QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Clean Car Diaries: Could Tesla's 'Brick Problem' Happen To Other EVS?
Eavesdropping on the Heart: A Patient’s Campaign for Access
Starship Math: Are the Stars Our Destiny?
Gigapans: Panoramas that Bring You All the Way There
Plant Proteins Power Solar Panel
Beautiful Slime
Evolution, Easy as Can Be
Rainy Hike at Redwood Regional Park
Clean Car Diaries: Should Electric Car Drivers Be Taxed?
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/24/clean-car-diaries-could-teslas-brick-problem-happen-to-other-evs/img_0331/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31370\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_0331-385x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla Roadster\" title=\"Tesla Roadster\" width=\"385\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-31370\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if range anxiety wasn't enough, do I also have to remember to keep my car charged -- even when I am not driving it? The answer is yes, but since I drive a Leaf, it's not quite as serious as owning a Tesla. A recent blog about \u003ca href=\"http://theunderstatement.com/post/18030062041/its-a-brick-tesla-motors-devastating-design\">Tesla's cars turning into \"immovable bricks\" if the battery ever becomes completely discharged\u003c/a>, has set off a firestorm in the blogosphere. The claims say some Tesla owners have left their cars for as little as a few weeks and found their EVs could not be re-charged. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\">Tesla\u003c/a> has been applauded for having some of the most advanced battery technology but it seems that there is one design flaw that can cause serious problems. If the charge in a Tesla’s lithium-ion batteries is fully depleted, the batteries are essentially destroyed and the car is left immobilized. The repair can be costly, some estimates say around $40,000 dollars for a new battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla is downplaying the issue. In a statement released this week the company doesn't deny that the \"brick problem\" could happen but says its unlikely because they offer several safeguards against it including low charge warnings. \"All automobiles require some level of owner care. For example, combustion vehicles require regular oil changes or the engine will be destroyed. Electric vehicles should be plugged in and charging when not in use for maximum performance. All batteries are subject to damage if the charge is kept at zero for long periods of time. However, Tesla avoids this problem in virtually all instances with numerous counter-measures.\" Tesla says its cars can be unplugged for weeks without reaching zero charge. But now who wants to test that claim? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/24/clean-car-diaries-could-teslas-brick-problem-happen-to-other-evs/chargingup-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31372\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/chargingup1-363x253.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Nissan Leaf\" width=\"363\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-31372\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good news for\u003ca href=\"http://www.teslamotors.com/\"> Nissan Leaf\u003c/a> drivers, the company says the battery shuts down completely before it fully drains. \u003ca href=\"http://www.chevrolet.com/volt-electric-car/\">GM says its Volt \u003c/a>plug-in hybrid has a buffer at the lower end of the state of charge to prevent it from being fully depleted. Right now the problem seems specific to Tesla. However, from what I have learned, keeping an electric car charged is not only part of good maintenance but also part of keeping a battery warranty valid. Nissan recommends charging up to eighty percent for better battery life. \u003ca href=\"http://www.greencarreports.com/image/100383269_2011-nissan-leaf-battery-warranty-information\">To prevent damage to the battery the company also says owners must not leave the car parked for more than 14 days\u003c/a> where the battery available charge gauge reaches a zero or near zero state of charge. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-27-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/x-ray-hugocampos-pa_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/x-ray-hugocampos-pa_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"An X-ray showing Hugo Campos's ICD\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31386\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An X-ray showing Hugo Campos's ICD. (Courtesy of Hugo Campos)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each year, hundreds of thousands of Americans are implanted with tiny, battery-controlled devices that regulate the beating of their hearts. Those devices transmit streams of medical data directly to doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these are ICDs – implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. They’re miraculous, life saving devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened one October afternoon to 45 year-old \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/health/ci_19847981\">Hugo Campos\u003c/a>, who lives in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos was in San Francisco’s Mission District on his way to meet a friend for lunch, when suddenly he felt weak, as if about to faint. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was on the corner of 16th and Valencia Streets, “not a pretty place to pass out,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My concern was not falling where people had spit! I'm facing death and I'm worried about falling where there's spit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He felt an urgent need to call his partner, tell him where he was. But there was no time. Campos’s brain was shutting down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I leaned against the wall and I expected to fall. And then it passed. It went away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos has a genetic heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a thickening of the heart muscle that can prevent the heart from effectively pumping blood to the brain and body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily for Campos, his doctors were able to diagnose the disease before it suddenly killed him, as it does in many young athletes, for example. In 2007, Campos had the ICD implanted in his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/HC_Scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/HC_Scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hugo Campos\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31387\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hugo Campos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On that October afternoon, the device had two options: It could deliver a powerful jolt of electricity – like those defibrillator paddles you’ve seen on TV. Instead, it acted like a pacemaker, delivering small electrical pulses that coax the heart back to its normal rhythm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ICD probably saved his life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All systems are go again,” he says, recalling that moment. “You feel the blood rushing to your head. It feels great. Life feels great. It feels outstanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While life-saving, the ICD comes with a downside. When the device performs its defibrillator function, the shock is powerful and can be excruciating. Some ICDs have been known to defibrillate spontaneously, an experience patients describe as \u003ca href=\"http://circep.ahajournals.org/content/4/2/242.extract\">traumatic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear of a shock, along with the ever-present possibility of sudden heart failure and death, has changed Campos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given him a fervent desire to know, and to control as best he can, what’s happening inside his body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos is a web designer, and you could describe his attitude as a Silicon Valley approach to heath: He’s had his genome sequenced. He sleeps with a Zeo sleep monitor, and goes nowhere without his FitBit pedometer. Last December, Campos \u003ca href=\"http://quantifiedself.com/hugo-campos/\">photographed\u003c/a> every morsel of food he ate, for a month, removing meat and dairy from his diet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos wants the same access to what’s happening inside his ICD. He doesn’t want to have to go to his doctor for the occasional print out of his intracardiac electrogram. He wants the complete raw data, on demand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Medtronic, which makes Campos's ICD, told him that the data was only available through his doctor. Since then, he’s met with Medtronic officials and made his case widely in the media (including this recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/health/ci_19847981\">Mercury News story\u003c/a>) and online, in a widely-watched \u003ca href=\"http://www.tedxcambridge.com/thrive/hugo-campos/\">TedX talk\u003c/a>. Another inquiry to Medtronic, in 2011 generated a similar response. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, other patients, like \u003ca href=\"http://icdusergroup.blogspot.com/2011/12/karen-sandler-cyber-lawyer-running-on.html\">Karen Sandler\u003c/a>, of Massachussets, make Campos’s demands look modest in comparison. A freedom of information lawyer, Sandler wants the full source code for her ICD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing a cultural shift,” says Paul Tang, a physician in Palo Alto who has advised the White House on health information policy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tang believes this whole issue of data and access is just starting to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says soon, many more of us will have devices in our lives that can monitor our health and transmit that information to our doctors. Our iPhones can tell doctors how much we're exercising. The bathroom scale can report weight gain. Credit card companies could even tell our doctor what kinds of food we're buying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future,” says Tang, “I think we’re going to take advantage of much more of these signals that either emanate from your body, or can be determined noninvasively, and provide feedback on how the things you do in everyday life affect your health.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tang sees this new age of medical data as a boon for patients, a way to fully engage people in their health, so that they can see the way day-to-day decisions affect their body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed by President Obama in 2010, will give patients far more access to their medical data than every before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Campos worries that the sheer volume of new data being created, as well as the ability to remotely transmit that data directly to physicians, could end up shutting patients out of their own healthcare, even replacing traditional visits to the doctor's office. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unless patients start demanding full access to their medical data now, they risk being left out of the loop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I should be in charge of it in the same way I'm in charge of my financial information,” he says. “It’s just a matter of putting the patient in the center of their own care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Campos’s ICD crusade seems to be working. A spokesman for Medtronic says the company is now willing to give Campos his raw data, and is working on ways to make this happen. The spokesman added that the company is willing to do the same for other ICD patients who request to see their raw data, as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos says he’ll believe it when he sees it. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-27-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31386\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/x-ray-hugocampos-pa_scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/x-ray-hugocampos-pa_scaled-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"An X-ray showing Hugo Campos's ICD\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31386\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An X-ray showing Hugo Campos's ICD. (Courtesy of Hugo Campos)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each year, hundreds of thousands of Americans are implanted with tiny, battery-controlled devices that regulate the beating of their hearts. Those devices transmit streams of medical data directly to doctors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of these are ICDs – implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. They’re miraculous, life saving devices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened one October afternoon to 45 year-old \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/health/ci_19847981\">Hugo Campos\u003c/a>, who lives in Oakland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos was in San Francisco’s Mission District on his way to meet a friend for lunch, when suddenly he felt weak, as if about to faint. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was on the corner of 16th and Valencia Streets, “not a pretty place to pass out,” he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My concern was not falling where people had spit! I'm facing death and I'm worried about falling where there's spit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He felt an urgent need to call his partner, tell him where he was. But there was no time. Campos’s brain was shutting down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So I leaned against the wall and I expected to fall. And then it passed. It went away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos has a genetic heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a thickening of the heart muscle that can prevent the heart from effectively pumping blood to the brain and body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily for Campos, his doctors were able to diagnose the disease before it suddenly killed him, as it does in many young athletes, for example. In 2007, Campos had the ICD implanted in his chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31387\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/HC_Scale.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/HC_Scale-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Hugo Campos\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31387\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hugo Campos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On that October afternoon, the device had two options: It could deliver a powerful jolt of electricity – like those defibrillator paddles you’ve seen on TV. Instead, it acted like a pacemaker, delivering small electrical pulses that coax the heart back to its normal rhythm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ICD probably saved his life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All systems are go again,” he says, recalling that moment. “You feel the blood rushing to your head. It feels great. Life feels great. It feels outstanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While life-saving, the ICD comes with a downside. When the device performs its defibrillator function, the shock is powerful and can be excruciating. Some ICDs have been known to defibrillate spontaneously, an experience patients describe as \u003ca href=\"http://circep.ahajournals.org/content/4/2/242.extract\">traumatic\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear of a shock, along with the ever-present possibility of sudden heart failure and death, has changed Campos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s given him a fervent desire to know, and to control as best he can, what’s happening inside his body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos is a web designer, and you could describe his attitude as a Silicon Valley approach to heath: He’s had his genome sequenced. He sleeps with a Zeo sleep monitor, and goes nowhere without his FitBit pedometer. Last December, Campos \u003ca href=\"http://quantifiedself.com/hugo-campos/\">photographed\u003c/a> every morsel of food he ate, for a month, removing meat and dairy from his diet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos wants the same access to what’s happening inside his ICD. He doesn’t want to have to go to his doctor for the occasional print out of his intracardiac electrogram. He wants the complete raw data, on demand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2009, Medtronic, which makes Campos's ICD, told him that the data was only available through his doctor. Since then, he’s met with Medtronic officials and made his case widely in the media (including this recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/health/ci_19847981\">Mercury News story\u003c/a>) and online, in a widely-watched \u003ca href=\"http://www.tedxcambridge.com/thrive/hugo-campos/\">TedX talk\u003c/a>. Another inquiry to Medtronic, in 2011 generated a similar response. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, other patients, like \u003ca href=\"http://icdusergroup.blogspot.com/2011/12/karen-sandler-cyber-lawyer-running-on.html\">Karen Sandler\u003c/a>, of Massachussets, make Campos’s demands look modest in comparison. A freedom of information lawyer, Sandler wants the full source code for her ICD. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are seeing a cultural shift,” says Paul Tang, a physician in Palo Alto who has advised the White House on health information policy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tang believes this whole issue of data and access is just starting to unfold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says soon, many more of us will have devices in our lives that can monitor our health and transmit that information to our doctors. Our iPhones can tell doctors how much we're exercising. The bathroom scale can report weight gain. Credit card companies could even tell our doctor what kinds of food we're buying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the future,” says Tang, “I think we’re going to take advantage of much more of these signals that either emanate from your body, or can be determined noninvasively, and provide feedback on how the things you do in everyday life affect your health.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tang sees this new age of medical data as a boon for patients, a way to fully engage people in their health, so that they can see the way day-to-day decisions affect their body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, signed by President Obama in 2010, will give patients far more access to their medical data than every before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Campos worries that the sheer volume of new data being created, as well as the ability to remotely transmit that data directly to physicians, could end up shutting patients out of their own healthcare, even replacing traditional visits to the doctor's office. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says unless patients start demanding full access to their medical data now, they risk being left out of the loop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I should be in charge of it in the same way I'm in charge of my financial information,” he says. “It’s just a matter of putting the patient in the center of their own care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Campos’s ICD crusade seems to be working. A spokesman for Medtronic says the company is now willing to give Campos his raw data, and is working on ways to make this happen. The spokesman added that the company is willing to do the same for other ICD patients who request to see their raw data, as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campos says he’ll believe it when he sees it. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Starship Math: Are the Stars Our Destiny?",
"title": "Starship Math: Are the Stars Our Destiny?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31191\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/24/starship-math-are-the-stars-our-destiny/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" title=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani. Credit for base image: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once again I have drifted off thinking about the size and scale of space--the things in it and the distances between them--and once again have brought pen and paper, math, and a spreadsheet to bear on the question: are the stars in our destiny, or is the notion of physically reaching them (in person, at least) beyond the available realities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of the science fiction stories devised to get their characters to other stars not only within their lifetimes, but sometimes within a few paltry days, it’s easy to think of interstellar travel as something we might eventually get around to, given the technology, time, and money. We just need to figure out how warp drive or hyperspace work, and how to exploit them, and we’re off!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But putting teleportation and wormhole expressways and their ilk on the shelf labeled, “Cool, but probably just fancy” for a moment, what are the Newtonian-Einsteinian requirements to get us to, say, the nearest known \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php\" title=\"Exoplanet Database\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, which orbits the star Epsilon Eridani, 10.4 light years away from us? It’s a gas giant planet larger than Jupiter and orbits well beyond its star’s habitable zone, but it’s a planet after all, and we star-seekers just love planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the math that will get us there. I had to assume a mass for our would-be starship, conservatively chosen as 2000 metric tons, or about the weight of the Space Shuttle. In reality that’s far too small a ship for any human interstellar journey, unless the crew are all frozen. And keep in mind, my calculation does not take into account the weight of any fuel we need to carry with us. I’m also choosing a top cruising (coasting) speed of one-tenth the speed of light, or 30,000 kilometers per second. A tenth light speed is pretty darned fast, but not so fast that we need to worry much about \u003ca href=\"http://www.1728.org/reltivty.htm\" title=\"Relativity Calculator\" target=\"_blank\">relativistic mass\u003c/a>—that is, the increase in the spaceship’s effective mass when traveling a significant fraction of the speed of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engines can produce thrust sufficient to accelerate our 2000 ton spaceship at a rate of “1 gee”, or one Earth-gravity equivalent (~10 meters per second, per second), then to achieve a velocity of one-tenth light speed we’ll need to run those engines for about 35 days, non-stop. We should assume our engines are powered by nuclear fusion or even antimatter reaction (possible future technologies that today present technical challenges, but which aren’t on that shelf of sci-fi fancy). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy required for this 1-gee, 35-day engine burn of our 2000 ton spaceship is about 900,000,000,000,000 (yes, 900 trillion) MegaJoules, or 250 trillion kilowatt-hours. That’s the same amount of energy required to launch 20 million normal Space Shuttle flights to low Earth orbit, or almost twice the world’s annual energy consumption. And that’s just to get this little ship accelerated to cruising speed. We’d need another like amount of energy to slow it down to its destination in the Epsilon Eridani system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how long the trip would take, forgetting the 35 days spent getting up to speed and the 35 days spent slowing down again, traveling 10.4 light years at one-tenth the speed of light would take 104 years, one way. (Although, moving at a tenth light speed, the trip would only feel like 103.5 years due to relativistic effects.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about the weight of fuel required to do the job? Forget normal rocket fuel; we’d need the energy contained in about 20 billion tons of it just to get to cruising speed—and that doesn’t take into account the mass of the fuel itself, which would also need to be accelerated. Two-thousand ton spacecraft + 20 billion tons of fuel = not practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engine is powered by hydrogen fusion, we may only need about 3000 tons of fuel (and I’m assuming our fuel is also our propellant—the mass we need to fling out of the engine to accelerate the ship by reaction force; probably not a conservative assumption, in reality). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we could use antimatter as our fuel, as does the Starship Enterprise, releasing energy by mixing equal parts antimatter with normal matter, we could carry in our fuel tanks as little as 5 tons of the stuff (plus, I think, 5 tons of normal matter to react with) to achieve cruising speed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course double the fuel amounts if you plan to come to a stop at your destination, 104 years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In summary: tiny cramped ship, 20 tons of antimatter/matter fuel to pack the necessary 500 trillion kilowatt-hours of energy, and 104 years to delivery you to the fabulous Epsilon Eridani system with its one known super-Jupiter sized planet. Anyone interested? Or should we leave space travel to the robot crowd....\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31191\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/24/starship-math-are-the-stars-our-destiny/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" title=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani. Credit for base image: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once again I have drifted off thinking about the size and scale of space--the things in it and the distances between them--and once again have brought pen and paper, math, and a spreadsheet to bear on the question: are the stars in our destiny, or is the notion of physically reaching them (in person, at least) beyond the available realities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of the science fiction stories devised to get their characters to other stars not only within their lifetimes, but sometimes within a few paltry days, it’s easy to think of interstellar travel as something we might eventually get around to, given the technology, time, and money. We just need to figure out how warp drive or hyperspace work, and how to exploit them, and we’re off!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But putting teleportation and wormhole expressways and their ilk on the shelf labeled, “Cool, but probably just fancy” for a moment, what are the Newtonian-Einsteinian requirements to get us to, say, the nearest known \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php\" title=\"Exoplanet Database\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, which orbits the star Epsilon Eridani, 10.4 light years away from us? It’s a gas giant planet larger than Jupiter and orbits well beyond its star’s habitable zone, but it’s a planet after all, and we star-seekers just love planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the math that will get us there. I had to assume a mass for our would-be starship, conservatively chosen as 2000 metric tons, or about the weight of the Space Shuttle. In reality that’s far too small a ship for any human interstellar journey, unless the crew are all frozen. And keep in mind, my calculation does not take into account the weight of any fuel we need to carry with us. I’m also choosing a top cruising (coasting) speed of one-tenth the speed of light, or 30,000 kilometers per second. A tenth light speed is pretty darned fast, but not so fast that we need to worry much about \u003ca href=\"http://www.1728.org/reltivty.htm\" title=\"Relativity Calculator\" target=\"_blank\">relativistic mass\u003c/a>—that is, the increase in the spaceship’s effective mass when traveling a significant fraction of the speed of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engines can produce thrust sufficient to accelerate our 2000 ton spaceship at a rate of “1 gee”, or one Earth-gravity equivalent (~10 meters per second, per second), then to achieve a velocity of one-tenth light speed we’ll need to run those engines for about 35 days, non-stop. We should assume our engines are powered by nuclear fusion or even antimatter reaction (possible future technologies that today present technical challenges, but which aren’t on that shelf of sci-fi fancy). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy required for this 1-gee, 35-day engine burn of our 2000 ton spaceship is about 900,000,000,000,000 (yes, 900 trillion) MegaJoules, or 250 trillion kilowatt-hours. That’s the same amount of energy required to launch 20 million normal Space Shuttle flights to low Earth orbit, or almost twice the world’s annual energy consumption. And that’s just to get this little ship accelerated to cruising speed. We’d need another like amount of energy to slow it down to its destination in the Epsilon Eridani system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how long the trip would take, forgetting the 35 days spent getting up to speed and the 35 days spent slowing down again, traveling 10.4 light years at one-tenth the speed of light would take 104 years, one way. (Although, moving at a tenth light speed, the trip would only feel like 103.5 years due to relativistic effects.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about the weight of fuel required to do the job? Forget normal rocket fuel; we’d need the energy contained in about 20 billion tons of it just to get to cruising speed—and that doesn’t take into account the mass of the fuel itself, which would also need to be accelerated. Two-thousand ton spacecraft + 20 billion tons of fuel = not practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engine is powered by hydrogen fusion, we may only need about 3000 tons of fuel (and I’m assuming our fuel is also our propellant—the mass we need to fling out of the engine to accelerate the ship by reaction force; probably not a conservative assumption, in reality). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we could use antimatter as our fuel, as does the Starship Enterprise, releasing energy by mixing equal parts antimatter with normal matter, we could carry in our fuel tanks as little as 5 tons of the stuff (plus, I think, 5 tons of normal matter to react with) to achieve cruising speed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course double the fuel amounts if you plan to come to a stop at your destination, 104 years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In summary: tiny cramped ship, 20 tons of antimatter/matter fuel to pack the necessary 500 trillion kilowatt-hours of energy, and 104 years to delivery you to the fabulous Epsilon Eridani system with its one known super-Jupiter sized planet. Anyone interested? Or should we leave space travel to the robot crowd....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31355\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/gigapantop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31355\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapantop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gigapantop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This clean roadcut exposure of Marin County's finest ribbon chert is documented in a gigapan image that can be enlarged 100 times. Image by Ron Schott.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've ever wished your camera could take a humongous photo that captures everything, then gigapans are for you. Gigapans are billion-pixel images that are stitched together, like a patchwork quilt, from hundreds of shots made by ordinary cameras. A special mount and software programs the camera to take precisely overlapping images, which are then seamlessly merged into one colossal shot tens of thousands of pixels across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of us first witnessed the potential of gigapans when photographers compiled them during President Obama's inauguration ceremony on January 20, 2009. \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/17217\">This example\u003c/a>, by David Bergman, allows you to zoom in and study every face in the crowd that day, from four former presidents to Jane and Joe Blow (and Newt Gingrich is there too). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 50,000 gigapans uploaded at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/\">gigapan.com\u003c/a>. Their subjects range from the night sky, to cityscapes, to hotel room interiors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally I would want such a thing used for geology. First I would want to see eye candy, like the Grand Canyon. And places I'll never visit, like the South Pole. Scientists have made gigapans like those—how could they resist?—but they've also made real teaching and research tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, you and I in the Bay Area can easily drive to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a> or elsewhere in Marin County and inspect all the deep-sea red ribbon chert we want. But geology teacher Ron Schott, the leading \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/profiles/rschott\">geological gigapanner\u003c/a>, has captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/51412\">a fine roadcut exposure\u003c/a> in the image at the top of this post. Now his students in Kansas can zoom into it as close as being there, inches from the rock face:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31353\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/gigapanzoom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31353\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapanzoom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gigapanzoom\" width=\"550\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31353\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapanzoom.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapanzoom-400x291.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail near the left edge of the Marin County roadcut. Image by Ron Schott.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Any teacher, anywhere, can assign a lab exercise built around this image that's almost as good as a day trip. Instructors can show students the classic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">wave-cut platforms of the California coast\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/40207\">a gigapan\u003c/a> that's every bit as good for teaching as standing on the spot with binoculars—in fact there's \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/16058/\">a 3D version\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets better. Northern Virginia Community College's Mid-Atlantic Geo-Imagery Collection (M.A.G.I.C.) has great outcrops, but also great \u003ca href=\"http://gigapan.org/gigapans?tags=m.a.g.i.c.&query=m.a.g.i.c.+sand+sediment\">macros of sand\u003c/a>. A petri dish of Hawaii's green sand, for instance, can be blown up to display every gorgeous olivine grain, microscope style. M.A.G.I.C. is the brainchild of Callan Bentley, an NVCC professor who \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/mountainbeltway/category/gigapan/\">features gigapans often in his Mountain Beltway blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/gigapansand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31354\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapansand.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gigapansand\" width=\"550\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31354\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapansand.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapansand-400x291.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">M.A.G.I.C. image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama inauguration gigapan hints at another thing scientists can do, which is to archive and document large-scale natural features in detail. A great example from Yosemite Valley is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xrez.com/case-studies/national-parks/yosemite-extreme-panoramic-imaging-project/\">Extreme Panoramic Imaging Project\u003c/a>, which compiled a photographic dataset of the granite walls of the entire valley by stitching together 20 gigapans into something I can only call a humongapan. Then this image was tied to a 3D terrain model, constructed from laser scans, for real 21st-century analysis. The project has already pinpointed the sources of rockfalls to aid in analyzing where they may come next, helping protect the public from danger. \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/galleries/7749/gigapans/49244\">You can explore the walls of Yosemite in a gigapan of the final product.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31355\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/gigapantop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31355\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapantop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gigapantop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31355\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This clean roadcut exposure of Marin County's finest ribbon chert is documented in a gigapan image that can be enlarged 100 times. Image by Ron Schott.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If you've ever wished your camera could take a humongous photo that captures everything, then gigapans are for you. Gigapans are billion-pixel images that are stitched together, like a patchwork quilt, from hundreds of shots made by ordinary cameras. A special mount and software programs the camera to take precisely overlapping images, which are then seamlessly merged into one colossal shot tens of thousands of pixels across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of us first witnessed the potential of gigapans when photographers compiled them during President Obama's inauguration ceremony on January 20, 2009. \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/17217\">This example\u003c/a>, by David Bergman, allows you to zoom in and study every face in the crowd that day, from four former presidents to Jane and Joe Blow (and Newt Gingrich is there too). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are over 50,000 gigapans uploaded at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/\">gigapan.com\u003c/a>. Their subjects range from the night sky, to cityscapes, to hotel room interiors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally I would want such a thing used for geology. First I would want to see eye candy, like the Grand Canyon. And places I'll never visit, like the South Pole. Scientists have made gigapans like those—how could they resist?—but they've also made real teaching and research tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, you and I in the Bay Area can easily drive to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Marin Headlands\u003c/a> or elsewhere in Marin County and inspect all the deep-sea red ribbon chert we want. But geology teacher Ron Schott, the leading \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/profiles/rschott\">geological gigapanner\u003c/a>, has captured \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/51412\">a fine roadcut exposure\u003c/a> in the image at the top of this post. Now his students in Kansas can zoom into it as close as being there, inches from the rock face:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31353\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/gigapanzoom/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31353\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapanzoom.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gigapanzoom\" width=\"550\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31353\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapanzoom.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapanzoom-400x291.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detail near the left edge of the Marin County roadcut. Image by Ron Schott.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Any teacher, anywhere, can assign a lab exercise built around this image that's almost as good as a day trip. Instructors can show students the classic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/28/geological-outings-around-the-bay-point-ao-nuevo/\">wave-cut platforms of the California coast\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/gigapans/40207\">a gigapan\u003c/a> that's every bit as good for teaching as standing on the spot with binoculars—in fact there's \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/16058/\">a 3D version\u003c/a>, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gets better. Northern Virginia Community College's Mid-Atlantic Geo-Imagery Collection (M.A.G.I.C.) has great outcrops, but also great \u003ca href=\"http://gigapan.org/gigapans?tags=m.a.g.i.c.&query=m.a.g.i.c.+sand+sediment\">macros of sand\u003c/a>. A petri dish of Hawaii's green sand, for instance, can be blown up to display every gorgeous olivine grain, microscope style. M.A.G.I.C. is the brainchild of Callan Bentley, an NVCC professor who \u003ca href=\"https://blogs.agu.org/mountainbeltway/category/gigapan/\">features gigapans often in his Mountain Beltway blog\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/23/gigapans-panoramas-that-bring-you-all-the-way-there/gigapansand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31354\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapansand.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"gigapansand\" width=\"550\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31354\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapansand.jpg 550w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/gigapansand-400x291.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">M.A.G.I.C. image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Obama inauguration gigapan hints at another thing scientists can do, which is to archive and document large-scale natural features in detail. A great example from Yosemite Valley is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.xrez.com/case-studies/national-parks/yosemite-extreme-panoramic-imaging-project/\">Extreme Panoramic Imaging Project\u003c/a>, which compiled a photographic dataset of the granite walls of the entire valley by stitching together 20 gigapans into something I can only call a humongapan. Then this image was tied to a 3D terrain model, constructed from laser scans, for real 21st-century analysis. The project has already pinpointed the sources of rockfalls to aid in analyzing where they may come next, helping protect the public from danger. \u003ca href=\"http://www.gigapan.com/galleries/7749/gigapans/49244\">You can explore the walls of Yosemite in a gigapan of the final product.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30913\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/22/plant-proteins-power-solar-panel/plant-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30913\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30913\" title=\"plant resize\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plant-resize-300x169.png\" alt=\"Backlit leaf\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This new solar panel really is green. Instead of using semiconducting silicon, proteins from plants transform light into electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicist Andreas Mershin, at Massachusetts Institute for Technology, and his colleagues say they’ve simplified the production of plant-based solar cells so that any lab can make them. Mershin hopes these biological solar panels could provide power in places that currently have no electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People have been growing their own food for millennia,” he says. “I think it’s time to start growing our own solar power.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plants make sugars using energy from the sun in a process called \u003ca title=\"photosynthesis explainer\" href=\"http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookPS.html\">photosynthesis\u003c/a>. Protein complexes convert the light energy into electrons, which drive the plant’s sugar-producing factories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These plant proteins are tuned to maximize the sun’s energy. Practically all of the sunlight that hits them gets converted to electrons. Commercial solar panels \u003ca title=\"solar cell quantum efficiency\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_quantum_efficiency.html\">struggle to match this efficiency\u003c/a> because they can’t absorb all wavelengths of visible light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin wanted to hijack the efficient electron generators in plants to generate electricity for people. But to build a working solar panel using proteins, he had to stabilize the proteins on the surface so that they perform just like they do in cells. And he had to attach enough of them to generate a measurable current.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin harvested one type of light-collecting protein complex from photosynthetic bacteria. Suspended in a stabilizing solution, the photosynthetic protein complex maintained its shape and function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He painted the protein solution on a glass slide covered with nano-sized rods of zinc oxide, a common ingredient in sunscreen. The rods hold more protein than the flat surfaces commonly used to make photosynthetic solar panels -- enough to give the panel a faint green tinge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bio-solar cell converted about 0.1% of sun’s energy into electrical energy -- 10,000 times more efficient than previous biosolar cells. Mershin says his plant-based solar cells will never match the \u003ca title=\"solar panel conversion efficiency explanation\" href=\"http://www.eere.energy.gov/basics/renewable_energy/pv_cell_conversion_efficiency.html\">conversion efficiencies\u003c/a> of commercial solar panels. But even increasing the efficiency to 1% could make these plant-powered panels useful for people in the developing world who have no electricity, he adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mershin hopes other labs around the world will start experimenting with these green solar panels to improving their efficiency and lifetime. His method and results are freely available from a \u003ca title=\"research paper about biosolar cell\" href=\"http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120202/srep00234/full/srep00234.html\">paper \u003c/a> published in the journal \u003cem>Scientific Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of throwing plant trimmings or grass clippings onto a compost pile, perhaps one day we’ll set some aside to make solar panels too. It’ll be a whole new way to \u003ca title=\"DIY solar from Instructables\" href=\"http://www.instructables.com/id/DIY-Solar-Panel/\">DIY solar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/21/beautiful-slime/beauty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31128\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/beauty-640x254.png\" alt=\"xkcd comic about slime molds\" title=\"beauty\" width=\"640\" height=\"254\" class=\"size-large wp-image-31128\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peculiar sensibility this comic describes is not the sole province of scientists. Meet artist \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/\" title=\"Phil Ross Artist Website\">Phil Ross\u003c/a> and his slime molds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross's film \u003cem>Leviathans\u003c/em> is on display at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfartscommission.org/gallery/2011/vast-and-undetectable/\" title=\"Vast and Undetectable Exhibit\">Vast and Undetectable\u003c/a> exhibit in the San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery. The gallery isn't large--you can see it all in half an hour--but it's fun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we sat on a wooden bench in front of \u003cem>Leviathans\u003c/em>, listening to ambient music and watching the gentle expansion of a veined yellow monster, my husband asked, \"What are slime molds exactly?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fungi,\" I answered without thinking, because hey, they're mold, right? Wrong! Slime molds are \u003cem>not\u003c/em> true molds, and therefore not fungi, although scientists once thought they were. In fact, slime molds are close cousins to amoebas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Leviathans\u003c/em> features the slime mold \u003cem>Physarum polycephalum\u003c/em>, nicknamed the \"many-headed slime.\" \u003cem>P. polycephalum \u003c/em>is one of the most popular slime molds, in part because it’s extremely easy to grow, even for artists. Ross \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/projects/leviathans/#projects/leviathans/making-leviathans/\" title=\"Making Of Leviathans\">notes\u003c/a> that his pets enjoyed \"oatmeal, this one kind of organic Korean pasta, and an Italian brand of alphabet soup letters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31143\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/21/beautiful-slime/slime_mold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/slime_mold-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Slime Mold Physarum polycephalum\" title=\"slime_mold\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31143\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physarum polycephalum. Photo by Phil Ross.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>P. polycephalum\u003c/em> is also the poster child for \u003cstrong>plasmodial slime molds\u003c/strong>. An individual slime mold of a plasmodial species is just one enormous cell with a whole lot of nuclei jostling around inside--which is hard to believe when you see the creature's complex network of veins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human veins are made of many cells. So how can you build veins inside a single cell?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slime mold constructs its veins out of proteins called actin and myosin and fills them with cytosol (basic cell fluid). By rhythmically pumping cytosol through its veins in one direction, the slime mold can expand and move toward food, a more pleasant environment, or anything else that strikes its fancy. This kind of movement is called \u003cstrong>cytoplasmic shuttle streaming\u003c/strong>, and a bit of Google Scholar searching will inform you that scientists are not totally sure how it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the mysteries of their movement and their fondness for breakfast cereal aren't the only tricks up the slime molds' veins. They can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/science/04slime.html?pagewanted=all\" title=\"New York Times - Slime Molds\">plan cities\u003c/a>! \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/tech/slime-mold-computer-111229.html\" title=\"Discovery News - Slime Molds\">Grow bio-computers\u003c/a>! \u003ca href=\"http://discovermagazine.com/2009/jan/071\" title=\"Discover Magazine - Slime Molds\">Re-define intelligence\u003c/a>! Or at least they might be able to inform human efforts in these directions. Who knows what will come of it all?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing's for sure--slime molds will \u003cem>always \u003c/em>be beautiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hat tip to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/symbiartic/\" title=\"Symbiartic - Art and Science Blog\">Symbiartic \u003c/a>for linking Vast and Undetectable!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/21/beautiful-slime/beauty/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31128\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/beauty-640x254.png\" alt=\"xkcd comic about slime molds\" title=\"beauty\" width=\"640\" height=\"254\" class=\"size-large wp-image-31128\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peculiar sensibility this comic describes is not the sole province of scientists. Meet artist \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/\" title=\"Phil Ross Artist Website\">Phil Ross\u003c/a> and his slime molds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross's film \u003cem>Leviathans\u003c/em> is on display at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfartscommission.org/gallery/2011/vast-and-undetectable/\" title=\"Vast and Undetectable Exhibit\">Vast and Undetectable\u003c/a> exhibit in the San Francisco Arts Commission Gallery. The gallery isn't large--you can see it all in half an hour--but it's fun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we sat on a wooden bench in front of \u003cem>Leviathans\u003c/em>, listening to ambient music and watching the gentle expansion of a veined yellow monster, my husband asked, \"What are slime molds exactly?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Fungi,\" I answered without thinking, because hey, they're mold, right? Wrong! Slime molds are \u003cem>not\u003c/em> true molds, and therefore not fungi, although scientists once thought they were. In fact, slime molds are close cousins to amoebas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Leviathans\u003c/em> features the slime mold \u003cem>Physarum polycephalum\u003c/em>, nicknamed the \"many-headed slime.\" \u003cem>P. polycephalum \u003c/em>is one of the most popular slime molds, in part because it’s extremely easy to grow, even for artists. Ross \u003ca href=\"http://philross.org/projects/leviathans/#projects/leviathans/making-leviathans/\" title=\"Making Of Leviathans\">notes\u003c/a> that his pets enjoyed \"oatmeal, this one kind of organic Korean pasta, and an Italian brand of alphabet soup letters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31143\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/21/beautiful-slime/slime_mold/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31143\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/slime_mold-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Slime Mold Physarum polycephalum\" title=\"slime_mold\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31143\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physarum polycephalum. Photo by Phil Ross.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>P. polycephalum\u003c/em> is also the poster child for \u003cstrong>plasmodial slime molds\u003c/strong>. An individual slime mold of a plasmodial species is just one enormous cell with a whole lot of nuclei jostling around inside--which is hard to believe when you see the creature's complex network of veins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human veins are made of many cells. So how can you build veins inside a single cell?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slime mold constructs its veins out of proteins called actin and myosin and fills them with cytosol (basic cell fluid). By rhythmically pumping cytosol through its veins in one direction, the slime mold can expand and move toward food, a more pleasant environment, or anything else that strikes its fancy. This kind of movement is called \u003cstrong>cytoplasmic shuttle streaming\u003c/strong>, and a bit of Google Scholar searching will inform you that scientists are not totally sure how it works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the mysteries of their movement and their fondness for breakfast cereal aren't the only tricks up the slime molds' veins. They can \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/science/04slime.html?pagewanted=all\" title=\"New York Times - Slime Molds\">plan cities\u003c/a>! \u003ca href=\"http://news.discovery.com/tech/slime-mold-computer-111229.html\" title=\"Discovery News - Slime Molds\">Grow bio-computers\u003c/a>! \u003ca href=\"http://discovermagazine.com/2009/jan/071\" title=\"Discover Magazine - Slime Molds\">Re-define intelligence\u003c/a>! Or at least they might be able to inform human efforts in these directions. Who knows what will come of it all?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing's for sure--slime molds will \u003cem>always \u003c/em>be beautiful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Hat tip to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/symbiartic/\" title=\"Symbiartic - Art and Science Blog\">Symbiartic \u003c/a>for linking Vast and Undetectable!\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/20/evolution-easy-as-can-be/rfpyeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30705\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RFPyeast\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30705\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yeast like these are teaching us how simple evolution really is. Image courtesy of Masur, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evolving from something simple like a single celled beast into a slug, mushroom, cactus or a human seems impossibly hard. The series of precise DNA changes you need is mind-boggling to think about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless, of course, the changes are easier than we imagine. For example, what if it is pretty easy to go from a single celled beast to a multi-cellular one? Or what if you can get increased complexity through easy to come by DNA changes? Then maybe it becomes easier to wrap your head around evolving complexity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies in baker’s yeast are showing us just how easy it can be to build up complexity. Going from a single celled yeast into a multi-cellular one is pretty easy under the right conditions. And fairly common DNA changes can lead to increased complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together these two studies show us that increased complexity is easier to get than many people think. Certainly simpler than creating a 747 from a tornado in a junkyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won’t have the space to deal with both studies in this blog. So I’ll talk about multicellularity in this one and then tackle the other, more complicated mutation example in my next entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Make a Multi-Cellular Yeast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/5/1595\">Ratcliff and coworkers\u003c/a> used a very clever technique to end up with multi-cellular yeast. Basically they shook yeast in a big flask and only let those that were at the bottom reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just two months, you had these beautiful beasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZAIzi0M2rY]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t just yeast cells stuck to each other either. That wouldn’t really be multi-cellular life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, as you can see in the video, these new creatures give birth to smaller multi-cellular instead of reverting back to single celled yeast. Being multicellular is now the default state of these yeast. This is true even when you stop the flask experiment and let them grow “naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do they give rise to little versions of themselves, but they also have specialized cells within the snowflake cluster. For example, certain cells are willing to die so that the little juvenile snowflakes can separate from mom. No self-serving single cell would suicide like that unless it were part of a larger organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the transition from one to many cells may be simpler than we thought. Which makes sense if current theories about life’s evolution are true. Scientists think multicellularity \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6602%281998%291:1%3C27::AID-INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/pdf\">evolved dozens of times\u003c/a> over the last few billion years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/20/evolution-easy-as-can-be/rfpyeast/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30705\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"RFPyeast\" width=\"640\" height=\"364\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30705\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/RFPyeast-400x228.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yeast like these are teaching us how simple evolution really is. Image courtesy of Masur, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evolving from something simple like a single celled beast into a slug, mushroom, cactus or a human seems impossibly hard. The series of precise DNA changes you need is mind-boggling to think about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unless, of course, the changes are easier than we imagine. For example, what if it is pretty easy to go from a single celled beast to a multi-cellular one? Or what if you can get increased complexity through easy to come by DNA changes? Then maybe it becomes easier to wrap your head around evolving complexity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of new studies in baker’s yeast are showing us just how easy it can be to build up complexity. Going from a single celled yeast into a multi-cellular one is pretty easy under the right conditions. And fairly common DNA changes can lead to increased complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taken together these two studies show us that increased complexity is easier to get than many people think. Certainly simpler than creating a 747 from a tornado in a junkyard!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I won’t have the space to deal with both studies in this blog. So I’ll talk about multicellularity in this one and then tackle the other, more complicated mutation example in my next entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Make a Multi-Cellular Yeast\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first study, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/109/5/1595\">Ratcliff and coworkers\u003c/a> used a very clever technique to end up with multi-cellular yeast. Basically they shook yeast in a big flask and only let those that were at the bottom reproduce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After just two months, you had these beautiful beasts:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZAIzi0M2rY'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mZAIzi0M2rY'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t just yeast cells stuck to each other either. That wouldn’t really be multi-cellular life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, as you can see in the video, these new creatures give birth to smaller multi-cellular instead of reverting back to single celled yeast. Being multicellular is now the default state of these yeast. This is true even when you stop the flask experiment and let them grow “naturally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only do they give rise to little versions of themselves, but they also have specialized cells within the snowflake cluster. For example, certain cells are willing to die so that the little juvenile snowflakes can separate from mom. No self-serving single cell would suicide like that unless it were part of a larger organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the transition from one to many cells may be simpler than we thought. Which makes sense if current theories about life’s evolution are true. Scientists think multicellularity \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291520-6602%281998%291:1%3C27::AID-INBI4%3E3.0.CO;2-6/pdf\">evolved dozens of times\u003c/a> over the last few billion years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-hiking-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30865\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-30865\" title=\"Redwood Hiking Group\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Hiking-Group-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little rain we've had this year, thanks to \u003ca title=\"La Nina\" href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cnap/lanina_cnap.html\" target=\"_blank\">La Nina\u003c/a>, has still managed to trigger some important winter activities in nature. One of the joys of being a naturalist is venturing out with intrepid hikers -- rain or shine -- to catch the action. On a recent rainy day at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, our three-mile hike followed the eastern side of the park, from Canyon Trail to East Ridge, then dropped down Prince Trail to the Stream Trail for the return trip. Some of the things I love about this hike is touring three different habitats as you follow the route. It's a physically demanding hike with a steep ascent at the start of the trail, so you get a little workout while you're out there. I also appreciate the quiet seasonal beauty of the park with highlights that change throughout the year. Some of the seasonal wonders you'll find in the park this time of year include fungus, migrating rainbow trout, and overwintering ladybugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the East Bay Regional Park District doesn't allow collecting of any natural resources, a fun alternative for fungi fans is \"mushroom watching.\" Most of us enjoy wildflowers without picking them, likewise there is an amazing diversity of fungus to learn about and appreciate. The shapes range from round balls to your standard mushroom on a stem with every shape in-between, along with multiple colors and patterns. For a sampling of different types to look for, check out this website from further north at \u003ca title=\"Redwood National Park fungi gallery\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/redw/photosmultimedia/fungi-gallery.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood National Park\u003c/a>. It showcases the many types of fungi found in their park. One of the amazing things about fungi is the extensive, web-like underground system, called mycelium, that gives rise to the fruiting body, or mushroom. The mushroom's main job is to elevate the spores above ground level to allow them to be distributed so new organisms can start. Scientific American reported that honey mushrooms, a species of fungus in Oregon, qualifies as both the largest and possibly oldest living thing. See more about the honey mushrooms of Eastern Oregon in this \u003ca title=\"article from Scientific American\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus\" target=\"_blank\">article from Scientific American\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another treat as you descend Prince Trail at the intersection with the Stream Trail is a large group of overwintering ladybugs. We discovered hundreds clustering on fence posts, tree trunks, and on sunny days, you may find them flying about the clearings. You can see them in action in this QUEST video, \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">Ladybug Pajama Party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-creek-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30873\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30873\" title=\"Redwood Creek\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Creek1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the Stream Trail back along the canyon bottom, we kept a lookout for migrating rainbow trout. When the creek rises it signals the adult rainbow trout to make the journey from San Leandro Reservoir to their natal creeks. Redwood Creek is a tributary of San Leandro Creek, the place the first rainbow trout was collected and named by Dr. Gibbons from the California Academy of Natural Sciences in 1855. Shortly after that, Lake Chabot dam was built effectively landlocking the anadramous fish but also preserving the genetic integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So go out and try a rainy hike. You might discover some of the wonders that abound on a wet winter day!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about mushrooms check the \u003ca title=\"Mycological Society of San Francisco\" href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Mycological Society of San Francisco's website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-hiking-group/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30865\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-30865\" title=\"Redwood Hiking Group\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Hiking-Group-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The little rain we've had this year, thanks to \u003ca title=\"La Nina\" href=\"http://meteora.ucsd.edu/cnap/lanina_cnap.html\" target=\"_blank\">La Nina\u003c/a>, has still managed to trigger some important winter activities in nature. One of the joys of being a naturalist is venturing out with intrepid hikers -- rain or shine -- to catch the action. On a recent rainy day at \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, our three-mile hike followed the eastern side of the park, from Canyon Trail to East Ridge, then dropped down Prince Trail to the Stream Trail for the return trip. Some of the things I love about this hike is touring three different habitats as you follow the route. It's a physically demanding hike with a steep ascent at the start of the trail, so you get a little workout while you're out there. I also appreciate the quiet seasonal beauty of the park with highlights that change throughout the year. Some of the seasonal wonders you'll find in the park this time of year include fungus, migrating rainbow trout, and overwintering ladybugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the East Bay Regional Park District doesn't allow collecting of any natural resources, a fun alternative for fungi fans is \"mushroom watching.\" Most of us enjoy wildflowers without picking them, likewise there is an amazing diversity of fungus to learn about and appreciate. The shapes range from round balls to your standard mushroom on a stem with every shape in-between, along with multiple colors and patterns. For a sampling of different types to look for, check out this website from further north at \u003ca title=\"Redwood National Park fungi gallery\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/redw/photosmultimedia/fungi-gallery.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood National Park\u003c/a>. It showcases the many types of fungi found in their park. One of the amazing things about fungi is the extensive, web-like underground system, called mycelium, that gives rise to the fruiting body, or mushroom. The mushroom's main job is to elevate the spores above ground level to allow them to be distributed so new organisms can start. Scientific American reported that honey mushrooms, a species of fungus in Oregon, qualifies as both the largest and possibly oldest living thing. See more about the honey mushrooms of Eastern Oregon in this \u003ca title=\"article from Scientific American\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=strange-but-true-largest-organism-is-fungus\" target=\"_blank\">article from Scientific American\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another treat as you descend Prince Trail at the intersection with the Stream Trail is a large group of overwintering ladybugs. We discovered hundreds clustering on fence posts, tree trunks, and on sunny days, you may find them flying about the clearings. You can see them in action in this QUEST video, \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">Ladybug Pajama Party\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/rainy-hike-at-redwood-regional-park/redwood-creek-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30873\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30873\" title=\"Redwood Creek\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Redwood-Creek1-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following the Stream Trail back along the canyon bottom, we kept a lookout for migrating rainbow trout. When the creek rises it signals the adult rainbow trout to make the journey from San Leandro Reservoir to their natal creeks. Redwood Creek is a tributary of San Leandro Creek, the place the first rainbow trout was collected and named by Dr. Gibbons from the California Academy of Natural Sciences in 1855. Shortly after that, Lake Chabot dam was built effectively landlocking the anadramous fish but also preserving the genetic integrity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So go out and try a rainy hike. You might discover some of the wonders that abound on a wet winter day!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about mushrooms check the \u003ca title=\"Mycological Society of San Francisco\" href=\"http://www.mssf.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Mycological Society of San Francisco's website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>While EV drivers may be doing a lot for the environment, some folks say we are getting a free ride by not paying a gas tax. As more and more EVs roll out, the question posed by some is how are we contributing to the roads we drive on? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/clean-car-diaries-should-electric-car-drivers-be-taxed/ev-tax-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30839\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/EV-Tax1-413x253.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf on Bay Bridge\" title=\"Nissan Leaf on Bay Bridge\" width=\"413\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30839\">\u003c/a>Nearly half a dozen states are considering some type of fee for electric car drivers. Legislators in the state of Washington killed a proposed flat $100 annual tax. Oregon has one of the most robust, growing EV markets and policy makers there are considering a road user fee based on miles traveled. Bills have also been proposed in Kansas, Arizona and Utah. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously, the gas tax is important, besides maintaining our crumbling roads and bridges, it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/02/16/146966682/house-republicans-mull-ways-to-fund-public-transit\">funds mass transit\u003c/a>. The 18 cents a gallon federal gas tax hasn't been raised since 1993 and it is unlikely in this election year it will be increased. Still I feel, as an early adopter, we are dealing with so many hassles that it seems unfair to tax us right now. There are so few public chargers out there and it takes so long to charge that my route is mainly from my house to my work. I pay a toll to use the bridge to get to work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When there are more chargers, more electric cars out there and the cost of electric cars comes down then maybe we can talk about fairness. Right now it seems too early. Let us know what you think: tax or no tax?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While EV drivers may be doing a lot for the environment, some folks say we are getting a free ride by not paying a gas tax. As more and more EVs roll out, the question posed by some is how are we contributing to the roads we drive on? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/17/clean-car-diaries-should-electric-car-drivers-be-taxed/ev-tax-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30839\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/EV-Tax1-413x253.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf on Bay Bridge\" title=\"Nissan Leaf on Bay Bridge\" width=\"413\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-30839\">\u003c/a>Nearly half a dozen states are considering some type of fee for electric car drivers. Legislators in the state of Washington killed a proposed flat $100 annual tax. Oregon has one of the most robust, growing EV markets and policy makers there are considering a road user fee based on miles traveled. Bills have also been proposed in Kansas, Arizona and Utah. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously, the gas tax is important, besides maintaining our crumbling roads and bridges, it \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/02/16/146966682/house-republicans-mull-ways-to-fund-public-transit\">funds mass transit\u003c/a>. The 18 cents a gallon federal gas tax hasn't been raised since 1993 and it is unlikely in this election year it will be increased. Still I feel, as an early adopter, we are dealing with so many hassles that it seems unfair to tax us right now. There are so few public chargers out there and it takes so long to charge that my route is mainly from my house to my work. I pay a toll to use the bridge to get to work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When there are more chargers, more electric cars out there and the cost of electric cars comes down then maybe we can talk about fairness. Right now it seems too early. Let us know what you think: tax or no tax?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-20-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26551\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NASA-Sofia\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26551\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, also known as SOFIA. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA observatory\u003c/a> isn't your average NASA project. Engineers took a 30-year old 747 airplane, cut a hole in the side and installed a 17-ton telescope. Most telescopes are either on the ground or somewhere in orbit, but SOFIA falls somewhere in the middle, flying around at about 40,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got the chance to hitch a ride on one of its recent research flights as the plane left Moffett Field at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>. It's definitely not the kind of flight where you get a bag of peanuts and movie. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers take advantage of the nighttime sky, so we left at dusk for 10-hour tour flying zigzags across the Pacific Ocean. Each leg of the journey is carefully calculated so the telescope can pinpoint a far away star. The plane interior is packed with computers and equipment. It also lacks insulation since much of it was removed to install the telescope, so it's both cold and loud inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At four in the morning, the astronomers are still hard at work. If they're as tired as I am, they certainly aren't showing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, this is very exciting,\" says Ian McLean, a professor at the University of California-Los Angeles. He usually works on the ground. \"All my career has been ground-based astronomy. So, it's only my second flight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says there's a good reason to do astronomy in the stratosphere. The atmosphere is thinner, which means it's easier for the telescope to see the stars. \"It's almost as good as space,\" says McLean. \"Not quite, but almost.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, this telescope lands everyday, which means the scientists can update and fix the equipment. \"By the time you get a mission into orbit, the technology you're using is relatively old. Here we can stay state of the art all the time,\" says McLean. NASA began developing SOFIA in 1997 and almost cancelled the project at one point. It flew its first science mission in November 2010 and now costs about $80 million a year to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for a \"Holy Grail\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says the SOFIA telescope could show astronomers something that's considered a Holy Grail in their field: seeing a star being born. It happens in huge, dusty clouds – stellar nurseries, as Mclean calls them. \"The cloud is huge, light years across and it's gradually contracting to form a whole nursery of stars.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26560\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679\" width=\"320\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26560\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NASA's SOFIA Observatory, somewhere over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there's a problem. Astronomers can't see what's happening inside the clouds because, once again, they're made of dust and it's hard to see through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't mean dust bunnies, but we mean little, tiny little grains of solid material. Doesn't matter how big a telescope you have, you can't see inside it,\" McLean says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why SOFIA looks at a special kind of light called \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">infrared light\u003c/a>. If you look through a telescope on the ground, you're looking at the visible light from space – the light our eyes can see. Infrared light is invisible to us, but it penetrates space dust, which means the telescope can see through the dust too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get to see what you can't see with your eye. It's like a window has been opened,\" says McLean. They're looking for exactly how stellar nurseries give birth to young stars. McLean says catching a star as it's forming can reveal clues about how own solar system formed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But star birth isn't the only thing these researchers want to see. They're also looking at the way stars die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Star on the Way Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the plane makes as sharp right turn, the telescope focuses on an object called NGC 7027. It's a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebula\">planetary nebula\u003c/a> – also known as a dying star. McLean and his team are capturing an infrared image of the nebula, which is about 3,000 light years away. They can also see what it's made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has a distinctive shape. It's oval. There's a hole in the middle and that's because it literally is a shell of gas that came off the star,\" says McLean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7027 is dying because the star has run out of fuel – the same fate that our sun will face in about five billion years. As it dies, the star casts off its outer layers, shedding huge amounts of material to form a cloud around it. But it's not entirely a sad story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It won't be wasted,\" says McLean. \"The material that was thrown off by that star in its dying phase, somewhere, millions, perhaps billions of years from now, will find its way into a new star and the planets that form around it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From dead stars come new stars – and planets like our own. The oxygen and nitrogen in our bodies were once formed inside a star. \"The cosmos is within us,\" as astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://www.carlsagan.com/\">Carl Sagan\u003c/a> once said. \"We're made of star stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As sky begins to lighten, we descend towards the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in the Mojave Desert, where the plane is based. The SOFIA telescope is now undergoing service upgrades and then will return to the skies three times a week. Astronomers from around the world are lining up to get on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/sofia_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Obama Administration’s new budget for NASA was released last week, and calls for cuts to many space programs. But one California-based project is likely to get more money. The SOFIA flying observatory, a telescope mounted on an airplane, is considered more nimble and cost-effective than other projects. Reporter Lauren Sommer recently caught a ride as it flew over the Pacific Ocean.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/02/2012-02-20-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26551\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/NASA-Sofia-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NASA-Sofia\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-26551\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, also known as SOFIA. (Photo: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/\">SOFIA observatory\u003c/a> isn't your average NASA project. Engineers took a 30-year old 747 airplane, cut a hole in the side and installed a 17-ton telescope. Most telescopes are either on the ground or somewhere in orbit, but SOFIA falls somewhere in the middle, flying around at about 40,000 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got the chance to hitch a ride on one of its recent research flights as the plane left Moffett Field at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>. It's definitely not the kind of flight where you get a bag of peanuts and movie. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers take advantage of the nighttime sky, so we left at dusk for 10-hour tour flying zigzags across the Pacific Ocean. Each leg of the journey is carefully calculated so the telescope can pinpoint a far away star. The plane interior is packed with computers and equipment. It also lacks insulation since much of it was removed to install the telescope, so it's both cold and loud inside. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At four in the morning, the astronomers are still hard at work. If they're as tired as I am, they certainly aren't showing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, this is very exciting,\" says Ian McLean, a professor at the University of California-Los Angeles. He usually works on the ground. \"All my career has been ground-based astronomy. So, it's only my second flight.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says there's a good reason to do astronomy in the stratosphere. The atmosphere is thinner, which means it's easier for the telescope to see the stars. \"It's almost as good as space,\" says McLean. \"Not quite, but almost.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And unlike the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, this telescope lands everyday, which means the scientists can update and fix the equipment. \"By the time you get a mission into orbit, the technology you're using is relatively old. Here we can stay state of the art all the time,\" says McLean. NASA began developing SOFIA in 1997 and almost cancelled the project at one point. It flew its first science mission in November 2010 and now costs about $80 million a year to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for a \"Holy Grail\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McLean says the SOFIA telescope could show astronomers something that's considered a Holy Grail in their field: seeing a star being born. It happens in huge, dusty clouds – stellar nurseries, as Mclean calls them. \"The cloud is huge, light years across and it's gradually contracting to form a whole nursery of stars.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26560\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/10/SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SOFIA_101711_JoshC_7679\" width=\"320\" height=\"207\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26560\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside NASA's SOFIA Observatory, somewhere over the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there's a problem. Astronomers can't see what's happening inside the clouds because, once again, they're made of dust and it's hard to see through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We don't mean dust bunnies, but we mean little, tiny little grains of solid material. Doesn't matter how big a telescope you have, you can't see inside it,\" McLean says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why SOFIA looks at a special kind of light called \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">infrared light\u003c/a>. If you look through a telescope on the ground, you're looking at the visible light from space – the light our eyes can see. Infrared light is invisible to us, but it penetrates space dust, which means the telescope can see through the dust too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get to see what you can't see with your eye. It's like a window has been opened,\" says McLean. They're looking for exactly how stellar nurseries give birth to young stars. McLean says catching a star as it's forming can reveal clues about how own solar system formed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But star birth isn't the only thing these researchers want to see. They're also looking at the way stars die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Star on the Way Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the plane makes as sharp right turn, the telescope focuses on an object called NGC 7027. It's a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nebula\">planetary nebula\u003c/a> – also known as a dying star. McLean and his team are capturing an infrared image of the nebula, which is about 3,000 light years away. They can also see what it's made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It has a distinctive shape. It's oval. There's a hole in the middle and that's because it literally is a shell of gas that came off the star,\" says McLean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>7027 is dying because the star has run out of fuel – the same fate that our sun will face in about five billion years. As it dies, the star casts off its outer layers, shedding huge amounts of material to form a cloud around it. But it's not entirely a sad story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It won't be wasted,\" says McLean. \"The material that was thrown off by that star in its dying phase, somewhere, millions, perhaps billions of years from now, will find its way into a new star and the planets that form around it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From dead stars come new stars – and planets like our own. The oxygen and nitrogen in our bodies were once formed inside a star. \"The cosmos is within us,\" as astronomer \u003ca href=\"http://www.carlsagan.com/\">Carl Sagan\u003c/a> once said. \"We're made of star stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As sky begins to lighten, we descend towards the Dryden Aircraft Operations Facility in the Mojave Desert, where the plane is based. The SOFIA telescope is now undergoing service upgrades and then will return to the skies three times a week. Astronomers from around the world are lining up to get on board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://kqed03.streamguys.us/anon.kqed/slideshow/sofia_slideshow/_files/iframe.html?noscale=640x393\" width=\"640\" height=\"393\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Our Corner of Cascadia",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/cacascadiatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiatop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAcascadiatop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30814\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coastal region of northernmost California, including the Klamath Range shown here, is in the Cascadia subduction zone, America's geological analog of Sumatra. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday the 13th, California's largest earthquake in two years, a magnitude 5.6 event, occurred way up in the state's northwest. That's the \u003ci>real\u003c/i> \"earthquake country\" in our state. California has had eight earthquakes of magnitude 5.6 or larger in the last 10 years, and half of them were up there. I think of the area as our Alaska—cold, remote, wet, foggy and rocky. Geologists call it part of Cascadia. What's that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cascadia refers to the country overlying the Cascadia subduction zone, where a small tectonic plate, the Juan de Fuca plate, is working its way beneath the west coast of North America. From north to south it extends from Canada's Vancouver Island all the way through Washington and Oregon and into California, ending at Cape Mendocino. From west to east it follows the Juan de Fuca plate from the offshore fault where it first plunges beneath the seafloor to approximately the long volcanic chain of the High Cascades. I've marked it on this earthquake map along with \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/nc71734741.html\">the February 13 earthquake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 577px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/cacascadiausgsmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30812\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaUSGSmap.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAcascadiaUSGSmap\" width=\"577\" height=\"544\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30812\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Geological Survey map\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Only a little of Cascadia extends into California, but this whole subduction zone could rupture at once in a colossal earthquake the size of Japan's in March 2011 or Sumatra's in December 2004; that is, a giant magnitude 9 event. Such a Cascadia subduction quake happened last in January 1700. We aren't sure whether the rupture came as far south as California then, but the next one certainly could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of California's other faults are capable of earthquakes that size . . . not even one-tenth that size. Not even the San Andreas fault. An earthquake's energy comes from the amount of rock that can take up stress, and the San Andreas is a vertical ribbon little more than 20 kilometers wide from the ground down. Like a strand of fettucine, it doesn't add up to much no matter how long it gets. Magnitude 8 is considered an absolute maximum for most of California, a very large quake but still only about 3 percent of a magnitude 9 in total energy. In Cascadia, however, the subduction-zone fault is a slanted ribbon with much more surface area—a lasagna noodle. The tectonic geometry is the same as in Japan and Sumatra. Chile, where magnitude 9 events have also occurred, is the same. So is Alaska, where a 9.2 quake occurred in 1964. That's another reason I think of this part of California as our Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern California releases more seismic energy than any other part of the state. The map below shows about 60 earthquakes of magnitude 5 and greater in the last 40 years. Six of these reached magnitude 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/cacascadiaeqs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaEQs.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAcascadiaEQs\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30813\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaEQs.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaEQs-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of magnitude 5 and larger events since 1973, plus 1923 quake (M7.2). Data from USGS displayed on Google Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may notice that most of the events occurred offshore, beyond the subduction zone (which runs just west of the box with the magnitude key). These arise from cracking within the Juan de Fuca plate as it approaches the coast. There's very little activity inland, along the subduction zone itself. That part of the fault is considered to be locked, building up strain and growing closer to failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in that part of California are actually better prepared for earthquakes than the rest of us. First, history leaves them unsurprised by moderate earthquakes like Monday's. Second, like people elsewhere in Cascadia they have been preparing for subduction-quake tsunamis with signage on the beaches. Third, the people have always lived with floods and slides and are more self-reliant than we are. In all these ways, they're just like Alaskans.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30814\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/cacascadiatop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiatop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAcascadiatop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-30814\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The coastal region of northernmost California, including the Klamath Range shown here, is in the Cascadia subduction zone, America's geological analog of Sumatra. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday the 13th, California's largest earthquake in two years, a magnitude 5.6 event, occurred way up in the state's northwest. That's the \u003ci>real\u003c/i> \"earthquake country\" in our state. California has had eight earthquakes of magnitude 5.6 or larger in the last 10 years, and half of them were up there. I think of the area as our Alaska—cold, remote, wet, foggy and rocky. Geologists call it part of Cascadia. What's that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cascadia refers to the country overlying the Cascadia subduction zone, where a small tectonic plate, the Juan de Fuca plate, is working its way beneath the west coast of North America. From north to south it extends from Canada's Vancouver Island all the way through Washington and Oregon and into California, ending at Cape Mendocino. From west to east it follows the Juan de Fuca plate from the offshore fault where it first plunges beneath the seafloor to approximately the long volcanic chain of the High Cascades. I've marked it on this earthquake map along with \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/nc71734741.html\">the February 13 earthquake\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30812\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 577px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/cacascadiausgsmap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30812\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaUSGSmap.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAcascadiaUSGSmap\" width=\"577\" height=\"544\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30812\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Geological Survey map\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Only a little of Cascadia extends into California, but this whole subduction zone could rupture at once in a colossal earthquake the size of Japan's in March 2011 or Sumatra's in December 2004; that is, a giant magnitude 9 event. Such a Cascadia subduction quake happened last in January 1700. We aren't sure whether the rupture came as far south as California then, but the next one certainly could.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of California's other faults are capable of earthquakes that size . . . not even one-tenth that size. Not even the San Andreas fault. An earthquake's energy comes from the amount of rock that can take up stress, and the San Andreas is a vertical ribbon little more than 20 kilometers wide from the ground down. Like a strand of fettucine, it doesn't add up to much no matter how long it gets. Magnitude 8 is considered an absolute maximum for most of California, a very large quake but still only about 3 percent of a magnitude 9 in total energy. In Cascadia, however, the subduction-zone fault is a slanted ribbon with much more surface area—a lasagna noodle. The tectonic geometry is the same as in Japan and Sumatra. Chile, where magnitude 9 events have also occurred, is the same. So is Alaska, where a 9.2 quake occurred in 1964. That's another reason I think of this part of California as our Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northwestern California releases more seismic energy than any other part of the state. The map below shows about 60 earthquakes of magnitude 5 and greater in the last 40 years. Six of these reached magnitude 7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/16/our-corner-of-cascadia/cacascadiaeqs/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaEQs.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"CAcascadiaEQs\" width=\"600\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30813\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaEQs.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/CAcascadiaEQs-400x333.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of magnitude 5 and larger events since 1973, plus 1923 quake (M7.2). Data from USGS displayed on Google Earth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may notice that most of the events occurred offshore, beyond the subduction zone (which runs just west of the box with the magnitude key). These arise from cracking within the Juan de Fuca plate as it approaches the coast. There's very little activity inland, along the subduction zone itself. That part of the fault is considered to be locked, building up strain and growing closer to failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People in that part of California are actually better prepared for earthquakes than the rest of us. First, history leaves them unsurprised by moderate earthquakes like Monday's. Second, like people elsewhere in Cascadia they have been preparing for subduction-quake tsunamis with signage on the beaches. Third, the people have always lived with floods and slides and are more self-reliant than we are. In all these ways, they're just like Alaskans.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Birder’s-Eye View of Conservation",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/flycatcher.jpg\" alt=\"Dusky-capped flycatcher\" title=\"flycatcher\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30594\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dusky-capped flycatcher (credit: mdf)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people know the Philadelphia suburbs for cheesesteaks and unruly sports fans. But it’s no wonder that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/john-james-audubon/drawn-from-nature/106/\">John James Audubon\u003c/a> started his lifelong affair with birds just 25 miles northwest of Center City, and a 20-minute drive from my natal stomping grounds. The dense, rolling woodlands of Pennsylvania’s Montgomery County where I grew up offered prime habitat for cardinals, chickadees, blue jays, wrens, and countless other species my mom loved to point out to us kids. I didn’t realize it at the time, but my mom’s avian affinities taught me not just to pay attention to the biology in my backyard but, ultimately, to consider which species lived there and why. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This weekend, novice Bay Area wildlife watchers get the chance to play field biologist in their own backyards and join forces with expert birders and scientists to gather data on the incidence, abundance, and distribution of birds. Between February 17 and 20, the 15th annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/\">Great Backyard Bird Count\u003c/a> invites people of all ages and experience to spend as little as 15 minutes (or as long as you like) counting birds wherever you are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event is a joint project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Page.aspx?pid=1478&ac=ac\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">Audubon\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bsc-eoc.org/\">Bird Studies Canada\u003c/a>, leading bird conservation organizations that provide a wealth of resources for participants, including tips for \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/howto.html\">getting started\u003c/a>,\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://gbbc.birdsource.org/gbbcApps/checklist\">regional checklists\u003c/a>, and tools for resolving tricky \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/learning\">identifications\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Great Backyard Bird Count is an excellent introductory citizen science project for any level of birder,” says Brian Sullivan, an expert on North American birds and project leader of Cornell’s online resource for birders around the world, eBird. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just count the birds you see in your backyard or go to your local park and count what you see there. The idea is to get a weekend snapshot of late-winter bird distribution across the United States and to make things really simple so just about anyone can participate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan, who has 1,669 species on his life list, says lucky birders could see “mega-rarities” like an Iceland gull, “a very rare bird in California” spotted near Sausalito in early February, or maybe the dusky-capped flycatcher that's been living in Golden Gate Park all winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest estuary on the West Coast, the San Francisco Bay Delta provides habitat and refuge to more than 250 species of waterbirds, some (including pelicans, loons, herons, and egrets) year-round residents, others, like the Wilson’s phalarope and Sabine’s gull, on stopovers to feed and rest before resuming their long-distance migrations. As many as 800,000 birds inhabit Bay Area waterways at any given time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out which birds you’re likely to see in your area, go to Cornell’s \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird\u003c/a>, click on “View and Explore Data,” then click on “Bar Charts,” select “United States,” “California,” and then “Counties in California.” Choose your county, click “continue,” and you’ll see the occurrence of birds throughout the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, participants entered more than 92,000 checklists with 1.4 million birds from 596 species. Their data helped researchers identify changes in abundance (including an increase in evening grosbeaks, which declined 50% between 1988 and 2006) and distribution (winter finches moving south), and spot anomalies (an Asian brown shrike in McKinley, California). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird counts give weekend nature lovers an easy way to help scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/\">gather data\u003c/a> on a widely distributed group of animals that serve as valuable indicators of biodiversity. Because birds occupy many different “trophic” levels in food webs, eating everything from insects to fish to mammals (and, for top predators like owls, hawks, and eagles, other birds), they play critical roles in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Among their many “ecosystem services,” all of which benefit humans, birds help regulate prey populations, facilitate plant reproduction through pollination and seed dispersal, and recycle nutrients by scavenging carcasses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This widespread influence on their environment also makes them extremely sensitive to ecosystem disruptions, including habitat destruction and climate change. An alarming 13% of the world’s birds, 1,253 species, face extinction, according to the 2011 IUCN Red List. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2767\">Great Indian bustard\u003c/a>, a native of India and Pakistan that barks when alarmed, has been reclassified as critically endangered, a victim of hunting and widespread habitat destruction. Scientists think fewer than 250 mature birds remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, black-crowned night herons and snowy egrets have been on a downward slide since 2005. And the endangered California clapper rail, once abundant in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, offers a case study in the unintended consequences of development. Extensive filling and diking of the bay has destroyed some 85% of the clapper rail’s salt marsh habitat, making a shy species that seems to prefer scampering over swimming and flying easy pickings for feral cats and invasive red foxes, which now have unfettered access to adults and their ground-nesting offspring. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30595\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/15/a-birder%e2%80%99s-eye-view-of-conservation/clapperrail2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/clapperrail2-365x253.jpg\" alt=\"clapper rail\" title=\"clapperrail2\" width=\"365\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30595\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California clapper rail (Don Roberson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 60% of the critically endangered clapper rail population, estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500, lives in San Francisco Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, in Fremont. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will use the information collected from the bird count to learn how birds like the clapper rail are coping with these new predation pressures, as well as other stresses from ongoing urbanization, global climate change, and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decline of suitable habitat for these species affects us as well. Tidal marshes filter contaminants to enhance water quality and serve as natural flood barriers. If the marshes can no longer support species like the clapper rail, chances are they can’t provide these ecosystem services for us either. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds are among the most diverse and ubiquitous vertebrates on the planet and often offer humans a first brush with wildlife. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a little girl, I marveled that my mom always knew when Jenny Wren and her husband, Joe (as she liked to call the resident house wrens), would appear in our backyard, build their nest, and settle into the business of raising, feeding, and protecting their broods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She couldn’t have known that scientists would one day blame the precipitous declines in Bewick’s wrens in the eastern United States on the expansion of her beloved house wrens, known for ejecting eggs, and even young, from coveted nest sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30596\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 437px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/15/a-birder%e2%80%99s-eye-view-of-conservation/blue-jay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Blue-jay-437x253.jpg\" alt=\"Blue jay\" title=\"Blue jay\" width=\"437\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30596\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue jay (Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As I listened to Mom’s fanciful tales of avian domestic dramas, my young imagination conjured all manner of worrisome scenarios. Would Joe find enough food for the babies? Could Jenny protect them from a torrential summer downpour? How would either of them cope with a curious cat? Some may shudder at such anthropomorphizing, but I wonder: If more people viewed birds the way my mom did, struggling to survive like the rest of us, would they worry about their welfare, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henry David Thoreau first said “In wildness is the preservation of the world” in a lecture some months after Audubon’s death. I like to think, had they discussed the question, Audubon would have objected: “My dear sir, I believe you meant to say, ‘In \u003ci>birds\u003c/i> is the preservation of the world.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Great Backyard Bird Count gives novice Bay Area wildlife watchers the chance to play field biologist in their own backyards and help scientists gather data on the incidence, abundance, and distribution of birds. Researchers will use sightings to identify trends that will help conserve these valuable indicators of biodiversity.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/flycatcher.jpg\" alt=\"Dusky-capped flycatcher\" title=\"flycatcher\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30594\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dusky-capped flycatcher (credit: mdf)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people know the Philadelphia suburbs for cheesesteaks and unruly sports fans. But it’s no wonder that \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/john-james-audubon/drawn-from-nature/106/\">John James Audubon\u003c/a> started his lifelong affair with birds just 25 miles northwest of Center City, and a 20-minute drive from my natal stomping grounds. The dense, rolling woodlands of Pennsylvania’s Montgomery County where I grew up offered prime habitat for cardinals, chickadees, blue jays, wrens, and countless other species my mom loved to point out to us kids. I didn’t realize it at the time, but my mom’s avian affinities taught me not just to pay attention to the biology in my backyard but, ultimately, to consider which species lived there and why. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This weekend, novice Bay Area wildlife watchers get the chance to play field biologist in their own backyards and join forces with expert birders and scientists to gather data on the incidence, abundance, and distribution of birds. Between February 17 and 20, the 15th annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/\">Great Backyard Bird Count\u003c/a> invites people of all ages and experience to spend as little as 15 minutes (or as long as you like) counting birds wherever you are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The event is a joint project of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.birds.cornell.edu/Page.aspx?pid=1478&ac=ac\">Cornell Lab of Ornithology\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.audubon.org/\">Audubon\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.bsc-eoc.org/\">Bird Studies Canada\u003c/a>, leading bird conservation organizations that provide a wealth of resources for participants, including tips for \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/howto.html\">getting started\u003c/a>,\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://gbbc.birdsource.org/gbbcApps/checklist\">regional checklists\u003c/a>, and tools for resolving tricky \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/learning\">identifications\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Great Backyard Bird Count is an excellent introductory citizen science project for any level of birder,” says Brian Sullivan, an expert on North American birds and project leader of Cornell’s online resource for birders around the world, eBird. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just count the birds you see in your backyard or go to your local park and count what you see there. The idea is to get a weekend snapshot of late-winter bird distribution across the United States and to make things really simple so just about anyone can participate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sullivan, who has 1,669 species on his life list, says lucky birders could see “mega-rarities” like an Iceland gull, “a very rare bird in California” spotted near Sausalito in early February, or maybe the dusky-capped flycatcher that's been living in Golden Gate Park all winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest estuary on the West Coast, the San Francisco Bay Delta provides habitat and refuge to more than 250 species of waterbirds, some (including pelicans, loons, herons, and egrets) year-round residents, others, like the Wilson’s phalarope and Sabine’s gull, on stopovers to feed and rest before resuming their long-distance migrations. As many as 800,000 birds inhabit Bay Area waterways at any given time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out which birds you’re likely to see in your area, go to Cornell’s \u003ca href=\"http://ebird.org/content/ebird/\">eBird\u003c/a>, click on “View and Explore Data,” then click on “Bar Charts,” select “United States,” “California,” and then “Counties in California.” Choose your county, click “continue,” and you’ll see the occurrence of birds throughout the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, participants entered more than 92,000 checklists with 1.4 million birds from 596 species. Their data helped researchers identify changes in abundance (including an increase in evening grosbeaks, which declined 50% between 1988 and 2006) and distribution (winter finches moving south), and spot anomalies (an Asian brown shrike in McKinley, California). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bird counts give weekend nature lovers an easy way to help scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdsource.org/gbbc/\">gather data\u003c/a> on a widely distributed group of animals that serve as valuable indicators of biodiversity. Because birds occupy many different “trophic” levels in food webs, eating everything from insects to fish to mammals (and, for top predators like owls, hawks, and eagles, other birds), they play critical roles in maintaining healthy ecosystems. Among their many “ecosystem services,” all of which benefit humans, birds help regulate prey populations, facilitate plant reproduction through pollination and seed dispersal, and recycle nutrients by scavenging carcasses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This widespread influence on their environment also makes them extremely sensitive to ecosystem disruptions, including habitat destruction and climate change. An alarming 13% of the world’s birds, 1,253 species, face extinction, according to the 2011 IUCN Red List. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=2767\">Great Indian bustard\u003c/a>, a native of India and Pakistan that barks when alarmed, has been reclassified as critically endangered, a victim of hunting and widespread habitat destruction. Scientists think fewer than 250 mature birds remain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Closer to home, black-crowned night herons and snowy egrets have been on a downward slide since 2005. And the endangered California clapper rail, once abundant in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, offers a case study in the unintended consequences of development. Extensive filling and diking of the bay has destroyed some 85% of the clapper rail’s salt marsh habitat, making a shy species that seems to prefer scampering over swimming and flying easy pickings for feral cats and invasive red foxes, which now have unfettered access to adults and their ground-nesting offspring. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30595\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/15/a-birder%e2%80%99s-eye-view-of-conservation/clapperrail2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/clapperrail2-365x253.jpg\" alt=\"clapper rail\" title=\"clapperrail2\" width=\"365\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30595\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California clapper rail (Don Roberson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 60% of the critically endangered clapper rail population, estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500, lives in San Francisco Bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/desfbay/\">Don Edwards National Wildlife Refuge\u003c/a>, in Fremont. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers will use the information collected from the bird count to learn how birds like the clapper rail are coping with these new predation pressures, as well as other stresses from ongoing urbanization, global climate change, and disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decline of suitable habitat for these species affects us as well. Tidal marshes filter contaminants to enhance water quality and serve as natural flood barriers. If the marshes can no longer support species like the clapper rail, chances are they can’t provide these ecosystem services for us either. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds are among the most diverse and ubiquitous vertebrates on the planet and often offer humans a first brush with wildlife. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a little girl, I marveled that my mom always knew when Jenny Wren and her husband, Joe (as she liked to call the resident house wrens), would appear in our backyard, build their nest, and settle into the business of raising, feeding, and protecting their broods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She couldn’t have known that scientists would one day blame the precipitous declines in Bewick’s wrens in the eastern United States on the expansion of her beloved house wrens, known for ejecting eggs, and even young, from coveted nest sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30596\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 437px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/15/a-birder%e2%80%99s-eye-view-of-conservation/blue-jay/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30596\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Blue-jay-437x253.jpg\" alt=\"Blue jay\" title=\"Blue jay\" width=\"437\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-30596\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blue jay (Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As I listened to Mom’s fanciful tales of avian domestic dramas, my young imagination conjured all manner of worrisome scenarios. Would Joe find enough food for the babies? Could Jenny protect them from a torrential summer downpour? How would either of them cope with a curious cat? Some may shudder at such anthropomorphizing, but I wonder: If more people viewed birds the way my mom did, struggling to survive like the rest of us, would they worry about their welfare, too?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Henry David Thoreau first said “In wildness is the preservation of the world” in a lecture some months after Audubon’s death. I like to think, had they discussed the question, Audubon would have objected: “My dear sir, I believe you meant to say, ‘In \u003ci>birds\u003c/i> is the preservation of the world.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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