QUEST Northern CaliforniaQUEST Northern California
KQED serves the people of Northern California with a public-supported alternative to commercial media. Home to the most listened-to public radio station in the nation, one of the highest-rated public television services and an award-winning education program, and as a leader and innovator in interactive technology, KQED takes people of all ages on journeys of exploration — exposing them to new people, places and ideas.
The Calligrapher's Golden Touch
Round Up Rebels: The Rise of the Superweed
Feds Pay For Out-of-the-Box Energy Ideas
Clean Car Diaries: Revenge is Sweet
Gigantic Journeys: Humpback and Gray Whale Migration
Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden
Millipede Mystery: A New Fluorescent Subspecies on Alcatraz?
Flower Blooms In Your Tea Cup? It's Water Absorption as Entertainment
Grazing a New Trail
Science in Your Life: The Magic Microwave
Phylo: Turning Biology Puzzles Into Interactive Games
Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the gold leaf has to be smoothed by rubbing it with something hard, traditionally bone. You may already be familiar with this technique, called \u003cem>burnishing\u003c/em>, if you were unlucky enough to have a boring history teacher and spent the class period smoothing gum wrappers with your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was not a gum-chewing child--but I \u003cem>was\u003c/em> an amateur calligrapher, in addition to being infatuated with illuminated manuscripts. After looking at Ingmire's series at the Getty, I thought, \"Maybe I'll try this when I get home!\" Then I read up on \u003ca href=\"http://www.illuminatedpage.com/gilding.html\" title=\"The Illuminated Page - Gilding\">working\u003c/a> with \u003ca href=\"http://baronmorgan.gallowglass.org/articles/cna04_basicgilding.html\" title=\"Basic Gilding for Illumination\">gold leaf\u003c/a>--and decided to write about it instead.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33062\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/19/the-rise-of-the-superweed/cotton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33062\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Cotton\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33062\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Cotton-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Overuse of Round Up on GM crops like this cotton have led to Round Up-resistant weeds.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a story about a new Cheech and Chong movie. What I’m referring to are herbicide-resistant weeds. And in particular, weeds resistant to the herbicide every Green loves to hate, Round Up (or glyphosate).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I got to thinking about this because of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/03/07/147656157/farmers-face-tough-choice-on-ways-to-fight-new-strains-of-weeds?ft=1&f=1001\">story aired by NPR\u003c/a> on the rise of Round Up-resistant weeds. These things are getting to be a real pain for farmers growing crops genetically modified to be resistant to the herbicide Round Up (see the video below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-GMO folks were worried about this happening. They were concerned about something called horizontal gene transfer where an added gene moves from one plant to another. They were worried this Round Up-ready weed would then go on to become a dangerous pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were only partly right. The weeds are indeed resistant to Round Up but they aren’t Round Up ready. None of the weeds tested so far managed to get a hold of the added gene; it stayed put in the GM plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, these weeds became resistant the old-fashioned way: through natural selection. This is the same thing that makes bugs resistant to pesticides and cancers resistant to chemotherapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable align=\"right\">\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Pigweed.jpg\">\u003cbr>\u003cfont size=\"-1\" color=\"#999999\">This Pigweed didn't need outside\u003cbr>genes to be resistant to Round Up.\u003cbr>It pulled it off all on its own.\u003c/font>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>There were always a few individuals in the weed species that happened to be resistant to Round Up. Spraying lots of Round Up killed all the sensitive weeds leaving the resistant ones behind. These resistant ones were the only ones that went on to have seedlings so they essentially founded a new population. Now this species of weed is mostly Round Up resistant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, not because of horizontal gene transfer. These weeds managed to become resistant in other ways. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Round Up works by binding to a specific enzyme and keeping it from working. One way some of the weeds became resistant was to make lots of extra enzyme. The excess enzyme sopped up the Round Up leaving enough behind to do their job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to become resistant is to neutralize most of the Round Up. One way plants have managed this is by shuttling the herbicide to vacuoles where it is harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other ways that I won’t go into. But none of them involve a gene traveling from crop to weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is really just an everyday story about the ongoing battle between pest and farmer, doctor and disease and not one about the dangers of GM crops. If you overuse a pesticide, antibiotic, antiviral, medicine, etc., nature will find a way to get around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some anti-GMO folks should be a bit happy. Some people opposed these particular GM crops because they were worried about the safety of Round Up. Having weeds resistant to Round Up means that a whole lot less will get used. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this doesn’t help at all if you are against GM crops because they are GM. There are plenty of new GM crops in the pipeline, meaning more and more of them will probably be planted in the future. But at least there will be less Round Up sprayed (if that is what bothers you).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsu4WKQ9g18]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Definitely a hot topic in the farming world\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More Information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/GWC/GWC-1.pdf\">Facts About Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf203472s\">Vacuolar Glyphosate-Sequestration Correlates with Glyphosate Resistance in Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) from Australia, South America, and Europe: A 31P NMR Investigation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.1539/abstract\">Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But again, not because of horizontal gene transfer. These weeds managed to become resistant in other ways. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Round Up works by binding to a specific enzyme and keeping it from working. One way some of the weeds became resistant was to make lots of extra enzyme. The excess enzyme sopped up the Round Up leaving enough behind to do their job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way to become resistant is to neutralize most of the Round Up. One way plants have managed this is by shuttling the herbicide to vacuoles where it is harmless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are other ways that I won’t go into. But none of them involve a gene traveling from crop to weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this is really just an everyday story about the ongoing battle between pest and farmer, doctor and disease and not one about the dangers of GM crops. If you overuse a pesticide, antibiotic, antiviral, medicine, etc., nature will find a way to get around it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, some anti-GMO folks should be a bit happy. Some people opposed these particular GM crops because they were worried about the safety of Round Up. Having weeds resistant to Round Up means that a whole lot less will get used. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this doesn’t help at all if you are against GM crops because they are GM. There are plenty of new GM crops in the pipeline, meaning more and more of them will probably be planted in the future. But at least there will be less Round Up sprayed (if that is what bothers you).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/lsu4WKQ9g18'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/lsu4WKQ9g18'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Definitely a hot topic in the farming world\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More Information:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/GWC/GWC-1.pdf\">Facts About Glyphosate-Resistant Weeds\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf203472s\">Vacuolar Glyphosate-Sequestration Correlates with Glyphosate Resistance in Ryegrass (Lolium spp.) from Australia, South America, and Europe: A 31P NMR Investigation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.1539/abstract\">Weed species shifts in glyphosate-resistant crops\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33232\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\" alt=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" title=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" width=\"500\" height=\"296\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4-400x237.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Revenge is sweet for electric car enthusiasts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than seven years after GM recalled, and destroyed, most of its EV1s, there are now more than 20,000 electric cars on the roads and new releases on the way. Gasoline prices in California are creeping up toward the five-dollar mark and this year California passed the toughest clean car standards in history. The federal government is considering similar standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33230\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge-294x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Nissan Leaf\" width=\"294\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's this revolution in the auto industry that filmmaker Chris Paine tries to capture by following four industry pioneers in his 2011 film \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.revengeoftheelectriccar.com/\">Revenge of the Electric Car\u003c/a>\", now out on DVD. This time around the doors of GM seem to be wide open for filmmaker Chris Paine who also directed, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whokilledtheelectriccar.com/\">Who Killed the Electric Car\u003c/a>.\" In his latest documentary former GM CEO, Bob Lutz and Paine seem to actually be on friendly terms as Lutz explains his hopes for the plug-in hybrid GM/Chevy Volt. We visit Nissan's Carlos Ghosn to hear about the company’s mass market play with the Nissan Leaf, we hear from Tesla's risk taking CEO, Elon Musk, and visit an underground electric car converter in Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an interesting look at the auto industry's reversal on electric cars although it could use some editing and a bit more of an investigative look at the next gen EV revolution. A lot has happened since the film wrapped up in late 2010. If you are in the Bay Area, you can check out a screening of the film and timely discussion to follow. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://communitycinema.org/city/san-francisco-california\">ITVS Community Cinema\u003c/a> are presenting the free event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/16/clean-car-diaries-revenge-is-sweet/roec_eblast2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33238\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" title=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" width=\"540\" height=\"265\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33238\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg 540w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1-400x196.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHAT: \u003ca href=\"http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2012/03/02/18708566.php\">Screening of \"Revenge of the Electric Car.\" Discussion, with panelists, to follow\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhere: San Francisco Public Library\u003cbr>\nWHEN: Tuesday, March 20th\u003cbr>\nTIME: Doors open at 5:15. Screening starts at 5:45\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33232\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg\" alt=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" title=\"GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\" width=\"500\" height=\"296\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33232\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/2011-10-23-VoltIntro_westmidwestproductions_4-400x237.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">GM/Chevy Volt introduction. Photo: westmidwestproductions\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Revenge is sweet for electric car enthusiasts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than seven years after GM recalled, and destroyed, most of its EV1s, there are now more than 20,000 electric cars on the roads and new releases on the way. Gasoline prices in California are creeping up toward the five-dollar mark and this year California passed the toughest clean car standards in history. The federal government is considering similar standards. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33230\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 294px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Revenge-294x169.jpg\" alt=\"Nissan Leaf\" title=\"Nissan Leaf\" width=\"294\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33230\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nissan Leaf\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's this revolution in the auto industry that filmmaker Chris Paine tries to capture by following four industry pioneers in his 2011 film \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.revengeoftheelectriccar.com/\">Revenge of the Electric Car\u003c/a>\", now out on DVD. This time around the doors of GM seem to be wide open for filmmaker Chris Paine who also directed, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.whokilledtheelectriccar.com/\">Who Killed the Electric Car\u003c/a>.\" In his latest documentary former GM CEO, Bob Lutz and Paine seem to actually be on friendly terms as Lutz explains his hopes for the plug-in hybrid GM/Chevy Volt. We visit Nissan's Carlos Ghosn to hear about the company’s mass market play with the Nissan Leaf, we hear from Tesla's risk taking CEO, Elon Musk, and visit an underground electric car converter in Los Angeles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an interesting look at the auto industry's reversal on electric cars although it could use some editing and a bit more of an investigative look at the next gen EV revolution. A lot has happened since the film wrapped up in late 2010. If you are in the Bay Area, you can check out a screening of the film and timely discussion to follow. \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://communitycinema.org/city/san-francisco-california\">ITVS Community Cinema\u003c/a> are presenting the free event. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/16/clean-car-diaries-revenge-is-sweet/roec_eblast2-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33238\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg\" alt=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" title=\"Revenge of the Electric Car\" width=\"540\" height=\"265\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-33238\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1.jpg 540w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ROEC_EBLAST2-1-400x196.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 540px) 100vw, 540px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WHAT: \u003ca href=\"http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2012/03/02/18708566.php\">Screening of \"Revenge of the Electric Car.\" Discussion, with panelists, to follow\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nWhere: San Francisco Public Library\u003cbr>\nWHEN: Tuesday, March 20th\u003cbr>\nTIME: Doors open at 5:15. Screening starts at 5:45\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See other posts from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/clean-car-diaries/\">this series\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Gigantic Journeys: Humpback and Gray Whale Migration",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31014\" title=\"humpback barrelroll\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback Breaching by Samuel Embry. Calving grounds off the coast of Maui are active with humpback whales.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look at a globe or photo of Earth from space and you can see our blue planet, with the continents surrounded by ever-circulating, briny waters of the sea. Perhaps no living thing has a better appreciation of the continuity of the seas than the largest animals in them: whales. From continent to continent, they travel between warm waters for birthing their young, then saunter endless miles to frigid polar seas that teem with arthropods and fish. Whales are one of our most amazing co-inhabitants of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Directly off our coast every spring, \u003ca title=\"gray whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/graywhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> gray whales\u003c/a> parade past our shores in the longest migration of any mammal, about 10,000 miles round trip. Sometimes we can see them even closer to home when they occasionally enter the Bay, as a cow-calf pair did recently. For several years the grays seemed to be making more stops in the Bay, with fewer sightings in the last few years. The Oceanic Society collected data on them including what they were doing here (feeding, resting, or perhaps getting lost) and how toxins in Bay mud may affect them. They're planning to reinstate their data collection this year and next with the increase of whale visits in the Bay. (See their report at the \u003ca title=\"Oceanic Society report on gray whales in the Bay\" href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/conservation/gray-whales-san-francisco-bay\" target=\"_blank\">Oceanic Society website\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33197\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 245px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33197\" title=\"Migration map for Humpbacks Whales. NOAA SPLASH\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world-245x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SPLASH study mapped humpback whale populations and migration in the North Pacific\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray whales have made an amazing comeback from the brink of extinction. With international and federal government protection, their population has returned to levels estimated for their pre-hunting numbers. There are many opportunities between now and mid-April to view the gray whale migration for yourself either from a boat or from shore. For great views from shore, check out the \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching at Pt. Reyes National Seashore\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/wildlife_viewing_whales.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> and other \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching from Shore\" href=\"http://www.best-california-beach.com/california-whale-watching.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area shorelines\u003c/a>. I had an exciting view of a young gray whale breaching, launching itself out of the water repeatedly, from the Point Reyes lighthouse in early April one year. It really made the climb down and back up those 300 steps worthwhile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"humpback whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/humpbackwhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Humpback whales \u003c/a>are another species that traverse the vast Pacific, though in much smaller numbers than the gray whales. Humpbacks are an endangered species with both international and federal government protected status. Their population was monitored and mapped in the north Pacific. The study, conducted for four years, found a much more complex population movement and dispersion than scientists had expected. The Hawaiian Islands are largest calving grounds with the shallower seas around Maui designated as the Humpback Whale Sanctuary. You can watch humpback cows teaching their calves the finer points of breaching, fin and tail slapping, and hear male humpbacks singing underwater. Listen to a \u003ca title=\"humpback whale song recording\" href=\"http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/explore/sounds/whale_song.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whale song\u003c/a> from the NOAA website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33198\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33198\" title=\"Humpback fluke\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke-252x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback fluke (tail) are highly individualized and can be used like fingerprints to identify each whale. Photo by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Food for thought: the majority of humpbacks swim through the\u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#4\"> Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>, an island of floating trash, mostly plastics, trapped by ocean currents and estimated to be the size of Texas. Akin to pushing a baby stroller through a garbage dump, swimming through this area could expose young humpbacks to toxins accumulating in the small plastic pellets - DDT, PCBs, and the like. Some steps we can take closer to home that'll help our ocean wildlife is to reduce the amount of plastics we use. Check out this blogger's account about going 30 days without using plastics and consider where you can cut down on the amount of single-use plastics in your life: \u003ca title=\"Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic Blog\" href=\"http://modernmuse.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html\" target=\"_blank\">Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic\u003c/a> The whales and ocean wildlife will be better off for it, and so will we!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31014\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-31014\" title=\"humpback barrelroll\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/humpback-barrelroll-e1331593917305-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback Breaching by Samuel Embry. Calving grounds off the coast of Maui are active with humpback whales.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Look at a globe or photo of Earth from space and you can see our blue planet, with the continents surrounded by ever-circulating, briny waters of the sea. Perhaps no living thing has a better appreciation of the continuity of the seas than the largest animals in them: whales. From continent to continent, they travel between warm waters for birthing their young, then saunter endless miles to frigid polar seas that teem with arthropods and fish. Whales are one of our most amazing co-inhabitants of the planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Directly off our coast every spring, \u003ca title=\"gray whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/graywhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\"> gray whales\u003c/a> parade past our shores in the longest migration of any mammal, about 10,000 miles round trip. Sometimes we can see them even closer to home when they occasionally enter the Bay, as a cow-calf pair did recently. For several years the grays seemed to be making more stops in the Bay, with fewer sightings in the last few years. The Oceanic Society collected data on them including what they were doing here (feeding, resting, or perhaps getting lost) and how toxins in Bay mud may affect them. They're planning to reinstate their data collection this year and next with the increase of whale visits in the Bay. (See their report at the \u003ca title=\"Oceanic Society report on gray whales in the Bay\" href=\"http://www.oceanicsociety.org/conservation/gray-whales-san-francisco-bay\" target=\"_blank\">Oceanic Society website\u003c/a>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33197\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 245px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33197\" title=\"Migration map for Humpbacks Whales. NOAA SPLASH\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/world-245x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SPLASH study mapped humpback whale populations and migration in the North Pacific\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gray whales have made an amazing comeback from the brink of extinction. With international and federal government protection, their population has returned to levels estimated for their pre-hunting numbers. There are many opportunities between now and mid-April to view the gray whale migration for yourself either from a boat or from shore. For great views from shore, check out the \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching at Pt. Reyes National Seashore\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pore/planyourvisit/wildlife_viewing_whales.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a> and other \u003ca title=\"Whale Watching from Shore\" href=\"http://www.best-california-beach.com/california-whale-watching.html\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area shorelines\u003c/a>. I had an exciting view of a young gray whale breaching, launching itself out of the water repeatedly, from the Point Reyes lighthouse in early April one year. It really made the climb down and back up those 300 steps worthwhile!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"humpback whale species information NOAA website\" href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/humpbackwhale.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Humpback whales \u003c/a>are another species that traverse the vast Pacific, though in much smaller numbers than the gray whales. Humpbacks are an endangered species with both international and federal government protected status. Their population was monitored and mapped in the north Pacific. The study, conducted for four years, found a much more complex population movement and dispersion than scientists had expected. The Hawaiian Islands are largest calving grounds with the shallower seas around Maui designated as the Humpback Whale Sanctuary. You can watch humpback cows teaching their calves the finer points of breaching, fin and tail slapping, and hear male humpbacks singing underwater. Listen to a \u003ca title=\"humpback whale song recording\" href=\"http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/explore/sounds/whale_song.mp3\" target=\"_blank\">humpback whale song\u003c/a> from the NOAA website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33198\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 252px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33198\" title=\"Humpback fluke\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Humpback-fluke-252x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"252\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Humpback fluke (tail) are highly individualized and can be used like fingerprints to identify each whale. Photo by Samuel Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Food for thought: the majority of humpbacks swim through the\u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#4\"> Pacific Gyre\u003c/a>, an island of floating trash, mostly plastics, trapped by ocean currents and estimated to be the size of Texas. Akin to pushing a baby stroller through a garbage dump, swimming through this area could expose young humpbacks to toxins accumulating in the small plastic pellets - DDT, PCBs, and the like. Some steps we can take closer to home that'll help our ocean wildlife is to reduce the amount of plastics we use. Check out this blogger's account about going 30 days without using plastics and consider where you can cut down on the amount of single-use plastics in your life: \u003ca title=\"Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic Blog\" href=\"http://modernmuse.blogspot.com/2011_06_01_archive.html\" target=\"_blank\">Modern Muse: 30 Days without Plastic\u003c/a> The whales and ocean wildlife will be better off for it, and so will we!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmaden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmaden-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmaden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View west from Almaden Quicksilver County Park toward Loma Prieta, highest peak of the Sierra Azul. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the foothills due south of San Jose sit the remnants of California's first mining bonanza, the New Almaden mercury district. Today \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/AQSPark/index.html\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a> is a rugged playground for hikers, bicyclists and equestrians, but lovers of geology and mines have a special kind of fun there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Californians mined a deep-red ore they called \u003ci>mohetka\u003c/i> in the heights of Los Capitancillos Ridge. Like other ancient peoples around the world, they used it as a pigment. In 1845 a Mexican visitor recognized the substance as cinnabar or mercury ore. Soon afterward the New World's richest quicksilver mining district began production, supplying the mercury for the refiners of the California Gold Rush. Its name, New Almaden, echoed the famous Almadén mines of Spain. A hundred years later, the mines had yielded mercury in the amount of more than a million flasks—a volume of the liquid metal weighing 76 pounds. Although mining ended in the 1970s, geologists believe that much undiscovered ore remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look at the geologic map of the area (derived from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Map OF-98-975\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 627px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadengeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadengeomap\" width=\"627\" height=\"472\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png 627w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap-400x301.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The New Almaden district runs northwest on Los Capitancillos Ridge from the village of New Almaden. Asterisks mark the four park entrances. Franciscan rock units are fm, melange; fpv, volcanics; gs, greenstone; pink, serpentinite; yellow, silica-carbonate rock; orange, chert. Units with names starting Q, T or K are younger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's kind of a mess, and the details are in the caption, but basically Los Capitancillos Ridge is like many other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">Bay Area mercury sites\u003c/a>, an intricate mixture of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Franciscan rocks\u003c/a> and serpentinite that has been kneaded and heated and injected with metal-bearing fluids. These fluids, derived from magma intrusions, replaced the minerals in the serpentinite and turned it into silica-carbonate rock. The cinnabar lodes, in turn, were emplaced in and near the silica-carbonates. As you hike about the ridge, keep an eye underfoot for the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_metrocks/ig/serpentinites/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenserpentine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenserpentine\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Serpentinite boulders in a streambed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the park contains mines and machinery spanning a century of progress from traditional techniques of medieval origin to modern American facilities. One mine entrance, the San Cristobal tunnel, has been kept open for a short distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/sancristobal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sancristobal\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Cristobal tunnel, first opened in 1866.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on in and look for the veins in the walls. These are typically filled with quartz or dolomite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veins in the San Cristobal tunnel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another worthwhile spot is the site of the Buena Vista shaft, the deepest in the district. The foundation of the pumphouse is constructed of large blocks of local sandstone and Sierran granite. It was abandoned in 1893.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenfoundation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenfoundation\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation-400x324.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Buena Vista shaft mainly served to dewater the hills and allow neighboring mines to go deeper in search of cinnabar. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearby are extensive piles of mine tailings. Although this shaft produced only minor amounts of ore, the rocks themselves are interesting. Remember that collecting rocks and minerals is forbidden. A ranger told me that if people kept taking things home with them, eventually there would be no tailings left. I don't see the problem with that, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">if I could make the rules I would give rockhounds access\u003c/a> to limited parts of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadentailings/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33183\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadentailings\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33183\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't miss the views of the surrounding territory. The top photo of this post shows the view west to the Sierra Azul, and to the east are views of the Santa Teresa Hills and Diablo Range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/hamilton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hamilton\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton-400x309.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Hamilton's observatories stand out beyond the lower Santa Teresa Hills, site of more mercury mines and sandstone quarries.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mining museum housed in the Casa Grande, the old manager's residence built in 1854, is full of exhibits and is well worth a visit if you can be there during its brief open hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/casagrande/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33176\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"casagrande\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Casa Grande has rooms full of period furnishings as well as the Quicksilver Mining Museum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The little museum shop has cinnabar from the Guadalupe Mine for sale. This is the only way you can acquire New Almaden specimens today, unless a dealer is selling off a historic collection at a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">rock and mineral show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/guadalupecinnabar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33177\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guadalupecinnabar\" width=\"600\" height=\"487\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Almaden cinnabar is notable for its tiny crystals that give the ore a glittering appearance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definitive source for historic and geologic information on the area is the classic \u003ca href=\"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034975M/Geology_and_quicksilver_deposits_of_the_New_Almaden_District_Santa_Clara_County_California\">US Geological Survey Professional Paper 360\u003c/a>, \"Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the New Almaden District.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The New Almaden area looms large in Gold Rush history. Today it's an open-air museum of California mining practices and quicksilver geology.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmaden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmaden-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmaden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View west from Almaden Quicksilver County Park toward Loma Prieta, highest peak of the Sierra Azul. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the foothills due south of San Jose sit the remnants of California's first mining bonanza, the New Almaden mercury district. Today \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/AQSPark/index.html\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a> is a rugged playground for hikers, bicyclists and equestrians, but lovers of geology and mines have a special kind of fun there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Californians mined a deep-red ore they called \u003ci>mohetka\u003c/i> in the heights of Los Capitancillos Ridge. Like other ancient peoples around the world, they used it as a pigment. In 1845 a Mexican visitor recognized the substance as cinnabar or mercury ore. Soon afterward the New World's richest quicksilver mining district began production, supplying the mercury for the refiners of the California Gold Rush. Its name, New Almaden, echoed the famous Almadén mines of Spain. A hundred years later, the mines had yielded mercury in the amount of more than a million flasks—a volume of the liquid metal weighing 76 pounds. Although mining ended in the 1970s, geologists believe that much undiscovered ore remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look at the geologic map of the area (derived from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Map OF-98-975\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 627px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadengeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadengeomap\" width=\"627\" height=\"472\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png 627w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap-400x301.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The New Almaden district runs northwest on Los Capitancillos Ridge from the village of New Almaden. Asterisks mark the four park entrances. Franciscan rock units are fm, melange; fpv, volcanics; gs, greenstone; pink, serpentinite; yellow, silica-carbonate rock; orange, chert. Units with names starting Q, T or K are younger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's kind of a mess, and the details are in the caption, but basically Los Capitancillos Ridge is like many other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">Bay Area mercury sites\u003c/a>, an intricate mixture of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Franciscan rocks\u003c/a> and serpentinite that has been kneaded and heated and injected with metal-bearing fluids. These fluids, derived from magma intrusions, replaced the minerals in the serpentinite and turned it into silica-carbonate rock. The cinnabar lodes, in turn, were emplaced in and near the silica-carbonates. As you hike about the ridge, keep an eye underfoot for the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_metrocks/ig/serpentinites/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenserpentine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenserpentine\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Serpentinite boulders in a streambed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the park contains mines and machinery spanning a century of progress from traditional techniques of medieval origin to modern American facilities. One mine entrance, the San Cristobal tunnel, has been kept open for a short distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/sancristobal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sancristobal\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Cristobal tunnel, first opened in 1866.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on in and look for the veins in the walls. These are typically filled with quartz or dolomite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veins in the San Cristobal tunnel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another worthwhile spot is the site of the Buena Vista shaft, the deepest in the district. The foundation of the pumphouse is constructed of large blocks of local sandstone and Sierran granite. It was abandoned in 1893.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenfoundation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenfoundation\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation-400x324.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Buena Vista shaft mainly served to dewater the hills and allow neighboring mines to go deeper in search of cinnabar. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearby are extensive piles of mine tailings. Although this shaft produced only minor amounts of ore, the rocks themselves are interesting. Remember that collecting rocks and minerals is forbidden. A ranger told me that if people kept taking things home with them, eventually there would be no tailings left. I don't see the problem with that, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">if I could make the rules I would give rockhounds access\u003c/a> to limited parts of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadentailings/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33183\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadentailings\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33183\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't miss the views of the surrounding territory. The top photo of this post shows the view west to the Sierra Azul, and to the east are views of the Santa Teresa Hills and Diablo Range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/hamilton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hamilton\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton-400x309.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Hamilton's observatories stand out beyond the lower Santa Teresa Hills, site of more mercury mines and sandstone quarries.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mining museum housed in the Casa Grande, the old manager's residence built in 1854, is full of exhibits and is well worth a visit if you can be there during its brief open hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/casagrande/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33176\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"casagrande\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Casa Grande has rooms full of period furnishings as well as the Quicksilver Mining Museum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The little museum shop has cinnabar from the Guadalupe Mine for sale. This is the only way you can acquire New Almaden specimens today, unless a dealer is selling off a historic collection at a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">rock and mineral show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/guadalupecinnabar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33177\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guadalupecinnabar\" width=\"600\" height=\"487\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Almaden cinnabar is notable for its tiny crystals that give the ore a glittering appearance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definitive source for historic and geologic information on the area is the classic \u003ca href=\"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034975M/Geology_and_quicksilver_deposits_of_the_New_Almaden_District_Santa_Clara_County_California\">US Geological Survey Professional Paper 360\u003c/a>, \"Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the New Almaden District.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Millipede Mystery: A New Fluorescent Subspecies on Alcatraz?",
"title": "Millipede Mystery: A New Fluorescent Subspecies on Alcatraz?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_BL-e1331595656998.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-32850\" title=\"Alcatraz_millipede_BL\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_BL-e1331595647469-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A periodic nighttime census for rats on Alcatraz Island took an unexpected twist in February when surveyors from the National Park Service and UC Davis discovered glowing millipedes on the island. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nTo identify rats, National Park Service staff routinely place bait in feeding stations. The bait is laced with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=302\" title=\"non-toxis fluorescent dye\">non-toxic fluorescent dye\u003c/a> that ends up in urine stains and feces. Surveyors later scan the grounds at nighttime with \u003ca href=\"http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/\" title=\"Bohart Museum of Entomology\" target=\"_blank\">black light\u003c/a>. The more glowing they observe, the larger they extrapolate the rat population to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nA recent February search turned up no evidence of rats. Instead, surveyors were surprised to discover millipedes glowing intensely white. To ensure that the millipedes hadn’t munched on the fluorescent rat bait, a researcher at UC Davis cast a black light over a collection case at the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/\" title=\"Bohart Museum of Entomology\" target=\"_blank\">Bohart Museum of Entomology\u003c/a>. Preserved millipedes from the same scientific family fluoresced in the case as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nSome millipedes species are known to \u003ca href=\"http://www.baycitizen.org/videos/xystocheir-dissecta-millipede-el-1/\" target=\"_blank\">fluoresce under black light [VIDEO]\u003c/a>, but National Park Service officials say it is the first recorded evidence of such millipedes on Alcatraz. UC Davis entomologists are hard at work determining whether the millipede is a known subspecies of \u003cem>Xystocheir dissecta (Wood)\u003c/em> the species commonly found around San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32849\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_DL.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-32849\" title=\"Alcatraz_millipede_DL\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_DL-254x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The millipedes found on Alcatraz Island as they appear in regular daylight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz Island is far enough from the mainland for a new species to evolve, though it would take millennia for that to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNew subspecies or not, California is known for being the only place in the world with bioluminescent millipedes. Seven species of the species \u003cem>Mytoxia Chamberlain 1940\u003c/em> — found in Tulare, Kern and Los Angeles counties — emit light from their bodies like a firefly or glowworm, though \u003cem>Mytoxia\u003c/em> as their name implies, do so specifically \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/16221-glowing-millipedes-toxic-warning.html\" target=\"_blank\">to warn predators of their toxicity\u003c/a>. Their entire bodies, antennas, legs and all light up with a seemingly inexhaustible neon-white glow that is \"fantastic to watch\" say officials from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/seki/index.htm\" title=\"Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park\" target=\"_blank\">Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nBut the fluorescence of the millipedes on Alcatraz is of a completely different sort most commonly observed in scorpions, which glow bright teal under black light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nUC Davis researchers expect to identify the subspecies of the Alcatraz millipede within the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "During a routine February survey on Alcatraz Island, surveyors found no sign no rats. Instead, they discovered a colony of millipedes glowing with an intense white light.",
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"description": "During a routine February survey on Alcatraz Island, surveyors found no sign no rats. Instead, they discovered a colony of millipedes glowing with an intense white light.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_BL-e1331595656998.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-32850\" title=\"Alcatraz_millipede_BL\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_BL-e1331595647469-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A periodic nighttime census for rats on Alcatraz Island took an unexpected twist in February when surveyors from the National Park Service and UC Davis discovered glowing millipedes on the island. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nTo identify rats, National Park Service staff routinely place bait in feeding stations. The bait is laced with a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=302\" title=\"non-toxis fluorescent dye\">non-toxic fluorescent dye\u003c/a> that ends up in urine stains and feces. Surveyors later scan the grounds at nighttime with \u003ca href=\"http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/\" title=\"Bohart Museum of Entomology\" target=\"_blank\">black light\u003c/a>. The more glowing they observe, the larger they extrapolate the rat population to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nA recent February search turned up no evidence of rats. Instead, surveyors were surprised to discover millipedes glowing intensely white. To ensure that the millipedes hadn’t munched on the fluorescent rat bait, a researcher at UC Davis cast a black light over a collection case at the university’s \u003ca href=\"http://bohart.ucdavis.edu/\" title=\"Bohart Museum of Entomology\" target=\"_blank\">Bohart Museum of Entomology\u003c/a>. Preserved millipedes from the same scientific family fluoresced in the case as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nSome millipedes species are known to \u003ca href=\"http://www.baycitizen.org/videos/xystocheir-dissecta-millipede-el-1/\" target=\"_blank\">fluoresce under black light [VIDEO]\u003c/a>, but National Park Service officials say it is the first recorded evidence of such millipedes on Alcatraz. UC Davis entomologists are hard at work determining whether the millipede is a known subspecies of \u003cem>Xystocheir dissecta (Wood)\u003c/em> the species commonly found around San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32849\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 254px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_DL.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-32849\" title=\"Alcatraz_millipede_DL\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Alcatraz_millipede_DL-254x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The millipedes found on Alcatraz Island as they appear in regular daylight.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alcatraz Island is far enough from the mainland for a new species to evolve, though it would take millennia for that to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nNew subspecies or not, California is known for being the only place in the world with bioluminescent millipedes. Seven species of the species \u003cem>Mytoxia Chamberlain 1940\u003c/em> — found in Tulare, Kern and Los Angeles counties — emit light from their bodies like a firefly or glowworm, though \u003cem>Mytoxia\u003c/em> as their name implies, do so specifically \u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/16221-glowing-millipedes-toxic-warning.html\" target=\"_blank\">to warn predators of their toxicity\u003c/a>. Their entire bodies, antennas, legs and all light up with a seemingly inexhaustible neon-white glow that is \"fantastic to watch\" say officials from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/seki/index.htm\" title=\"Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park\" target=\"_blank\">Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nBut the fluorescence of the millipedes on Alcatraz is of a completely different sort most commonly observed in scorpions, which glow bright teal under black light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\nUC Davis researchers expect to identify the subspecies of the Alcatraz millipede within the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33002\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/flower-blooms-in-your-tea-cup-its-water-absorption-as-entertainment/763px-flowering-tea-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/763px-Flowering-tea-1.jpg\" alt=\"Flowering Tea\" title=\"763px-Flowering-tea-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/763px-Flowering-tea-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/763px-Flowering-tea-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flowering Tea - Vassia Atanassova (Spiritia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every time I drive from the South Bay to the East Bay, I pass the Numi tea factory and start to crave a hot cup. I love tea--the ritual of heating and pouring the water, the warm mug in my hands and the slow sipping as it cools--and Numi makes some of my favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing this, a friend recently gave me a Numi gift box: \"FLOWERING TEA\u003csup>TM\u003c/sup> \u003cem>handsewn leaves blossom when steeped\u003c/em>.\" Pleased but confused, I did some research, and quickly figured it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you ever get those \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturepavilion.com/toincr.html\" title=\"Instant Critters\">pill-shaped foam toys\u003c/a> when you were a kid? You'd throw one in water, the capsule would dissolve, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zNo4rFVirA\" title=\"Magic Grow Time Lapse\">the foam would expand into a huge dinosaur or shark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnH3EAES8_8&feature=related\" title=\"Blooming Tea Video\">Flowering tea\u003c/a> is the classy grown-up version of grow monsters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/flower-blooms-in-your-tea-cup-its-water-absorption-as-entertainment/386221314_782/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33005\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/386221314_782-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"Grow Capsules\" title=\"386221314_782\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-33005\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teas don't expand quite as much as the toys, so you might be able to guess they're using a different technology. Grow monsters showed up in the 1970s, using super-absorbent polymers originally developed for medicine and hygiene (think diapers). Super-absorbent polymers are long-chain molecules that bind with water so enthusiastically that they can absorb up to 500 times their weight. (I presume that's why it says \"expands hundreds of times!\" on some toy packages; an inch-long capsule certainly does not expand to a 40-foot dinosaur.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooming teas don't contain any super-absorbent polymers—only tea leaves and flowers. But because they've been dried, they have a lot of room to expand when soaked in water again. A Star Trek alien once called humans \"ugly bags of mostly water,\" and the same could be said of almost all Earthling animals and plants. Fresh tea leaves contain 75-80% water, but are dried down to 2-7% before being sold as tea (flowering or otherwise). When you add water to this dried biological bundle, it readily expands and uncurls according to the whim of the tea artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33007\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/flower-blooms-in-your-tea-cup-its-water-absorption-as-entertainment/floweringtea_dragonlily_normal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33007\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/FloweringTea_DragonLily_normal.png\" alt=\"Dragon Lily Flowering Tea\" title=\"FloweringTea_DragonLily_normal\" width=\"170\" height=\"160\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Numi's Dragon Lily (which I drank while writing this post)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.numitea.com/pure-tea/health-benefits/#flowering-tea\" title=\"Numi Flowering Tea\">Numi\u003c/a> isn't the only place to get blooming tea--you can also find it at \u003ca href=\"http://www.redblossomtea.com/tea/blossoming.html\" title=\"Red Blossom - Blooming Tea\">Red Blossom Tea Company\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.peets.com/shop/tea_detail.asp?id=550&cid=2006\" title=\"Peet's - Blooming tea\">Peet's\u003c/a>, among others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, San Franscisco hipsters are \u003ca href=\"http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/357955\" title=\"Chowhound - Blooming Tea\">keen to debate\u003c/a> whether it is truly hip or merely a \"gimmick.\" Apparently, no one is sure how long blooming tea has been around. It might be just a few decades old (about the same age as grow monsters--\u003cem>coincidence?\u003c/em>) but there are thousand-year-old Chinese references to \"display teas.\" These weren't quite the same as modern blooming teas, because nobody actually drank the water the display teas were steeped in--they were strictly for entertainment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like grow monsters, come to think of it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Every time I drive from the South Bay to the East Bay, I pass the Numi tea factory and start to crave a hot cup. I love tea–the ritual of heating and pouring the water, the warm mug in my hands and the slow sipping as it cools–and Numi makes some of my favorites.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33002\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/flower-blooms-in-your-tea-cup-its-water-absorption-as-entertainment/763px-flowering-tea-1/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33002\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/763px-Flowering-tea-1.jpg\" alt=\"Flowering Tea\" title=\"763px-Flowering-tea-1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33002\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/763px-Flowering-tea-1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/763px-Flowering-tea-1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flowering Tea - Vassia Atanassova (Spiritia)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every time I drive from the South Bay to the East Bay, I pass the Numi tea factory and start to crave a hot cup. I love tea--the ritual of heating and pouring the water, the warm mug in my hands and the slow sipping as it cools--and Numi makes some of my favorites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing this, a friend recently gave me a Numi gift box: \"FLOWERING TEA\u003csup>TM\u003c/sup> \u003cem>handsewn leaves blossom when steeped\u003c/em>.\" Pleased but confused, I did some research, and quickly figured it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did you ever get those \u003ca href=\"http://www.naturepavilion.com/toincr.html\" title=\"Instant Critters\">pill-shaped foam toys\u003c/a> when you were a kid? You'd throw one in water, the capsule would dissolve, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9zNo4rFVirA\" title=\"Magic Grow Time Lapse\">the foam would expand into a huge dinosaur or shark\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnH3EAES8_8&feature=related\" title=\"Blooming Tea Video\">Flowering tea\u003c/a> is the classy grown-up version of grow monsters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/flower-blooms-in-your-tea-cup-its-water-absorption-as-entertainment/386221314_782/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33005\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/386221314_782-252x253.jpg\" alt=\"Grow Capsules\" title=\"386221314_782\" width=\"252\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-33005\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teas don't expand quite as much as the toys, so you might be able to guess they're using a different technology. Grow monsters showed up in the 1970s, using super-absorbent polymers originally developed for medicine and hygiene (think diapers). Super-absorbent polymers are long-chain molecules that bind with water so enthusiastically that they can absorb up to 500 times their weight. (I presume that's why it says \"expands hundreds of times!\" on some toy packages; an inch-long capsule certainly does not expand to a 40-foot dinosaur.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooming teas don't contain any super-absorbent polymers—only tea leaves and flowers. But because they've been dried, they have a lot of room to expand when soaked in water again. A Star Trek alien once called humans \"ugly bags of mostly water,\" and the same could be said of almost all Earthling animals and plants. Fresh tea leaves contain 75-80% water, but are dried down to 2-7% before being sold as tea (flowering or otherwise). When you add water to this dried biological bundle, it readily expands and uncurls according to the whim of the tea artist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33007\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/flower-blooms-in-your-tea-cup-its-water-absorption-as-entertainment/floweringtea_dragonlily_normal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33007\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/FloweringTea_DragonLily_normal.png\" alt=\"Dragon Lily Flowering Tea\" title=\"FloweringTea_DragonLily_normal\" width=\"170\" height=\"160\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33007\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Numi's Dragon Lily (which I drank while writing this post)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.numitea.com/pure-tea/health-benefits/#flowering-tea\" title=\"Numi Flowering Tea\">Numi\u003c/a> isn't the only place to get blooming tea--you can also find it at \u003ca href=\"http://www.redblossomtea.com/tea/blossoming.html\" title=\"Red Blossom - Blooming Tea\">Red Blossom Tea Company\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.peets.com/shop/tea_detail.asp?id=550&cid=2006\" title=\"Peet's - Blooming tea\">Peet's\u003c/a>, among others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, San Franscisco hipsters are \u003ca href=\"http://chowhound.chow.com/topics/357955\" title=\"Chowhound - Blooming Tea\">keen to debate\u003c/a> whether it is truly hip or merely a \"gimmick.\" Apparently, no one is sure how long blooming tea has been around. It might be just a few decades old (about the same age as grow monsters--\u003cem>coincidence?\u003c/em>) but there are thousand-year-old Chinese references to \"display teas.\" These weren't quite the same as modern blooming teas, because nobody actually drank the water the display teas were steeped in--they were strictly for entertainment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like grow monsters, come to think of it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Grazing a New Trail",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32894\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/grazing-a-new-trail/cow_bekker/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32894\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-32894\" title=\"cow_Bekker\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/cow_Bekker.jpg\" alt=\"Cow grazing\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/cow_Bekker.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/cow_Bekker-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle ranching has a bad rap in the conservation community, but a new study suggests they can also be part of a solution. Image credit: Albert P. Bekker.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's an ecologist to do when non-native plants have displaced native species and are disrupting an ecosystem? It has never been an easy question and won't become one any time soon. But as scientists monitor these situations over time, they learn more about what works and what doesn't. Galen Rathbun, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences, and his colleagues at Cal State Bakersfield and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management have just published a paper in the Journal of Wildlife Management recommending a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.316/abstract\">novel approach to managing arid lands in the San Joaquin Valley\u003c/a> to benefit the remarkable diversity of endangered lizards, kangaroo rats, and squirrels who call it home. Their proposed solution has four legs and moos: cattle. Livestock grazing has a bad rap in the conservation community as a practice which has caused great damage to large swaths of western North America, which is often true. However, these scientists suggest that well-managed livestock grazing can actually benefit small vertebrates by keeping non-native grasses under control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley, which stretches from Kern County in southern California up to the southern end of the Sacramento Valley, has traditionally been managed as grassland, but species distribution data and historical evidence (like the writings of Spanish explorers and missionaries) suggests that before the introduction of farming, ranching and non-native grasses, the bulk of the region would have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3375/043.031.0206\">more accurately classified as a desert\u003c/a>. If they're right, this has major impacts on conservation strategies for the threatened and endemic animals that live there. Since European settlers arrived, the valley's landscape has shifted from a desert dotted with saltbush to dense grassland and shrubland, dominated by non-native plants, cattle ranching and agricultural crops. Populations of native small vertebrates in the area are declining and one theory is that the altered vegetation plays a big role. Blunt-nosed leopard lizards, giant kangaroo rats, and other animals adapted to desert life are thought to have trouble moving through exotic dense grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/grazing-a-new-trail/giant_kangaroo_rat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32903\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32903\" title=\"giant_kangaroo_rat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/giant_kangaroo_rat-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Giant kangaroo rat in San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) are among the threatened and endangered species which stand to benefit from new and improved exotic grass management techniques in California's San Joaquin Valley. Photo credit: Galen Rathbun.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the ten-year study, the group monitored populations of key small vertebrate species on plots of land with and without managed grazing. They found grazing to have a neutral or positive effect on population size (not the negative effect expected by some), whereas the untouched control pastures saw little to no change. The idea that cattle grazing could be beneficial to the area's endemic and threatened species could really shake up future conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire has been used as a management tool in the past to keep exotic grasses under control in the valley, but many desert plants are not fire-adapted, so the practice just perpetuates a grassland landscape, killing native perennial saltbushes. Grazing, on the other hand, would manage the grasses' growth, while allowing saltbush to reestablish itself, a presence that has been shown to favor western whiptail lizards and threatened \u003ca href=\"http://esrp.csustan.edu/publications/pubhtml.php?doc=sjvrp&file=chapter02M02.html\">San Joaquin antelope squirrels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32918\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/grazing-a-new-trail/whiptail03/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32918\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32918\" title=\"Western_whiptail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Whiptail03-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Western whiptail lizard in San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists also monitored populations of non-threatened species like the western whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis tigris). Photo credit: Galen Rathbun.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another approach used by government and land conservation organizations trying to protect a threatened native species is to buy a piece of land, and promptly remove the cattle in an effort to return it to its \"natural\" state. However, without cows to keep the dense exotic grasses at bay, the native species meant to be protected lack suitable habitat, and can disappear anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Natural\" is one of those tricky concepts that's becoming harder and harder to define. Whether native or not, the species in any ecosystem are intertwined in complex ways. Removing one \"unnatural\" element is seldom enough. But is it realistic for the whole of California to go back to the landscapes of 200 years ago? Highly unlikely! Even if it were, the domino effect works in both ways, and there's no telling what unintended side effects such a shift would cause. As scientists, officials and citizens work to prioritize needs, the debates will rage on. I hope they'll remember that sometimes solutions come in unlikely packages. Just ask a cow in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In California's arid San Joaquin Valley, scientists propose a novel approach to managing the landscape to benefit the threatened lizards, kangaroo rats, and squirrels who call it home. Livestock grazing, often demonized in the conservation world, can actually help create livable habitat for smaller creatures when well-managed. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32894\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/grazing-a-new-trail/cow_bekker/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32894\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-32894\" title=\"cow_Bekker\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/cow_Bekker.jpg\" alt=\"Cow grazing\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/cow_Bekker.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/cow_Bekker-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cattle ranching has a bad rap in the conservation community, but a new study suggests they can also be part of a solution. Image credit: Albert P. Bekker.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>What's an ecologist to do when non-native plants have displaced native species and are disrupting an ecosystem? It has never been an easy question and won't become one any time soon. But as scientists monitor these situations over time, they learn more about what works and what doesn't. Galen Rathbun, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences, and his colleagues at Cal State Bakersfield and the U.S. Bureau of Land Management have just published a paper in the Journal of Wildlife Management recommending a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.316/abstract\">novel approach to managing arid lands in the San Joaquin Valley\u003c/a> to benefit the remarkable diversity of endangered lizards, kangaroo rats, and squirrels who call it home. Their proposed solution has four legs and moos: cattle. Livestock grazing has a bad rap in the conservation community as a practice which has caused great damage to large swaths of western North America, which is often true. However, these scientists suggest that well-managed livestock grazing can actually benefit small vertebrates by keeping non-native grasses under control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Joaquin Valley, which stretches from Kern County in southern California up to the southern end of the Sacramento Valley, has traditionally been managed as grassland, but species distribution data and historical evidence (like the writings of Spanish explorers and missionaries) suggests that before the introduction of farming, ranching and non-native grasses, the bulk of the region would have been \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3375/043.031.0206\">more accurately classified as a desert\u003c/a>. If they're right, this has major impacts on conservation strategies for the threatened and endemic animals that live there. Since European settlers arrived, the valley's landscape has shifted from a desert dotted with saltbush to dense grassland and shrubland, dominated by non-native plants, cattle ranching and agricultural crops. Populations of native small vertebrates in the area are declining and one theory is that the altered vegetation plays a big role. Blunt-nosed leopard lizards, giant kangaroo rats, and other animals adapted to desert life are thought to have trouble moving through exotic dense grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32903\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/grazing-a-new-trail/giant_kangaroo_rat/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32903\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32903\" title=\"giant_kangaroo_rat\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/giant_kangaroo_rat-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Giant kangaroo rat in San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Giant kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) are among the threatened and endangered species which stand to benefit from new and improved exotic grass management techniques in California's San Joaquin Valley. Photo credit: Galen Rathbun.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During the ten-year study, the group monitored populations of key small vertebrate species on plots of land with and without managed grazing. They found grazing to have a neutral or positive effect on population size (not the negative effect expected by some), whereas the untouched control pastures saw little to no change. The idea that cattle grazing could be beneficial to the area's endemic and threatened species could really shake up future conservation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire has been used as a management tool in the past to keep exotic grasses under control in the valley, but many desert plants are not fire-adapted, so the practice just perpetuates a grassland landscape, killing native perennial saltbushes. Grazing, on the other hand, would manage the grasses' growth, while allowing saltbush to reestablish itself, a presence that has been shown to favor western whiptail lizards and threatened \u003ca href=\"http://esrp.csustan.edu/publications/pubhtml.php?doc=sjvrp&file=chapter02M02.html\">San Joaquin antelope squirrels\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32918\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/13/grazing-a-new-trail/whiptail03/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32918\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32918\" title=\"Western_whiptail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Whiptail03-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Western whiptail lizard in San Joaquin Valley\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists also monitored populations of non-threatened species like the western whiptail lizards (Aspidoscelis tigris). Photo credit: Galen Rathbun.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another approach used by government and land conservation organizations trying to protect a threatened native species is to buy a piece of land, and promptly remove the cattle in an effort to return it to its \"natural\" state. However, without cows to keep the dense exotic grasses at bay, the native species meant to be protected lack suitable habitat, and can disappear anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Natural\" is one of those tricky concepts that's becoming harder and harder to define. Whether native or not, the species in any ecosystem are intertwined in complex ways. Removing one \"unnatural\" element is seldom enough. But is it realistic for the whole of California to go back to the landscapes of 200 years ago? Highly unlikely! Even if it were, the domino effect works in both ways, and there's no telling what unintended side effects such a shift would cause. As scientists, officials and citizens work to prioritize needs, the debates will rage on. I hope they'll remember that sometimes solutions come in unlikely packages. Just ask a cow in the San Joaquin Valley.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lasagne-in-mic-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s lunchtime, time to get your Lean Cuisine queued up. You unwrap it, then zap it. When you take it out of the microwave, it’s boiling hot on the edges and freezing cold in the middle. You know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you wonder: why doesn’t it heat my food like a regular oven?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a question beyond the interest of science. It carries important quality-of-life-and-lunch consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer it, let’s think about what it means to heat something. Heat is really just molecules moving around. When you get something hot, you get the molecules agitated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves and regular ovens have somewhat different ways of agitating food molecules (though the way they agitate cooks may be similar). A regular oven, once you’ve preheated it, is full of hot air. When you put your tasty treat inside, the heated air interacts with the cooler surface of your food and moves some of the molecules around. Over time, the molecules exposed to the surface transfer their heat energy to the molecules next to them through a process called conduction. Eventually, the heat gets conducted all the way to the center of your meal, but it takes a while, which is why you have to leave your tasty treat in the oven for what seems like forever when you’re hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32841\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/bread-baking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/bread-baking-270x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bread baking in a conventional oven\" title=\"bread-baking\" width=\"270\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32841\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this conventional oven, the baking bread is surrounded by hot air, which lends it its crispy crust.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast, a microwave tickles your treat molecules with radio waves. There’s no hot air in the microwave, and it heats your food without heating anything else. If you think about it, this seems kind of weird and maybe a little magical. Here’s how it works: a hollow-barreled magnetic tube called a magnetron emits radio waves into the oven. These waves, with wavelengths of about 12 cm, bombard the water, fat, and sugar molecules in the food, and set them flip-flopping. A microwave oven can do this while using much less energy than the oven requires, and the radio waves quickly get the molecules in motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catch, which also explains the bubbling-and-freezing-at-the-same-time phenomenon, is that the microwaves only penetrate about an inch or inch and a half into your tasty treat. To get the heat deeper than that, you’re relying on conduction, just like in your conventional oven. Or, as all microwave chefs know, giving your treat a stir helps shift the unheated molecules to that all-important outer inch where the action happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/magnetron2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32859\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Magnetron2-248x169.jpg\" alt=\"Magnetron\" title=\"Magnetron2\" width=\"248\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32859\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The inside of a magnetron from a microwave, minus its magnet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microwaves, which are part of the same electromagnetic spectrum as visible light and X-rays, are “tuned” to a frequency that works its magic on the relatively loosely ordered molecules in your food, but that doesn’t have much effect in more solid materials like ceramics and glass. But these waves don’t penetrate all parts of your tasty treat equally, either. Water molecules, for instance, are much more readily tossed about than fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can demo this yourself: take two small, identical dishes. Put water in one and the same amount of oil in another. Heat them together in the oven for about 30-45 seconds. Which is warmer when the bell rings? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves are also notorious for simply heating unevenly: you might find a pocket of much hotter lunch in your otherwise lukewarm dish. This is because, like any electromagnetic waves, microwaves bounce off of reflective surfaces (like those of the oven walls) and concentrate more in some areas than others. This is where the turntable comes in handy: it moves different parts of your food into and out of the hot spots, distributing the heating effect evenly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can show yourself a faint glow of this effect by using your microwave to light up an incandescent bulb. If you try your hand at this, do it carefully, and only for three seconds at a time. You’ll see the bulb light up more brightly as it moves through the hot spots, and fade a bit as it goes through the “cooler” areas. You’ll find instructions and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/06/_home_experiment_microwave_radiation.html\">explanation on the Oregonian website\u003c/a>. Or, for a little safer show, watch this video from the Discovery Channel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"http://static.discoverymedia.com/videos/components/dsc/76e551ecf893c8de3c7381bd12911b785510be4e/snag-it-player.html?auto=no\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of other fun to be had with a microwave, and also quite a few clever and potentially hazardous experiments. For safety’s sake, I’m compelled to suggest you turn to YouTube rather than your own microwave for these. One of my favorites is this lovely \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mobileweb/2012/01/27/microwave-oven-explodes-f_n_1236574.html\">slow-motion film of foods\u003c/a> theatrically exploding in the microwave. You could try these at home, but be prepared for doing some cleanup. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lasagne-in-mic-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s lunchtime, time to get your Lean Cuisine queued up. You unwrap it, then zap it. When you take it out of the microwave, it’s boiling hot on the edges and freezing cold in the middle. You know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you wonder: why doesn’t it heat my food like a regular oven?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a question beyond the interest of science. It carries important quality-of-life-and-lunch consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer it, let’s think about what it means to heat something. Heat is really just molecules moving around. When you get something hot, you get the molecules agitated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves and regular ovens have somewhat different ways of agitating food molecules (though the way they agitate cooks may be similar). A regular oven, once you’ve preheated it, is full of hot air. When you put your tasty treat inside, the heated air interacts with the cooler surface of your food and moves some of the molecules around. Over time, the molecules exposed to the surface transfer their heat energy to the molecules next to them through a process called conduction. Eventually, the heat gets conducted all the way to the center of your meal, but it takes a while, which is why you have to leave your tasty treat in the oven for what seems like forever when you’re hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32841\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/bread-baking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/bread-baking-270x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bread baking in a conventional oven\" title=\"bread-baking\" width=\"270\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32841\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this conventional oven, the baking bread is surrounded by hot air, which lends it its crispy crust.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast, a microwave tickles your treat molecules with radio waves. There’s no hot air in the microwave, and it heats your food without heating anything else. If you think about it, this seems kind of weird and maybe a little magical. Here’s how it works: a hollow-barreled magnetic tube called a magnetron emits radio waves into the oven. These waves, with wavelengths of about 12 cm, bombard the water, fat, and sugar molecules in the food, and set them flip-flopping. A microwave oven can do this while using much less energy than the oven requires, and the radio waves quickly get the molecules in motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catch, which also explains the bubbling-and-freezing-at-the-same-time phenomenon, is that the microwaves only penetrate about an inch or inch and a half into your tasty treat. To get the heat deeper than that, you’re relying on conduction, just like in your conventional oven. Or, as all microwave chefs know, giving your treat a stir helps shift the unheated molecules to that all-important outer inch where the action happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/magnetron2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32859\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Magnetron2-248x169.jpg\" alt=\"Magnetron\" title=\"Magnetron2\" width=\"248\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32859\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The inside of a magnetron from a microwave, minus its magnet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microwaves, which are part of the same electromagnetic spectrum as visible light and X-rays, are “tuned” to a frequency that works its magic on the relatively loosely ordered molecules in your food, but that doesn’t have much effect in more solid materials like ceramics and glass. But these waves don’t penetrate all parts of your tasty treat equally, either. Water molecules, for instance, are much more readily tossed about than fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can demo this yourself: take two small, identical dishes. Put water in one and the same amount of oil in another. Heat them together in the oven for about 30-45 seconds. Which is warmer when the bell rings? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves are also notorious for simply heating unevenly: you might find a pocket of much hotter lunch in your otherwise lukewarm dish. This is because, like any electromagnetic waves, microwaves bounce off of reflective surfaces (like those of the oven walls) and concentrate more in some areas than others. This is where the turntable comes in handy: it moves different parts of your food into and out of the hot spots, distributing the heating effect evenly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can show yourself a faint glow of this effect by using your microwave to light up an incandescent bulb. If you try your hand at this, do it carefully, and only for three seconds at a time. You’ll see the bulb light up more brightly as it moves through the hot spots, and fade a bit as it goes through the “cooler” areas. You’ll find instructions and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/06/_home_experiment_microwave_radiation.html\">explanation on the Oregonian website\u003c/a>. Or, for a little safer show, watch this video from the Discovery Channel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"http://static.discoverymedia.com/videos/components/dsc/76e551ecf893c8de3c7381bd12911b785510be4e/snag-it-player.html?auto=no\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of other fun to be had with a microwave, and also quite a few clever and potentially hazardous experiments. For safety’s sake, I’m compelled to suggest you turn to YouTube rather than your own microwave for these. One of my favorites is this lovely \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mobileweb/2012/01/27/microwave-oven-explodes-f_n_1236574.html\">slow-motion film of foods\u003c/a> theatrically exploding in the microwave. You could try these at home, but be prepared for doing some cleanup. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Phylo: Turning Biology Puzzles Into Interactive Games",
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"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"6960873861_c54bffdb62_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32748\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/officialgdc/6960873861/in/photostream\">Photo courtesy of Official GDC\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think of medicine as hard work, but an emerging group of tech-savvy entrepreneurs is looking to re-shape people’s perspectives and turn health, and health research, into a form of play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gdconf.com/\">Game Developers’ Conference\u003c/a> here in San Francisco this week, computer scientist Jérôme Waldispühl showed off a project that he and colleagues at McGill University just published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031362\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>. (KQED QUEST blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/a> wrote about this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/12/gaming-to-understand-disease/\">game\u003c/a> in December.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called Phylo, and it turns the puzzles of biology into a game anyone can play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo takes a fresh approach to sorting through the data produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/10001772\">Human Genome Project\u003c/a>, some three billion bits that spell out the instructions for how to make and maintain a human being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are continuously looking through this genetic code to search for genes that may make us susceptible to a particular disease. Finding that needle in the haystack takes time, as scientists must look at each piece of data to evaluate its potential to wreak biological havoc. They also need context to understand the significance of each gene’s sequence.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By themselves, sequences tell us nothing,” Waldispühl said. To make sense of this data, researchers are interested in comparing human DNA to that of other animals, like monkeys or mice. This gives us a window into evolution – if the exact same sequence ended up in horses and humans, then it is probably important, and a change, or mutation, would be bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waldispühl turned these inter-species comparisons into a game by color-coding the DNA and laying out human and animal sequences on top of each other, the way many scientists do to make sense of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the puzzle, you’re trying to make columns of the same color, [and] you’re finding evolutionarily conserved regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a game that looks something like a mash-up of \u003ca href=\"http://www.tetrisfriends.com/games/Marathon/game.php\">Tetris\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rubiks.com/\">Rubik’s cube\u003c/a>. To play, you try to arrange the rows to get the same color going down across different species, and you can introduce gaps if necessary. The computer’s score is the ‘Par’, and your goal is to beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"phylo\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-32587\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Competing with the computer may sound daunting at first. After all, this process seems like something computers should be really good at. But for this kind of pattern recognition, humans turn out to be much smarter than computers at figuring out which mutations can be thrown away, and which may be a red flag for disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the nuances of the science behind the game, it should ultimately still be fun to play. I asked Jon Bernstein, a doctor and researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a>, to try it out. “I thought it was very interesting – it was visually appealing, the interface was nice, and fun to play around with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is focused on genetics, Dr. Bernstein’s area of expertise, but that didn’t mean it was easy. “Many of the levels were pretty challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is timely, as DNA sequencing is becoming more and more useful in terms of diagnosing and treating all sorts of illnesses\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many, many situations in which genetic information is helpful in understanding the cause of human disease,” said Bernstein. “There are many cases in which it impacts how you take care of people and the counseling you can provide them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Bernstein told me, some forms of sequencing are still very expensive, on the order of $10,000. “And most of the cost is really the interpretation, not running the test itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Games like Phylo are an effort to help scientists interpret these data. By making these problems fun, easy to play with, and accessible to anyone in the world, game designers like Waldispühl are essentially crowd-sourcing solutions to complex problems in health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are plenty of gamers who would be willing to help out. Waldispühl told me that McGill put out a press release on the game and got a much larger response than they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of hours after we launched the game, the server was saturated and we put all of the department in an emergency state because everything was blocked,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had basically a puzzle downloaded every half-second. It was just crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding innovative ways to quickly make sense of genetic data is becoming more important as sequencing becomes faster and more widely used. However, there are many questions that come up between sequencing a person’s DNA and pinpointing the cause of their disease, and Phylo may be answering the wrong one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This particular game is about aligning DNA sequences. In clinical medicine, a lot of questions are asked and answered at the level of protein,” Stanford’s Bernstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is the blueprint for protein, and bad proteins can cause disease. Looking at information from the protein perspective would be much more useful to doctors, and games like \u003ca href=\"http://fold.it/portal/\">Foldit\u003c/a> are already looking at some aspects of that problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldit is a science-focused game that was first released to the public in 2008, and it has had considerable success since then. It allows players to virtually interact with proteins and solve puzzles about their shape. Foldit was able to harness the power of the game-playing masses to determine the shape of the AIDS virus in rhesus monkeys, a problem that had eluded researchers for 15 years. They even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v18/n10/full/nsmb.2119.html\">published their findings\u003c/a> in a sub-journal of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo may not be as useful as Foldit in its current incarnation, but it does have potential. Since its launch in November 2010, Phylo has contributed to 450,000 solutions through the work of 20,000 registered players and thousands more who play anonymously. Its interface could easily be adopted to compare proteins instead of DNA sequences, but the challenge would be in making it enjoyable for anyone to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really wanted to make a casual game – that people can play it without thinking they are solving a problem,” Waldispühl said. “People want to have fun. And we can reuse the energy they spend gaming to do something useful.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"6960873861_c54bffdb62_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32748\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/officialgdc/6960873861/in/photostream\">Photo courtesy of Official GDC\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think of medicine as hard work, but an emerging group of tech-savvy entrepreneurs is looking to re-shape people’s perspectives and turn health, and health research, into a form of play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gdconf.com/\">Game Developers’ Conference\u003c/a> here in San Francisco this week, computer scientist Jérôme Waldispühl showed off a project that he and colleagues at McGill University just published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031362\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>. (KQED QUEST blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/a> wrote about this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/12/gaming-to-understand-disease/\">game\u003c/a> in December.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called Phylo, and it turns the puzzles of biology into a game anyone can play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo takes a fresh approach to sorting through the data produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/10001772\">Human Genome Project\u003c/a>, some three billion bits that spell out the instructions for how to make and maintain a human being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are continuously looking through this genetic code to search for genes that may make us susceptible to a particular disease. Finding that needle in the haystack takes time, as scientists must look at each piece of data to evaluate its potential to wreak biological havoc. They also need context to understand the significance of each gene’s sequence.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By themselves, sequences tell us nothing,” Waldispühl said. To make sense of this data, researchers are interested in comparing human DNA to that of other animals, like monkeys or mice. This gives us a window into evolution – if the exact same sequence ended up in horses and humans, then it is probably important, and a change, or mutation, would be bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waldispühl turned these inter-species comparisons into a game by color-coding the DNA and laying out human and animal sequences on top of each other, the way many scientists do to make sense of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the puzzle, you’re trying to make columns of the same color, [and] you’re finding evolutionarily conserved regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a game that looks something like a mash-up of \u003ca href=\"http://www.tetrisfriends.com/games/Marathon/game.php\">Tetris\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rubiks.com/\">Rubik’s cube\u003c/a>. To play, you try to arrange the rows to get the same color going down across different species, and you can introduce gaps if necessary. The computer’s score is the ‘Par’, and your goal is to beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"phylo\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-32587\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Competing with the computer may sound daunting at first. After all, this process seems like something computers should be really good at. But for this kind of pattern recognition, humans turn out to be much smarter than computers at figuring out which mutations can be thrown away, and which may be a red flag for disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the nuances of the science behind the game, it should ultimately still be fun to play. I asked Jon Bernstein, a doctor and researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a>, to try it out. “I thought it was very interesting – it was visually appealing, the interface was nice, and fun to play around with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is focused on genetics, Dr. Bernstein’s area of expertise, but that didn’t mean it was easy. “Many of the levels were pretty challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is timely, as DNA sequencing is becoming more and more useful in terms of diagnosing and treating all sorts of illnesses\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many, many situations in which genetic information is helpful in understanding the cause of human disease,” said Bernstein. “There are many cases in which it impacts how you take care of people and the counseling you can provide them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Bernstein told me, some forms of sequencing are still very expensive, on the order of $10,000. “And most of the cost is really the interpretation, not running the test itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Games like Phylo are an effort to help scientists interpret these data. By making these problems fun, easy to play with, and accessible to anyone in the world, game designers like Waldispühl are essentially crowd-sourcing solutions to complex problems in health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are plenty of gamers who would be willing to help out. Waldispühl told me that McGill put out a press release on the game and got a much larger response than they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of hours after we launched the game, the server was saturated and we put all of the department in an emergency state because everything was blocked,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had basically a puzzle downloaded every half-second. It was just crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding innovative ways to quickly make sense of genetic data is becoming more important as sequencing becomes faster and more widely used. However, there are many questions that come up between sequencing a person’s DNA and pinpointing the cause of their disease, and Phylo may be answering the wrong one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This particular game is about aligning DNA sequences. In clinical medicine, a lot of questions are asked and answered at the level of protein,” Stanford’s Bernstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is the blueprint for protein, and bad proteins can cause disease. Looking at information from the protein perspective would be much more useful to doctors, and games like \u003ca href=\"http://fold.it/portal/\">Foldit\u003c/a> are already looking at some aspects of that problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldit is a science-focused game that was first released to the public in 2008, and it has had considerable success since then. It allows players to virtually interact with proteins and solve puzzles about their shape. Foldit was able to harness the power of the game-playing masses to determine the shape of the AIDS virus in rhesus monkeys, a problem that had eluded researchers for 15 years. They even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v18/n10/full/nsmb.2119.html\">published their findings\u003c/a> in a sub-journal of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo may not be as useful as Foldit in its current incarnation, but it does have potential. Since its launch in November 2010, Phylo has contributed to 450,000 solutions through the work of 20,000 registered players and thousands more who play anonymously. Its interface could easily be adopted to compare proteins instead of DNA sequences, but the challenge would be in making it enjoyable for anyone to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster",
"title": "Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i54hwitqTHU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several members of Congress are looking for ways to restore the funding.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Just one year after the disaster in Japan, proposed budget cuts could impact the US tsunami warning program.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"order": 1
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
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