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"content": "\u003cp>When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, most of lower Manhattan went dark, and it was almost two weeks before most of the power was restored. But in \u003ca href=\"http://www.tecogen.com/2944109b-07d0-44c5-9ea7-48b71fa292b6/about-us-news-and-events-press-releases-detail.htm\">one building\u003c/a> in Greenwich Village, the lights stayed on and the heat kept working (and the building’s population doubled). That’s because, as University of Wisconsin engineering professor Thomas Jahns explained, that building had “its own miniature version of a utility grid”: a microgrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Old Power Grid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trillions of watts of electricity used every year in the United States are delivered by just three huge power grids. The grids’ size and interconnectivity make electricity cheap and accommodate differences in supply and demand between different regions, but it also leaves the whole network vulnerable -- like the time a glitch in an Ohio control room caused a \u003ca href=\"http://boingboing.net/2012/08/03/blackout-whats-wrong-with-t.html\">$10 billion blackout \u003c/a>in the Northeast and parts of Canada. Or when a worker in Arizona accidentally tripped a power line, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/01/2011-blackout-in-san-diego_n_1468552.html\">power outage\u003c/a> swept from Southern California to Mexico. The number of major outages like these is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/aging-us-power-grid-blacks-out-more-any-other-developed-nation-1631086\">rising\u003c/a>, and because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme Sandy-like storms, the problem is only going to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the demands on the grid are climbing as its \u003ca href=\"http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/energy/\">aging infrastructure \u003c/a>is getting more and more fragile. The average U.S. power plant is 30 years old, and the average power line is 25 years old. Transformers that were only designed to last 40 years have been in service much longer. And even if all those elements were replaced, the grid in its current form was mostly designed in the first half of the twentieth century, when electricity was first a novelty, then a luxury. It was never intended to support a country dependent on air conditioning, computers, and millions of personal electronic devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “Smarter” Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning is underway to replace the aging U.S. power network with a new, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/03/22/what-is-the-smart-grid-anyway-video/\">“smart” grid\u003c/a>, one that’s energy efficient and flexible enough to handle variability in both supply and demand -- and one that can isolate electrical crises before they spread. Incorporating the communication and automation technologies that already facilitate so many other aspects of our lives should make the currently clunky grid much more responsive and efficient enough to save tens of billions of dollars every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microgrids: A New Old Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the elements of this reimagined grid is actually a recycled old idea: small, independent grids serving neighborhoods, hospitals, and even individual buildings. The key to a modern microgrid is the “smart” switch linking it to the main grid. These switches can respond automatically to the grid’s needs, opening or closing in less than a thirtieth of a second. When it’s connected to the main grid, the microgrid can draw extra power from the communal pool or return any extra energy back to it so that watts on either side of the switch don’t go to waste. But if the power goes out, the switch can open, severing the connection and keeping the outage from spreading. This gives microgrids flexibility that neither a single large grid nor isolated independent grids have on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71611\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\" alt='This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.' width=\"640\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juggling Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“Really, it's a game-changer in a lot of different ways,” Jahns explained. One of the benefits of a microgrid is that its flexibility makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, something that’s perennially tricky. “Renewables are great,” said Jahns, “but unfortunately, the sun goes up; the sun goes down. The wind blows; the wind doesn't blow. But we want to turn on a light switch and expect the light to come on all the time.” For a microgrid, there’s no problem. If it’s cloudy or windless, connecting to the main grid can make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Capturing Wasted Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Another major advantage of a microgrid is that it allows you to get much more out of the energy sources you’re using. “I don't think people realize just how much of the energy of a lump of coal -- or even from a nuclear power plant -- how much heat is wasted.” In fact, he said, if you’re turning 50 percent of the source energy into usable electricity, you’re doing well. The rest is lost as heat. In a compact microgrid, combined heat and power generators can recover some of that lost energy and put it to work, boosting energy efficiency from 50 to 80 percent. There’s not much else you can do to make efficiency skyrocket like that, Jahns said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Changing Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu/annual-report/exploring-energy/WEI-Exploring-Energy-Microgrids.pdf\">microgrid\u003c/a> Jahn oversees at the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a> is a cousin of the one that kept the Greenwich Village co-op out of trouble during Hurricane Sandy. This type of microgrid is particularly flexible because it seamlessly adjusts to new loads and new sources without needing a lot of expensive engineering on the front end. “Plug-and-play functionality and autonomous control, that’s the absolutely key part of it,” explained Bob Lasseter, an emeritus professor at UW who developed the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That easy adaptability could make microgrids even more appealing. If a business or a school knew that it wouldn’t have to rework its grid when it needed to add a new building or wanted to put in a solar panel, that might lower the entrance barrier to embracing new technology. These simple but endlessly modifiable microgrids could also be ideal for developing countries without energy infrastructure but with access to energy resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Road Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting utilities and governments on board with individual consumers supplying their own electricity -- at least part of the time -- won’t necessarily be easy everywhere. Even though microgrids are designed to interact with the main grid, the ability to produce and consume energy locally constitutes a fundamental change in the way we approach and pay for an integral and ubiquitous service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, look out there. What do you see?” Jahns asked, gesturing out the window. “You see power lines and lights. That's a lot of the infrastructure that we just kind of take for granted around us. And now we're talking about changing it in a significant way that is unlike anything that we've seen before. So that's kind of mind-boggling to imagine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71609\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1056\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, most of lower Manhattan went dark, and it was almost two weeks before most of the power was restored. But in \u003ca href=\"http://www.tecogen.com/2944109b-07d0-44c5-9ea7-48b71fa292b6/about-us-news-and-events-press-releases-detail.htm\">one building\u003c/a> in Greenwich Village, the lights stayed on and the heat kept working (and the building’s population doubled). That’s because, as University of Wisconsin engineering professor Thomas Jahns explained, that building had “its own miniature version of a utility grid”: a microgrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Old Power Grid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trillions of watts of electricity used every year in the United States are delivered by just three huge power grids. The grids’ size and interconnectivity make electricity cheap and accommodate differences in supply and demand between different regions, but it also leaves the whole network vulnerable -- like the time a glitch in an Ohio control room caused a \u003ca href=\"http://boingboing.net/2012/08/03/blackout-whats-wrong-with-t.html\">$10 billion blackout \u003c/a>in the Northeast and parts of Canada. Or when a worker in Arizona accidentally tripped a power line, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/01/2011-blackout-in-san-diego_n_1468552.html\">power outage\u003c/a> swept from Southern California to Mexico. The number of major outages like these is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/aging-us-power-grid-blacks-out-more-any-other-developed-nation-1631086\">rising\u003c/a>, and because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme Sandy-like storms, the problem is only going to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the demands on the grid are climbing as its \u003ca href=\"http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/energy/\">aging infrastructure \u003c/a>is getting more and more fragile. The average U.S. power plant is 30 years old, and the average power line is 25 years old. Transformers that were only designed to last 40 years have been in service much longer. And even if all those elements were replaced, the grid in its current form was mostly designed in the first half of the twentieth century, when electricity was first a novelty, then a luxury. It was never intended to support a country dependent on air conditioning, computers, and millions of personal electronic devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “Smarter” Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning is underway to replace the aging U.S. power network with a new, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/03/22/what-is-the-smart-grid-anyway-video/\">“smart” grid\u003c/a>, one that’s energy efficient and flexible enough to handle variability in both supply and demand -- and one that can isolate electrical crises before they spread. Incorporating the communication and automation technologies that already facilitate so many other aspects of our lives should make the currently clunky grid much more responsive and efficient enough to save tens of billions of dollars every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microgrids: A New Old Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the elements of this reimagined grid is actually a recycled old idea: small, independent grids serving neighborhoods, hospitals, and even individual buildings. The key to a modern microgrid is the “smart” switch linking it to the main grid. These switches can respond automatically to the grid’s needs, opening or closing in less than a thirtieth of a second. When it’s connected to the main grid, the microgrid can draw extra power from the communal pool or return any extra energy back to it so that watts on either side of the switch don’t go to waste. But if the power goes out, the switch can open, severing the connection and keeping the outage from spreading. This gives microgrids flexibility that neither a single large grid nor isolated independent grids have on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71611\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\" alt='This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.' width=\"640\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juggling Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“Really, it's a game-changer in a lot of different ways,” Jahns explained. One of the benefits of a microgrid is that its flexibility makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, something that’s perennially tricky. “Renewables are great,” said Jahns, “but unfortunately, the sun goes up; the sun goes down. The wind blows; the wind doesn't blow. But we want to turn on a light switch and expect the light to come on all the time.” For a microgrid, there’s no problem. If it’s cloudy or windless, connecting to the main grid can make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Capturing Wasted Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Another major advantage of a microgrid is that it allows you to get much more out of the energy sources you’re using. “I don't think people realize just how much of the energy of a lump of coal -- or even from a nuclear power plant -- how much heat is wasted.” In fact, he said, if you’re turning 50 percent of the source energy into usable electricity, you’re doing well. The rest is lost as heat. In a compact microgrid, combined heat and power generators can recover some of that lost energy and put it to work, boosting energy efficiency from 50 to 80 percent. There’s not much else you can do to make efficiency skyrocket like that, Jahns said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Changing Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu/annual-report/exploring-energy/WEI-Exploring-Energy-Microgrids.pdf\">microgrid\u003c/a> Jahn oversees at the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a> is a cousin of the one that kept the Greenwich Village co-op out of trouble during Hurricane Sandy. This type of microgrid is particularly flexible because it seamlessly adjusts to new loads and new sources without needing a lot of expensive engineering on the front end. “Plug-and-play functionality and autonomous control, that’s the absolutely key part of it,” explained Bob Lasseter, an emeritus professor at UW who developed the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That easy adaptability could make microgrids even more appealing. If a business or a school knew that it wouldn’t have to rework its grid when it needed to add a new building or wanted to put in a solar panel, that might lower the entrance barrier to embracing new technology. These simple but endlessly modifiable microgrids could also be ideal for developing countries without energy infrastructure but with access to energy resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Road Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting utilities and governments on board with individual consumers supplying their own electricity -- at least part of the time -- won’t necessarily be easy everywhere. Even though microgrids are designed to interact with the main grid, the ability to produce and consume energy locally constitutes a fundamental change in the way we approach and pay for an integral and ubiquitous service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, look out there. What do you see?” Jahns asked, gesturing out the window. “You see power lines and lights. That's a lot of the infrastructure that we just kind of take for granted around us. And now we're talking about changing it in a significant way that is unlike anything that we've seen before. So that's kind of mind-boggling to imagine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71609\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1056\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Picture a vehicle that would look equally at home on \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1843821_1843820_1843808,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">The Flintstones\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdWswvLPdE0\" target=\"_blank\">The Jetsons\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>and you’ll have a pretty good idea of the ELF’s unique design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68922\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_3046.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68922 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_3046-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rob Cotter, a lifelong inventor, started his company Organic Transit after a career designing high-end race cars. Photos by David Huppert/UNC-TV.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rob Cotter, a lifelong inventor, started his company Organic Transit after a career designing high-end race cars. Photos by David Huppert/UNC-TV.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ELF is a semi-enclosed tricycle with a roof, trunk, and enough room for eight bags of groceries. And while it doesn’t require a license plate, the bike-lane-legal electric- and human-powered ELF is capable of cruising up to 30 miles per hour, thanks to its onboard rechargeable battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012 Rob Cotter and a group of mechanics, bike builders, and engineers started \u003ca href=\"http://organictransit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Organic Transit\u003c/a>, a Durham, North Carolina, company dedicated to manufacturing highly efficient tricycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69004\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 172px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/TransportationEfficiencyInfographicforQuest.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69004 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Elf_Graph_Finalv1_big-172x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"172\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ELF's velomobile design offers aerodynamic advantages over traditional bicycles. Infographic by Ariana Rodriguez-Gitler/UNC-TV. Click to enlarge.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One element that separates the ELF from other electric-assist bikes is its protective aerodynamic shell. And it’s that outer shell that qualifies the ELF as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=velomobile&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=qzEzU6zfD-ersAS3lYDIAQ&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=1201&bih=660\" target=\"_blank\">velomobile\u003c/a>,” a class of vehicle that comes in many shapes and sizes, including some of the most efficient vehicles on the road. Most velos, as they are known, are enclosed recumbent tricycles that generate incredible efficiency, thanks to their sleek design. From his work with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ihpva.org/about.htm\" target=\"_blank\">International Human Powered Vehicle Association \u003c/a>Cotter knew it was possible to design a velo that could travel at speeds that would tempt people to ditch their cars for an ELF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cotter, “Many types of technology come together and merge to fill this technological space between a bicycle and a car.”Some of the ELF’s futuristic features include its continuously variable transmission (CVT), which consists of two chains that coast independently, eliminating any friction when switching between pedal power and the 600-watt backup battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If and when riders get tired of pedaling, they can flip a switch, stop pedaling, and still cruise at speeds up to 15 miles per hour using the onboard rechargeable lithium iron phosphate battery. What’s more, the battery can be powered from the roof’s solar panel in about seven hours. If it’s cloudy outside, the ELF can get a charge from a traditional outlet in about an hour and a half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68934\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/wheel_adjustment.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/wheel_adjustment-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The ELF is manufactured in Durham, North Carolina. Plans are reportedly in the works for a truck version, capable of transporting two people and with a higher payload capacity.\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ELF is manufactured in Durham, North Carolina. Plans are reportedly in the works for a truck version, with a higher payload capacity capable of transporting two people.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These distribution goals will likely give rise to new challenges, such as how to source sustainable solar materials and batteries, how to integrate ELFs into the bike/car culture, and how to make the vehicle affordable for the masses. But for now Cotter is focused on defining a new transportation category. “For inventors or builders or designers or entrepreneurs, if they have the opportunity to launch a very green product, a product that can help lots of people, it’s the best thing you can ever do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The \"Bike To The Future\" Quest video was co-produced by Stephanie Bourland and David Huppert.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: the video mistakenly refers to the ELF's CVT as a contingency variable transmission instead of a continuously variable transmission.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Picture a vehicle that would look equally at home on \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1843821_1843820_1843808,00.html\" target=\"_blank\">The Flintstones\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdWswvLPdE0\" target=\"_blank\">The Jetsons\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>and you’ll have a pretty good idea of the ELF’s unique design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68922\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_3046.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68922 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_3046-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Rob Cotter, a lifelong inventor, started his company Organic Transit after a career designing high-end race cars. Photos by David Huppert/UNC-TV.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rob Cotter, a lifelong inventor, started his company Organic Transit after a career designing high-end race cars. Photos by David Huppert/UNC-TV.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The ELF is a semi-enclosed tricycle with a roof, trunk, and enough room for eight bags of groceries. And while it doesn’t require a license plate, the bike-lane-legal electric- and human-powered ELF is capable of cruising up to 30 miles per hour, thanks to its onboard rechargeable battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012 Rob Cotter and a group of mechanics, bike builders, and engineers started \u003ca href=\"http://organictransit.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Organic Transit\u003c/a>, a Durham, North Carolina, company dedicated to manufacturing highly efficient tricycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69004\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 172px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/TransportationEfficiencyInfographicforQuest.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-69004 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Elf_Graph_Finalv1_big-172x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"172\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ELF's velomobile design offers aerodynamic advantages over traditional bicycles. Infographic by Ariana Rodriguez-Gitler/UNC-TV. Click to enlarge.\u003cem>\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One element that separates the ELF from other electric-assist bikes is its protective aerodynamic shell. And it’s that outer shell that qualifies the ELF as a “\u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=velomobile&espv=210&es_sm=119&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=qzEzU6zfD-ersAS3lYDIAQ&ved=0CDIQsAQ&biw=1201&bih=660\" target=\"_blank\">velomobile\u003c/a>,” a class of vehicle that comes in many shapes and sizes, including some of the most efficient vehicles on the road. Most velos, as they are known, are enclosed recumbent tricycles that generate incredible efficiency, thanks to their sleek design. From his work with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ihpva.org/about.htm\" target=\"_blank\">International Human Powered Vehicle Association \u003c/a>Cotter knew it was possible to design a velo that could travel at speeds that would tempt people to ditch their cars for an ELF.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cotter, “Many types of technology come together and merge to fill this technological space between a bicycle and a car.”Some of the ELF’s futuristic features include its continuously variable transmission (CVT), which consists of two chains that coast independently, eliminating any friction when switching between pedal power and the 600-watt backup battery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If and when riders get tired of pedaling, they can flip a switch, stop pedaling, and still cruise at speeds up to 15 miles per hour using the onboard rechargeable lithium iron phosphate battery. What’s more, the battery can be powered from the roof’s solar panel in about seven hours. If it’s cloudy outside, the ELF can get a charge from a traditional outlet in about an hour and a half.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68934\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/wheel_adjustment.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68934 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/wheel_adjustment-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"The ELF is manufactured in Durham, North Carolina. Plans are reportedly in the works for a truck version, capable of transporting two people and with a higher payload capacity.\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ELF is manufactured in Durham, North Carolina. Plans are reportedly in the works for a truck version, with a higher payload capacity capable of transporting two people.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These distribution goals will likely give rise to new challenges, such as how to source sustainable solar materials and batteries, how to integrate ELFs into the bike/car culture, and how to make the vehicle affordable for the masses. But for now Cotter is focused on defining a new transportation category. “For inventors or builders or designers or entrepreneurs, if they have the opportunity to launch a very green product, a product that can help lots of people, it’s the best thing you can ever do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The \"Bike To The Future\" Quest video was co-produced by Stephanie Bourland and David Huppert.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: the video mistakenly refers to the ELF's CVT as a contingency variable transmission instead of a continuously variable transmission.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why a Dark Sky Matters",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dark+Sky/Stream/darksky12_13_2013withfundersmp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65229\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\" alt=\"Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For those living in remote areas, seeing the stars is no big deal. But for the many people who live in cities, spotting the Big Dipper can be tough. City lights are to blame — everything from streetlights to stadium lights to garage lights. And it turns out these lights mess up a whole lot more than just our view of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember growing up seeing stars all the time, and now I don't see 'em. There's so much light pollution from houses,” said Beth Bedford, a nature enthusiast from Willoughby, Ohio. “Auto dealers are the worst. When you just wanna go out in the summer and enjoy the summer nights and you've got all this light and there's no way to see the stars or anything and to enjoy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bedford isn’t alone in lamenting the loss of the night sky. I met her at a recently opened “dark sky park” in Geauga County, Ohio. It’s one of 12 parks certified by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Dark Sky Association\u003c/a>. Park naturalist Chris Mentrek said all of them create an oasis of dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're 32 miles from the Public Square hotdog cart, but it's already a whole different world when we look over the sky because it's just intensely dark out here,” said Mentrek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65143\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dark sky parks, with their star-filled nights and open fields, make great locations for observatories.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This monitor sits atop a green roof at Ohio's Observatory Park and tracks how dark the sky is. It's part of a worldwide science project that monitors light pollution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This allows for prime stargazing. But Mentrek said that’s not the only benefit of having the lights switched off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it's not just that it, you know, wrecks our view of the cool stuff that we astronomers wanna study, like stars and faraway galaxies, but it can also start to kind of mess with these rhythms that nature's adapted itself to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mentrek explained that light pollution affects the health of the ecosystem and the animals living in it, including people. By turning on artificial lights 24 hours a day, people start to disrupt natural circadian rhythms of lightness and darkness that human bodies expect, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so, then hormone levels in your brain can slowly come a bit out of the balance that they were adapted to. And you can start to see human health effects,” he said. “And then, of course, there's all the other animals who are accustomed to a nice, dark night and then all of a sudden we've brought in these strange artificial lighting sources. So it can be a little bit disorienting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals depend upon clear, starry nights for navigation. Light pollution draws birds and fish off course; \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/protecting-summer-hang-outs-for-bats/\" target=\"_blank\">bats get confused\u003c/a>; sea turtles looking for the light of the moon end up following rays from street lamps onto highways; even the South African dung beetle, which rolls its dung ball back home with help from the Milky Way, runs askew without stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if there's all these artificial lights, the poor little guys can't find their way, and they're just kind of wandering around aimlessly,” Mentrek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward. \" width=\"358\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On top of that, light pollution disrupts the ability of nocturnal creatures to mate, migrate, feed, and pollinate. Species that rely on the safety of darkness to forage, for instance, will delay doing so in the glare of streetlights for fear of getting eaten themselves. Scientists are still learning how and why light pollution disrupts so many species, but there seems to be no question that behavior is being altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, too much bright light creates hormonal havoc. It messes with the body’s production of melatonin. The World Health Organization calls shift work a \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear-science/radiation-chemicals-and-breast-cancer/light-at-night-and-melatonin.html\" target=\"_blank\">probable carcinogen\u003c/a>, and researchers are finding more and more \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence \u003c/a>linking light to everything from obesity to mood disorders to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why many environmental and public health advocates are making a concerted effort to change the way we light our world. \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008246\" target=\"_blank\">Travis Longcore\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Southern California who studies the effects of light pollution on the natural world, said there are five main things people can do to limit light pollution without compromising safety or other concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, said Longcore, determine if a light is truly needed for the area. If a light is necessary, consider whether the area could be lit with a lower-intensity bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing to consider is direction. Shield the light so it illuminates just what you need, like a sidewalk, and avoid what Longcore calls the “quintessential barn light.” “It's just a big glare bomb,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next on his checklist is duration. Don’t keep a light on 24/7 if it doesn’t need to be. \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/bringing_back_the_night__a_fight_against_light_pollution/2681/\" target=\"_blank\">France\u003c/a> recently mandated shops turn off their lights after 1 a.m., and the country expects to save two million euros in energy costs and cut over 200,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65121 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light. \" width=\"427\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His last tip is color: avoid bright white. It contains a \u003ca href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/u12l2a.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">mixture \u003c/a>of all the colors on the visible spectrum. Dim red light is best for nighttime because it has longer wavelengths with the least power to mess with circadian rhythms and affect melatonin. He said many stores sell yellow “\u003ca href=\"http://www.bulbs.com/learning/buglight.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">bug lights\u003c/a>” that would be good night lighting for humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Ohio’s Observatory Park, for instance, the pathways are lit up by miniature street lamps that face down and glow red. Longcore said parks like this can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you love to see around a dark sky park is that people recognize the benefits this brings to the community,” he said. “As long as people are aware that there are many reasons that people are concerned about and want to see smart night lighting — that range from health to wildlife to stars — it can set up a local culture of respect for those issues and sets of behaviors that go along with it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Dark+Sky/Stream/darksky12_13_2013withfundersmp3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65229\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg\" alt=\"Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/USA-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Night lights create a dazzling aerial view, but 24/7 lighting harms ecosystems and human health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For those living in remote areas, seeing the stars is no big deal. But for the many people who live in cities, spotting the Big Dipper can be tough. City lights are to blame — everything from streetlights to stadium lights to garage lights. And it turns out these lights mess up a whole lot more than just our view of the galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember growing up seeing stars all the time, and now I don't see 'em. There's so much light pollution from houses,” said Beth Bedford, a nature enthusiast from Willoughby, Ohio. “Auto dealers are the worst. When you just wanna go out in the summer and enjoy the summer nights and you've got all this light and there's no way to see the stars or anything and to enjoy it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bedford isn’t alone in lamenting the loss of the night sky. I met her at a recently opened “dark sky park” in Geauga County, Ohio. It’s one of 12 parks certified by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.darksky.org/\" target=\"_blank\">International Dark Sky Association\u003c/a>. Park naturalist Chris Mentrek said all of them create an oasis of dark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're 32 miles from the Public Square hotdog cart, but it's already a whole different world when we look over the sky because it's just intensely dark out here,” said Mentrek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65143\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65143\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Dark-Sky-Park-021edit-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dark sky parks, with their star-filled nights and open fields, make great locations for observatories.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This monitor sits atop a green roof at Ohio's Observatory Park and tracks how dark the sky is. It's part of a worldwide science project that monitors light pollution.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This allows for prime stargazing. But Mentrek said that’s not the only benefit of having the lights switched off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So it's not just that it, you know, wrecks our view of the cool stuff that we astronomers wanna study, like stars and faraway galaxies, but it can also start to kind of mess with these rhythms that nature's adapted itself to,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mentrek explained that light pollution affects the health of the ecosystem and the animals living in it, including people. By turning on artificial lights 24 hours a day, people start to disrupt natural circadian rhythms of lightness and darkness that human bodies expect, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so, then hormone levels in your brain can slowly come a bit out of the balance that they were adapted to. And you can start to see human health effects,” he said. “And then, of course, there's all the other animals who are accustomed to a nice, dark night and then all of a sudden we've brought in these strange artificial lighting sources. So it can be a little bit disorienting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many animals depend upon clear, starry nights for navigation. Light pollution draws birds and fish off course; \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/protecting-summer-hang-outs-for-bats/\" target=\"_blank\">bats get confused\u003c/a>; sea turtles looking for the light of the moon end up following rays from street lamps onto highways; even the South African dung beetle, which rolls its dung ball back home with help from the Milky Way, runs askew without stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if there's all these artificial lights, the poor little guys can't find their way, and they're just kind of wandering around aimlessly,” Mentrek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65144\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-65144\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Scarabaeus_laticollis_2-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward. \" width=\"358\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dung beetles need the stars to navigate as they roll their smelly treasures homeward.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On top of that, light pollution disrupts the ability of nocturnal creatures to mate, migrate, feed, and pollinate. Species that rely on the safety of darkness to forage, for instance, will delay doing so in the glare of streetlights for fear of getting eaten themselves. Scientists are still learning how and why light pollution disrupts so many species, but there seems to be no question that behavior is being altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans, too much bright light creates hormonal havoc. It messes with the body’s production of melatonin. The World Health Organization calls shift work a \u003ca href=\"http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear-science/radiation-chemicals-and-breast-cancer/light-at-night-and-melatonin.html\" target=\"_blank\">probable carcinogen\u003c/a>, and researchers are finding more and more \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627884/\" target=\"_blank\">evidence \u003c/a>linking light to everything from obesity to mood disorders to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why many environmental and public health advocates are making a concerted effort to change the way we light our world. \u003ca href=\"http://dornsife.usc.edu/cf/faculty-and-staff/faculty.cfm?pid=1008246\" target=\"_blank\">Travis Longcore\u003c/a>, a professor at the University of Southern California who studies the effects of light pollution on the natural world, said there are five main things people can do to limit light pollution without compromising safety or other concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, said Longcore, determine if a light is truly needed for the area. If a light is necessary, consider whether the area could be lit with a lower-intensity bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing to consider is direction. Shield the light so it illuminates just what you need, like a sidewalk, and avoid what Longcore calls the “quintessential barn light.” “It's just a big glare bomb,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next on his checklist is duration. Don’t keep a light on 24/7 if it doesn’t need to be. \u003ca href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/bringing_back_the_night__a_fight_against_light_pollution/2681/\" target=\"_blank\">France\u003c/a> recently mandated shops turn off their lights after 1 a.m., and the country expects to save two million euros in energy costs and cut over 200,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65121\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-65121 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Visible_Light_Spectrum-USE-from-wikimedia-585x360.jpg\" alt=\"The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light. \" width=\"427\" height=\"263\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The colors we see are functions of wavelengths of light.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>His last tip is color: avoid bright white. It contains a \u003ca href=\"http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/light/u12l2a.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">mixture \u003c/a>of all the colors on the visible spectrum. Dim red light is best for nighttime because it has longer wavelengths with the least power to mess with circadian rhythms and affect melatonin. He said many stores sell yellow “\u003ca href=\"http://www.bulbs.com/learning/buglight.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">bug lights\u003c/a>” that would be good night lighting for humans and the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Ohio’s Observatory Park, for instance, the pathways are lit up by miniature street lamps that face down and glow red. Longcore said parks like this can drive change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What you love to see around a dark sky park is that people recognize the benefits this brings to the community,” he said. “As long as people are aware that there are many reasons that people are concerned about and want to see smart night lighting — that range from health to wildlife to stars — it can set up a local culture of respect for those issues and sets of behaviors that go along with it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Better Way to Patch Potholes",
"title": "A Better Way to Patch Potholes",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The silica-based Hole Patch mixture is fluid at rest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole Patch is fluid at rest, but special physical properties enable it to harden when struck by moving cars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayank Saksena is studying biomedical engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/\">Case Western Reserve University\u003c/a>, but lately his mind has been on potholes. That’s because he thinks he’s found a better way to patch them, using a nontoxic, locally sourced, and reusable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it all started. Saksena and a group of fellow engineering students were tinkering around with cornstarch and water, just like they had back in high school science experiments. The mixture is what’s called a “non-Newtonian fluid” because it hardens when force is applied to it and turns back to goo when the force lets up. They watched YouTube videos of students in Spain who had filled a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw\">giant bathtub\u003c/a> with the liquid goo and then run across it without falling in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">This, plus entering an \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/desp/saint-gobain\">engineering contest\u003c/a> that focused on using simple materials to create a new product, got Saksena and his friends mixing up batches of cornstarch and water by hand outside their dorm room. They put it in trash bags and stuck it in potholes around Case’s campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Then they watched what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">Just as with the giant bathtub experiment, the students found that the goo did in fact harden when cars drove over it, allowing drivers to avoid the “THUMP, thump” that so many commuters experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-64356 \">That’s when Saksena got excited. His team had found what could be an easy fix to a common problem, especially in areas with extreme weather. “The more traffic you have and the worse the weather conditions are, like in the Midwest where it swings from very cold to very hot, that's really hard on pavement,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/williambuttlar\">William Buttlar,\u003c/a> an engineer who specializes in pavement and transportation issues at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">No one likes potholes, and cities often have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/ParksRecreationandProperties/Street%20Operations/Street%20Operations%20Potholes\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating,” said Saksena. “You’re on your way to work and suddenly you hit a pothole and the coffee spills all over your pants.” Even worse, he added, is the $400 to $500 bill from the auto shop after an encounter with a particularly nasty pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Saksena and the other co-founders, all still students, have secured grant funding to pursue their invention as a business venture. They’re in the R&D phase now. They have moved on from their initial cornstarch-and-water cocktail and are exploring other possibilities, including silica-based synthetic fluids. They’re hesitant to reveal too much, since they’re in the midst of applying for intellectual property rights. Saksena said the mixture and the bag that holds it are both non-petroleum based and nontoxic. “If the bag were to rip -- and it’s designed not to rip -- whatever fluid that would come out wouldn’t have a negative impact if it were to seep into groundwater,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u003ciframe style=\"width: 512px;height: 288px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=quest&episode=hole_patch\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their product, called \u003ca href=\"http://holepatchllc.net/\">Hole Patch\u003c/a>, would be an alternative way to temporarily patch potholes during the winter months. The Hole Patch founders don’t see their product as a permanent fix -- nothing beats a full repaving of a worn-out street. But permanent pothole fixes can’t be performed in cold and wet weather, so the creators see Hole Patch as a better stop-gap measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional way to temporarily fix a pothole in winter is called a “cold patch,” a mix of gravel and asphalt. It contains many known toxic and cancer-causing compounds that can migrate into waterways when the asphalt breaks down, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/asphalt.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the National Park Service. The traditional method also requires a half-hour’s worth of labor from a work crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hole Patch, by contrast, could be tossed into potholes by just about anyone. Saksena envisions city police and other officials carrying the bags around in their trunks and popping some in when they hit a bump. He said the bag comes in one standard size and can be stacked to fill the dimensions of any pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64355 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The students' creation hardens when struck, allowing for easier passage over eroding roads.\" width=\"315\" height=\"176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional pothole fills aren't sustainable and can be costly.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vision for Hole Patch is to help cities repair potholes more efficiently and affordably while using more sustainable materials. “It may not save lives, but it can definitely make someone’s day better,” said Saksena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will soon move out of the lab and onto streets across the Midwest and Northeast. A multi-city pilot project is in the works for 2014. Bill Driscoll, a county engineer in Ohio, considers this road testing to be a crucial next step. “What happens when the plows start hitting it?” he asked. The product must hold up in the snow, salt, rain, and true commuter traffic for it to be embraced. “I think most people are going to want to see it in the field and in the ground before they start buying it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Driscoll and others in the field are also quite impressed by the students’ out-of-the-box thinking, and some say it has a real chance of success. “If someone comes up with something that builds a better mousetrap, everyone’s all for that,” said Driscoll, “so let’s see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/hweinberger/\">Hannah Weinberger\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Inspired by footraces across a giant bathtub of cornstarch, engineering students think they have hit on a more efficient and environmentally friendly way to fix potholes.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64356\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64356\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-011-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The silica-based Hole Patch mixture is fluid at rest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hole Patch is fluid at rest, but special physical properties enable it to harden when struck by moving cars.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayank Saksena is studying biomedical engineering at \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/\">Case Western Reserve University\u003c/a>, but lately his mind has been on potholes. That’s because he thinks he’s found a better way to patch them, using a nontoxic, locally sourced, and reusable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64357\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64357\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-023-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Engineering student Mayank Saksena holds his team's award-winning Hole Patch product\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how it all started. Saksena and a group of fellow engineering students were tinkering around with cornstarch and water, just like they had back in high school science experiments. The mixture is what’s called a “non-Newtonian fluid” because it hardens when force is applied to it and turns back to goo when the force lets up. They watched YouTube videos of students in Spain who had filled a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2XQ97XHjVw\">giant bathtub\u003c/a> with the liquid goo and then run across it without falling in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">This, plus entering an \u003ca href=\"http://engineering.case.edu/desp/saint-gobain\">engineering contest\u003c/a> that focused on using simple materials to create a new product, got Saksena and his friends mixing up batches of cornstarch and water by hand outside their dorm room. They put it in trash bags and stuck it in potholes around Case’s campus in Cleveland, Ohio. Then they watched what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">Just as with the giant bathtub experiment, the students found that the goo did in fact harden when cars drove over it, allowing drivers to avoid the “THUMP, thump” that so many commuters experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\" wp-image-64356 \">That’s when Saksena got excited. His team had found what could be an easy fix to a common problem, especially in areas with extreme weather. “The more traffic you have and the worse the weather conditions are, like in the Midwest where it swings from very cold to very hot, that's really hard on pavement,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.illinois.edu/faculty/williambuttlar\">William Buttlar,\u003c/a> an engineer who specializes in pavement and transportation issues at the University of Illinois.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\">No one likes potholes, and cities often have a \u003ca href=\"http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/CityAgencies/ParksRecreationandProperties/Street%20Operations/Street%20Operations%20Potholes\">backlog of repairs\u003c/a>. “It’s frustrating,” said Saksena. “You’re on your way to work and suddenly you hit a pothole and the coffee spills all over your pants.” Even worse, he added, is the $400 to $500 bill from the auto shop after an encounter with a particularly nasty pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Saksena and the other co-founders, all still students, have secured grant funding to pursue their invention as a business venture. They’re in the R&D phase now. They have moved on from their initial cornstarch-and-water cocktail and are exploring other possibilities, including silica-based synthetic fluids. They’re hesitant to reveal too much, since they’re in the midst of applying for intellectual property rights. Saksena said the mixture and the bag that holds it are both non-petroleum based and nontoxic. “If the bag were to rip -- and it’s designed not to rip -- whatever fluid that would come out wouldn’t have a negative impact if it were to seep into groundwater,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"padding-left: 60px\">\u003ciframe style=\"width: 512px;height: 288px;border: 0;overflow: hidden\" src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=quest&episode=hole_patch\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their product, called \u003ca href=\"http://holepatchllc.net/\">Hole Patch\u003c/a>, would be an alternative way to temporarily patch potholes during the winter months. The Hole Patch founders don’t see their product as a permanent fix -- nothing beats a full repaving of a worn-out street. But permanent pothole fixes can’t be performed in cold and wet weather, so the creators see Hole Patch as a better stop-gap measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The traditional way to temporarily fix a pothole in winter is called a “cold patch,” a mix of gravel and asphalt. It contains many known toxic and cancer-causing compounds that can migrate into waterways when the asphalt breaks down, according to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/asphalt.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the National Park Service. The traditional method also requires a half-hour’s worth of labor from a work crew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hole Patch, by contrast, could be tossed into potholes by just about anyone. Saksena envisions city police and other officials carrying the bags around in their trunks and popping some in when they hit a bump. He said the bag comes in one standard size and can be stacked to fill the dimensions of any pothole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64355\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64355 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Pothole-002-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The students' creation hardens when struck, allowing for easier passage over eroding roads.\" width=\"315\" height=\"176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Traditional pothole fills aren't sustainable and can be costly.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The vision for Hole Patch is to help cities repair potholes more efficiently and affordably while using more sustainable materials. “It may not save lives, but it can definitely make someone’s day better,” said Saksena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The product will soon move out of the lab and onto streets across the Midwest and Northeast. A multi-city pilot project is in the works for 2014. Bill Driscoll, a county engineer in Ohio, considers this road testing to be a crucial next step. “What happens when the plows start hitting it?” he asked. The product must hold up in the snow, salt, rain, and true commuter traffic for it to be embraced. “I think most people are going to want to see it in the field and in the ground before they start buying it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Driscoll and others in the field are also quite impressed by the students’ out-of-the-box thinking, and some say it has a real chance of success. “If someone comes up with something that builds a better mousetrap, everyone’s all for that,” said Driscoll, “so let’s see what happens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/hweinberger/\">Hannah Weinberger\u003c/a> contributed to the reporting of this article.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"FeaturedImage\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard? Incandescent light bulbs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZik9qwSyHE&list=PLtECghye06-m4JOEiy1KA2k-PvxpfCEPh\">dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok, maybe not dead. More like endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Threat: LED light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the Federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CGIQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energystar.gov%2Fia%2Fproducts%2Flighting%2Fcfls%2Fdownloads%2FEISA_Backgrounder_FINAL_4-11_EPA.pdf&ei=35-aUbeQOJPg8AT654DwDw&usg=AFQjCNHucXRwUJvDsxQ5e1ZDzyjPsg9DcQ&sig2=82EASe-w6mlhGL_u794smg&bvm=bv.46751780,d.eWU\">passed a law\u003c/a> mandating a gradual transition to more energy-efficient light bulbs. Manufacturers have already phased out 75 and 100-watt bulbs. And next January will be lights out for the old 40 and 60-watt energy hogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57210\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57210 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bulb comparison2\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Click to enlarge. Courtesy EnergyStar.gov\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out the light bulb Thomas Edison invented over 130 years ago is incredibly inefficient. It’s internal filament wire is basically a heat source that gives off light. Not bad for the 1880s, but considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=99&t=3\">17% of the country’s total electricity consumption\u003c/a> now goes to lighting our homes and businesses, we have an opportunity to reduce our energy footprint by relying on newer, more efficient options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CFLs – those swirly looking, Compact Fluorescent Lights – are certainly more energy-efficient than incandescents, disposing them has always been an issue. CFLs contain mercury, a toxic metal, and must be properly recycled when they burn out. And if they fall and break in your home, well, the EPA has a long list of \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning-broken-cfl\">cleanup precautions\u003c/a>, including turning off your central air so the toxins don’t spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real bright spot in the lighting aisle comes from LED bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days LEDs can be found everywhere – flashlights, cell phones, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyjournal.net/view/story/5b5ad8a32d334ca9b4ab4ce55d058bd0/CA--Efficient-Street-Lights/\">street lamps \u003c/a>- \u003cem>except\u003c/em> the light fixtures in our homes. Why? Because up until now they were simply too expensive for most consumers. But that’s about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-52009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"8cree8\" width=\"146\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>This year Durham, North Carolina-based Cree introduced a $10, 40-watt replacement LED light bulb and a 60-watt replacement model that sells for $13. Both bulbs look and feel like incandescent bulbs, only better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you write off the LEDs because of the steep price tag, consider this: their 60-watt replacement bulb is designed to last for over 22 years. That’s \u003cem>years\u003c/em>. This translates into an estimated annual energy cost of $1.14. By comparison, a standard 60-watt incandescent bulb will burn out in about 11 months and add $7 to your annual energy bill. \u003ca href=\"http://news.consumerreports.org/home/2013/03/early-testing-of-low-cost-leds-show-promising-results.html\">Consumer Reports\u003c/a> crunched the numbers and says you will make your money back with Cree’s 60-watt replacement bulb in under two years; “After that you would save $149 in energy and bulbs over its life when compared with an incandescent.” How many light bulbs do you have in your home? You do the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the light quality, you ask? For a long time the knock against CFLs and LEDs was that they simply can’t compete with the warm, bright glow from incandescents. We conducted a little field test to see how the bulbs compare:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XvLc6VlpI8?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could you see a difference? From my perspective the light quality was pretty much the same. And I suppose that’s the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: switching to LED bulbs is a no-brainer if you’re looking to reduce your energy consumption and your utility bill. \u003ca href=\"http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/the-best-led-lightbulb-is-the-cree-warm-white/\">Most\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/technology/personaltech/cheaper-led-bulbs-make-it-easier-to-switch-lights.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">reviewers\u003c/a> highlight \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/Cree-9-5-Watt-60W-A19-Warm-White-2700K-LED-Light-Bulb-1-Pack-BA19-08027OMF-12DE26-1U110/203991774#.UZ6i_-uzo8s\">Cree’s bulbs\u003c/a> for its price and light quality. But there are other options on the market, that \u003ca href=\"http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Insignia%26%23153%3B---800-Lumen,-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb,-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White/6238358.p?id=1218725181682&skuId=6238358&ci_src=11138&AID=10474050&PID=6149596&SID=1esrwnfs4v0k7&URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestbuy.com%2Fsite%2FInsignia%2526%2523153%253B---800-Lumen%2C-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb%2C-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White%2F6238358.p%3Fid%3D1218725181682%26skuId%3D6238358%26ci_src%3D11138&ref=39&CJPID=6149596&loc=01\">span the price \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B007RKVT4C/?tag=thewire06-20\">light range\u003c/a> so shop around and choose an LED bulb that works best for you.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"FeaturedImage\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard? Incandescent light bulbs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZik9qwSyHE&list=PLtECghye06-m4JOEiy1KA2k-PvxpfCEPh\">dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok, maybe not dead. More like endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Threat: LED light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the Federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CGIQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energystar.gov%2Fia%2Fproducts%2Flighting%2Fcfls%2Fdownloads%2FEISA_Backgrounder_FINAL_4-11_EPA.pdf&ei=35-aUbeQOJPg8AT654DwDw&usg=AFQjCNHucXRwUJvDsxQ5e1ZDzyjPsg9DcQ&sig2=82EASe-w6mlhGL_u794smg&bvm=bv.46751780,d.eWU\">passed a law\u003c/a> mandating a gradual transition to more energy-efficient light bulbs. Manufacturers have already phased out 75 and 100-watt bulbs. And next January will be lights out for the old 40 and 60-watt energy hogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57210\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57210 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bulb comparison2\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Click to enlarge. Courtesy EnergyStar.gov\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out the light bulb Thomas Edison invented over 130 years ago is incredibly inefficient. It’s internal filament wire is basically a heat source that gives off light. Not bad for the 1880s, but considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=99&t=3\">17% of the country’s total electricity consumption\u003c/a> now goes to lighting our homes and businesses, we have an opportunity to reduce our energy footprint by relying on newer, more efficient options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CFLs – those swirly looking, Compact Fluorescent Lights – are certainly more energy-efficient than incandescents, disposing them has always been an issue. CFLs contain mercury, a toxic metal, and must be properly recycled when they burn out. And if they fall and break in your home, well, the EPA has a long list of \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning-broken-cfl\">cleanup precautions\u003c/a>, including turning off your central air so the toxins don’t spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real bright spot in the lighting aisle comes from LED bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days LEDs can be found everywhere – flashlights, cell phones, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyjournal.net/view/story/5b5ad8a32d334ca9b4ab4ce55d058bd0/CA--Efficient-Street-Lights/\">street lamps \u003c/a>- \u003cem>except\u003c/em> the light fixtures in our homes. Why? Because up until now they were simply too expensive for most consumers. But that’s about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-52009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"8cree8\" width=\"146\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>This year Durham, North Carolina-based Cree introduced a $10, 40-watt replacement LED light bulb and a 60-watt replacement model that sells for $13. Both bulbs look and feel like incandescent bulbs, only better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you write off the LEDs because of the steep price tag, consider this: their 60-watt replacement bulb is designed to last for over 22 years. That’s \u003cem>years\u003c/em>. This translates into an estimated annual energy cost of $1.14. By comparison, a standard 60-watt incandescent bulb will burn out in about 11 months and add $7 to your annual energy bill. \u003ca href=\"http://news.consumerreports.org/home/2013/03/early-testing-of-low-cost-leds-show-promising-results.html\">Consumer Reports\u003c/a> crunched the numbers and says you will make your money back with Cree’s 60-watt replacement bulb in under two years; “After that you would save $149 in energy and bulbs over its life when compared with an incandescent.” How many light bulbs do you have in your home? You do the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the light quality, you ask? For a long time the knock against CFLs and LEDs was that they simply can’t compete with the warm, bright glow from incandescents. We conducted a little field test to see how the bulbs compare:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XvLc6VlpI8?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could you see a difference? From my perspective the light quality was pretty much the same. And I suppose that’s the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: switching to LED bulbs is a no-brainer if you’re looking to reduce your energy consumption and your utility bill. \u003ca href=\"http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/the-best-led-lightbulb-is-the-cree-warm-white/\">Most\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/technology/personaltech/cheaper-led-bulbs-make-it-easier-to-switch-lights.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">reviewers\u003c/a> highlight \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/Cree-9-5-Watt-60W-A19-Warm-White-2700K-LED-Light-Bulb-1-Pack-BA19-08027OMF-12DE26-1U110/203991774#.UZ6i_-uzo8s\">Cree’s bulbs\u003c/a> for its price and light quality. But there are other options on the market, that \u003ca href=\"http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Insignia%26%23153%3B---800-Lumen,-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb,-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White/6238358.p?id=1218725181682&skuId=6238358&ci_src=11138&AID=10474050&PID=6149596&SID=1esrwnfs4v0k7&URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestbuy.com%2Fsite%2FInsignia%2526%2523153%253B---800-Lumen%2C-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb%2C-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White%2F6238358.p%3Fid%3D1218725181682%26skuId%3D6238358%26ci_src%3D11138&ref=39&CJPID=6149596&loc=01\">span the price \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B007RKVT4C/?tag=thewire06-20\">light range\u003c/a> so shop around and choose an LED bulb that works best for you.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Solar plane takes off on historic cross-country trip",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, Solar Impulse, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffet Field this morning in a cross country voyage. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53840\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg\" alt=\"impulse_takeoff640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/impulse_takeoff640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lighter than an SUV and covered with more than 12,000 solar cells, \u003ca href=\"http://www.solarimpulse.com/\">Solar Impulse\u003c/a>, the world's first solar plane that can fly day and night without recharging, launched from Moffett Field this morning in a cross country voyage. The $150million project initiated by co-pilots Bertrand Piccard and André Borschberg will test the limits of solar aviation and be a proving ground for a planned trip across the world in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 5:15am, a crowd of 25 journalists gathered around Piccard as he answered questions about what it's like to fly the plane and whether he was exhausted. \"I'll be in the air for 20 hours but I've been dreaming of this flight for 10 years so there is no time to be tired,\" he said. Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a> also stood 50 feet from the tarmac to catch a glimpse of the plane taking off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The single-seater plane was financed by several large corporations including Omega, Solvay and Deutsche Bank. The companies developed new technologies in order to create the aircraft. The monocrystalline solar cells needed to be flexible enough to curve atop the wings and the resulting cells are the thickness of a human hair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar cells power four electric engines and excess energy is stored in four lithium batteries located below the wings. Since the batteries account for 25 percent of the plane's total weigh other elements had to be eliminated. There is no heating or cooling system and many metal parts were replaced with plastic; Solvay designed ultra-light polymers that could replace metal in the instrument panels and control box.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all of the plane's high-tech innovation it's far from ready for commercialization. Flying at 43 miles per hour, it could easily be outpaced by a pigeon. But Piccard has said the goal is not speed but duration and Borschberg believes the technology developed for this plane could be used by everyone. \"All the technology we have used in the airplane can be used on the ground, it wasn't developed by aviation companies,\" Borschberg said. \"One day it could be used in refrigerators in your home or in electric batteries in your car.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plane will fly at 28,000 feet, stopping in Phoenix, Dallas and Washington D.C. before touching down in New York. The pilots will take turns flying, switching out at each city where they will talk to the public about the plane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To watch live coverage of the flight and watch Piccard as he talks about what he sees from above visit the \u003ca href=\"http://live.solarimpulse.com/\">live stream\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg\" alt=\"SolarImpulsePilots\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/IMG_1116-e1367605528209-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg\" alt=\"sign\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sign-e1367606668261-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-53869\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg\" alt=\"piccardthumbsup\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/piccardthumbsup-e1367606141260-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cscript src=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy.js\" type=\"text/javascript\" language=\"javascript\">\u003c/script>\u003c/p>\u003cnoscript>[\u003ca href=\"//storify.com/QuestScience/solar-plane-marks-first-transcontinental-solar-voy\" target=\"_blank\">View the story \"Solar Plane marks first transcontinental voyage\" on Storify\u003c/a>]\u003c/noscript>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"https://vine.co/v/bQHiY35A5Oi/embed/simple\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles",
"title": "Attack of the Killer Electrons! New Mission Searches for Mysterious Space Particles",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130311science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. Electrons arriving from the sun are low-energy for the most part. “It’s after the Earth captures them that something ramps them up to these really high energies,” Smith says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out what that something is, Smith and his team are collaborating with a new NASA mission. In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. Think of the waves as the ocean and the electrons as little surfers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These results and others from the mission are expected to give scientists a better understanding of the Earth’s radiation belts. That could lead to better forecasts about when they’re particularly dangerous – something that’s key for NASA and for the satellites we depend on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp6Z-2Y-HGg]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>They’re out there... Traveling at close to the speed of light high above the Earth and damaging any satellite in their path. They’re called “killer electrons” and this year, Bay Area researchers are working with a new NASA mission to unlock their mysterious behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Killer electrons aren’t a threat to life on the ground, but they are a concern for the more than 1,000 satellites orbiting the planet. Satellites we depend on for everything from storm warnings to GPS navigation to TV programming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50773\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50773\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/730025main_ScienceCover-orig_full-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A diagram of the Earth's radiation belts, where killer electrons are found. (Image: NASA/Van Allen Probes/Goddard Space Flight Center)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every major sports event -- certainly every Olympic Games, the Super Bowl as well as the Academy Awards,” says Jean-Luc Froeliger, describing events carried by his company, Intelsat, a global satellite operator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scrambling Satellite Data\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing Froeliger knows: space is not a dull place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In April of 2010, we had an event on our Galaxy 15 satellite,” says Froeliger. “We were sending commands to the satellite but the satellite was not accepting any command.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy 15 had become a $100 million zombie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The satellite started to slowly drift,” says Froeliger, potentially interfering with satellites around it. Intelsat worked for months to reboot Galaxy 15, just about all that can be done with a satellite 22,000 miles away. Eventually, it came back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Froeliger says it’s all part of operating in the harsh environment outside our planet. “Satellites are constantly bombarded by high energy particles that flow from the sun,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our sun sends out a stream of charged particles called the solar wind. This year marks a solar maximum, the peak of the sun’s activity, which can have big effects on our planet. “When those particles come close to the Earth, they get trapped by the Earth’s magnetic field,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Picture the Earth as a donut hole, and the magnetic field as a giant, invisible donut around it. The charged particles trapped inside the field create radiation belts. Galaxy 15, like other geosynchronous satellites, flew right through the belt and was bombard with charged particles, which created a short circuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50774\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-50774\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/723659main_IMG_5830_800-600.jpg\" alt=\"The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\" width=\"300\" height=\"436\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The BARREL team launches one of 20 research balloons over Antarctica. (Photo: NASA/S. Spain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But even just one particle – a single electron – can cause problems. “Some of them can penetrate metal and they can damage the electronics inside the satellite,” Froeliger says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least once a month, a killer electron goes through a satellite’s exterior and hits a computer chip inside. “The data that is stored in the computer gets corrupted,” says Froeliger, causing temporary or permanent damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Studying Electrons in New Detail\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why they call them killer electrons is because they can penetrate several millimeters of aluminum or steel and get to you,” says David Smith, a physicist at the University of California, Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith is standing on the roof of a four-story building on campus, where a small shed is used as their mission operations center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re studying is electrons that come slamming down onto the atmosphere from Earth’s radiation belts,” he says. The electrons are stopped there, but Smith says you can still see their fingerprints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith and his colleagues with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dartmouth.edu/~barrel/\">BARREL project\u003c/a> have launched large research balloons to look for electrons falling out of the magnetic field. The balloons are released from Antarctica and travel 20 miles up, sending data back to UCSC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says understanding the risk from killer electrons is tricky because their numbers are constantly in flux. “On a given day, you may have a thousand times more of these very high-energy electrons in the belt than you did a few days previously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re also mysterious because killer electrons don’t start out as killers. 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In August, NASA launched the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main/index.html\">Van Allen Probes\u003c/a>, two satellites designed to take detailed measurements inside the radiation belts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December, the probes made \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/news/emfisis-chorus.html\">a recording\u003c/a> of a mysterious phenomenon in the radiation belts: electromagnetic waves. “We’ve known about these waves for quite a long time but we’ve never had the kind of measurements that we needed to really understand them,” says Craig Kletzing of the Van Allen Probes mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists theorize that the waves could be responsible for accelerating killer electrons. “The waves give energy to particles much like a surfer,” Kletzing says. 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"disqusTitle": "Infrasound Takes a Bow",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_49822\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/21/infrasound-takes-a-bow/infrasound/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-49822\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg\" alt=\"Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-49822\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/02/infrasound-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Infrasound array at Tristan da Cunha. Gravel covers the input pipes to muffle wind. Image courtesy The Official CTBTO Photostream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When North Korea conducted its third nuclear explosion on February 12, the global nuclear police, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization, detected it immediately and soon afterward released its evidence. Most people probably know that the CTBTO uses seismometers to detect these forbidden explosions, but it also relies on instruments that monitor infrasound: sound that is too low in frequency for us to hear. Stations in Japan and \u003cdel datetime=\"2013-02-22T18:03:23+00:00\">China \u003c/del>Russia recorded the superdeep bass roar of the bomb as it arrived from North Korea through the air, not the ground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three days later came the big meteor explosion in Russia. That was high in the atmosphere, not underground, and it gave infrasound its chance to shine. The tremendous shock wave that shattered the windows of Chelyabinsk spread over the world and was recorded by 17 of the CTBTO's 45 infrasound stations, even one in Antarctica. (The CTBTO has issued the record from the Antarctic station, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-8ij80vs1E\">sped up 135 times to make it audible.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atom bombs and meteors are just part of the subject, though—all sorts of things create infrasound, both natural and human. Natural sources include volcanoes, wind tumbling over mountain ranges, heavy surf, auroras, tornadoes, landslides, earthquakes and of course meteors. Human sources include vehicle traffic of all kinds, rocket launches, sonic booms, quarry blasts, military bombardments and of course nuclear explosions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lower limit of human hearing—the deepest bass notes of thunder or big church organ pipes—is a frequency of about 20 hertz, and infrasound goes from about 20 Hz down to perhaps 0.001 Hz, or one cycle in a thousand seconds. Anything slower than that is more meteorology than acoustics! Infrasound includes ordinary sound-type pressure waves as well as gravity waves, which are like ripples in a pond only in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Infrasound waves are called microbaroms in the literature. It takes special large instruments to detect them, like the one shown in the photo. The flowerlike apparatus is a set of thin pipes that minimizes the noise of wind, arranged around a pressure sensor. The best instruments are networked arrays of these, scattered over an area measured in acres. Even so, infrasound arrays are put in remote places to avoid the noises of civilization. In California, UC San Diego has a \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/\">strong infrasound program\u003c/a> that includes \u003ca href=\"http://l2a.ucsd.edu/L2A_arrayinfo.php\">research arrays\u003c/a> near Temecula, Santa Margarita and Chico. It also runs one of the official CTBTO infrasound sites, near Palm Springs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science awoke to the potential of infrasound back in 1883, when the enormous eruption of Krakatoa sent waves through the air that registered on barometers around the world. But I first read about infrasound in Robert Heinlein's 1941 novel \u003ci>The Day After Tomorrow\u003c/i> (also known as \u003ci>Sixth Column\u003c/i>), in which \"subsonic\" vibrations were used to induce feelings of terror in an enemy delegation. If I recall correctly, the frequency used was 14 Hz. There is something uncanny about sound that can't be heard, and there is a strong flavor of paranoia around the subject in some circles. High levels of infrasound do have health effects, particularly because the vibrations rattle the whole organism, not just the ears. More benignly, elephants and whales are known to perceive and produce infrasound. And \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/infrasonics/a/birdsound.htm\">one intriguing line of research\u003c/a> suggests that migratory birds use infrasound for navigation as a sonic map of the regional landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty gave a big boost to infrasound research. In addition to its well-known seismometers and radiation monitors, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/map/#ims\">the CTBTO's worldwide network of sensors\u003c/a> includes a planned total of 60 infrasound stations, of which 45 are working today. (A network of hydrophones, to monitor the seas, is the fourth component.) The United States Senate has still not ratified the treaty, although \u003ca href=\"http://www.ctbto.org/member-states/country-profiles/?country=34&cHash=2a8d71d449c1396faae0a2060b03391a\">Chad did just this month\u003c/a>. President Clinton signed the treaty on September 24, 1996, but ever since then the Senate has failed to do its part. It would be nice if it did, and soon.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploratorium’s Science with Spirit Transcends Place",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/olympus-digital-camera-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48490\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Blowing_Smoke-exhibit-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Blowing Smoke Exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Blowing Smoke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48490\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blowing Smoke, an exhibit at the Exploratorium designed by artist Ned Kahn for the Turbulent Landscapes Exhibition. (Photo: D'Arcy Norman/Calgary, Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legend has it that opening day for the late \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adPpLYgfKnE\">physicist Frank Oppenheimer\u003c/a>’s “San Francisco Project” happened by accident. As told by the Chronicle’s David Perlman (himself a legend, closing in on 83 years as a science journalist), Oppenheimer forgot to lock the doors, and the Exploratorium’s first visitors simply wandered in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the groundbreaking museum’s final day at its Palace of Fine Arts location on January 2, close to 10,000 people, spanning four generations, poured through the massive building cheek by jowl for one last romp in the world’s most famous, chaotic science playground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer, deeply affected by the role he, his brother Robert and other physicists had played in developing the atomic bomb, felt a responsibility to give people the tools to understand the world around them. He believed people are perfectly capable of comprehending scientific phenomena, if you give them the confidence and tools to learn. And confidence and understanding, as anyone who’s tinkered with an Exploratorium exhibit knows, often come from fiddling about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Oppenheimer, with the help of a small crew of extraordinary tinkerers, created the first participatory, hands-on science museum in the world. From the start, he valued artists as much as scientists for their keen powers of observation and ability to help people understand nature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Keim, director of the museum’s Cinema Arts Program, started working at the museum in the late 1970s. Oppenheimer took her under his wing, she said, and encouraged her to follow her passion. More than three decades later, Keim, like the rest of her longtime colleagues, was feeling the history of the moment, coming to grips with leaving a place with so many memories, a place she grew up in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that happened here belongs to all of us,” she said. “All of our work makes up the fabric of this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Keim met \u003ca href=\"http://press.exploratorium.edu/tribute-to-filmmaker-chris-marker-july-28-2011/\">Chris Marker\u003c/a>, the pioneering French filmmaker who died last year, near the lagoon in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. Marker was scouting the grounds as a potential location for his next film. It just so happened that Keim was showing two films by Marker that day, including his \u003ca href=\"http://www.criterion.com/films/329-la-jetee\">classic La Jetée\u003c/a>. When Keim planned the Marker program, she had no idea he’d be in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48493\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/floating-in-copper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48493\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Floating-in-Copper-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Floating in Copper exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Floating in Copper\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist Paul Doherty explains the principles behind an exhibit he designed with artist Shawn Lani called \"Floating in Copper\" on the Exploratorium's last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Physicist Paul Doherty, a longtime fixture on the museum floor (or as staffers like to call him, a “roving brain”), spent the better part of the day stationed in front of an exhibit that he’d developed with artist Shawn Lani called \u003ca href=\"http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/floating-in-copper/\">“Floating in Copper.”\u003c/a> Half teacher, half carnival barker, Doherty beckoned a young man puzzling over the contraption to have a go at the exhibit: “Your job, should you choose to accept it, is to lift up this magnet and make it fly!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visitor gamely complied, and slid a magnet along the top half of two sheets of copper separated by a gap big enough to give a hockey-puck shaped magnet room to levitate, or so it appeared. The bottom magnet performed as expected, rising between the copper casings, to the young man’s delight. “Now try to hold it in between,” Doherty said. “What the copper does is slow down the motion, allowing your mere human eye and brain and hand time to do it.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ah, okay!” exclaimed the young man, unwittingly demonstrating a museum mantra that learning how things work is fun. And that magic, and real understanding, happens when you help people engineer their own “a-ha!” moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty recalled how the exhibit was born, like so many others, through an accidental discovery. He was playing around in the machine shop one day, trying to make an exhibit with magnets and aluminum. He was using neodymium magnets, also known as rare earth magnets, the strongest magnets made. He happened to drop a magnet onto a piece of aluminum and noticed that it fell slowly. “And I thought, oh, that’s interesting, I wonder what I can do with a slowly falling magnet.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/5pm-closing-the-gate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48517\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/5pm-closing-the-gate-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"exploratorium gate closes at the PFA\" title=\"5pm closing the gate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">End of an era: Long-time staff close the front gate to the Exploratorium museum floor for the last time. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After days of playing around and talking with resident artist Shawn Lani, the two settled on the notion of flying magnets. After all, what’s cooler than making something levitate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We switched from aluminum to copper because copper has twice the conductivity as aluminum, which means it will have half the speed,” he said. “Then Shawn came up with the beautiful aesthetic design.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put my hand in between the copper shells and tried to move the magnet, but found it surprisingly difficult. Copper is like a two-year-old, Doherty said. “It always opposes you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, like so many Exploratorium offerings, manages to engage children while puzzling scientists. Having enjoyed a stint as a writer for this crazy, category-defying museum, I can assure you this is no simple feat. At their best, the 1,000 or so exhibits developed at the Exploratorium over its first 43 years first surprise, then delight, as you realize what they’re showing you. But the real magic happens when they challenge you to see the world a little bit differently. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all the visitors had gone, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_p5UoD6ljg\">physicist Thomas Humphrey\u003c/a> recalled a day nearly 30 years ago, when the vast exhibition hall was empty save for Humphrey and longtime \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoB5dYZg_Y\">exhibit developer Dave Fleming\u003c/a>, and Fleming started playing his banjo. Humphrey walked around the museum, thinking, as any flat-picking particle physicist might, that there are 3 million cubic feet in the building and every one of those cubic feet has music in it. Just as Fleming’s banjo filled the place with music on that day, Humphrey said, the building is full of Exploratorium spirit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every one of those 3 million cubic feet is full of our spirit, of what we created. We gave it life.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Exploratorium opens the doors of its new home on Pier 15 in April, you can bet that spirit will be waiting for anyone who wanders in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>******\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/zoom0061-solong/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48522\">Listen to the Exploratorium Explainers bid museum-goers adieu by singing their own version of \"So Long, Farewell.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next few months, until the museum re-opens on Pier 15 April 17, \"Explainers\" in orange vests will bring the Exploratorium to \"pop up\" spots around San Francisco every week. To find out more, follow @theexplainers on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A record number of visitors mobbed San Francisco's Exploratorium on its last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. The mood was bittersweet--not just visitors but a good part of the staff grew up at this place. But for the Exploratorium, the magic of science is where you make it. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48490\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/olympus-digital-camera-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48490\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Blowing_Smoke-exhibit-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Blowing Smoke Exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Blowing Smoke\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48490\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Blowing Smoke, an exhibit at the Exploratorium designed by artist Ned Kahn for the Turbulent Landscapes Exhibition. (Photo: D'Arcy Norman/Calgary, Canada)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Legend has it that opening day for the late \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=adPpLYgfKnE\">physicist Frank Oppenheimer\u003c/a>’s “San Francisco Project” happened by accident. As told by the Chronicle’s David Perlman (himself a legend, closing in on 83 years as a science journalist), Oppenheimer forgot to lock the doors, and the Exploratorium’s first visitors simply wandered in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on the groundbreaking museum’s final day at its Palace of Fine Arts location on January 2, close to 10,000 people, spanning four generations, poured through the massive building cheek by jowl for one last romp in the world’s most famous, chaotic science playground. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer, deeply affected by the role he, his brother Robert and other physicists had played in developing the atomic bomb, felt a responsibility to give people the tools to understand the world around them. He believed people are perfectly capable of comprehending scientific phenomena, if you give them the confidence and tools to learn. And confidence and understanding, as anyone who’s tinkered with an Exploratorium exhibit knows, often come from fiddling about. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Oppenheimer, with the help of a small crew of extraordinary tinkerers, created the first participatory, hands-on science museum in the world. From the start, he valued artists as much as scientists for their keen powers of observation and ability to help people understand nature. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liz Keim, director of the museum’s Cinema Arts Program, started working at the museum in the late 1970s. Oppenheimer took her under his wing, she said, and encouraged her to follow her passion. More than three decades later, Keim, like the rest of her longtime colleagues, was feeling the history of the moment, coming to grips with leaving a place with so many memories, a place she grew up in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything that happened here belongs to all of us,” she said. “All of our work makes up the fabric of this place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, Keim met \u003ca href=\"http://press.exploratorium.edu/tribute-to-filmmaker-chris-marker-july-28-2011/\">Chris Marker\u003c/a>, the pioneering French filmmaker who died last year, near the lagoon in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. Marker was scouting the grounds as a potential location for his next film. It just so happened that Keim was showing two films by Marker that day, including his \u003ca href=\"http://www.criterion.com/films/329-la-jetee\">classic La Jetée\u003c/a>. When Keim planned the Marker program, she had no idea he’d be in town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just another day at the Exploratorium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48493\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/floating-in-copper/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48493\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/Floating-in-Copper-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Floating in Copper exploratorium exhibit\" title=\"Floating in Copper\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48493\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Physicist Paul Doherty explains the principles behind an exhibit he designed with artist Shawn Lani called \"Floating in Copper\" on the Exploratorium's last day at the Palace of Fine Arts. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Physicist Paul Doherty, a longtime fixture on the museum floor (or as staffers like to call him, a “roving brain”), spent the better part of the day stationed in front of an exhibit that he’d developed with artist Shawn Lani called \u003ca href=\"http://exs.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/floating-in-copper/\">“Floating in Copper.”\u003c/a> Half teacher, half carnival barker, Doherty beckoned a young man puzzling over the contraption to have a go at the exhibit: “Your job, should you choose to accept it, is to lift up this magnet and make it fly!” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The visitor gamely complied, and slid a magnet along the top half of two sheets of copper separated by a gap big enough to give a hockey-puck shaped magnet room to levitate, or so it appeared. The bottom magnet performed as expected, rising between the copper casings, to the young man’s delight. “Now try to hold it in between,” Doherty said. “What the copper does is slow down the motion, allowing your mere human eye and brain and hand time to do it.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ah, okay!” exclaimed the young man, unwittingly demonstrating a museum mantra that learning how things work is fun. And that magic, and real understanding, happens when you help people engineer their own “a-ha!” moments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doherty recalled how the exhibit was born, like so many others, through an accidental discovery. He was playing around in the machine shop one day, trying to make an exhibit with magnets and aluminum. He was using neodymium magnets, also known as rare earth magnets, the strongest magnets made. He happened to drop a magnet onto a piece of aluminum and noticed that it fell slowly. “And I thought, oh, that’s interesting, I wonder what I can do with a slowly falling magnet.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48517\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/5pm-closing-the-gate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48517\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/5pm-closing-the-gate-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"exploratorium gate closes at the PFA\" title=\"5pm closing the gate\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-48517\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">End of an era: Long-time staff close the front gate to the Exploratorium museum floor for the last time. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After days of playing around and talking with resident artist Shawn Lani, the two settled on the notion of flying magnets. After all, what’s cooler than making something levitate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We switched from aluminum to copper because copper has twice the conductivity as aluminum, which means it will have half the speed,” he said. “Then Shawn came up with the beautiful aesthetic design.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I put my hand in between the copper shells and tried to move the magnet, but found it surprisingly difficult. Copper is like a two-year-old, Doherty said. “It always opposes you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, like so many Exploratorium offerings, manages to engage children while puzzling scientists. Having enjoyed a stint as a writer for this crazy, category-defying museum, I can assure you this is no simple feat. At their best, the 1,000 or so exhibits developed at the Exploratorium over its first 43 years first surprise, then delight, as you realize what they’re showing you. But the real magic happens when they challenge you to see the world a little bit differently. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all the visitors had gone, \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_p5UoD6ljg\">physicist Thomas Humphrey\u003c/a> recalled a day nearly 30 years ago, when the vast exhibition hall was empty save for Humphrey and longtime \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxoB5dYZg_Y\">exhibit developer Dave Fleming\u003c/a>, and Fleming started playing his banjo. Humphrey walked around the museum, thinking, as any flat-picking particle physicist might, that there are 3 million cubic feet in the building and every one of those cubic feet has music in it. Just as Fleming’s banjo filled the place with music on that day, Humphrey said, the building is full of Exploratorium spirit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every one of those 3 million cubic feet is full of our spirit, of what we created. We gave it life.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Exploratorium opens the doors of its new home on Pier 15 in April, you can bet that spirit will be waiting for anyone who wanders in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>******\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/09/exploratorium%e2%80%99s-science-with-spirit-transcends-place/zoom0061-solong/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48522\">Listen to the Exploratorium Explainers bid museum-goers adieu by singing their own version of \"So Long, Farewell.\"\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next few months, until the museum re-opens on Pier 15 April 17, \"Explainers\" in orange vests will bring the Exploratorium to \"pop up\" spots around San Francisco every week. To find out more, follow @theexplainers on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "More Clues About Singing Sand",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/kelsotop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46396\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/kelsotop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kelsotop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kelso Dunes are one of the rare sites where sand dunes can be made to sing. Science is still puzzling over the physics involved. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the coolest things I've done in my geological explorations was to make the trip to the Kelso Dunes, deep in the Mojave Desert and make the dunes sing. All I had to do was huff and puff my way to the top of the highest dune and then start the fine sand avalanching down a slip face. After a few seconds a fuzzy, baritone hum began to emanate from the body of the dune that lasted while the sand poured down, then gently died away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singing sands, also known as booming dunes, were once the stuff of legend. Marco Polo reported them from the steppes of central Asia. Nineteenth-century travelers and scientists, including Charles Darwin, observed them. Twentieth-century researchers recorded them, played with their sand in the lab, and tried mathematical models on them. This week a new paper is coming out in \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> that marks a new proposition in the genteel argument among scientists over singing sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few dunes can sing—maybe 30 in the whole world. California has four of them: the Eureka Dunes in Death Valley, Panamint Dunes in Panamint Valley, Dumont Dunes north of Baker, and Kelso Dunes southeast of Zzyzx. The key factors seem to be very clean sand of a consistent size, very dry conditions and a good-sized slope at its angle of repose. A gentle avalanche of sand down the slope, triggered by the wind or by humans, sets off the sound. Researcher Stéphane Douady demonstrates the technique in this YouTube recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a flurry of recent research into booming dunes. A team from Caltech led by Nathalie Vriend studied the California dunes and proposed in 2007, in a paper titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2007/2007GL030276.shtml\">Solving the Mystery of Booming Sand Dunes\u003c/a>,\" that vibrations stirred in the falling sand reverberate within the layers inside the dune to produce the moaning tones, much as an alpenhorn produces its low tone from vibrations of the player's lips. Vriend and her thesis advisor, Melany Hunt, were invited to write a broader treatment of the subject in the prestigious \u003ci>Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science\u003c/i> in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the new paper, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2012GL052540.shtml\">Singing-Sand Avalanches Without Dunes\u003c/a>,\" a French team from Paris Diderot University led by Simon Dagois-Bohy, and including Douady, report their study on two booming dunes with different songs, one hoarse and the other sweet. Listen to the two songs here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team took sand from both dunes and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj6oSd3B0s\">made it boom in the lab\u003c/a>, using just a shallow tray. Moreover, they showed that the songs of the two dunes differed because their sands, not their shapes and structures, were different. The hoarse dune, at Al-Ashkarah in Oman, had a sand with a wider range of grain sizes than the sweet dune, near Tarfayah in Morocco. But sifting the sand from Oman into a narrower size range purified its tone, as these two sonograms from the lab experiments show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/singingsand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46397\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/singingsand.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"singingsand\" width=\"462\" height=\"291\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Dagois-Bohy et al., \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052540\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The French team's research supports a mechanism in which the sand itself is sufficient to produce the sound, the base tone depending on the rate of shear within the sand as it spills down the dune. The exact value of the tone depends on the grain size, and a mix of sizes produces a mix of tones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A song without a dune is as if a violin string could be stroked with a bow and produce its note without the violin. But no such instrument exists—not an acoustic one, anyway. It's hard to grasp that singing sand does not require a booming dune; if so, then why is it so rare? I feel that as we learn more, the whole story will come to embrace both the dunes and their sands.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46396\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/kelsotop/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46396\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/kelsotop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"kelsotop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-46396\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Kelso Dunes are one of the rare sites where sand dunes can be made to sing. Science is still puzzling over the physics involved. Photo by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the coolest things I've done in my geological explorations was to make the trip to the Kelso Dunes, deep in the Mojave Desert and make the dunes sing. All I had to do was huff and puff my way to the top of the highest dune and then start the fine sand avalanching down a slip face. After a few seconds a fuzzy, baritone hum began to emanate from the body of the dune that lasted while the sand poured down, then gently died away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Singing sands, also known as booming dunes, were once the stuff of legend. Marco Polo reported them from the steppes of central Asia. Nineteenth-century travelers and scientists, including Charles Darwin, observed them. Twentieth-century researchers recorded them, played with their sand in the lab, and tried mathematical models on them. This week a new paper is coming out in \u003ci>Geophysical Research Letters\u003c/i> that marks a new proposition in the genteel argument among scientists over singing sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very few dunes can sing—maybe 30 in the whole world. California has four of them: the Eureka Dunes in Death Valley, Panamint Dunes in Panamint Valley, Dumont Dunes north of Baker, and Kelso Dunes southeast of Zzyzx. The key factors seem to be very clean sand of a consistent size, very dry conditions and a good-sized slope at its angle of repose. A gentle avalanche of sand down the slope, triggered by the wind or by humans, sets off the sound. Researcher Stéphane Douady demonstrates the technique in this YouTube recording.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/4yFaMsUawi4?feature=player_embedded'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a flurry of recent research into booming dunes. A team from Caltech led by Nathalie Vriend studied the California dunes and proposed in 2007, in a paper titled \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2007/2007GL030276.shtml\">Solving the Mystery of Booming Sand Dunes\u003c/a>,\" that vibrations stirred in the falling sand reverberate within the layers inside the dune to produce the moaning tones, much as an alpenhorn produces its low tone from vibrations of the player's lips. Vriend and her thesis advisor, Melany Hunt, were invited to write a broader treatment of the subject in the prestigious \u003ci>Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science\u003c/i> in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the new paper, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/pip/2012GL052540.shtml\">Singing-Sand Avalanches Without Dunes\u003c/a>,\" a French team from Paris Diderot University led by Simon Dagois-Bohy, and including Douady, report their study on two booming dunes with different songs, one hoarse and the other sweet. Listen to the two songs here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/EzbGQXUL9vg?feature=player_embedded'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team took sand from both dunes and \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Rj6oSd3B0s\">made it boom in the lab\u003c/a>, using just a shallow tray. Moreover, they showed that the songs of the two dunes differed because their sands, not their shapes and structures, were different. The hoarse dune, at Al-Ashkarah in Oman, had a sand with a wider range of grain sizes than the sweet dune, near Tarfayah in Morocco. But sifting the sand from Oman into a narrower size range purified its tone, as these two sonograms from the lab experiments show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46397\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 462px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/25/more-clues-about-singing-sand/singingsand/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46397\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/singingsand.gif\" alt=\"\" title=\"singingsand\" width=\"462\" height=\"291\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46397\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Dagois-Bohy et al., \u003ci>GRL\u003c/i> 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL052540\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The French team's research supports a mechanism in which the sand itself is sufficient to produce the sound, the base tone depending on the rate of shear within the sand as it spills down the dune. The exact value of the tone depends on the grain size, and a mix of sizes produces a mix of tones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A song without a dune is as if a violin string could be stroked with a bow and produce its note without the violin. But no such instrument exists—not an acoustic one, anyway. It's hard to grasp that singing sand does not require a booming dune; if so, then why is it so rare? I feel that as we learn more, the whole story will come to embrace both the dunes and their sands.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Women in Science: Meet a Mathematician, a Physicist and a Geologist Through Art",
"title": "Women in Science: Meet a Mathematician, a Physicist and a Geologist Through Art",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_fullxfull-385270093_qj0a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg\" alt=\"Linocut of the Enchantress of Numbers, Ada Lovelace - by Ele Willoughby\" title=\"il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week was \u003ca href=\"http://findingada.com/\" title=\"Ada Lovelace Day\">Ada Lovelace Day\u003c/a>, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering, and math. Historically dominated by men, these fields have recently grown more welcoming of women, though sadly a few \u003ca href=\"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3079&buffer_share=6f292&utm_source=buffer\" title=\"Bias in Academia\">challenges\u003c/a> linger. But there's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there--history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/adasplashshirt-e1350402217169-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/adasplashshirt-e13504022171691-318x360.png\" alt=\"Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\" title=\"adasplashshirt-e1350402217169\" width=\"318\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) is a prime example: though ALD has raised her profile, she's not yet a household name. But as the world's first computer programmer, she deserves to be. She gets extra credit because her programs were written for an entirely theoretical machine, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage\" title=\"Charles Babbage - Wikipedia\">Charles Babbage\u003c/a>'s analytical engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analytical engine was never realized, but Babbage's notes on a much simpler device, the difference engine, were finally translated into reality 120 years after his death. One of these remarkable machines is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View, where you can also learn more about Lovelace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, for those who prefer to learn everything via the internet, check out the fantastic footnotes in \u003ca href=\"http://sydneypadua.com/2dgoggles/\" title=\"2D Goggles\">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage\u003c/a>. In addition to being a serious nerd, the author is a professional animator. Lovelace is lucky to have her as a \u003cem>re-animator\u003c/em>! Heh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_570xn-387227875_o18c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_570xN.387227875_o18c-391x360.jpg\" alt=\"Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity\" title=\"il_570xN.387227875_o18c\" width=\"391\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity - Ele Willoughby\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking of portraits of women in science, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/83367125/linocut-history-of-physics-madame-wu-and\" title=\"Madame Wu - Etsy\">woodcut\u003c/a> of experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997). Wu emigrated from China to America in 1936 to get her doctorate at UC Berkeley under \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence\" title=\"Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia\">Ernest O. Lawrence\u003c/a>. She later used her expertise in beta decay (a type of radioactivity) to prove the suspicion of a couple of theoretical physicists that the weak force \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation\" title=\"Wikipedia - Parity Violation\">disobeys the law of parity\u003c/a>. The theoreticians won a Nobel Prize in 1957. Whether Wu's exclusion from the award represents bias against women or experimentalists at the time (the other guys were Chinese too, so it wasn't sinophobia), who knows, but a couple of decades later Wu got the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Prize - Wikipedia\">Wolf Prize\u003c/a>. She would have turned 100 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women like Lovelace and Wu are particularly inspiring because they entered STEM fields at times in history when few women saw it as an option. But valuable role models can also be found among contemporary female scientists--such as the creator of the Madame Wu woodcut! For her day job, geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~willough/\" title=\"Eleanor Willoughby - U Toronto\">Eleanor Willoughby\u003c/a> studies \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane Clathrates - Wikipedia\">marine gas hydrates\u003c/a> at the University of Toronto. But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/shop/minouette\" title=\"minouette - etsy\">minouette\u003c/a>, she makes and sells beautiful linoleum block prints on Etsy, many of them inspired by \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/96847205/roentgen-x-ray-thermochromic-linocut\" title=\"Roentgen Print - Etsy\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/112425952/darwin-on-galapagos-2nd-edition-lino\" title=\"Darwin Print - Etsy\">scientists\u003c/a>--including the print of Countess Lovelace, Enchantress of Numbers, shown above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor Ada died too young, but her spirit may be soothed by the knowledge that, almost two hundred years later, she's inspiring new generations of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://thefinchandpea.com/2012/10/16/the-art-of-science-madame-wu-and-the-violation-of-parity/#more-7145\" title=\"Finch and Pea - Madame Wu\">The Finch and Pea\u003c/a>\u003c/em> for the Wu linoprint\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "There's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of women, today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there–history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_fullxfull-385270093_qj0a/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46345\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg\" alt=\"Linocut of the Enchantress of Numbers, Ada Lovelace - by Ele Willoughby\" title=\"il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46345\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_fullxfull.385270093_qj0a-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week was \u003ca href=\"http://findingada.com/\" title=\"Ada Lovelace Day\">Ada Lovelace Day\u003c/a>, a celebration of women in science, technology, engineering, and math. Historically dominated by men, these fields have recently grown more welcoming of women, though sadly a few \u003ca href=\"http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=3079&buffer_share=6f292&utm_source=buffer\" title=\"Bias in Academia\">challenges\u003c/a> linger. But there's nothing like role models for inspiring the scientific spirits of today and tomorrow! And Marie Curie isn't the only one out there--history is rife with lesser-known but no less fabulous female scientists, engineers, and mathematicians.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46340\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 318px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/adasplashshirt-e1350402217169-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46340\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/adasplashshirt-e13504022171691-318x360.png\" alt=\"Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\" title=\"adasplashshirt-e1350402217169\" width=\"318\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46340\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Lovelace - Sydney Padua\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) is a prime example: though ALD has raised her profile, she's not yet a household name. But as the world's first computer programmer, she deserves to be. She gets extra credit because her programs were written for an entirely theoretical machine, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage\" title=\"Charles Babbage - Wikipedia\">Charles Babbage\u003c/a>'s analytical engine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analytical engine was never realized, but Babbage's notes on a much simpler device, the difference engine, were finally translated into reality 120 years after his death. One of these remarkable machines is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/\" title=\"Computer History Museum\">Computer History Museum\u003c/a> in Mountain View, where you can also learn more about Lovelace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or, for those who prefer to learn everything via the internet, check out the fantastic footnotes in \u003ca href=\"http://sydneypadua.com/2dgoggles/\" title=\"2D Goggles\">The Thrilling Adventures of Lovelace and Babbage\u003c/a>. In addition to being a serious nerd, the author is a professional animator. Lovelace is lucky to have her as a \u003cem>re-animator\u003c/em>! Heh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46339\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 391px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/23/women-in-science-meet-a-mathematician-a-physicist-and-a-geologist-through-art/il_570xn-387227875_o18c/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46339\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/il_570xN.387227875_o18c-391x360.jpg\" alt=\"Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity\" title=\"il_570xN.387227875_o18c\" width=\"391\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-46339\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Madame Wu and the Violation of Parity - Ele Willoughby\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking of portraits of women in science, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/83367125/linocut-history-of-physics-madame-wu-and\" title=\"Madame Wu - Etsy\">woodcut\u003c/a> of experimental physicist Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997). Wu emigrated from China to America in 1936 to get her doctorate at UC Berkeley under \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence\" title=\"Ernest Lawrence - Wikipedia\">Ernest O. Lawrence\u003c/a>. She later used her expertise in beta decay (a type of radioactivity) to prove the suspicion of a couple of theoretical physicists that the weak force \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_(physics)#Parity_violation\" title=\"Wikipedia - Parity Violation\">disobeys the law of parity\u003c/a>. The theoreticians won a Nobel Prize in 1957. Whether Wu's exclusion from the award represents bias against women or experimentalists at the time (the other guys were Chinese too, so it wasn't sinophobia), who knows, but a couple of decades later Wu got the first \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Prize\" title=\"Wolf Prize - Wikipedia\">Wolf Prize\u003c/a>. She would have turned 100 this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women like Lovelace and Wu are particularly inspiring because they entered STEM fields at times in history when few women saw it as an option. But valuable role models can also be found among contemporary female scientists--such as the creator of the Madame Wu woodcut! For her day job, geophysicist \u003ca href=\"http://www.physics.utoronto.ca/~willough/\" title=\"Eleanor Willoughby - U Toronto\">Eleanor Willoughby\u003c/a> studies \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane_clathrate\" title=\"Methane Clathrates - Wikipedia\">marine gas hydrates\u003c/a> at the University of Toronto. But as \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/shop/minouette\" title=\"minouette - etsy\">minouette\u003c/a>, she makes and sells beautiful linoleum block prints on Etsy, many of them inspired by \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/96847205/roentgen-x-ray-thermochromic-linocut\" title=\"Roentgen Print - Etsy\">science\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.etsy.com/listing/112425952/darwin-on-galapagos-2nd-edition-lino\" title=\"Darwin Print - Etsy\">scientists\u003c/a>--including the print of Countess Lovelace, Enchantress of Numbers, shown above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poor Ada died too young, but her spirit may be soothed by the knowledge that, almost two hundred years later, she's inspiring new generations of mathematicians, engineers, and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>h/t to \u003ca href=\"http://thefinchandpea.com/2012/10/16/the-art-of-science-madame-wu-and-the-violation-of-parity/#more-7145\" title=\"Finch and Pea - Madame Wu\">The Finch and Pea\u003c/a>\u003c/em> for the Wu linoprint\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What's Next for Nuclear?",
"title": "What's Next for Nuclear?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Despite the accident last year at a nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, here in the United States, some policymakers – including President Obama – are pushing to expand nuclear energy as a source of abundant carbon-free electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power. It’s that simple,” said Obama in Feb. 2010, during a \u003ca title=\"Video of Obama press conference\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4eyH2haWWU\" target=\"_blank\">press conference at a Maryland nuclear plant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work has started on four new multi-billion dollar reactors in \u003ca title=\"Southern Company\" href=\"http://www.southerncompany.com/nuclearenergy/construction.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia \u003c/a>and South Carolina, the first to begin construction in the United States in more than 30 years. But observers disagree over exactly what this means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we don’t know if there is a nuclear renaissance,” said Per Peterson, chair of the \u003ca title=\"UC Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering\" href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Nuclear Engineering\u003c/a>. “That will depend on whether these new plants that are under construction now can be built on schedule, on budget, at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, nuclear energy provides \u003ca title=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" href=\"http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/nuclear_industry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of U.S. electricity\u003c/a> – far more than all solar, wind and other renewable sources combined. And a recent EPA study shows that in order for the country to reduce its carbon emissions enough to slow down climate change, it will need to boost its nuclear energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics argue that the country doesn’t need nuclear energy to meet its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The notion that nuclear is the only option we have to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is preposterous,” said \u003ca title=\"Ralph Cavanagh bio\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/ralph-cavanagh\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Cavanagh\u003c/a>, co-director of the energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh said that cost and risk have pushed utilities around the country away from nuclear energy and towards other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has two nuclear plants, the \u003ca title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant\" href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\" target=\"_blank\">Diablo Canyon Power Plant\u003c/a>, near San Luis Obispo, and the \u003ca title=\"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\" href=\"http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/PowerGeneration/SanOnofreNuclearGeneratingStation/default.htm?goto=songs\" target=\"_blank\">San Onofre plant\u003c/a>, near San Diego, which has been closed \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/san-onofre-cuts-raise-questions-about-nuclear-plants-future.html\" target=\"_blank\">since Jan. 2012\u003c/a>, after problems were found with some of the tubes that carry steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44378\" title=\"Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, member of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant's Independent Safety Committee, in the plant's turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prospects for the development of new nuclear plants in the state stalled long ago. The Rancho Seco nuclear plant, in Sacramento, was closed in 1989 after a public vote. And California still has in place a 1976 moratorium on building any new nuclear plants until the federal government creates a permanent site to dispose of nuclear waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and the rest of the country, nuclear accidents from the past continue to cast a shadow on the technology. The worst one to date happened with a devastating explosion and fire at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986, which released radiation across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-eight rescue workers died from radiation exposure. Other health effects started to show up a few years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary finding so far is an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in those who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident,” said \u003ca title=\"Dr. Lydia Zablotska\" href=\"http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/personnel/lzablotska.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Lydia Zablotska\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMM-3VZV6Rs]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Lydia-Zablotska-interview.pdf\">Interview Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radiation increased the risk of leukemia among the 600,000 workers who cleaned up after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predict that the Chernobyl accident will cause 4,000 to 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 3,000 to 4,000 cases of leukemia. Fourteen deaths from thyroid cancer have been documented so far. And scientists are still following the population for other health effects that might appear later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of nuclear energy say that the risks of an accident should be weighed against the health effects from burning fossil fuels. The American Lung Association estimates 13,000 people die in the United States each year from breathing soot particles from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public health and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels are so enormous that they dwarf even the consequences of nuclear accidents,” said Per Peterson. “That said, we need to be moving towards new nuclear energy technologies that do not have the potential to release radioactive materials into the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Peterson and his students at UC Berkeley's Department of Nuclear Engineering are working on a new type of nuclear reactor they say would be safer and cheaper than those operating today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s nuclear reactors are cooled by water, which can cause problems if a plant loses power. The explosions at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, following an earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, were brought on by a chemical reaction between water and the metal that protects the uranium fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44381\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44381\" title=\"110321_1f_kokuen1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam rises from a reactor at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, in March 2011. Photo: TEPCO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“At Fukushima, water reacted with the metal cladding of the fuel to release hydrogen, which ultimately caused explosions,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the water inside a nuclear plant can be problematic in other ways too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water pressure built up inside the containment to very high pressures, causing leakage and requiring venting, which released radioactive materials,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear reaction, the goal at any power plant is to produce heat and turn water into steam. During a May visit to Pacific Gas and Electric’s Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Peterson stood on a hill above the plant’s two dome-shaped structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Below us are the two reactor containment buildings that contain the nuclear reactors that are producing heat and boiling water,” he said. “The steam is going into that large turbine building behind and turning the turbines that turn generators and make the electricity that is going out over our heads into the center of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44400\" title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Diablo Canyon Power Plant's two nuclear reactors are inside the containment domes. The brown building behind the domes is the turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1980s, Diablo Canyon’s two reactors were the last to go into operation in California. Today, they produce 16 percent of Northern California’s electricity, enough to power about 2 million homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear reactions are an efficient way to produce heat. In a nuclear reaction, a particle called a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium atom. The reaction – known as fission -- breaks the nucleus in two and releases heat, as well as more neutrons that go on to create a chain reaction of nucleus-splitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson aims to make nuclear plants safer by cooling the reactor’s core – where the nuclear reaction takes place – with a liquid other than water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fluoride salts that we’re developing as coolants boil at extremely high temperatures – above 1,400 degrees centigrade – which means that under the conditions we operate at, they’re always at low pressure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further reduce risk, Peterson proposes storing the fuel inside graphite pebbles, which wouldn’t melt down in an accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44371\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44371\" title=\"Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, chair of the University of California, Berkeley's Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, examines his model of a pebble-bed reactor. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pebbles would also offer another advantage over today’s reactors, said Peterson. In a room at the nuclear engineering department, his students have built a model of the pebble-bed reactor they’re testing. They use colored plastic balls slightly smaller than golf balls in place of the graphite fuel pebbles. And for research purposes, they’ve replaced the fluoride salts with water, which is easier to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow, green and gray plastic balls move through a narrow plastic tank, mimicking the way in which graphite pebbles full of fuel might one day float through liquid fluoride salts in a real pebble-bed reactor. The moving pebbles would be an improvement over current reactors, which have to be closed down every 18 months to bring in fresh uranium rods, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about 30 days for a pebble to go through the core, before it’s removed, inspected, and possibly reinserted,” he said. “That means you’re continuously replacing the fuel and you don’t need to shut down for refueling outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson’s pebble-bed reactor could be in operation in 20 years, he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Can nuclear power be produced safely and affordably? A scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, is working to do just that.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Despite the accident last year at a nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, here in the United States, some policymakers – including President Obama – are pushing to expand nuclear energy as a source of abundant carbon-free electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power. It’s that simple,” said Obama in Feb. 2010, during a \u003ca title=\"Video of Obama press conference\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y4eyH2haWWU\" target=\"_blank\">press conference at a Maryland nuclear plant\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Work has started on four new multi-billion dollar reactors in \u003ca title=\"Southern Company\" href=\"http://www.southerncompany.com/nuclearenergy/construction.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Georgia \u003c/a>and South Carolina, the first to begin construction in the United States in more than 30 years. But observers disagree over exactly what this means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we don’t know if there is a nuclear renaissance,” said Per Peterson, chair of the \u003ca title=\"UC Berkeley Department of Nuclear Engineering\" href=\"http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">University of California, Berkeley’s Department of Nuclear Engineering\u003c/a>. “That will depend on whether these new plants that are under construction now can be built on schedule, on budget, at a reasonable cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, nuclear energy provides \u003ca title=\"U.S. Energy Information Administration\" href=\"http://www.eia.gov/energy_in_brief/nuclear_industry.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of U.S. electricity\u003c/a> – far more than all solar, wind and other renewable sources combined. And a recent EPA study shows that in order for the country to reduce its carbon emissions enough to slow down climate change, it will need to boost its nuclear energy production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But skeptics argue that the country doesn’t need nuclear energy to meet its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The notion that nuclear is the only option we have to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions is preposterous,” said \u003ca title=\"Ralph Cavanagh bio\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/ralph-cavanagh\" target=\"_blank\">Ralph Cavanagh\u003c/a>, co-director of the energy program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cavanagh said that cost and risk have pushed utilities around the country away from nuclear energy and towards other renewable energy sources, energy efficiency and natural gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has two nuclear plants, the \u003ca title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant\" href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\" target=\"_blank\">Diablo Canyon Power Plant\u003c/a>, near San Luis Obispo, and the \u003ca title=\"San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station\" href=\"http://www.sce.com/PowerandEnvironment/PowerGeneration/SanOnofreNuclearGeneratingStation/default.htm?goto=songs\" target=\"_blank\">San Onofre plant\u003c/a>, near San Diego, which has been closed \u003ca href=\"http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/08/san-onofre-cuts-raise-questions-about-nuclear-plants-future.html\" target=\"_blank\">since Jan. 2012\u003c/a>, after problems were found with some of the tubes that carry steam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44378\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44378\" title=\"Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_at_Diablo_Canyon_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, member of the Diablo Canyon Power Plant's Independent Safety Committee, in the plant's turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Prospects for the development of new nuclear plants in the state stalled long ago. The Rancho Seco nuclear plant, in Sacramento, was closed in 1989 after a public vote. And California still has in place a 1976 moratorium on building any new nuclear plants until the federal government creates a permanent site to dispose of nuclear waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California and the rest of the country, nuclear accidents from the past continue to cast a shadow on the technology. The worst one to date happened with a devastating explosion and fire at the Chernobyl plant in Ukraine in 1986, which released radiation across Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenty-eight rescue workers died from radiation exposure. Other health effects started to show up a few years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The primary finding so far is an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases in those who were children and adolescents at the time of the accident,” said \u003ca title=\"Dr. Lydia Zablotska\" href=\"http://www.epibiostat.ucsf.edu/epidem/personnel/lzablotska.html\" target=\"_blank\">Dr. Lydia Zablotska\u003c/a>, an epidemiologist at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/bMM-3VZV6Rs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/bMM-3VZV6Rs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Lydia-Zablotska-interview.pdf\">Interview Transcript\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The radiation increased the risk of leukemia among the 600,000 workers who cleaned up after the accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers predict that the Chernobyl accident will cause 4,000 to 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 3,000 to 4,000 cases of leukemia. Fourteen deaths from thyroid cancer have been documented so far. And scientists are still following the population for other health effects that might appear later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proponents of nuclear energy say that the risks of an accident should be weighed against the health effects from burning fossil fuels. The American Lung Association estimates 13,000 people die in the United States each year from breathing soot particles from coal-fired power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The public health and environmental consequences of using fossil fuels are so enormous that they dwarf even the consequences of nuclear accidents,” said Per Peterson. “That said, we need to be moving towards new nuclear energy technologies that do not have the potential to release radioactive materials into the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Per Peterson and his students at UC Berkeley's Department of Nuclear Engineering are working on a new type of nuclear reactor they say would be safer and cheaper than those operating today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s nuclear reactors are cooled by water, which can cause problems if a plant loses power. The explosions at the nuclear plant in Fukushima, Japan, following an earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011, were brought on by a chemical reaction between water and the metal that protects the uranium fuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44381\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44381\" title=\"110321_1f_kokuen1_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/110321_1f_kokuen1_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Steam rises from a reactor at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, in March 2011. Photo: TEPCO.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“At Fukushima, water reacted with the metal cladding of the fuel to release hydrogen, which ultimately caused explosions,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the water inside a nuclear plant can be problematic in other ways too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The water pressure built up inside the containment to very high pressures, causing leakage and requiring venting, which released radioactive materials,” said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it’s fueled by coal, natural gas or nuclear reaction, the goal at any power plant is to produce heat and turn water into steam. During a May visit to Pacific Gas and Electric’s Diablo Canyon Power Plant, Peterson stood on a hill above the plant’s two dome-shaped structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Below us are the two reactor containment buildings that contain the nuclear reactors that are producing heat and boiling water,” he said. “The steam is going into that large turbine building behind and turning the turbines that turn generators and make the electricity that is going out over our heads into the center of California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44400\" title=\"Diablo Canyon Power Plant_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Diablo-Canyon-Power-Plant_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Diablo Canyon Power Plant's two nuclear reactors are inside the containment domes. The brown building behind the domes is the turbine room. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the mid-1980s, Diablo Canyon’s two reactors were the last to go into operation in California. Today, they produce 16 percent of Northern California’s electricity, enough to power about 2 million homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear reactions are an efficient way to produce heat. In a nuclear reaction, a particle called a neutron hits the nucleus of a uranium atom. The reaction – known as fission -- breaks the nucleus in two and releases heat, as well as more neutrons that go on to create a chain reaction of nucleus-splitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peterson aims to make nuclear plants safer by cooling the reactor’s core – where the nuclear reaction takes place – with a liquid other than water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fluoride salts that we’re developing as coolants boil at extremely high temperatures – above 1,400 degrees centigrade – which means that under the conditions we operate at, they’re always at low pressure,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To further reduce risk, Peterson proposes storing the fuel inside graphite pebbles, which wouldn’t melt down in an accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44371\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44371\" title=\"Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Per_Peterson_and_his_reactor_model_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Per Peterson, chair of the University of California, Berkeley's Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, examines his model of a pebble-bed reactor. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The pebbles would also offer another advantage over today’s reactors, said Peterson. In a room at the nuclear engineering department, his students have built a model of the pebble-bed reactor they’re testing. They use colored plastic balls slightly smaller than golf balls in place of the graphite fuel pebbles. And for research purposes, they’ve replaced the fluoride salts with water, which is easier to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The yellow, green and gray plastic balls move through a narrow plastic tank, mimicking the way in which graphite pebbles full of fuel might one day float through liquid fluoride salts in a real pebble-bed reactor. The moving pebbles would be an improvement over current reactors, which have to be closed down every 18 months to bring in fresh uranium rods, said Peterson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes about 30 days for a pebble to go through the core, before it’s removed, inspected, and possibly reinserted,” he said. “That means you’re continuously replacing the fuel and you don’t need to shut down for refueling outages.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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},
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"id": "city-arts",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
},
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"meta": {
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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