauge, I follow the power meter on the dashboard of the Leaf. You can see it in the picture above. The meter displays the motor power and the regenerative brake power. The white dot, or bubble, in the display moves to the right when you are accelerating and to the left when power is generated by breaking. I generally try to keep the bubbles from increasing too much to the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Drive in Eco \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis probably goes without saying but most hybrd plug-ins and electric cars have different drive options. The Leaf has two drive choices, drive and eco. Drive gives you that fast zoom and eco helps the car capture more energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Use Common Sense\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCombine errands into one trip, drive less agressively, keep your tire pressure up, unpack your car to reduce excess weight, try and drive in the moderate time of the day as electric cars are less efficient in extreme hot or cold conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, I wish my battery pack could hold more charge but that's not my only gripe. It just takes too long to charge and there is a total lack of public chargers out on the roads. From what I understand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/electric/focuselectric/2012/\">the 2012 Electric Ford Focus\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-news/110309/nissan-updates-leaf-for-2012-2013.jsp\">the 2013 Nissan Leaf\u003c/a> will charge in half the time the 2011 Nissan Leaf charges. Better yet, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/february/wireless-vehicle-charge-020112.html\">Stanford’s wireless charging idea could catch on\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next up, choosing a rate plan and working through the morass that is PG&E\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30090\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/03/life-with-the-leaf-5-tips-to-beat-range-anxiety/img_4665/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30090\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_4665.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf Dashboard\" title=\"Nissan Leaf Dashboard \" width=\"640\" height=\"386\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30090\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_4665.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_4665-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nissan Leaf dashboard. Photo: Josh Cassidy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I was way too literal in my thinking about the Leaf. I thought, “100 miles of range, great. I can go to work and back almost three times before I have to recharge.\" It’s about 33 miles from the Oakland Hills into where I work in San Francisco and back. I didn’t understand that I simply would never get 100 miles of range despite driving much more efficiently. I also didn’t realize, at the time, that it’s best to charge to 80% to extend battery life. So, now I pretty much have to charge between every trip. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I realized a lead foot and maybe climate control would reduce my range but I didn’t consider all of the other possible factors that would cut into my range including: terrain, weather, speed, elevation, technique and even how long ago I last charged. After four months of driving I am getting some ideas of what to do to eke out more miles. Also, I have been getting tips from several sites including: \u003ca href=\"http://www.mynissanleaf.com/\">Mynissanleaf.com\u003c/a>. While some of this might be specific to the Leaf, some tips are general ones that can apply to any of the upcoming electric car releases such as \u003ca href=\"http://i.mitsubishicars.com/\">Mitsubishi’s i electric\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/electric/focuselectric/2012/\">2012 Ford Electric Focus\u003c/a>. Oh, and if you have ideas on how to extend range, by all means, share!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Count bars, not miles\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDon’t look at the DTZ (Distance to Zero) which counts backwards from your mileage starting point. Leaf drivers call it the \"guess o’meter\". Look at the bars. This will help you not freak out. Battery-powered cars have huge mileage swings with climate control, acceleration, speed and elevation gains being the biggest. For those not driving a Leaf, the car has twelve bars stacked on top of each other. You can see this to the right of the dashboard on the photo above. Daily, I work with ten bars since I charge to 80%. If I average my road and highway driving during a moderate winter in the San Francisco Bay Area, I am getting almost 7 miles per bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Bundle up \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIf you really need to eke out every mile, don’t use the climate control. In extreme weather, the heat can cut the energy by 30%. It is a drag. It is best to use your seat warmers if you have them (I don't). Also, try heating up your car while it is still teathered to your charger (you can program it to go on before you go to work or use a phone app to turn it on from the warmth of your home.)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n3. Follow the bubbles \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhile it is not the best efficiency gauge, I follow the power meter on the dashboard of the Leaf. You can see it in the picture above. The meter displays the motor power and the regenerative brake power. The white dot, or bubble, in the display moves to the right when you are accelerating and to the left when power is generated by breaking. I generally try to keep the bubbles from increasing too much to the right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. Drive in Eco \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThis probably goes without saying but most hybrd plug-ins and electric cars have different drive options. The Leaf has two drive choices, drive and eco. Drive gives you that fast zoom and eco helps the car capture more energy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. Use Common Sense\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCombine errands into one trip, drive less agressively, keep your tire pressure up, unpack your car to reduce excess weight, try and drive in the moderate time of the day as electric cars are less efficient in extreme hot or cold conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure, I wish my battery pack could hold more charge but that's not my only gripe. It just takes too long to charge and there is a total lack of public chargers out on the roads. From what I understand, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ford.com/electric/focuselectric/2012/\">the 2012 Electric Ford Focus\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.autotrader.com/research/article/car-news/110309/nissan-updates-leaf-for-2012-2013.jsp\">the 2013 Nissan Leaf\u003c/a> will charge in half the time the 2011 Nissan Leaf charges. Better yet, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/february/wireless-vehicle-charge-020112.html\">Stanford’s wireless charging idea could catch on\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Next up, choosing a rate plan and working through the morass that is PG&E\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Bay Area's National Park Expands South",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-06-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30146\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/hills.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/hills-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hills\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rancho Corral de Tierra's nearly 4,000 acres overlook the Pacific, just south of Devil's Slide. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Alcatraz Island, the Marin Headlands, Muir Woods and many other Bay Area landmarks, has added one more piece to its portfolio: a large chunk of the Peninsula south of Devil's Slide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations to incorporate \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\">Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a> into the park took ten years and ended plans by a developer to build pricey homes in the Half Moon Bay area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited Rancho Corral de Tierra, a thick fog hung under the peak of Montara Mountain, blocking what might otherwise have been views straight out to the Farallon Islands and Mount Tamalpais.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with 3,800 acres of Cypress trees and rolling hills, you could almost imagine what the California coast looked like when Spanish explorers wandered by just north of here in 1769. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close Calls with Development\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was almost a golf course. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audrey Rust, president emeritus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/index.html\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a>, known as POST, says she’d been eyeing this piece of land since she began working at the trust 25 years ago. Flat in the lowlands with a scenic backdrop of ridges, it attracted development plans of every stripe, says Rust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/map.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/map-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"map\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30148\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A golf course, housing, gated communities... everything,” says Rust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rust, and others, believed the ranch provided such valuable habitat and open space that it might qualify to become part of the national park system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only seven miles south from the border of San Francisco,” says Rust, “and it's teeming with wildlife. Mountain lions are abundant. Deer. Every critter you can think of that's native to this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acquiring the ranch was a huge project, requiring fund-raising on a scale closer to what you might expect from a major hospital or university. POST launched a campaign called Saving the Endangered Coast with the goal of raising 200 million dollars and saving 20 thousand acres of land, including the ranch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30147\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1070898.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1070898-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"P1070898\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30147\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audrey Rust helped raise $200 million dollars to save Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They couldn’t have asked for a better fundraising moment. Rust raised $100 million from Silicon Valley: $50 million each from the Packard and Moore Foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding let POST \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-mateo-county-times/ci_19533133\">buy the sprawling ranch\u003c/a> for $29 million and then hold onto it for nine years until the state government and Congress provided the money to acquire it for the same price. After much political wrangling, Congressional approval to add it to the national park system finally came through last summer. Rust was ecstatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We were] jumping around and sometimes crying. But now, it just feels right to know this beautiful place will be here forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/horsefarm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/horsefarm-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"horsefarm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30154\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The land includes a working horse farm and Brussels sprouts fields. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Southern Entryway to Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the National Park’s perspective, the addition of the ranch is historic. Alex Picavet, with the GGNRA, calls the ranch “the largest land acquisition for Golden Gate National Recreation Area pretty much since it began.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As national parks go, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate\u003c/a> is a little unusual. Its 82,000 acres of parkland are scattered around the Bay Area, from Muir Woods to Alcatraz Island and Ocean Beach in San Francisco. But the new land on the Peninsula means that about half of the park -- which was founded in 1972 -- is now in San Mateo County, with this new chunk forming the southernmost border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling this the southern entryway to Golden Gate National Recreation Area,” says Picavet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that Rust and others have taken the long view, people like Susie Bennett can focus on the small things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we hiked up the ridge, Bennett, a natural resource specialist for the GGNRA, stopped and pointed to a little yellow flower with heart-shaped petals, “this area’s local plant celebrity.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30149\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Hickmans.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Hickmans-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hickmans\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30149\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The endangered hickman's potentilla has been found in only two places in the world. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hickman's potentilla is found in only two places in the world: here, and in Monterey. It’s the ranch’s only federally recognized endangered species. “It’s a plant we’d like to focus some management on,” says Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In taking over this land, the National Park Service is doing a lot more than just putting up new signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be scientists studying the land, and workers clearing out invasive species. The system of informal trails that locals have used for years will get an overhaul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing the Needs of Habitat and Local Dog-walkers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like any new neighbor, the park is going to have to win over local residents, especially on the topic of dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill and Peggy Bechtell live in a comfortable ranch home in Montara, just across the street from the park. They’ve been walking their dog, Kalie, here for years. They say they're apprehensive about their new neighbors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30151\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Bechtells.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Bechtells-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Bechtells\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30151\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Montara residents Bill and Peggy Bechtell have been walking their dogs off-leash on the ranch for decades. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We've had nothing but great community here for 32 years, and the minute they come, they ruin it,” says Peggy Bechtell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bechtell is referring to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/02/01/interview-with-eyewitness-to-dog-walking-taser-incident-at-ggnra/\">an incident\u003c/a>, about a week ago, that made national headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the GGNRA, Gary Hesterberg of Montara was walking his two dogs off leash, in violation of park rules. A ranger tried to give him a ticket, but he gave her a false name and refused to stop. Critics call it excessive force, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-mateo-county-times/ci_19872293\">a local congresswoman\u003c/a> wants an independent investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks, as a rule, don’t allow off-leash dogs. It’s been a sticking point for some in the Bay Area for more than a decade and, as a result, the park has made exceptions in places like Fort Funston and the Marin Headlands. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/parkmgmt/dog-management.htm\">final, formal dog policy\u003c/a> has long been in development. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials had originally hoped that the new park addition at Rancho Corral de Tierra would follow the more restrictive National Park standards, with limited, leash-only dog areas. Park officials say dogs can interfere with efforts to nurture and restore the area's native ecosystem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Bechtell, who has been taking his dogs here since the 1980s, says that policy is unfair to Montara locals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s plenty of room for open space, animals, wildlife, everything. And recreation!” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, park officials announced their intention to include the ranch in the broader environmental review of off-leash dog areas in parts of GGNRA, which opens up the possibility that off-leash areas could eventually be established at Rancho Corral de Tierra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be overnight that we all come together and speak the same language,” says GGNRA’s Picavet. “But we are looking forward to building that relationship together. We’re here for the long haul.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, GGNRA will be working out parking, signage, and other issues, including dog policy. The property is currently open to visitors. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-06-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30146\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/hills.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/hills-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hills\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rancho Corral de Tierra's nearly 4,000 acres overlook the Pacific, just south of Devil's Slide. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Alcatraz Island, the Marin Headlands, Muir Woods and many other Bay Area landmarks, has added one more piece to its portfolio: a large chunk of the Peninsula south of Devil's Slide. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Negotiations to incorporate \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\">Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a> into the park took ten years and ended plans by a developer to build pricey homes in the Half Moon Bay area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited Rancho Corral de Tierra, a thick fog hung under the peak of Montara Mountain, blocking what might otherwise have been views straight out to the Farallon Islands and Mount Tamalpais.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But with 3,800 acres of Cypress trees and rolling hills, you could almost imagine what the California coast looked like when Spanish explorers wandered by just north of here in 1769. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Close Calls with Development\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was almost a golf course. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Audrey Rust, president emeritus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/index.html\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a>, known as POST, says she’d been eyeing this piece of land since she began working at the trust 25 years ago. Flat in the lowlands with a scenic backdrop of ridges, it attracted development plans of every stripe, says Rust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30148\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/map.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/map-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"map\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30148\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Courtesy of Golden Gate National Recreation Area.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A golf course, housing, gated communities... everything,” says Rust. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rust, and others, believed the ranch provided such valuable habitat and open space that it might qualify to become part of the national park system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s only seven miles south from the border of San Francisco,” says Rust, “and it's teeming with wildlife. Mountain lions are abundant. Deer. Every critter you can think of that's native to this area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Acquiring the ranch was a huge project, requiring fund-raising on a scale closer to what you might expect from a major hospital or university. POST launched a campaign called Saving the Endangered Coast with the goal of raising 200 million dollars and saving 20 thousand acres of land, including the ranch. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30147\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1070898.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1070898-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"P1070898\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30147\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Audrey Rust helped raise $200 million dollars to save Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They couldn’t have asked for a better fundraising moment. Rust raised $100 million from Silicon Valley: $50 million each from the Packard and Moore Foundations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding let POST \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-mateo-county-times/ci_19533133\">buy the sprawling ranch\u003c/a> for $29 million and then hold onto it for nine years until the state government and Congress provided the money to acquire it for the same price. After much political wrangling, Congressional approval to add it to the national park system finally came through last summer. Rust was ecstatic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[We were] jumping around and sometimes crying. But now, it just feels right to know this beautiful place will be here forever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30154\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/horsefarm.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/horsefarm-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"horsefarm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30154\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The land includes a working horse farm and Brussels sprouts fields. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Southern Entryway to Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the National Park’s perspective, the addition of the ranch is historic. Alex Picavet, with the GGNRA, calls the ranch “the largest land acquisition for Golden Gate National Recreation Area pretty much since it began.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As national parks go, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate\u003c/a> is a little unusual. Its 82,000 acres of parkland are scattered around the Bay Area, from Muir Woods to Alcatraz Island and Ocean Beach in San Francisco. But the new land on the Peninsula means that about half of the park -- which was founded in 1972 -- is now in San Mateo County, with this new chunk forming the southernmost border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re calling this the southern entryway to Golden Gate National Recreation Area,” says Picavet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that Rust and others have taken the long view, people like Susie Bennett can focus on the small things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we hiked up the ridge, Bennett, a natural resource specialist for the GGNRA, stopped and pointed to a little yellow flower with heart-shaped petals, “this area’s local plant celebrity.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30149\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Hickmans.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Hickmans-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hickmans\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30149\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The endangered hickman's potentilla has been found in only two places in the world. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hickman's potentilla is found in only two places in the world: here, and in Monterey. It’s the ranch’s only federally recognized endangered species. “It’s a plant we’d like to focus some management on,” says Bennett.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In taking over this land, the National Park Service is doing a lot more than just putting up new signs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be scientists studying the land, and workers clearing out invasive species. The system of informal trails that locals have used for years will get an overhaul.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Balancing the Needs of Habitat and Local Dog-walkers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And like any new neighbor, the park is going to have to win over local residents, especially on the topic of dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill and Peggy Bechtell live in a comfortable ranch home in Montara, just across the street from the park. They’ve been walking their dog, Kalie, here for years. They say they're apprehensive about their new neighbors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30151\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Bechtells.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Bechtells-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Bechtells\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30151\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Montara residents Bill and Peggy Bechtell have been walking their dogs off-leash on the ranch for decades. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We've had nothing but great community here for 32 years, and the minute they come, they ruin it,” says Peggy Bechtell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bechtell is referring to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/02/01/interview-with-eyewitness-to-dog-walking-taser-incident-at-ggnra/\">an incident\u003c/a>, about a week ago, that made national headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the GGNRA, Gary Hesterberg of Montara was walking his two dogs off leash, in violation of park rules. A ranger tried to give him a ticket, but he gave her a false name and refused to stop. Critics call it excessive force, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/san-mateo-county-times/ci_19872293\">a local congresswoman\u003c/a> wants an independent investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>National parks, as a rule, don’t allow off-leash dogs. It’s been a sticking point for some in the Bay Area for more than a decade and, as a result, the park has made exceptions in places like Fort Funston and the Marin Headlands. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/parkmgmt/dog-management.htm\">final, formal dog policy\u003c/a> has long been in development. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials had originally hoped that the new park addition at Rancho Corral de Tierra would follow the more restrictive National Park standards, with limited, leash-only dog areas. Park officials say dogs can interfere with efforts to nurture and restore the area's native ecosystem. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Bechtell, who has been taking his dogs here since the 1980s, says that policy is unfair to Montara locals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s plenty of room for open space, animals, wildlife, everything. And recreation!” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, park officials announced their intention to include the ranch in the broader environmental review of off-leash dog areas in parts of GGNRA, which opens up the possibility that off-leash areas could eventually be established at Rancho Corral de Tierra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not going to be overnight that we all come together and speak the same language,” says GGNRA’s Picavet. “But we are looking forward to building that relationship together. We’re here for the long haul.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next year, GGNRA will be working out parking, signage, and other issues, including dog policy. The property is currently open to visitors. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: Napa Glass Mountain",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidiantop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiantop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidiantop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30065\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nodule of Napa Glass Mountain obsidian, etched by hydration during its long burial, reveals signs of its origin as a thick, sticky lava. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Napa Valley is an intriguing place even if wine doesn't interest you. Its very geography has an intangible personality. Running north-south, the valley is lit differently throughout the course of the day. It has the flat valley floor along the Napa River that you'd expect in a major agricultural region, but odd rocky hills are scattered about the valley with the irregularity of tossed pebbles. On behalf of Napa Valley winegrowers, geologists have studied the underlying soils and rocks, tracing from them a history of tectonic upheaval, recent volcanism and gigantic landslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The western side of the valley is the Mayacamas Mountains, here made up largely of marine sedimentary rocks of the Franciscan and Great Valley complexes (100 to 150 million years old). The eastern side is the Vaca Mountains, which consists mostly of much younger lavas of the Sonoma Volcanics (less than 5 m.y.). Here it is in a simplified geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30067\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/napavalleymap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30067\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/napavalleymap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"napavalleymap\" width=\"500\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/napavalleymap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/napavalleymap-400x360.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The valley floor consists of recent sediments (Q) while young volcanics (T) and older sedimentary rocks line its sides. From USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2956.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each set of rocks responds its own way to California climate and yields its own set of soils, and the floodplain between them mixes the two in different blends. Its wide range of soils and settings is part of what makes the Napa Valley such an endless playground for winegrowers. The same was true in prehistoric times, when the valley was a rich habitat for the Wappo and Patwin tribes and other peoples before them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this brings us to Napa Glass Mountain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natives made their cutting and scraping tools as needed, chipping them from stone of a few select kinds. The best toolstone is obsidian—a glasslike lava without crystals or bubbles that would mar the sharp edges and flat faces of an effective tool. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obsidian is uncommon. To make it, a lava must have both a very high silica content and a low water content; it also helps to cool quickly. High-silica lava is classified as rhyolite and the Sonoma Volcanics field has plenty, but few rhyolites yield obsidian. Notable sources for the natives in this part of California were Annadel near Santa Rosa, Borax Lake near Clear Lake, and Napa Glass Mountain, which is just north of the town of St. Helena. Toolstone was an important trade item, and archaeologists map its distribution in ancient sites as clues to prehistoric commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Napa obsidian is a stone of a luscious pure black, and you can see it in a large roadcut on the Silverado Trail north of St. Helena at the narrowest point of the Napa River's floodplain. Here's a closeup geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30066\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/glassmtnmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30066\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/glassmtnmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"glassmtnmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30066\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/glassmtnmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/glassmtnmap-400x233.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinkish units are part of the Sonoma Volcanics (Tsa, Tsr, etc.), gray units are Franciscan rocks, units with \"Q\" are recent sediments. From USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2956.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The roadcut is just north of the intersection with Lodi Lane; you can park on either side of the road but be careful of traffic. The exposure is tall and shows the crude bedding of the mixed ash and lava beds, now highly weathered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidiancrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30069\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiancrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidiancrop\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-30069\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiancrop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiancrop-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obsidian occurs scattered in a whitish matrix in fractured lumps up to a meter long. The matrix may be altered material that was once obsidian, and/or it may consist of fine rhyolite ash—I have not studied it closely enough to hazard a guess. Parts of it may actually be perlite, a lightweight stone that forms where rhyolite reacts with internal water. Obsidian does not last long in the geologic record because its crystal-free substance is prone to attack by chemical weathering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidianpod/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30070\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianpod.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidianpod\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-30070\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianpod.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianpod-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don't need to dig into the cliffs; let other people who actually use obsidian do that risky operation. Instead, poke around your feet and look for bits like these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidianbits/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30068\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianbits.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidianbits\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-30068\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianbits.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianbits-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outsides are rough and coated with white hydration rinds, but inside they display their creamy texture and lustrous conchoidal fracture, the properties that make obsidian the ideal toolstone. Don't be greedy. And be ready to tell passers-by, like the curious police officer I spoke to during my last visit, what this cool place is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/obsidian/\">Obsidian photo gallery\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpicperlite.htm\">Perlite\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpicrhyolite.htm\">Rhyolite\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stone_age_tech/a/stonetools.htm\">Stone Tools\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A Napa Valley roadcut was once a strategic resource center for the local inhabitants. Today it still draws visitors seeking out that resource: obsidian.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30065\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidiantop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30065\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiantop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidiantop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30065\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A nodule of Napa Glass Mountain obsidian, etched by hydration during its long burial, reveals signs of its origin as a thick, sticky lava. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Napa Valley is an intriguing place even if wine doesn't interest you. Its very geography has an intangible personality. Running north-south, the valley is lit differently throughout the course of the day. It has the flat valley floor along the Napa River that you'd expect in a major agricultural region, but odd rocky hills are scattered about the valley with the irregularity of tossed pebbles. On behalf of Napa Valley winegrowers, geologists have studied the underlying soils and rocks, tracing from them a history of tectonic upheaval, recent volcanism and gigantic landslides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The western side of the valley is the Mayacamas Mountains, here made up largely of marine sedimentary rocks of the Franciscan and Great Valley complexes (100 to 150 million years old). The eastern side is the Vaca Mountains, which consists mostly of much younger lavas of the Sonoma Volcanics (less than 5 m.y.). Here it is in a simplified geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30067\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/napavalleymap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30067\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/napavalleymap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"napavalleymap\" width=\"500\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/napavalleymap.png 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/napavalleymap-400x360.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The valley floor consists of recent sediments (Q) while young volcanics (T) and older sedimentary rocks line its sides. From USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2956.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each set of rocks responds its own way to California climate and yields its own set of soils, and the floodplain between them mixes the two in different blends. Its wide range of soils and settings is part of what makes the Napa Valley such an endless playground for winegrowers. The same was true in prehistoric times, when the valley was a rich habitat for the Wappo and Patwin tribes and other peoples before them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this brings us to Napa Glass Mountain. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natives made their cutting and scraping tools as needed, chipping them from stone of a few select kinds. The best toolstone is obsidian—a glasslike lava without crystals or bubbles that would mar the sharp edges and flat faces of an effective tool. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obsidian is uncommon. To make it, a lava must have both a very high silica content and a low water content; it also helps to cool quickly. High-silica lava is classified as rhyolite and the Sonoma Volcanics field has plenty, but few rhyolites yield obsidian. Notable sources for the natives in this part of California were Annadel near Santa Rosa, Borax Lake near Clear Lake, and Napa Glass Mountain, which is just north of the town of St. Helena. Toolstone was an important trade item, and archaeologists map its distribution in ancient sites as clues to prehistoric commerce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Napa obsidian is a stone of a luscious pure black, and you can see it in a large roadcut on the Silverado Trail north of St. Helena at the narrowest point of the Napa River's floodplain. Here's a closeup geologic map.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30066\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/glassmtnmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30066\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/glassmtnmap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"glassmtnmap\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30066\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/glassmtnmap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/glassmtnmap-400x233.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pinkish units are part of the Sonoma Volcanics (Tsa, Tsr, etc.), gray units are Franciscan rocks, units with \"Q\" are recent sediments. From USGS Scientific Investigations Map 2956.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The roadcut is just north of the intersection with Lodi Lane; you can park on either side of the road but be careful of traffic. The exposure is tall and shows the crude bedding of the mixed ash and lava beds, now highly weathered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidiancrop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30069\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiancrop.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidiancrop\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-30069\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiancrop.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidiancrop-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obsidian occurs scattered in a whitish matrix in fractured lumps up to a meter long. The matrix may be altered material that was once obsidian, and/or it may consist of fine rhyolite ash—I have not studied it closely enough to hazard a guess. Parts of it may actually be perlite, a lightweight stone that forms where rhyolite reacts with internal water. Obsidian does not last long in the geologic record because its crystal-free substance is prone to attack by chemical weathering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidianpod/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30070\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianpod.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidianpod\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-30070\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianpod.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianpod-400x295.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don't need to dig into the cliffs; let other people who actually use obsidian do that risky operation. Instead, poke around your feet and look for bits like these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/02/geological-outings-around-the-bay-napa-glass-mountain/obsidianbits/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30068\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianbits.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"obsidianbits\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-30068\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianbits.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/obsidianbits-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outsides are rough and coated with white hydration rinds, but inside they display their creamy texture and lustrous conchoidal fracture, the properties that make obsidian the ideal toolstone. Don't be greedy. And be ready to tell passers-by, like the curious police officer I spoke to during my last visit, what this cool place is all about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_igrocks/ig/obsidian/\">Obsidian photo gallery\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpicperlite.htm\">Perlite\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/rocks/ig/igrockindex/rocpicrhyolite.htm\">Rhyolite\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/stone_age_tech/a/stonetools.htm\">Stone Tools\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30015\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/01/smitten-ice-cream-old-fashioned-ice-cream-in-sixty-seconds/smitten-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30015\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/smitten-2-300x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"smitten 2\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30015\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Sarah Deragon, PortraitsToThePeople\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I am lucky enough to live in Hayes Valley, I’ve been living here for about four years now and have been privy to great community engagement; especially around the park at Hayes and Octavia. There is such a diversity of people that congregate in the park and one of the new neighbors has definitely added to the charm of the environs – \u003ca href=\"http://www.smittenicecream.com\">Smitten Ice Cream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first flavor I tried was salted caramel, and it was hands down the best ice cream I had ever tasted. Since then, when I have guests visiting, I make sure that one of the local stops is Smitten. The ice cream is made to order only using the freshest local ingredients and it is frozen within 60 seconds using liquid nitrogen with a freezing point of -321 degrees F or 76 degrees Kelvin giving it a unique texture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I heard Robyn Sue Goldman, owner of Smitten and Cory Bloome, the engineer responsible for fine tuning Robyn’s first prototype to mix the ice cream, speak about Smitten on Wednesday, January 18th at \u003ca href=\"http://sf.nerdnite.com/\">Nerd Nite\u003c/a>. Smitten’s story from wagon to the Hayes Valley location is a great blend of quality and innovation. Robyn’s initial vision with Smitten was to get closer to the cow. With traditional ice cream that is frozen with conventional techniques, the texture is often stabilized with additives, emulsifiers or preservatives which mask natural ingredients. Old-fashioned ice cream in contrast has a few simple ingredients but takes quite some time to freeze. Introducing liquid nitrogen enabled Robyn to create ice cream the old fashioned way without the wait time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first ice cream machine was created and tested by Robyn through trial and error over many years. One of the major hurdles was to create a mixing apparatus that could properly and consistently mix the ice cream, without over-freezing or under-freezing any portion of it, which is easy to do with liquid nitrogen. She developed and later patented her creation of two swirling mixing arms with a helix design. She named the unique, patented mixer \"Kelvin,\" giving tribute to the measurement of intense cold. Kelvin’s design, with the help of liquid nitrogen, creates a lower ice cream-freezing temperature while perfecting the mixing technique, resulting in the formation of smaller ice crystals in the finished product. These exceptionally small ice crystals are the reason why Smitten Ice Cream is so intensely creamy. To test her invention, Robyn initially hit the streets of San Francisco with Kelvin strapped on top of a Radio Flyer wagon and made incredible ice cream to-order. Popularity for Smitten Ice Cream grew, and the need for a store became tangible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before a store could be created, Kelvin needed to be refurbished and approved by UL, the regulatory agent. That is where Cory Bloome came in, affectionately dubbed “The Kelvin Doctor. Cory was the engineer who took Robyn’s prototype and list of improvements and fabricated the next generation of Kelvin’s for the store. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four Kelvins are now busy mixing at the Smitten storefront at 432 Octavia St. (@ Linden St.). Try it for yourself if you find yourself in the neighborhood. Ice cream is served each day starting at noon. Monday through Thursday and Sunday, the ice cream is put away at 9pm; yet, Friday and Saturday you can come as late as 10pm for your fix. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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