QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
Solar FireworX: First X-Class Flare of the Year
Clean Car Diaries: The President's New Clean Car Initiative
Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills
The Fact and Fiction of Fantastic Hybrids
Try This at Home: Invisible Ink
Reproduction Unleashed
Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns
Signs of Spring: Earlier this Year?
The Half-Life of Disaster Awareness
Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32565\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/09/solar-fireworks-first-x-class-flare-of-the-year/sdo-solarflare-030712/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/SDO-solarflare-030712.jpg\" alt=\"SDO Solar Flare on March 7 2012\" title=\"SDO Solar Flare on March 7 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/SDO-solarflare-030712.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/SDO-solarflare-030712-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SDO Solar Flare--the bright spot on the left--on March 7 2012. Credit: NASA/SDO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first X-Class solar flare of the year went off on March 7th in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/News030712-X5-4.html\" title=\"March 7/8 2012 Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">spectacular fashion\u003c/a>. Fortunately the flare went off where it's supposed to: on the Sun. Had this intense magneto-plasmic explosion gone off on Earth, we'd be toast; one of these releases an amount of energy on the order of 100 billion megatons of TNT. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar flares are highly energetic bursts of energy ignited by magnetically active regions on the Sun. Magnetic fields, generated by the motion of the Sun's hot, electrically charged gases, cause many of the Sun's more showy features, including the blemish familiar to most, the sunspot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yesterday, that's exactly what we saw from Chabot's observatory deck: a sunspot…and we didn't even need a telescope to see it! Let me explain. The active region that produced the powerful X-class flare only hours earlier left its mark on the Sun's bright complexion with a large cluster of sunspots—such an expansive cluster that it could be seen with the \"naked eye.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, when I say naked eye, in this case I don't mean we were encouraging our visitors (mostly school kids at the time) to stare at the Sun directly. That would be pointless since the Sun is so bright at midday that it blinds us to any features we might see (and could blind us permanently if we look too long, even with sunglasses). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, we have the kids look at the Sun through pieces of welder's goggle glass #14. It's a very dark filter—so dark that you pretty much can't see anything other than the Sun, or a welding torch, through it. This Sun-looking glass lets us peer safely into that wonderland in the sky, the solar disk, which ordinarily averts our attention by sheer brilliance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the glass the Sun becomes a greenish disk, the same apparent size as the Moon. Most of the time, that's all we see: a glowing green disk in a sky of blackness. But even that is actually pretty awesome, and the sight routinely catches people by surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yesterday, however, the sunspot cluster marking the active region that produced the X-class flare was easily seen, unmagnified: a little dark spot on the Sun. And our eyes didn't even sting. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, a day after the flare, Earth is in the midst of a blast of plasma that was triggered by the flare activity, and a geomagnetic storm is in progress: the impact of an enormous bubble of plasma (electrically charged gas) that was blown in our direction has clobbered Earth's deflector screen, aka its global magnetic field. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the effects of a solar blast like this one and the geomagnetic storm it can produce usually go unnoticed by most, the event can cross over into our lives, if severe enough. Interference in telecommunications from atmospheric disturbance and even the rare power blackout caused by a magnetically induced overload of a power grid, have happened. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In space, satellites have been damaged by these storms, and astronauts on the space station generally take cover and wait them out. And closer to Earth's poles, lucky residents may be treated to a bright display of the Aurora—the Northern and Southern lights—as auroras are powered by solar activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://spaceweather.com/\" title=\"Spaceweather.com\" target=\"_blank\">We should expect more strong flares\u003c/a> over the next year or so as the Sun proceeds through the peak in its current activity cycle, expected to climax sometime in 2013. I fully expect to view more \"naked-but-protected-eye\" sunspots, and to enjoy plenty of colorful movies of solar activity from NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\" title=\"Solar Dynamics Observatory\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a> (now on display in Chabot's telescope domes). Drop by Chabot on a sunny day and we'll put spots in your eyes. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32565\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/09/solar-fireworks-first-x-class-flare-of-the-year/sdo-solarflare-030712/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/SDO-solarflare-030712.jpg\" alt=\"SDO Solar Flare on March 7 2012\" title=\"SDO Solar Flare on March 7 2012\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/SDO-solarflare-030712.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/SDO-solarflare-030712-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SDO Solar Flare--the bright spot on the left--on March 7 2012. Credit: NASA/SDO\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first X-Class solar flare of the year went off on March 7th in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/News030712-X5-4.html\" title=\"March 7/8 2012 Solar Flare\" target=\"_blank\">spectacular fashion\u003c/a>. Fortunately the flare went off where it's supposed to: on the Sun. Had this intense magneto-plasmic explosion gone off on Earth, we'd be toast; one of these releases an amount of energy on the order of 100 billion megatons of TNT. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar flares are highly energetic bursts of energy ignited by magnetically active regions on the Sun. Magnetic fields, generated by the motion of the Sun's hot, electrically charged gases, cause many of the Sun's more showy features, including the blemish familiar to most, the sunspot. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yesterday, that's exactly what we saw from Chabot's observatory deck: a sunspot…and we didn't even need a telescope to see it! Let me explain. The active region that produced the powerful X-class flare only hours earlier left its mark on the Sun's bright complexion with a large cluster of sunspots—such an expansive cluster that it could be seen with the \"naked eye.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, when I say naked eye, in this case I don't mean we were encouraging our visitors (mostly school kids at the time) to stare at the Sun directly. That would be pointless since the Sun is so bright at midday that it blinds us to any features we might see (and could blind us permanently if we look too long, even with sunglasses). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, we have the kids look at the Sun through pieces of welder's goggle glass #14. It's a very dark filter—so dark that you pretty much can't see anything other than the Sun, or a welding torch, through it. This Sun-looking glass lets us peer safely into that wonderland in the sky, the solar disk, which ordinarily averts our attention by sheer brilliance. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32654\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/clean-car-diaries-the-presidents-new-clean-car-initiative/dd-ev-12-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32654\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DD-EV-121-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Electric truck prototype\" title=\"Electric truck prototype\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32654\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electric truck prototype\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early reports of the electric car’s demise have, apparently, not reached the current administration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as GM temporarily halts production of the plug-in hybrid Volt due to slow sales, President Obama announces a 4.7 billion dollar effort for advanced technology vehicles. Part of that money will be invested in technology for electric cars which the White House describes as, an “\u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/president-obama-launches-ev-everywhere-challenge-part-energy-department-s-clean-energy\">EV Everywhere Challenge\u003c/a>\". The initiative will invest in cutting edge R & D for advanced batteries and much anticipated fast charging technology. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The President also announced more incentives to help consumers and businesses purchase cleaner cars and trucks, including increasing the current tax credit for advanced vehicles, from the $7,500 credit that currently exists up to $10,000, while allowing the credit to be applied to additional types of technologies, like plug in hybrids and compressed natural gas vehicles. President Obama also proposed transferring the credit to the dealer so the buyer could benefit right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32592\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 430px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/clean-car-diaries-the-presidents-new-clean-car-initiative/tesla-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32592\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Tesla-4-430x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tesla in factory\" title=\"Tesla in factory\" width=\"430\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32592\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesla in factory\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One billion dollars of Obama’s alternative vehicle announcement will go to a “National Community Deployment Challenge” to help 10-15 communities “invest in the infrastructure, remove the regulatory barriers, and create the local incentives to support deployment of advanced vehicles at critical mass.” The new $1-billion National Community Deployment Challenge will not just be tied to electric cars. Communities can decide on what technology they want to pursue. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president spoke at \u003ca href=\"http://www.daimler-trucksnorthamerica.com/commitment/quality-manufacturing.aspx\">Daimler Trucks Plant\u003c/a> in North Carolina, a swing state in the 2012 general election. Although this is all welcome news for clean car enthusiasts, the president is no longer mentioning his goal of getting a million electric vehicles on the roads by 2015. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills",
"title": "Side Trips from Interstate 5: Panoche and Tumey Hills",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoche-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoche\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Panoche Hills provide a splendid overlook to the Great Valley on good days. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people, it's probably fair to say, loathe Interstate 5 between Redding and Bakersfield. If all you want to do is get from point A to point B, I-5 enables that, but the road is so smooth and the route so straight that the typical driver resents the time spent on it, even at 80 mph and faster. Traffic can reach dangerous speeds, eyes get glazed, attention wavers, and tempers grow short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for me, I love the chance to enjoy I-5. I make it a full day's trip to get from the Bay Area to Southern California or the Shasta region, and that gives me a long enough leash to get off the freeway at least once during the day. So I'd like to share with you some of my favorite side trips, and they don't include Santa Nella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One that I've enjoyed several times goes past the Panoche and Tumey Hills, a big patch of wild land along the east side of the Coast Range managed by the Bureau of Land Management. It's a loop of backroad about halfway to Bakersfield, due west of Fresno. Its north end is Little Panoche Road and its south end is Panoche Road. It includes some dirt road and takes a good hour if you don't stop much. Its two notable landmarks are Mercey Hot Springs and the village of Panoche, in well-hidden Panoche Valley. I've never stopped at either place because it's the countryside that attracts me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the geologic map of the area, derived from the nice \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32500\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panochegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panochegeomap\" width=\"640\" height=\"529\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Significant map units: Ku, upper Cretaceous marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; E, Eocene marine rocks; QP, Pliocene-Pleistocene nonmarine rocks; Q, modern and recent sediment; Qoa, Quaternary river terraces; KJf, Franciscan complex; um, ultramafic rocks\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the hills consists of late Cretaceous mudstones, laid down in a shallow sea some 80 million years ago when the Sierra Nevada was a great chain of volcanoes like today's Cascade Range. This sea persisted past Cretaceous time into the succeeding Paleocene and Eocene epochs, perhaps 50 or 40 million years ago. There are rare plesiosaur and mosasaur fossils in the older section and lots of fossil wood throughout. But we don't have time to hunt fossils, although collecting for personal purposes is allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little Panoche Road runs up the valley of Little Panoche Creek, where at least two levels of stream terraces are visible that testify to different episodes of erosion. They in turn are undoubtedly related to the uplift history of these hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/littlepanoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"littlepanoche\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking across Little Panoche Creek to the north flank of the Panoche Hills.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The road turns south and runs through Little Panoche Valley, passing the low-key \u003ca href=\"https://merceyhotsprings.com/\">Mercey Hot Springs\u003c/a> resort. The entrance to the BLM's \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/panoche.html\">Panoche Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a> is here, too. At the head of the valley the road cuts through Glaucophane Ridge, an unexpected exposure of old Franciscan rocks, then goes straight south across the wide and gentle Panoche Valley and ends at Panoche Road. This pocket of farmland is one of Central California's hidden gems. The south side of the valley presents a striking set of terraces. These are mapped as river terraces but might be lake beds; I haven't looked into the literature. In either case they, too, attest to ancient episodes of accelerated erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32503\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheterraces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheterraces\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buck Peak, in the Griswold Hills, and river terraces of the Panoche Valley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Panoche Road west eventually gets you to Paicines, south of Hollister. The road east gets you back to I-5, but all of the crooked part is decent dirt. In wet weather, turn back here, or maybe go a little ways on the paved part and daydream about taking New Idria Road south to the remote ghost town of Idria. The eastern end of the valley has good views of the Panoche Hills from the south, but eventually the road crosses the creek without benefit of a bridge and then turns to dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoches/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoches\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fine weather, ford the stream and proceed across some splendid and scenic country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheroad/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheroad\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, you are in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/tumey.html\">Tumey Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a>. These hills are lower and drier than the Panoches, and the rocks along the road are quite different. They are young sandstones and conglomerates formed as the Coast Range began to rise, just a few million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeycgl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32504\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeycgl\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the road as well as the rocks, but don't miss the landscape. All photos in this post were taken in late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeys/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32506\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeys\" width=\"600\" height=\"473\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys-400x315.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you reach I-5, you'll have a choice of eating places to get you ready to roll again. Maybe, like me, you prefer to think of it as the place where the iron dinosaur used to be. It was the creation of the late Carmon Neff of Chowchilla, and I don't know where it went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeydino/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeydino\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Interstate 5 doesn't have to be a dreary drive. Take a geological side trip on the way, for instance to the hidden Coast Range treasures due west of Fresno.",
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"description": "Interstate 5 doesn't have to be a dreary drive. Take a geological side trip on the way, for instance to the hidden Coast Range treasures due west of Fresno.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32499\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32499\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoche-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoche\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32499\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Panoche Hills provide a splendid overlook to the Great Valley on good days. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most people, it's probably fair to say, loathe Interstate 5 between Redding and Bakersfield. If all you want to do is get from point A to point B, I-5 enables that, but the road is so smooth and the route so straight that the typical driver resents the time spent on it, even at 80 mph and faster. Traffic can reach dangerous speeds, eyes get glazed, attention wavers, and tempers grow short.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for me, I love the chance to enjoy I-5. I make it a full day's trip to get from the Bay Area to Southern California or the Shasta region, and that gives me a long enough leash to get off the freeway at least once during the day. So I'd like to share with you some of my favorite side trips, and they don't include Santa Nella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One that I've enjoyed several times goes past the Panoche and Tumey Hills, a big patch of wild land along the east side of the Coast Range managed by the Bureau of Land Management. It's a loop of backroad about halfway to Bakersfield, due west of Fresno. Its north end is Little Panoche Road and its south end is Panoche Road. It includes some dirt road and takes a good hour if you don't stop much. Its two notable landmarks are Mercey Hot Springs and the village of Panoche, in well-hidden Panoche Valley. I've never stopped at either place because it's the countryside that attracts me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's have a look at the geologic map of the area, derived from the nice \u003ca href=\"http://www.quake.ca.gov/gmaps/GMC/stategeologicmap.html\">interactive state geologic map\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32500\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panochegeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32500\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panochegeomap\" width=\"640\" height=\"529\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32500\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panochegeomap-400x331.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Significant map units: Ku, upper Cretaceous marine rocks; Ep, Paleocene marine rocks; E, Eocene marine rocks; QP, Pliocene-Pleistocene nonmarine rocks; Q, modern and recent sediment; Qoa, Quaternary river terraces; KJf, Franciscan complex; um, ultramafic rocks\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The bulk of the hills consists of late Cretaceous mudstones, laid down in a shallow sea some 80 million years ago when the Sierra Nevada was a great chain of volcanoes like today's Cascade Range. This sea persisted past Cretaceous time into the succeeding Paleocene and Eocene epochs, perhaps 50 or 40 million years ago. There are rare plesiosaur and mosasaur fossils in the older section and lots of fossil wood throughout. But we don't have time to hunt fossils, although collecting for personal purposes is allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Little Panoche Road runs up the valley of Little Panoche Creek, where at least two levels of stream terraces are visible that testify to different episodes of erosion. They in turn are undoubtedly related to the uplift history of these hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32498\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/littlepanoche/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32498\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"littlepanoche\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/littlepanoche-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking across Little Panoche Creek to the north flank of the Panoche Hills.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The road turns south and runs through Little Panoche Valley, passing the low-key \u003ca href=\"https://merceyhotsprings.com/\">Mercey Hot Springs\u003c/a> resort. The entrance to the BLM's \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/panoche.html\">Panoche Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a> is here, too. At the head of the valley the road cuts through Glaucophane Ridge, an unexpected exposure of old Franciscan rocks, then goes straight south across the wide and gentle Panoche Valley and ends at Panoche Road. This pocket of farmland is one of Central California's hidden gems. The south side of the valley presents a striking set of terraces. These are mapped as river terraces but might be lake beds; I haven't looked into the literature. In either case they, too, attest to ancient episodes of accelerated erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32503\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheterraces/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32503\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheterraces\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheterraces-400x258.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buck Peak, in the Griswold Hills, and river terraces of the Panoche Valley.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Panoche Road west eventually gets you to Paicines, south of Hollister. The road east gets you back to I-5, but all of the crooked part is decent dirt. In wet weather, turn back here, or maybe go a little ways on the paved part and daydream about taking New Idria Road south to the remote ghost town of Idria. The eastern end of the valley has good views of the Panoche Hills from the south, but eventually the road crosses the creek without benefit of a bridge and then turns to dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panoches/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32502\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panoches\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32502\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panoches-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fine weather, ford the stream and proceed across some splendid and scenic country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/panocheroad/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32501\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"panocheroad\" width=\"600\" height=\"414\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32501\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/panocheroad-400x276.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At this point, you are in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/hollister/recreation/tumey.html\">Tumey Hills Recreation Area\u003c/a>. These hills are lower and drier than the Panoches, and the rocks along the road are quite different. They are young sandstones and conglomerates formed as the Coast Range began to rise, just a few million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeycgl/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32504\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeycgl\" width=\"500\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32504\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeycgl-400x321.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch the road as well as the rocks, but don't miss the landscape. All photos in this post were taken in late March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeys/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32506\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeys\" width=\"600\" height=\"473\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32506\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeys-400x315.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you reach I-5, you'll have a choice of eating places to get you ready to roll again. Maybe, like me, you prefer to think of it as the place where the iron dinosaur used to be. It was the creation of the late Carmon Neff of Chowchilla, and I don't know where it went.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/08/side-trips-from-interstate-5-panoche-and-tumey-hills/tumeydino/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32505\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"tumeydino\" width=\"600\" height=\"401\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-32505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/tumeydino-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Fact and Fiction of Fantastic Hybrids",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32223\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32223\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg\" alt=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen \u003ca href=\"http://sandrayagi.com/page10/page15/page15.html\" title=\"Sandra Yagi - Voyage Through A Hidden World\">Voyage Through a Hidden World\u003c/a>. This collaboration between artist Sandra Yagi and writer Julie Benbow is currently on display at \u003ca href=\"http://www.boneroompresents.com/\" title=\"The Bone Room Presents\">The Bone Room Presents\u003c/a> in Berkeley. Yagi's hybrid creatures are paired with Benbow's journal entries, written from the perspective of fictional 18th century explorer Lady Lavinia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rhinobeetle-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many members of the beautiful bestiary are puns incarnate. Real \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle\" title=\"Wikipedia - Rhinoceros beetle\">rhino beetles\u003c/a> are large and oddly shaped, but Yagi's Rhinobeetle has the head of a literal rhinoceros. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon\" title=\"Wikipedia - Leafy seadragon\">Leafy seadragons\u003c/a> in our world are marine fish; the ones on Yagi's canvas crawl on reptilian limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yagi has always been fascinated by science. \"I'd go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bodyworlds.com/en.html\" title=\"Body Worlds\">Body Worlds\u003c/a> and take my sketchbook,\" she says. \"I collect anatomy books.\" The artist is also lucky to have a personal fact-checker: \"My partner works in medicine, so she'll tell me if I get anything wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aren't all hybrids \"getting it wrong\" in a spectacular way? In \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/Zonkeys-Are-Pretty-Much-My-Favorite-Animal.html?page=all\" title=\"Jon Cohen - Outside - Zonkeys\">Zonkeys are Pretty Much My Favorite Animal\u003c/a>\" (July 31, 2007 \u003cem>Outside\u003c/em>), Jon Cohen points out that hybrids \"strain credulity--even when they're staring you in the face.\" They flout the organized structure we've set up to understand nature. And yet real hybrids are more common, and possibly more important to evolution, than most of us realize. Have you ever heard of blynxes? Pizzlies? \u003cem>Humanzees\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real-world hybrids are always produced by crosses between similar species. Remember the classification scheme you probably had to memorize in high school biology, with humans as an example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32225\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hummingshrew-193x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"193\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kingdom\u003c/strong> (Animalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Phylum\u003c/strong> (Chordata)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Class\u003c/strong> (Mammalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Order\u003c/strong> (Primate)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Family\u003c/strong> (Hominidae)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Genus\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>Homo\u003c/em>)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Species\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>sapiens\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bobcat (\u003cem>Lynx rufus\u003c/em>) and a lynx (\u003cem>Lynx lynx\u003c/em>) belong to the same \u003cstrong>genus\u003c/strong>, and they can make a baby blynx. Polar bears (\u003cem>Ursus maritimus\u003c/em>) and grizzlies (\u003cem>Ursus arctos\u003c/em>) are also congeners, and can join forces to create a pizzly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds and shrews, by contrast, belong to entirely separate \u003cstrong>classes\u003c/strong>, and frogs and crabs to separate \u003cstrong>phyla\u003c/strong>. Anatomical and chemical differences between these pairs are too extreme to allow hybridization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So fiddlerfrogs and hummingshrews remain confined to our imaginations. Disappointment, or relief? Your choice!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar? These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen Voyage Through a Hidden World.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32223\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32223\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg\" alt=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32223\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/crabfish-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crabfish - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Have you heard of the Poisonous Fiddlerfrog, whose tadpoles grow up into crabs? Or the Hummingshrew, who eats flies as well as nectar?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These animals aren't real, so you'd only know about them if you've seen \u003ca href=\"http://sandrayagi.com/page10/page15/page15.html\" title=\"Sandra Yagi - Voyage Through A Hidden World\">Voyage Through a Hidden World\u003c/a>. This collaboration between artist Sandra Yagi and writer Julie Benbow is currently on display at \u003ca href=\"http://www.boneroompresents.com/\" title=\"The Bone Room Presents\">The Bone Room Presents\u003c/a> in Berkeley. Yagi's hybrid creatures are paired with Benbow's journal entries, written from the perspective of fictional 18th century explorer Lady Lavinia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32224\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-3/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32224\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/rhinobeetle-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32224\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rhinobeetle - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many members of the beautiful bestiary are puns incarnate. Real \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle\" title=\"Wikipedia - Rhinoceros beetle\">rhino beetles\u003c/a> are large and oddly shaped, but Yagi's Rhinobeetle has the head of a literal rhinoceros. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafy_seadragon\" title=\"Wikipedia - Leafy seadragon\">Leafy seadragons\u003c/a> in our world are marine fish; the ones on Yagi's canvas crawl on reptilian limbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yagi has always been fascinated by science. \"I'd go to \u003ca href=\"http://www.bodyworlds.com/en.html\" title=\"Body Worlds\">Body Worlds\u003c/a> and take my sketchbook,\" she says. \"I collect anatomy books.\" The artist is also lucky to have a personal fact-checker: \"My partner works in medicine, so she'll tell me if I get anything wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But aren't all hybrids \"getting it wrong\" in a spectacular way? In \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/Zonkeys-Are-Pretty-Much-My-Favorite-Animal.html?page=all\" title=\"Jon Cohen - Outside - Zonkeys\">Zonkeys are Pretty Much My Favorite Animal\u003c/a>\" (July 31, 2007 \u003cem>Outside\u003c/em>), Jon Cohen points out that hybrids \"strain credulity--even when they're staring you in the face.\" They flout the organized structure we've set up to understand nature. And yet real hybrids are more common, and possibly more important to evolution, than most of us realize. Have you ever heard of blynxes? Pizzlies? \u003cem>Humanzees\u003c/em>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But real-world hybrids are always produced by crosses between similar species. Remember the classification scheme you probably had to memorize in high school biology, with humans as an example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32225\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 193px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/fictional-natural-history/olympus-digital-camera-4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32225\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hummingshrew-193x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" title=\"Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\" width=\"193\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hummingshrew - Sandra Yagi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kingdom\u003c/strong> (Animalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Phylum\u003c/strong> (Chordata)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Class\u003c/strong> (Mammalia)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Order\u003c/strong> (Primate)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Family\u003c/strong> (Hominidae)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Genus\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>Homo\u003c/em>)\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Species\u003c/strong> (\u003cem>sapiens\u003c/em>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bobcat (\u003cem>Lynx rufus\u003c/em>) and a lynx (\u003cem>Lynx lynx\u003c/em>) belong to the same \u003cstrong>genus\u003c/strong>, and they can make a baby blynx. Polar bears (\u003cem>Ursus maritimus\u003c/em>) and grizzlies (\u003cem>Ursus arctos\u003c/em>) are also congeners, and can join forces to create a pizzly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hummingbirds and shrews, by contrast, belong to entirely separate \u003cstrong>classes\u003c/strong>, and frogs and crabs to separate \u003cstrong>phyla\u003c/strong>. Anatomical and chemical differences between these pairs are too extreme to allow hybridization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So fiddlerfrogs and hummingshrews remain confined to our imaginations. Disappointment, or relief? Your choice!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Try This at Home: Invisible Ink",
"title": "Try This at Home: Invisible Ink",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32024\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/try-this-at-home-invisible-ink/arnold-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32024\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/arnold-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Letter written by Benedict Arnold\" title=\"arnold resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32024\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A letter from the Revolutionary War with lines written in invisible ink. Credit: Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, the US Central Intelligence Agency released documents detailing \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-recipe-for-invisible-ink-among-newly-released-wwi-era-documents/2011/04/19/AFn5Ej7D_story.html\">recipes for invisible ink from 1917 and 1918\u003c/a>. Among the recipes was a favorite ink recipe of German soliders during World War I -- crushed aspirin mixed with water. Though the ink is easily available, uncovering it required a complicated chemical developer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other recipes in the CIA documents used solutions of iron, silver or copper salts as ink and developed the writing by heating the paper. This bit of history inspired my inner scientist and spy. Without access to chemicals in a lab, I experimented with invisible ink recipes using things I found around my house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Lemon juice and heat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDip a cotton swab or thin paintbrush in lemon juice. Write your message on white paper and let it dry. Hold the paper over a lamp, radiator or candle (but don’t let it catch fire!). The heat breaks down the acid into light-brown compounds, revealing your message forever. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how my experiment turned out. The top part of the picture is the paper before I held it over a candle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/try-this-at-home-invisible-ink/kqed-b4-and-after-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32028\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/kqed-b4-and-after-resize.jpg\" alt=\"Lemon juice invisible ink\" title=\"kqed b4 and after resize\" width=\"640\" height=\"528\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32028\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/kqed-b4-and-after-resize.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/kqed-b4-and-after-resize-400x330.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using lemon juice as invisible ink, before and after developing with heat. Credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Laundry detergent and black light\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhite shirts glow under black lights at a haunted house because the whitening agent in laundry detergent glows under ultraviolet light. Try writing your message using liquid laundry detergent. Holding the paper to a black light reveals a glowing message without damaging the paper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if spies intercept a message written with one of these inks, it’s likely they could decode it. We all can find something to heat paper. And black lights, though less common than candles, are still widely available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve this problem, I borrowed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.hanford.gov/c.cfm/oci/ci_spy.cfm?dossier=77\">trick from George Washington\u003c/a>: using two different chemicals to write and decode the message. Washington wrote with an watery ink containing iron salts. The receiver decoded the message by painting the paper with sodium carbonate, a chemical cousin of baking soda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining ink supplies was crucial during Washington's day. Now a trip to the grocery store will keep you well supplied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Baking soda and grape juice\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMake a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mrsec.psu.edu/ipse/activities/vision/vision3_invisible_ink.asp\">paste of baking soda in water\u003c/a>. Write your message with this paste on a piece of paper and let it dry. To decode the message, paint the paper with thawed grape juice concentrate. The acidic juice reacts with the basic baking soda and the purple grape juice turns gray. This worked best when I used plenty of baking soda paste and undiluted grape juice concentrate:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/try-this-at-home-invisible-ink/quest-before-and-after/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32030\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/quest-before-and-after.png\" alt=\"Baking soda and grape juice invisible ink\" title=\"quest before and after\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/quest-before-and-after.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/quest-before-and-after-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Writing in baking soda and developing with grape juice. Credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the pictures above, you can tell that the paper has been altered because the paper buckles as the watery lemon juice or baking soda paste dries. Traditionally, writers would re-steam the paper to remove the bumps after scribbling a message with wet ink. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://artofmanliness.com/2011/09/09/man-knowledge-the-history-of-invisible-ink/\">During the Cold War\u003c/a>, invisible ink technology improved enough to remove the time-consuming steaming step. Soviet and East German spy agencies developed chemical-coated paper similar to carbon paper we use today. Agents sandwiched this coated paper between two blank pieces of paper. Writing on the top sheet transferred the chemicals from the middle sheet to the bottom paper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oU2PkF9QLTQ\">hacking an ink-jet printer\u003c/a> to print lemon juice invisible ink would transfer your message without damaging the paper as well. I’d love to hear from someone who has tried this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have fun sending secret messages!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Many invisible ink recipes from the Revolutionary War and World War I used chemicals commonly found in labs. Write your own secret messages using ingredients in your house. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32024\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/try-this-at-home-invisible-ink/arnold-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32024\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/arnold-resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Letter written by Benedict Arnold\" title=\"arnold resize\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32024\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A letter from the Revolutionary War with lines written in invisible ink. Credit: Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last year, the US Central Intelligence Agency released documents detailing \u003ca href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/cia-recipe-for-invisible-ink-among-newly-released-wwi-era-documents/2011/04/19/AFn5Ej7D_story.html\">recipes for invisible ink from 1917 and 1918\u003c/a>. Among the recipes was a favorite ink recipe of German soliders during World War I -- crushed aspirin mixed with water. Though the ink is easily available, uncovering it required a complicated chemical developer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other recipes in the CIA documents used solutions of iron, silver or copper salts as ink and developed the writing by heating the paper. This bit of history inspired my inner scientist and spy. Without access to chemicals in a lab, I experimented with invisible ink recipes using things I found around my house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. Lemon juice and heat\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nDip a cotton swab or thin paintbrush in lemon juice. Write your message on white paper and let it dry. Hold the paper over a lamp, radiator or candle (but don’t let it catch fire!). The heat breaks down the acid into light-brown compounds, revealing your message forever. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is how my experiment turned out. The top part of the picture is the paper before I held it over a candle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/try-this-at-home-invisible-ink/kqed-b4-and-after-resize/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32028\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/kqed-b4-and-after-resize.jpg\" alt=\"Lemon juice invisible ink\" title=\"kqed b4 and after resize\" width=\"640\" height=\"528\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32028\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/kqed-b4-and-after-resize.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/kqed-b4-and-after-resize-400x330.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Using lemon juice as invisible ink, before and after developing with heat. Credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. Laundry detergent and black light\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhite shirts glow under black lights at a haunted house because the whitening agent in laundry detergent glows under ultraviolet light. Try writing your message using liquid laundry detergent. Holding the paper to a black light reveals a glowing message without damaging the paper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if spies intercept a message written with one of these inks, it’s likely they could decode it. We all can find something to heat paper. And black lights, though less common than candles, are still widely available. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To solve this problem, I borrowed a \u003ca href=\"http://www.hanford.gov/c.cfm/oci/ci_spy.cfm?dossier=77\">trick from George Washington\u003c/a>: using two different chemicals to write and decode the message. Washington wrote with an watery ink containing iron salts. The receiver decoded the message by painting the paper with sodium carbonate, a chemical cousin of baking soda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maintaining ink supplies was crucial during Washington's day. Now a trip to the grocery store will keep you well supplied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. Baking soda and grape juice\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nMake a \u003ca href=\"http://www.mrsec.psu.edu/ipse/activities/vision/vision3_invisible_ink.asp\">paste of baking soda in water\u003c/a>. Write your message with this paste on a piece of paper and let it dry. To decode the message, paint the paper with thawed grape juice concentrate. The acidic juice reacts with the basic baking soda and the purple grape juice turns gray. This worked best when I used plenty of baking soda paste and undiluted grape juice concentrate:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/07/try-this-at-home-invisible-ink/quest-before-and-after/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32030\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/quest-before-and-after.png\" alt=\"Baking soda and grape juice invisible ink\" title=\"quest before and after\" width=\"640\" height=\"500\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/quest-before-and-after.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/quest-before-and-after-400x313.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Writing in baking soda and developing with grape juice. Credit: Melissae Fellet\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the pictures above, you can tell that the paper has been altered because the paper buckles as the watery lemon juice or baking soda paste dries. Traditionally, writers would re-steam the paper to remove the bumps after scribbling a message with wet ink. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://artofmanliness.com/2011/09/09/man-knowledge-the-history-of-invisible-ink/\">During the Cold War\u003c/a>, invisible ink technology improved enough to remove the time-consuming steaming step. Soviet and East German spy agencies developed chemical-coated paper similar to carbon paper we use today. Agents sandwiched this coated paper between two blank pieces of paper. Writing on the top sheet transferred the chemicals from the middle sheet to the bottom paper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oU2PkF9QLTQ\">hacking an ink-jet printer\u003c/a> to print lemon juice invisible ink would transfer your message without damaging the paper as well. I’d love to hear from someone who has tried this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have fun sending secret messages!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/icsi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31837\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ICSI\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31837\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are getting pretty good at turning regular cells into those magical embryonic stem (ES) cells that can become any other kind of cell. They haven’t perfected their technique yet but when they do, all sorts of possibilities open up for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may come a time when infertile men can have their cells coaxed into ES cells and then coaxed back into sperm cells. Or when the same thing can happen with women (except her cells will be persuaded to become eggs). Now these folks may be able to have kids when they couldn’t before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology brings up an even more interesting possibility. Imagine a man’s cells are transformed into ES cells and then turned into egg cells. Or a woman’s cells undergo something similar except that the end result is a sperm cell. Now same sex couples could conceivably have children that share both partners’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, I do want to emphasize that we aren’t there yet. No one has done anything like this with artificially created ES cells. (Scientists call these artificially created ES cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=109\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a> or iPS cells to distinguish them from true ES cells.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have at least managed to \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/08/sperm-made-mostly-in-a-dish-produce.html\">turn natural mouse ES cells into a sperm\u003c/a> cell that can fertilize an egg which then results in a living pup. And they have done similar things in mice to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903421\">create precursor egg cells\u003c/a> from natural ES cells. So it should only be a matter of time before they get these working with human ES cells too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step would be to try to get these to work with iPS cells. Scientists have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127090732.htm\">make sperm and egg precursors\u003c/a> from mouse iPS cells. But to my knowledge, no one has yet created a fertilized egg from a sperm and an egg derived from these cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/mouse.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This mouse named\u003cbr>Kaguya had two moms.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>While iPS cells appear to be very similar to natural ES cells, the proof will be in the cells that come from them. Someone needs to do the experiment where a mouse iPS cell is turned into a sperm or an egg that is then used to create a viable mouse pup. Then, as long as we can solve the problem that these cells sometimes turn cancerous, we’ll be in business for helping infertile couples this way. (As opposed to the approach suggested by a \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/human-egg-stem-cells-isolated.html?ref=hp\">recent report\u003c/a> where scientists found egg stem cells in adult women’s ovaries.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this all seems doable. There aren’t any paradigm shifts or anything like that…mostly just technical hurdles to be overcome. The same may not be true for turning a man’s cells into eggs or a woman’s into sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is much harder for lots of different reasons. A big potential problem is that a man’s DNA is fundamentally different from a woman’s DNA. This is why, for example, we can’t just fuse two eggs and get a baby. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\">pulled this off in mice\u003c/a> but only by changing one egg’s DNA to make it more like a man’s. No way we could do something similar in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope would be that the iPS process would wipe the DNA clean of any gender. We don’t yet know if it does though. And if a bit of maleness remains in a man’s iPS cells or a bit of femaleness in a woman’s iPS cells, then we may not be able to get a working egg or sperm. We’ll just have to wait and see!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we don’t have to worry about is some narcissist making an egg and a sperm from his cells to make a baby entirely out of his genes. Because of how DNA is distributed into eggs and sperm, you wouldn’t get a clone. Instead you’d get the most inbred individual you’ve ever seen. Odds are that the child would suffer from some devastating genetic disease that lay hidden in the parent’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGNchPdlaGU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice primer on making iPS cells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/05/reproduction-unleashed/icsi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31837\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ICSI\" width=\"640\" height=\"366\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31837\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/ICSI-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are getting pretty good at turning regular cells into those magical embryonic stem (ES) cells that can become any other kind of cell. They haven’t perfected their technique yet but when they do, all sorts of possibilities open up for prospective parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There may come a time when infertile men can have their cells coaxed into ES cells and then coaxed back into sperm cells. Or when the same thing can happen with women (except her cells will be persuaded to become eggs). Now these folks may be able to have kids when they couldn’t before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This technology brings up an even more interesting possibility. Imagine a man’s cells are transformed into ES cells and then turned into egg cells. Or a woman’s cells undergo something similar except that the end result is a sperm cell. Now same sex couples could conceivably have children that share both partners’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before we get too far ahead of ourselves, I do want to emphasize that we aren’t there yet. No one has done anything like this with artificially created ES cells. (Scientists call these artificially created ES cells \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=109\">induced pluripotent stem cells\u003c/a> or iPS cells to distinguish them from true ES cells.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have at least managed to \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2011/08/sperm-made-mostly-in-a-dish-produce.html\">turn natural mouse ES cells into a sperm\u003c/a> cell that can fertilize an egg which then results in a living pup. And they have done similar things in mice to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16903421\">create precursor egg cells\u003c/a> from natural ES cells. So it should only be a matter of time before they get these working with human ES cells too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next step would be to try to get these to work with iPS cells. Scientists have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090127090732.htm\">make sperm and egg precursors\u003c/a> from mouse iPS cells. But to my knowledge, no one has yet created a fertilized egg from a sperm and an egg derived from these cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/images/ask/mouse.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This mouse named\u003cbr>Kaguya had two moms.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>While iPS cells appear to be very similar to natural ES cells, the proof will be in the cells that come from them. Someone needs to do the experiment where a mouse iPS cell is turned into a sperm or an egg that is then used to create a viable mouse pup. Then, as long as we can solve the problem that these cells sometimes turn cancerous, we’ll be in business for helping infertile couples this way. (As opposed to the approach suggested by a \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/02/human-egg-stem-cells-isolated.html?ref=hp\">recent report\u003c/a> where scientists found egg stem cells in adult women’s ovaries.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this all seems doable. There aren’t any paradigm shifts or anything like that…mostly just technical hurdles to be overcome. The same may not be true for turning a man’s cells into eggs or a woman’s into sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is much harder for lots of different reasons. A big potential problem is that a man’s DNA is fundamentally different from a woman’s DNA. This is why, for example, we can’t just fuse two eggs and get a baby. Scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=16\">pulled this off in mice\u003c/a> but only by changing one egg’s DNA to make it more like a man’s. No way we could do something similar in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope would be that the iPS process would wipe the DNA clean of any gender. We don’t yet know if it does though. And if a bit of maleness remains in a man’s iPS cells or a bit of femaleness in a woman’s iPS cells, then we may not be able to get a working egg or sperm. We’ll just have to wait and see!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing we don’t have to worry about is some narcissist making an egg and a sperm from his cells to make a baby entirely out of his genes. Because of how DNA is distributed into eggs and sperm, you wouldn’t get a clone. Instead you’d get the most inbred individual you’ve ever seen. Odds are that the child would suffer from some devastating genetic disease that lay hidden in the parent’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGNchPdlaGU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fGNchPdlaGU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nice primer on making iPS cells.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lone Wolf’s Historic Trek Provokes Questions and Concerns ",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31938\" title=\"WolfOFG\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf from OR7's pack in Oregon. (Image: Oregon Department of Fish and Game)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. OR7’s trek made him the first wolf in California in almost 90 years. Officials say it’s possible the wolf will continue to use both states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. Environmentalists want to see a wolf population restored in the state. For others, OR7 is not a welcome visitor. In Lassen County, where OR7 has spent the bulk of his time, wolf opposition is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"If it's killing my cattle, I'm gonna kill it.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent county board of supervisors meeting in Susanville, a town in the state’s rural northeast corner, Fish and Game biologist Karen Kovacs takes the podium. “What we’re here today to do is just to share what we know about wolves in California,” she says to the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs’ agency gets daily downloads about the two-year-old male wolf’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">location \u003c/a>through its radio collar. “Are there other wolves in California? That’s a $64 million dollar question,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing Kovacs has learned since OR7 arrived, it’s that wolves make people emotional. For several weeks, Kovacs and other wildlife officials have attended a number of public meetings about California’s wolf. In the state’s northern counties, the reaction has been vocal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The protection afforded something that doesn’t belong here in the first place doesn’t make any sense,” says Susanville resident Len Grizwold. “Be cautious, folks. They’re here to tell you there’s nothing to worry about,” says another resident. The reception from county supervisor and rancher Bob Pyle isn’t any warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t care what it is. If it’s killing my cattle, I’m gonna kill it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any wolf in California is considered endangered,” responds Susan Moore of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “And if you should take it, kill it, it is a $100,000 fine or a year in jail, or both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment has followed wolves from the moment they were reintroduced in the West almost 20 years ago. In states like Idaho and Montana, where wolf populations have rebounded, there’s been an all-out war. Ranchers and hunters say wolves kill too many livestock and elk. Environmentalists see the wolf as a key part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, that debate has come to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Wolf’s Trail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a quiet pine forest outside of Susanville, Kovacs and Fish and Game biologist Richard Callas walk through a light layer of snow. OR7 crossed a major highway nearby a few weeks ago, not far from where California’s last wolf was trapped and killed in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31958\" title=\"Map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see a larger map of where OR7 has traveled.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The way we find his tracks is because they’re pretty darn big,” says Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR7’s exact location is secret to protect the wolf, but once he leaves an area, Kovacs and Callas go in to see what he’s been eating. “We know that OR7 has fed on two deer. We don’t know if he killed them or scavenged them,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life isn’t easy for a wolf on his own. But there’s a reason OR7 has traveled 2,000 miles since he left his pack in Oregon last September. “His love life hasn’t been much to brag about lately,” Callas says. “But he’s certainly looking for a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other states, it’s taken about 10 years for a pack to be established after the first wolf showed up. But biologists aren’t sure how successful wolves will be here. “Our elk population is smaller than some state like Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. Our deer numbers were lower than they were,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Oregon’s wolf packs live hundreds of miles from the border, it could be some time before another wolf wanders this way. But for the Department of Fish and Game, that may not matter. Groups on both sides are calling for some kind of plan to manage wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are entities out there who are ready to litigate at the drop of a hat,” says Kovacs. “Can we get those stakeholders here in California to the table to collectively meet to move forward?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Ranchers Concerned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31954\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31954\" title=\"Ranch\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR7 wandered close to Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a cold morning at Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville, Jack Hanson is getting ready to feed 300 hungry cattle. A few weeks ago, OR7 wasn’t far from here. “About 17 or 18 miles as the crow flies,” says Hanson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson says it’s not OR7 that’s he’s worried about. It’s that wolf populations could grow. In other states, some ranchers are trying out tools to deter wolves, like special fencing and loud noises. Some even get text messages when wolves are close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most ranchers see wolves as one more thing to deal with in an already tough industry, says Hanson. Still, he wants to be part of the discussion. “We’ll be able to have a dialogue with agencies. I don’t think it will ever come to exactly where we want it, which is not to have them back in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State and Federal Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves are currently protected in California under the federal Endangered Species Act, but several environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-02-27-2012.html\">are petitioning\u003c/a> the state to protect them under California law as well. That would require the Department of Fish and Game to figure out how many wolves belong in California and how they’ll recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is also considering whether to specially protect California wolves. Populations in Idaho, Montana and parts of Oregon and Washington have already been taken off the endangered species list but this week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-03-01-2012.html\">agency recommended\u003c/a> removing protection for wolves in some of the remaining parts of the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wolves may still be protected, however. Fish and Wildlife is considering whether to \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationnw.org/wildlife-habitat/pacific-northwest-gray-wolf-protection-status-review\">specially protect wolves\u003c/a> in parts of Oregon, Washington and California. If so, the agency would consider writing a recovery plan for what would be known as the Pacific Northwest population. That decision is due by September 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see California as being essential to the recovery of wolves. It’s not prime wolf habitat,” says Dan Ashe, director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “But certainly, wolves will move hopefully in the future and will find some hospitable territory in California. Some may establish themselves there, but hopefully they’ll be well-managed under state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weathering the Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: can California avoid the battles that other states have seen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so,” says Ed Bangs, the recently retired Wolf Recovery Coordinator at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He’s been in the middle of the Western wolf debate for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember wolves and wolf management has nothing to do with reality. I mean we can give you facts, you know all this biology stuff. That isn’t what people talk about. They’re talking about what wolves mean to them symbolically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks that debate isn’t necessarily a bad thing. “Imagine if it was the way it was before when no one cared at all about natural resources or wildlife. Apathy is a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 30 years ago, there were only a handful of gray wolves in the West. Today, there are more than 1,600.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-05-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31938\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31938\" title=\"WolfOFG\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/WolfOFG-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wolf from OR7's pack in Oregon. (Image: Oregon Department of Fish and Game)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>OR7, the lone gray wolf from a pack in Oregon, crossed back into his home state yesterday after two months of wandering in Northern California. OR7’s trek made him the first wolf in California in almost 90 years. Officials say it’s possible the wolf will continue to use both states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, California has been thrown into a national debate about how to manage wolves. Environmentalists want to see a wolf population restored in the state. For others, OR7 is not a welcome visitor. In Lassen County, where OR7 has spent the bulk of his time, wolf opposition is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"If it's killing my cattle, I'm gonna kill it.\"\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent county board of supervisors meeting in Susanville, a town in the state’s rural northeast corner, Fish and Game biologist Karen Kovacs takes the podium. “What we’re here today to do is just to share what we know about wolves in California,” she says to the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kovacs’ agency gets daily downloads about the two-year-old male wolf’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/wolf/\">location \u003c/a>through its radio collar. “Are there other wolves in California? That’s a $64 million dollar question,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there's one thing Kovacs has learned since OR7 arrived, it’s that wolves make people emotional. For several weeks, Kovacs and other wildlife officials have attended a number of public meetings about California’s wolf. In the state’s northern counties, the reaction has been vocal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The protection afforded something that doesn’t belong here in the first place doesn’t make any sense,” says Susanville resident Len Grizwold. “Be cautious, folks. They’re here to tell you there’s nothing to worry about,” says another resident. The reception from county supervisor and rancher Bob Pyle isn’t any warmer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really don’t care what it is. If it’s killing my cattle, I’m gonna kill it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any wolf in California is considered endangered,” responds Susan Moore of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “And if you should take it, kill it, it is a $100,000 fine or a year in jail, or both.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That sentiment has followed wolves from the moment they were reintroduced in the West almost 20 years ago. In states like Idaho and Montana, where wolf populations have rebounded, there’s been an all-out war. Ranchers and hunters say wolves kill too many livestock and elk. Environmentalists see the wolf as a key part of a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With OR7’s arrival, that debate has come to California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On the Wolf’s Trail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a quiet pine forest outside of Susanville, Kovacs and Fish and Game biologist Richard Callas walk through a light layer of snow. OR7 crossed a major highway nearby a few weeks ago, not far from where California’s last wolf was trapped and killed in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://nrm.dfg.ca.gov/FileHandler.ashx?DocumentID=42104&inline=true\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31958\" title=\"Map\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"226\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to see a larger map of where OR7 has traveled.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The way we find his tracks is because they’re pretty darn big,” says Kovacs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>OR7’s exact location is secret to protect the wolf, but once he leaves an area, Kovacs and Callas go in to see what he’s been eating. “We know that OR7 has fed on two deer. We don’t know if he killed them or scavenged them,” Callas says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Life isn’t easy for a wolf on his own. But there’s a reason OR7 has traveled 2,000 miles since he left his pack in Oregon last September. “His love life hasn’t been much to brag about lately,” Callas says. “But he’s certainly looking for a mate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other states, it’s taken about 10 years for a pack to be established after the first wolf showed up. But biologists aren’t sure how successful wolves will be here. “Our elk population is smaller than some state like Montana, Colorado and Wyoming. Our deer numbers were lower than they were,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Oregon’s wolf packs live hundreds of miles from the border, it could be some time before another wolf wanders this way. But for the Department of Fish and Game, that may not matter. Groups on both sides are calling for some kind of plan to manage wolves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are entities out there who are ready to litigate at the drop of a hat,” says Kovacs. “Can we get those stakeholders here in California to the table to collectively meet to move forward?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Local Ranchers Concerned\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31954\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31954\" title=\"Ranch\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/DSC00093.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"320\" height=\"210\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">OR7 wandered close to Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a cold morning at Willow Creek Ranch outside of Susanville, Jack Hanson is getting ready to feed 300 hungry cattle. A few weeks ago, OR7 wasn’t far from here. “About 17 or 18 miles as the crow flies,” says Hanson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hanson says it’s not OR7 that’s he’s worried about. It’s that wolf populations could grow. In other states, some ranchers are trying out tools to deter wolves, like special fencing and loud noises. Some even get text messages when wolves are close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most ranchers see wolves as one more thing to deal with in an already tough industry, says Hanson. Still, he wants to be part of the discussion. “We’ll be able to have a dialogue with agencies. I don’t think it will ever come to exactly where we want it, which is not to have them back in the first place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>State and Federal Protections\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolves are currently protected in California under the federal Endangered Species Act, but several environmental groups \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-02-27-2012.html\">are petitioning\u003c/a> the state to protect them under California law as well. That would require the Department of Fish and Game to figure out how many wolves belong in California and how they’ll recover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is also considering whether to specially protect California wolves. Populations in Idaho, Montana and parts of Oregon and Washington have already been taken off the endangered species list but this week, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2012/wolves-03-01-2012.html\">agency recommended\u003c/a> removing protection for wolves in some of the remaining parts of the lower 48 states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California wolves may still be protected, however. Fish and Wildlife is considering whether to \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationnw.org/wildlife-habitat/pacific-northwest-gray-wolf-protection-status-review\">specially protect wolves\u003c/a> in parts of Oregon, Washington and California. If so, the agency would consider writing a recovery plan for what would be known as the Pacific Northwest population. That decision is due by September 30th.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t see California as being essential to the recovery of wolves. It’s not prime wolf habitat,” says Dan Ashe, director of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. “But certainly, wolves will move hopefully in the future and will find some hospitable territory in California. Some may establish themselves there, but hopefully they’ll be well-managed under state law.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weathering the Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: can California avoid the battles that other states have seen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so,” says Ed Bangs, the recently retired Wolf Recovery Coordinator at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. He’s been in the middle of the Western wolf debate for two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have to remember wolves and wolf management has nothing to do with reality. I mean we can give you facts, you know all this biology stuff. That isn’t what people talk about. They’re talking about what wolves mean to them symbolically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he thinks that debate isn’t necessarily a bad thing. “Imagine if it was the way it was before when no one cared at all about natural resources or wildlife. Apathy is a lot worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31017\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 643px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry 643\" width=\"643\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31017\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238.jpg 643w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Gooseberry1-e1329950707238-400x224.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fuchsia Flowering Gooseberry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seems like spring is \"bustin' out all over\" the Bay Area in the last few weeks. Bare branches of deciduous plants, dormant through the short days of winter, are swelling with new life. In my yard, the ornamental plum is attracting bees and songbirds. The flowers rain down under the weight of sparrows combing through the new growth. Out on the trails, native plants are doing the same, putting the short, dry winter behind them and unfurling the welcome mat to longer, warmer days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are enlisting the help of \"citizen scientists,\" students, and a corp of academics and volunteers, to help assess the effects of global climate change on seasonal plant and animal behavior. The USA National Phenology Network, with a statewide associated arm, the California Phenology Project, was started in 2010. The intent of the project is to collect data on the seasonal behavior of both plants and animals. Seasonal occurrences include bud burst and leafing out, blooming, fruiting, seed dispersal, and leaf wilt leading to dormancy. They are also tracking similar behavior in animal species along with migration. With enough data, scientists can then get a better idea of some of potential impacts of climate change. One of the plants they're tracking is poison oak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_30994\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/02/signs-of-spring-earlier-this-year/poison-oak-new-leaf/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-30994\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-30994 \" title=\"Poison Oak new leaf\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/Poison-Oak-new-leaf-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bud burst of poison oak\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While poison oak has a deserved bad rap as a plant most of us avoid, it's an important plant for wildlife who are immune to the irritating oils. It provides food from its white berries in the fall and shelter in its dense branches. If plant bud and blooms happen earlier due to climate change for this and other native plants, there may be important outcomes related to availability of food from the berries, for example, in late fall. Like a line of dominoes, changes in food availability can affect animal species and their predators as well as insect populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn more about the \u003ca title=\"California Phenology Project\" href=\"http://www.usanpn.org/cpp/\" target=\"_blank\">California Phenology Project\u003c/a>. You can become one of the volunteer \"citizen scientists\" who help collect data on this national effort. You can also learn more about our native plants through the \u003ca title=\"CA Native Plant Society\" href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/chapters/list.php\" target=\"_blank\">California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> with local chapters in many cities around the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/01/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness/pacifica-tsusign/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/pacifica-tsusign-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pacifica-tsusign\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31903\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of 2004, the U.S. government quickly expanded funding for the right things. These included the network of \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">DART\u003c/a> (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) seafloor sensors, coastal signage, inundation maps, and procedures to be presented at coastal towns. 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It's just like earthquakes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people running the program didn't seem as upset, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20057646\">the reported details of the plan\u003c/a> appeared to be consistent with an agency tapering off from buildup to maintenance. Still, beneath the concern was a bit of knowledge that's deeply ingrained among earthquake scientists, especially those in California: awareness is short-lived, peaking with significant events and then declining until the next catastrophe. History tells them so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early Californians were shaken by earthquakes often. Just since statehood, the Bay Area had damaging quakes (magnitude 6 and greater) in 1861, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1870, 1881, 1884, 1889, 1890, 1892, 1897, 1898, and then 1906. (See them in \u003ca href=\"http://projects.californiawatch.org/earthquakes/california-earthquake-history/\">this timeline from California Watch\u003c/a>.) Historian Stephen Tobriner has shown that 19th-century San Francisco architects designed their structures in full awareness of earthquakes, although building codes did not reflect the need. The 1906 earthquake was followed by strenuous denial of the hazard on the part of officials and business interests. Building codes did not begin to change until after the Santa Barbara quake of 1925, and the Long Beach quake of 1933 led to the Field Act mandating earthquake-resistant school buildings. Since then, scientists and the state have generally had a good relationship in terms of codes and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public awareness and mass preparation have been more episodic. In this part of California, large earthquakes virtually disappeared after 1906 until the late 1970s. In the meantime, populations multiplied and memories faded. Since then the tectonic system has been expressing the growing strain that will inevitably spawn the next Big One. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/01/the-half-life-of-disaster-awareness/pacifica-tsusign/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31903\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/pacifica-tsusign-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"pacifica-tsusign\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31903\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami of 2004, the U.S. government quickly expanded funding for the right things. These included the network of \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">DART\u003c/a> (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) seafloor sensors, coastal signage, inundation maps, and procedures to be presented at coastal towns. By 2011, the tsunami program had done a lot of good, and when the giant Tohoku earthquake sent tsunamis across the Pacific, the DART network did its job, emergency workers did theirs, and citizens had a clear idea of what would happen when waves reached America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What now? Most people would probably agree that a useful, well-operating program should be maintained. When the White House proposed to reduce its funding next year, voices of dismay were easy to find. Environmentalist Jeff Ruch said, \"This is like a homeowner trying to economize by disconnecting the smoke detector.\" The \u003ci>Mercury News\u003c/i> editors thundered, \"Nobody wants to find out what an unannounced tsunami might do to America's shores.\" I think those responses are over the top. More realistic was a quote from an emergency management pro: \"Preparedness and public education is perishable. People need to be reminded. It's just like earthquakes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people running the program didn't seem as upset, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20057646\">the reported details of the plan\u003c/a> appeared to be consistent with an agency tapering off from buildup to maintenance. Still, beneath the concern was a bit of knowledge that's deeply ingrained among earthquake scientists, especially those in California: awareness is short-lived, peaking with significant events and then declining until the next catastrophe. History tells them so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early Californians were shaken by earthquakes often. Just since statehood, the Bay Area had damaging quakes (magnitude 6 and greater) in 1861, 1864, 1865, 1866, 1868, 1870, 1881, 1884, 1889, 1890, 1892, 1897, 1898, and then 1906. (See them in \u003ca href=\"http://projects.californiawatch.org/earthquakes/california-earthquake-history/\">this timeline from California Watch\u003c/a>.) Historian Stephen Tobriner has shown that 19th-century San Francisco architects designed their structures in full awareness of earthquakes, although building codes did not reflect the need. The 1906 earthquake was followed by strenuous denial of the hazard on the part of officials and business interests. Building codes did not begin to change until after the Santa Barbara quake of 1925, and the Long Beach quake of 1933 led to the Field Act mandating earthquake-resistant school buildings. Since then, scientists and the state have generally had a good relationship in terms of codes and regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fantastic Voyage: The Salmon's Uphill Struggle for Survival",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>****\u003cbr>\nI’ll write about SPAWN’s habitat restoration efforts, and how you can help, in a future post. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.",
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"description": "California's critically endangered coho salmon are at a crossroads. Hundreds of thousands of fish once returned to our streams to spawn. But dams, water diversion, and habitat destruction have pushed the coho to the brink of extinction. Without heroic habitat restoration and water conservation efforts, we may lose our storied silver fish.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/640px-cohosmolts/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31595\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/640px-CohoSmolts-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Endangered coho salmon smolts\" title=\"640px-CohoSmolts\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31595\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a dreary late January morning, I join a small group of guardedly optimistic souls to scan the creeks of West Marin’s San Geronimo Valley to glimpse one of the Bay Area’s rarest denizens, the critically endangered coho salmon. With luck, we’d see a few survivors of the batch born here three years ago, returning to their home stream to pass on their genes to the next generation and renew the salmonid cycle of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a cycle that’s in imminent danger. We know the chances of witnessing a coho homecoming in Lagunitas Creek are slim, especially considering the provenance of this run. The fish, officially called the 2008-2009 cohort, emerged from a total of 26 redds (the spawning beds of salmonids). A shockingly low number. The lowest on record. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho lay between 1,400 and 3,000 eggs (depending on the female’s size), and it’s a good thing, because the salmon lifestyle is fraught with peril. Adults bury eggs in gravel under rocks, but silt from homes built too close to streams can choke the flow of oxygenated water and suffocate eggs. Surviving eggs yield tiny “alevins” that subsist on yolk sacs, hidden among rocks to avoid predatory insects, until they venture into the current as fry. If fry evade kingfishers, herons, and otters, they grow through summer, fall, and winter, barely the size of a ballpoint pen. Finally, as saltwater-ready smolts, they travel downstream to the Tomales Bay estuary, where bigger fish, birds, and hungry sea lions await, then head out to sea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coho can swim thousands of miles in the ocean, feeding on smaller fish or falling prey to sharks, sea lions, seals, orcas, and fishing boats. It’s a wonder any have come back at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they have. And it’s what they come home to, what we do for them in their natal streams, that’s critical to the species’ survival, says our guide, Jonathan Appelbaum, conservation coordinator and restoration scientist with the \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/zCeJFT\">Salmon Protection and Watershed Network \u003c/a>(SPAWN). To illustrate his point, he takes us to the \u003ca href=\"http://marinwater.org/controller?action=menuclick&id=613\">Leo Cronin Viewing Area\u003c/a>, “where all the action is right now.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The steely overcast sky adds a nip to the damp air but makes it easier to spot the battered bodies of the silvery fish, barely moving in the dark waters of the stream, about 30 feet below the trail. They take a beating as they move from salt- to freshwater and carom off rocks, logs, and sundry debris on their way home. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like zombie fish,” says volunteer naturalist Shannon Savage. “Their bodies are just falling apart. They’ve stopped eating and are just here to breed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31526\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/male-females-retouched-p1010312/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31526\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/male.females.retouched.P1010312-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn.\" title=\"male.females.retouched.P1010312\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31526\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A male (left) and two female coho, easier to spot thanks to their denuded tailfins, return to their natal stream in Lagunitas Creek to spawn. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As we survey the creek, we spot ghoulish white streaks undulating near the creek bed, possibly fungus on a depleted fish, but more likely a female’s tailfin, or what’s left of it. Females gyrate with so much force to make redds that they shred scales, skin, and fins, Appelbaum says, “until they’re just stubs.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Binoculars confirm the blurry white flecks as a female, fighting the current to guard her eggs from predators and other females. With 50% of spawning habitat cut off by dams to sate human water needs, competition for \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IDQh4HcZhqE\">nesting sites\u003c/a> is fierce. My excitement turns to sorrow as it hits me: her mission complete, she will soon die. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The smell of home\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fish don’t start their improbable journey upstream until the first winter storms send plumes of freshwater, replete with the chemistry and scent of home, into Tomales Bay. The freshwater pulse leads coho by the nose back to their birthplace. But the arid winter, one of the driest on record, cut spawning season short. The vast majority of fish didn’t return until the end of January. We’re seeing the stragglers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week earlier, Appelbaum braved a hailstorm to scout fish at \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpn.org/wpn/roysdam.htm\">Roy’s Pools\u003c/a>, a few miles down the road. “Sure enough,” he says, “I looked over and saw a fish jump.” Fish can now pass what used to be Roy’s Dam thanks to a chance encounter with a few frustrated fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SPAWN Executive Director Todd Steiner recalls driving his daughter to preschool when he noticed giant two-foot fish swimming in two inches of water, stuck in gaps of a broken concrete structure in the dam one December morning in 1997. He watched the determined fish jump up, slam into the dam, fall back, and repeat their ordeal over and over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steiner called an editor at CNN who’d asked him for help on a story about endangered species, and alerted the local media. Soon, hundreds of people turned up at Roy’s Dam to watch the hapless fish. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community spent three years working with a small army of engineers to make the dam coho-friendly. There was just one problem. Even with the best engineers and knowledge at the time, Steiner says, “we solved an upstream migration problem for adults but created a downstream migration problem for juveniles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile survival is the coho’s biggest problem, mostly, thanks to us. We dam their streams for our reservoirs and channel placid waters into raging, fry-shredding flows. We convert floodplain habitat into housing, farms, and ranches. And, worried about floods, we clear fallen trees that give fry refuge from predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until the population crashed in 2008, Steiner led emergency rescues, going into small tributaries to scoop up fry stranded in fragmented, evaporating pools and moving them downstream. Since the late '90s, Steiner and his group have relocated 23,000 juveniles. But in the past few years, fewer and fewer fish have spawned in these tributaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, coho advocates are buoyed by this year’s census: 130 redds and 340 live fish (though the live census likely includes double counts). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sea-fed forests\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just 60 years ago, hundreds of thousands of coho delivered nutrients and energy to our coastal, stream, and ocean ecosystems. Historic salmon runs probably even shaped inland ecology. Peter Moyle, professor of fisheries biology at the University of California at Davis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/a-good-fish-for-the-wine/\">traced the flow of marine nutrients\u003c/a> from chinook runs in the Central Valley’s Mokelumne River to adjacent vineyards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see the number of vultures increase as the salmon come in, bear and deer and other animals come down to the streamside to feed and then distribute the nutrients into the uplands,” Moyle says. “Trees grow bigger and faster, and when trees are bigger, you have more habitat for birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you lose the big salmon runs, he adds, “you’ll reduce the population of a lot of things that depend on them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living at the southernmost distribution of the species, our coho may prove an invaluable genetic resource in the face of global warming. They’ve somehow learned to adapt to warmer water temperatures, Steiner explains, and may hold a genetic key to understanding how other populations will cope with a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31684\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/29/fantastic-voyage-the-salmons-uphill-struggle-for-survival/p1010325/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31684\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/P1010325-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon carcass \" title=\"P1010325\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31684\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish feed the forest: A salmon carcass on the banks of Lagunitas Creek sustains local animals, birds, and even trees. When salmon spawn in high densities, they deliver substantial quantities of marine-derived nutrients to the soil, plants, and trees along stream banks. Biologists are studying how the loss of these nutrients may affect riparian ecosystems. (Photo: Liza Gross) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearly 90% of coho habitat is on \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Maps/upload/Coho%20Cntrl%20CA%20Coast%20ESU%20map.pdf\">private land\u003c/a>. For Steiner, the key to coho survival rests in the hands of Marin County’s Board of Supervisors. We need regulations to move houses back from streams, he says, and keep trees standing so they can capture desperately needed moisture during dry spells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we all play a part, starting with water conservation. Every drop we waste could offer a lifeline to a species struggling to survive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I retrace my steps along Lagunitas Creek five days later, the warm sun casts a glare on the rippling water, now opaque. I search for signs of the sacrificial offerings of the week before. Finally, I notice a carcass on the creek’s edge, pulled up by a raccoon or maybe an osprey. I close my eyes and imagine the forest floor flush with salmon detritus, rowdy with feasting scavengers, as it surely was before dams disfigured the watershed. When I open them, I hear only the sound of rushing water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/new-cleaner-volts-and-priusesarrive/img_0272-5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31547\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/IMG_02721-296x169.jpg\" alt=\"Chevy Plug-In Volt\" title=\"Chevy Plug-In Volt\" width=\"296\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-31547\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s carpool lanes will soon see some new additions. GM's latest hybrid electric plug -in model is being shipped to dealers this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2012 GM Chevy Volt, which sells for $39,145 before state and federal tax credits, meets California’s clean car air standards and qualifies customers to drive solo in the state’s carpool lanes. The new model will also be eligible for a $1500 state tax credit. The current hybrid plug- in Volt does not include the low emissions package which is now standard for California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31775\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 291px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/new-cleaner-volts-and-priusesarrive/plugin-prius/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31775\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/plugin-prius-291x169.jpg\" alt=\"Plug-In Prius. Photo: Car and Driver\" title=\"Plug-In Prius. Photo: Car and Driver\" width=\"291\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-31775\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plug-In Prius. Photo: Car and Driver\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Don’t expect to see drivers of the new model commuting solo in the carpool lane just yet. It takes about two months for those high occupancy white stickers to arrive once a customer has applied with the DMV. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has the largest share of the Volt market and is likely to be ground zero for another low emission car that is also just beginning to arrive at dealerships, the 2012 Toyota Prius plug-in. The base MSRP for the Prius Plug-in Hybrid is $32,000. The Prius Plug-in Hybrid Advanced has an MSRP of $39,525. Subtract from that up to $4,000 in state and federal tax credits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Move over Nissan Leaf, you may soon have more company in the HOV lane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>What do hospitals and Costa Rica have in common? Science says: they both benefit from beautiful natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we \u003cem>all\u003c/em> do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've ever spent any time in hospitals, you know they can be anxious, painful places. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American - Nature That Nurtures\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nature-that-nurtures\">Gardens offset this intrinsic stress\u003c/a> with the calm of nature, whether experienced in person, through a window, or just in pictures. It may sound subjective, but the benefits--\u003ca title=\"Ulrich - Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals\" href=\"http://www.greenplantsforgreenbuildings.org/attachments/contentmanagers/25/HealthSettingsUlrich.pdf\">from lowering blood pressure to easing brain fatigue\u003c/a>--are anything but.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature improves the lives of patients and doctors, the sick and the healthy, and even people who have nothing to do with hospitals. Consider the case of Costa Rica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/look-at-nature-get-happy/costa_rica/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31711\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-31711\" title=\"costa_rica\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/costa_rica-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Flowers and Greenery in Costa Rica\" width=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Costa Rica flowers by {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86931652@N00/\"}DoctorWho{/link} via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca title=\"World Database of Happiness - Nation Rank\" href=\"http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/hap_nat/nat_fp.php?mode=6\">World Database of Happiness\u003c/a>, from 2000-2009 Costa Ricans reported the highest life satisfaction of any nationality on the planet. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American - Being Happy\" href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/02/22/being-happy-social-and-natural-factors-are-more-important-than-money-especially-in-costa-rica/\">Recent research\u003c/a> presented at the annual meeting of the \u003ca title=\"AAAS Meeting\" href=\"http://www.aaas.org/meetings/\">American Association for the Advancement of Science\u003c/a> suggests that this small Central American country owes its happiness to two factors: \u003cem>human capital\u003c/em>, the strength of social support, and \u003cem>natural capital\u003c/em>, the quality of the natural environment and people’s access to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any biologist can tell you that Costa Rica is overflowing with natural capital. Rainforests and reefs thick with life make it one of the world's ecological meccas. How could you \u003cem>not\u003c/em> be happy, living somewhere that beautiful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then again, another key to happiness is \u003ca title=\"Shape - Gratitude is Good For You\" href=\"http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/5-ways-gratitude-good-your-health\">appreciating what we already have\u003c/a>. From the wild loneliness of Big Sur to the rolling gold of wine country, there's plenty of natural beauty in the Bay Area to call our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/look-at-nature-get-happy/big_sur/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-31716\" title=\"big_sur\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/big_sur-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Poppies on Big Sur Coastline\" width=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Big Sur Poppies by {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/\"}Ed Yourdon{/link} via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the Bay Area is also home to some fierce workaholics. And hospitals don't have a monopoly on anxiety and stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here's an idea: If you spend all day (and sometimes night) in an office, put some nature on the wall. Researcher \u003ca title=\"Roger Ulrich\" href=\"http://www.healthdesign.org/chd/about/board-directors/roger-s-ulrich-phd-edac\">Roger Ulrich\u003c/a> and his colleagues discovered that heart surgery patients who saw a nature scene of trees and water were less anxious and actually \u003cem>experienced less pain\u003c/em> than patients who saw blank walls or abstract pictures. Maybe it's time to take down that \u003ca title=\"Mondrian - Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mondrian_CompRYB.jpg\">Mondrian\u003c/a>--or at least supplement with a \u003ca title=\"Money - Poplars at the Epte\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_040.jpg\">Monet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps even better than Monet (who reminds some of us uncomfortably of high school art history) is the abundance of \u003ca title=\"Artist Tom Killion\" href=\"http://tomkillion.com/app/index\">contemporary\u003c/a> \u003ca title=\"Artist Jim Caldwell\" href=\"http://jimcaldwellart.com/\">local\u003c/a> \u003ca title=\"Artist Christin Coy\" href=\"http://christincoy.com/\">talent\u003c/a>. One Bay Area artist, Ellen Joseph, explicitly bases her \u003ca title=\"Ellen Joseph - Art for Healing\" href=\"http://www.ellenjoseph.com/html/artforhealing.jsp\">healing paintings\u003c/a> on Ulrich's research. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What do hospitals and Costa Rica have in common? Science says: they both benefit from beautiful natural landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, we \u003cem>all\u003c/em> do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you've ever spent any time in hospitals, you know they can be anxious, painful places. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American - Nature That Nurtures\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nature-that-nurtures\">Gardens offset this intrinsic stress\u003c/a> with the calm of nature, whether experienced in person, through a window, or just in pictures. It may sound subjective, but the benefits--\u003ca title=\"Ulrich - Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals\" href=\"http://www.greenplantsforgreenbuildings.org/attachments/contentmanagers/25/HealthSettingsUlrich.pdf\">from lowering blood pressure to easing brain fatigue\u003c/a>--are anything but.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature improves the lives of patients and doctors, the sick and the healthy, and even people who have nothing to do with hospitals. Consider the case of Costa Rica.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31711\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/look-at-nature-get-happy/costa_rica/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31711\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-31711\" title=\"costa_rica\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/costa_rica-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Flowers and Greenery in Costa Rica\" width=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Costa Rica flowers by {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/86931652@N00/\"}DoctorWho{/link} via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the \u003ca title=\"World Database of Happiness - Nation Rank\" href=\"http://worlddatabaseofhappiness.eur.nl/hap_nat/nat_fp.php?mode=6\">World Database of Happiness\u003c/a>, from 2000-2009 Costa Ricans reported the highest life satisfaction of any nationality on the planet. \u003ca title=\"Scientific American - Being Happy\" href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2012/02/22/being-happy-social-and-natural-factors-are-more-important-than-money-especially-in-costa-rica/\">Recent research\u003c/a> presented at the annual meeting of the \u003ca title=\"AAAS Meeting\" href=\"http://www.aaas.org/meetings/\">American Association for the Advancement of Science\u003c/a> suggests that this small Central American country owes its happiness to two factors: \u003cem>human capital\u003c/em>, the strength of social support, and \u003cem>natural capital\u003c/em>, the quality of the natural environment and people’s access to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any biologist can tell you that Costa Rica is overflowing with natural capital. Rainforests and reefs thick with life make it one of the world's ecological meccas. How could you \u003cem>not\u003c/em> be happy, living somewhere that beautiful?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then again, another key to happiness is \u003ca title=\"Shape - Gratitude is Good For You\" href=\"http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/5-ways-gratitude-good-your-health\">appreciating what we already have\u003c/a>. From the wild loneliness of Big Sur to the rolling gold of wine country, there's plenty of natural beauty in the Bay Area to call our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31716\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/look-at-nature-get-happy/big_sur/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31716\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-31716\" title=\"big_sur\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/big_sur-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Poppies on Big Sur Coastline\" width=\"300\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Big Sur Poppies by {link url=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/\"}Ed Yourdon{/link} via Flickr\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the Bay Area is also home to some fierce workaholics. And hospitals don't have a monopoly on anxiety and stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here's an idea: If you spend all day (and sometimes night) in an office, put some nature on the wall. Researcher \u003ca title=\"Roger Ulrich\" href=\"http://www.healthdesign.org/chd/about/board-directors/roger-s-ulrich-phd-edac\">Roger Ulrich\u003c/a> and his colleagues discovered that heart surgery patients who saw a nature scene of trees and water were less anxious and actually \u003cem>experienced less pain\u003c/em> than patients who saw blank walls or abstract pictures. Maybe it's time to take down that \u003ca title=\"Mondrian - Composition with Yellow, Blue and Red\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mondrian_CompRYB.jpg\">Mondrian\u003c/a>--or at least supplement with a \u003ca title=\"Money - Poplars at the Epte\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_040.jpg\">Monet\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps even better than Monet (who reminds some of us uncomfortably of high school art history) is the abundance of \u003ca title=\"Artist Tom Killion\" href=\"http://tomkillion.com/app/index\">contemporary\u003c/a> \u003ca title=\"Artist Jim Caldwell\" href=\"http://jimcaldwellart.com/\">local\u003c/a> \u003ca title=\"Artist Christin Coy\" href=\"http://christincoy.com/\">talent\u003c/a>. One Bay Area artist, Ellen Joseph, explicitly bases her \u003ca title=\"Ellen Joseph - Art for Healing\" href=\"http://www.ellenjoseph.com/html/artforhealing.jsp\">healing paintings\u003c/a> on Ulrich's research. Her murals cover the walls of Kaiser Pediatrics in Hayward and Fremont with colorful trees, birds, and even monkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No need to travel all the way to Costa Rica!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31720\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 415px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/28/look-at-nature-get-happy/monkeys/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31720\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31720\" title=\"monkeys\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/monkeys.jpg\" alt=\"Kaiser Pediatrics Mural by Ellen Joseph\" width=\"415\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/monkeys.jpg 415w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/monkeys-400x337.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kaiser Pediatrics Mural by {link url=\"http://ellenjoseph.com/\"}Ellen Joseph{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
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},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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