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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/07/2012-07-02-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40317\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40317\" title=\"NuStar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/NuStar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist's rendering of the NuStar telescope in space. (Image: NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>About two weeks ago, NASA launched the NuStar telescope into space. Scientists on the ground at UC Berkeley are communicating with it, getting it ready for its mission to search the universe for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mission control is a small room on the UC Berkeley campus, where about a dozen people with headsets are glued to their laptops. Every 90 minutes or so, they communicate with NuStar from a ground station as it passes over, flying about 350 miles above the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So on the monitor over there shows the track of NuStar in its orbit,” says Fiona Harrison, principal scientist for the mission. If there’s one word that describes her last few weeks, it’s: “nail-biting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beginning of a space telescope’s life is particularly stressful. The team has to turn on the school-bus-size telescope remotely, step by step, checking the electronics as they go. If all goes well, in a little over a week, the $170 million dollar telescope will begin its hunt for black holes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WjAWDVaYcA]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. When a massive star explodes, the core collapses down into a tiny point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Matter has been compressed so much, that the gravity around it has become really, really strong,” says Filippenko. “Not even light can escape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From here on out, though, the movie gets a few things wrong. The crew flies through the black hole, emerging unscathed into another universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No, I don’t think so. There are all kinds of ways in which you would die a horrible death,” says Filippenko. For one, gravity would rip you apart. “We say that you would be ‘spaghetti-fied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s another problem. Black holes pull in tons of gas and dust, just like water going down a drain. It swirls faster and faster and gets hotter and hotter. “You would be zapped. You would be vaporized by all the radiation coming from this hot disc of material swirling in,” says Filippenko.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will be looking for this swirling material. It emits x-ray light, like the kind you find in a doctor’s office. The x-ray images from NuStar will be 10 times crisper than captured ever before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Mysteries\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are hoping this will give them more clues about the mysteries surrounding black holes – like how they grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They eat dramatically but rarely,” says Eliot Quataert, astronomy professor at UC Berkeley. He says black holes grow just like we do – by eating. There are millions of black holes around our galaxy, but at the very center, there’s a supermassive black hole that’s eaten quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The misconception that’s out there a little is that black holes are a vacuum cleaner that will inevitably suck in everything around them,” says Quataert. For the most part, black holes are on a forced diet. They’ve already eaten everything close by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But then every once in a while, there will be a lot of gas that gets funneled to the center of a galaxy and the black hole will grow in a big spurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quataert says seeing this black hole mealtime with the NuStar telescope could reveal more about the extreme physics behind it. That, in turn, can answer questions about how galaxies and solar systems form -- essentially, why our little planet is here at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are conditions that you can’t reproduce anywhere on Earth, so they provide a window into physics that you can’t study in any other way,” says Quataert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Black Hole Belches\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar telescope will also be looking for a strange phenomenon – something made famous by Homer Simpson: burps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can think about this black hole burping as if you’re on a feeding frenzy and you can’t fit that many hot dogs in your mouth,” says Joshua Bloom, an associate professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early last year, astronomers noticed a star that had wandered too close to a black hole. “You would see the star getting pulled apart almost like taffy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it devoured the star, the black hole spit out a huge jet of material – a burp. That might sound weird. Nothing can escape a black hole, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re right. These are sort of the Las Vegas of the universe – what happens in a black hole stays inside of a black hole. But on the outskirts of them, that is where there’s tremendous action,” says Bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, astronomers haven’t observed many of these burps and they aren’t exactly sure why they happen. Bloom has his fingers crossed that the NuStar telescope will see more of them. “We are really on the receiving end of this grand experiment in the universe. The real hope is that we find something that hasn't been envisioned yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NuStar mission is expected to last at least two years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, we’re not actually seeing the black hole. That’s a common misconception. What you’re actually seeing is the stuff that’s attracted to it,” says Harrison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is a Black Hole?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Theoretically, black holes are really quite simple,” says Alex Filippenko, an astronomy professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain them, he uses a not-so-scientific source: the 1979 Disney movie “The Black Hole.” “It’s a sci-fi movie that has these crewmembers go into a black hole while they’re in a spaceship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one clip, the crew’s spaceship gets closer to the center of the black hole and they’re inescapably pulled in. Filippenko says that part is true. They’re being drawn in by gravity. “Gravity is enormously important. You can say it’s the sculptor of the universe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/0WjAWDVaYcA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throw a tennis ball here on Earth and it falls back to the ground. But shoot a rocket into space and it escapes the planet’s gravity, no problem. That’s because, in the grand scheme of things, the Earth isn’t very big or dense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black holes, on the other hand, form from much bigger objects. 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"disqusTitle": "Science on the SPOT: Up all Night with SOFIA, NASA's Flying Observatory",
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"content": "\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. It's a complete flying astronomical observation platform which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew far above the clouds to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Seen from the exterior with its rear canopy closed, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/SOFIA/\">Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)\u003c/a> aircraft looks much like a typical jumbo jet you might see at any airport-- perhaps even reminiscent of another well-known, heavily modified Boeing 747, Air Force One. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SOFIA has a lot of characteristics that are very similar to a normal passenger airplane,\" explains Erick Young, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/index.html\">SOFIA Science Center\u003c/a> at NASA/Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. \"Except for the fact that we’ve completely gutted the insides, and there’s a hole in the side of the airplane the size of a garage door, and there’s a 17-ton telescope mounted in the back. But other than that it’s pretty much like a regular airplane.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may appear modest from the outside, but SOFIA is more than a telescope tucked into a re-purposed commercial airliner. Obscured from view is a complete flying astronomical observation platform centered around a 2.7 meter-wide \u003ca href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/telescope3.htm\">reflecting telescope\u003c/a>, which carries a dozen or more astronomers, observers and crew \u003ca href=\"http://airs.jpl.nasa.gov/maps/satellite_feed/atmosphere_layers/\">above the clouds\u003c/a> to observe objects and phenomena too cold to be seen in visible light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/WS301_SOFIA_young.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"WS301_SOFIA_young\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\" class=\"size-full wp-image-40032\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erick Young is the Director of the SOFIA Science Center, and is responsible for the airplane crew and science operations of the observatory. Credit: NASA / Tom Tschida.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"The appearance of things that we can see in visible light is primarily because things are hot enough to give off light at visible light wavelengths,\" says Young. \" If you get things too cold, then things look redder and redder and eventually they’re so red that the human eye can’t see them anymore. And then what we are actually sensing is a different kind of light and it’s called infrared. And that’s basically the heat radiation that’s coming from objects. And so what we can look at are not things that are thousands of degrees hot, but things that are hundreds or tens of degrees above absolute zero. And it turns out that there’s a lot of material in the universe- the dust, planets like the Earth, clouds in space. They’re all too cold to normally emit in visible light, but by looking in the infrared, we’re able to sense them, detect them, and measure their properties.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our most familiar instrument for observing and measuring the electromagnetic radiation emitted by objects, the human eye, senses a narrow range of energy wavelengths. These are waves with wavelengths of 380 nanometers (violet) to about 740 nanometers (red). Although astronomy has its origin in observing the universe in this part of the spectrum, there are also telescopes and instruments that measure incredibly short, energetic wavelengths such as Gamma rays and X-rays, as well as extremely long wavelengths such as radio waves. Infrared or \"IR\" astronomers study that expansive swath of wavelengths just below the visible range, but still above the radio end of the spectrum. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/ems_length_final.gif\" class=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\" height=\"147\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003csmall>Source: \u003ca href=\"http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html\">NASA\u003c/a>\u003c/small>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why go through the trouble of \u003ca href=\"http://ericfdiaz.wordpress.com/why-does-infrared-astronomy-matters/\">observing objects in the IR spectrum\u003c/a> from the stratosphere, 12+ kilometers above the surface of the earth? There are several major infrared telescopes operating both on the ground and in space: at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/mko/\">Mauna Kea Observatories\u003c/a> in Hawaii, or \u003ca href=\"http://www.noao.edu/kpno/\">Kitt Peak National Observatory\u003c/a> in Arizona, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We put a telescope on the airplane because there are parts of the spectrum which are completely blocked and completely opaque in the Earth’s atmosphere. This was primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum,\" explains Young. \"The main thing that blocks the infrared light from reaching the ground is water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere. And if we want to observe many of these wavelengths, we have to get to some place where there’s no water vapor and SOFIA will fly above more than 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flying telescopes may not be commonplace, but are hardly a new idea. SOFIA is merely the latest and largest in a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Edu/docs/97-Whiting_AeroHistory.pdf\">line of airborne observatories\u003c/a> going back to the 1920's, when eclipse chasers first carried a modest instrument aboard a 2-seater biplane. SOFIA's most recent ancestor is the the \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/missions/kao/\">Kuiper Airborne observatory (KAO)\u003c/a>, a converted C-141 aircraft with a 36-inch mirror that flew missions from 1974 to 1995, and can be seen peacefully enjoying its retirement on a nearby patch of Moffett Field tarmac. The idea within NASA to use a 747-SP as a telescope platform goes back at least to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Sofia/history/sofia_history.html\">the late 1970's\u003c/a>. Technical challenges, years of delays and cost overruns nearly ended the project more than once. But SOFIA' construction eventually prevailed, test flights began in 2010, and it made its first scientific observations this past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although all science operations are managed here in the Bay Area within Moffett Field's \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/home/index.html\">NASA Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, SOFIA's primary home is near Palmdale, California, at \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/home/index.html\">Dryden Flight Research Center\u003c/a>. SOFIA is a collaboration between NASA and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dlr.de/dlr/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-10002/\">German Aerospace Center, DLR\u003c/a> (Deutches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt). The Germans provided the telescope; NASA provided the airplane and crew responsible for the science operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another operational advantage of flying the instruments on a plane is flexibility. Unlike IR telescopes that we have launched into space, such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/\">Spitzer Space Telescope\u003c/a>, SOFIA comes home every night. It can swap out, repair, or update existing instruments as needed. To take advantage of this flexibility, SOFIA has available a collection of 9 specially-designed primary instruments to attach to the telescope, that each cover a specific range of wavelengths across and around the IR spectrum. Lastly, these instruments need not hew to the stringent weight requirements of their space-based counterparts, which saves money and allows use of instrumentation normally too big to launch on a rocket.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/sci_tele_spectral.html\">\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://www.sofia.usra.edu/Science/telescope/images/spectral_sofia.gif\" width=\"450\" height=\"330\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The nine \"first-light\" SOFIA instruments plotted on the axes of spectral resolution and observing wavelength. Source: NASA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After a successful run of several science test flights in 2011, SOFIA is currently in the shop for a major upgrade to its avionics systems. Upon returning later in 2012, the observatory plans to ramp up to 3 missions week by 2014, a schedule it hopes to keep for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erick Young expects that the future of IR astronomy with SOFIA is very bright - or warm, as the case may be. In fact, as the 1st generation of instruments are just being put through their paces, the \u003ca href=\"http://soma.larc.nasa.gov/SOFIA/\">call for the second generation has already begun\u003c/a>. \"The instrumentation that’s available on the infrared is still rapidly evolving, particularly at the very long wavelengths that SOFIA operates at. The technology is still relatively in the infancy. And so one can expect that as the years go by, we’ll have huge increases in our capabilities as the technology improves. And SOFIA will definitely be able to take advantage of that.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "\"I Flamed Amazement\": The Physics of St. Elmo's Fire",
"title": "\"I Flamed Amazement\": The Physics of St. Elmo's Fire",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40206\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/st_elmos_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40206\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40206\" title=\"st_elmos_fire\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/st_elmos_fire.jpg\" alt=\"St. Elmo's Fire in cockpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/st_elmos_fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/st_elmos_fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">St. Elmo's Fire on a cockpit window, by {link url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/flyforfun/}Fly For Fun{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clad in a bright yellow raincoat and a crown of butterflies, laughing and singing, Ariel delighted the audience from the first moments of \u003ca title=\"CalShakes\" href=\"http://www.calshakes.org/\">California Shakespeare Theater's\u003c/a> \"The Tempest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/ariel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40207\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40207\" title=\"ariel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/ariel-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ariel in The Tempest\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erika Chong Shuch as Ariel in CalShakes' \"The Tempest\", photo by {link url=http://www.kevinberne.com/}Kevin Berne{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I always love productions at the open-air Bruns Memorial Theater, but the airy sprites of Shakespeare's last full play seem particularly well-suited to the natural environment. Orinda's eucalyptus groves and rolling golden hills could as easily populate Prospero's remote island as do the characters of kings and dukes, clowns and cannibals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the characters, though, Ariel was \"an easy favorite\" in the words of my father-in-law. Played by choreographer Erika Chong Shuch, her movements overflowed with emotion and expression. It was easy to believe in her magic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40208\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 195px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/463px-elmos_fire-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40208\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-40208\" title=\"463px-Elmo's_fire-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/463px-Elmos_fire-2-195x253.jpg\" alt=\"St. Elmo's Fire\" width=\"195\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">St. Elmo's Fire on Masts of Ship at Sea (1866)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I boarded the king's ship; now on the beak,\u003cbr>\nNow in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,\u003cbr>\nI flamed amazement: sometime I'd divide,\u003cbr>\nAnd burn in many places; on the topmast,\u003cbr>\nThe yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly,\u003cbr>\nThen meet and join.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>--Ariel, The Tempest (Act I, Scene 2), William Shakespeare\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the beleaguered sailors, Ariel personified St. Elmo's Fire, the glow that can appear around ship masts and chimneys during a thunderstorm. Lacking a scientific explanation for the light, people in Shakespeare's time attributed it to the patron saint of sailors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hundred years later, we still don't completely understand how storms create such magnificent atmospheric phenomena. But we understand \u003ca title=\"Scientific American - St. Elmo's Fire\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quotwhat-causes-the-stran\">a great deal more\u003c/a> than we once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It starts with storm clouds, which are positively charged on top and negatively charged on the bottom. The reason for this charge differential has to do with turbulence inside the cloud, \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Questions and Answers about Lightning\" href=\"http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/lightning/ltg_basics.html\">exact details TBD\u003c/a>. The negative charge at the bottom of the cloud is so strong it pushes away electrons in the earth's surface, leaving a positive charge in the ground, in trees, in chimneys and ship masts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When some object on earth's surface accumulates enough positive charge, it ionizes the air around it, pulling molecules apart into their constituent positive and negative charges. An ionized gas, or \u003ca title=\"Plasma - Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)\">plasma\u003c/a>, has no overall charge, since it contains equal numbers of positive and negative ions, but it is an excellent electrical conductor. \u003ca title=\"How Stuff Works - St. Elmo's Fire\" href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/st-elmo-fire1.htm\">And it glows\u003c/a>. It's beautiful, and a little creepy, but it's not dangerous like lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40209\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 167px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/592px-plasma-lamp_2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40209\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40209\" title=\"592px-Plasma-lamp_2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/592px-Plasma-lamp_2-167x169.jpg\" alt=\"Plasma Lamp\" width=\"167\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plasma lamp by {link url=http://www.lucnix.be}Luc Viatour{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Grove Talk before the show, CalShakes resident dramaturg Philippa Kelly emphasized the unpredictable perils of Shakespeare's time. Fires especially were ubiquitous, necessary for daily work, yet often raged out of control--as in the destruction of the Globe Theater. Ariel's magic is the magic of St. Elmo: a safe fire that serves its master's interests and causes no damage. Today, we've harnessed the same plasma phenomenon to build neon signs and modern TVs that are incapable of burning down a building. An instance, perhaps, of \u003ca title=\"Clarke's Three Laws - Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke's_three_laws\">Arthur C. Clarke's Third Law\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40206\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/st_elmos_fire/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40206\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-40206\" title=\"st_elmos_fire\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/st_elmos_fire.jpg\" alt=\"St. Elmo's Fire in cockpit\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/st_elmos_fire.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/st_elmos_fire-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">St. Elmo's Fire on a cockpit window, by {link url=http://www.flickr.com/photos/flyforfun/}Fly For Fun{/link}.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clad in a bright yellow raincoat and a crown of butterflies, laughing and singing, Ariel delighted the audience from the first moments of \u003ca title=\"CalShakes\" href=\"http://www.calshakes.org/\">California Shakespeare Theater's\u003c/a> \"The Tempest.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/ariel/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40207\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40207\" title=\"ariel\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/ariel-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Ariel in The Tempest\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erika Chong Shuch as Ariel in CalShakes' \"The Tempest\", photo by {link url=http://www.kevinberne.com/}Kevin Berne{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I always love productions at the open-air Bruns Memorial Theater, but the airy sprites of Shakespeare's last full play seem particularly well-suited to the natural environment. Orinda's eucalyptus groves and rolling golden hills could as easily populate Prospero's remote island as do the characters of kings and dukes, clowns and cannibals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of all the characters, though, Ariel was \"an easy favorite\" in the words of my father-in-law. Played by choreographer Erika Chong Shuch, her movements overflowed with emotion and expression. It was easy to believe in her magic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40208\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 195px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/463px-elmos_fire-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40208\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-40208\" title=\"463px-Elmo's_fire-2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/463px-Elmos_fire-2-195x253.jpg\" alt=\"St. Elmo's Fire\" width=\"195\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">St. Elmo's Fire on Masts of Ship at Sea (1866)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I boarded the king's ship; now on the beak,\u003cbr>\nNow in the waist, the deck, in every cabin,\u003cbr>\nI flamed amazement: sometime I'd divide,\u003cbr>\nAnd burn in many places; on the topmast,\u003cbr>\nThe yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly,\u003cbr>\nThen meet and join.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>--Ariel, The Tempest (Act I, Scene 2), William Shakespeare\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the beleaguered sailors, Ariel personified St. Elmo's Fire, the glow that can appear around ship masts and chimneys during a thunderstorm. Lacking a scientific explanation for the light, people in Shakespeare's time attributed it to the patron saint of sailors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hundred years later, we still don't completely understand how storms create such magnificent atmospheric phenomena. But we understand \u003ca title=\"Scientific American - St. Elmo's Fire\" href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=quotwhat-causes-the-stran\">a great deal more\u003c/a> than we once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It starts with storm clouds, which are positively charged on top and negatively charged on the bottom. The reason for this charge differential has to do with turbulence inside the cloud, \u003ca title=\"NOAA - Questions and Answers about Lightning\" href=\"http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/lightning/ltg_basics.html\">exact details TBD\u003c/a>. The negative charge at the bottom of the cloud is so strong it pushes away electrons in the earth's surface, leaving a positive charge in the ground, in trees, in chimneys and ship masts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When some object on earth's surface accumulates enough positive charge, it ionizes the air around it, pulling molecules apart into their constituent positive and negative charges. An ionized gas, or \u003ca title=\"Plasma - Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics)\">plasma\u003c/a>, has no overall charge, since it contains equal numbers of positive and negative ions, but it is an excellent electrical conductor. \u003ca title=\"How Stuff Works - St. Elmo's Fire\" href=\"http://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/st-elmo-fire1.htm\">And it glows\u003c/a>. It's beautiful, and a little creepy, but it's not dangerous like lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40209\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 167px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/26/i-flamed-amazement-the-physics-of-st-elmos-fire/592px-plasma-lamp_2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-40209\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40209\" title=\"592px-Plasma-lamp_2\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/592px-Plasma-lamp_2-167x169.jpg\" alt=\"Plasma Lamp\" width=\"167\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plasma lamp by {link url=http://www.lucnix.be}Luc Viatour{/link}\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Grove Talk before the show, CalShakes resident dramaturg Philippa Kelly emphasized the unpredictable perils of Shakespeare's time. Fires especially were ubiquitous, necessary for daily work, yet often raged out of control--as in the destruction of the Globe Theater. Ariel's magic is the magic of St. Elmo: a safe fire that serves its master's interests and causes no damage. Today, we've harnessed the same plasma phenomenon to build neon signs and modern TVs that are incapable of burning down a building. An instance, perhaps, of \u003ca title=\"Clarke's Three Laws - Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke's_three_laws\">Arthur C. Clarke's Third Law\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image from Marc Labriet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, citizen scientist Marc Labriet and students from Valley Christian High School in Dublin, CA collaborated on a special high altitude weather balloon project to retrieve images from near space as well as test theories on gamma rays and radiation repercussion yields. The above photo was taken by a camera attached to one his balloons, which was cleared for launch by the FAA. Experiments built by two teams of students from the high school were also launched with the balloon’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first balloon launched by Marc, named \u003cem>Furiousity\u003c/em>, was unable to be located for retrieval. The second balloon, aptly named \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>, soared to 103,000 feet and delivered some spectacular images of near space. The video journal of the process can be viewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTf6LjwEJm4&feature=youtu.behttp://\">here\u003c/a>. More details about the \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> launch as well as the summaries of launches leading up to its success are given in more detail on the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyond62.com/\">Beyond 62\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc has been working on projects like this since late 2010, gaining valuable expertise in the process. Marc noted, “Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.” Reading through the launch summaries on Beyond 62 - it’s clear that those mistakes led to the success of \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>. The first launch demanded a steep learning curve with weeks of preparation and 26 days to recover it. \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> was built, launched and retrieved within 24 hours. Marc spoke more with QUEST about what he has learned along the way with these launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in building payloads for balloons destined for near space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building and launching \"Near Space balloons\" started in the late '60s but it has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I did it for the same reason I think more and more amateurs are doing it. It's the easiest and cheapest way to do something space-related that will produce jaw-dropping results. Most people stop after one launch. I wanted to make the system more reliable, more sophisticated and I wanted to get other people as excited about it as I was, so I continued launching high altitude capsules.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat was an unexpected reward or insight?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A failure often teaches you more than a success. It's very frustrating because you feel like you have wasted all this time and money, but it's actually this experience that will make the next one a great success.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow many projects have you launched to date? What did you learn from each?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have launched 4 capsules so far. I have learned a lot from each one of them. One taught me to not rush the launch even if I am late, another one taught me the systems engineering part of a \"Near Space\" flight, what works, what doesn't work. Finally, I learnt that the descent dictates everything (layout and technology).\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow did the citizen science component of the project come about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to focus on the system module of the capsule and not the payload. It gave the opportunity to get other people involved in my projects. So I contacted a few high schools and asked if some students would be interested in building high altitude experiments that I would fly for free. Melissa Greer from Christian Valley High School in Dublin, CA was immediately interested and we started brainstorming ideas with the students. It's a first step. I'd love to help them launch their own capsule next year.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat advice would you give to someone taking this on as a citizen science project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you know everything to start building one. It's not as hard as some describe it. Do it with a friend or a relative and you will have an awesome experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this experience, Marc has embarked on a new direction in his career. He is currently attending the International Space University's Space Studies Program at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"Image from Marc Labriet\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-39447\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Picture-3-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, citizen scientist Marc Labriet and students from Valley Christian High School in Dublin, CA collaborated on a special high altitude weather balloon project to retrieve images from near space as well as test theories on gamma rays and radiation repercussion yields. The above photo was taken by a camera attached to one his balloons, which was cleared for launch by the FAA. Experiments built by two teams of students from the high school were also launched with the balloon’s payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first balloon launched by Marc, named \u003cem>Furiousity\u003c/em>, was unable to be located for retrieval. The second balloon, aptly named \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>, soared to 103,000 feet and delivered some spectacular images of near space. The video journal of the process can be viewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTf6LjwEJm4&feature=youtu.behttp://\">here\u003c/a>. More details about the \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> launch as well as the summaries of launches leading up to its success are given in more detail on the website \u003ca href=\"http://www.beyond62.com/\">Beyond 62\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marc has been working on projects like this since late 2010, gaining valuable expertise in the process. Marc noted, “Experience is simply the name we give to our mistakes.” Reading through the launch summaries on Beyond 62 - it’s clear that those mistakes led to the success of \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em>. The first launch demanded a steep learning curve with weeks of preparation and 26 days to recover it. \u003cem>Revenge\u003c/em> was built, launched and retrieved within 24 hours. Marc spoke more with QUEST about what he has learned along the way with these launches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What got you interested in building payloads for balloons destined for near space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building and launching \"Near Space balloons\" started in the late '60s but it has become increasingly popular in the last 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initially I did it for the same reason I think more and more amateurs are doing it. It's the easiest and cheapest way to do something space-related that will produce jaw-dropping results. Most people stop after one launch. I wanted to make the system more reliable, more sophisticated and I wanted to get other people as excited about it as I was, so I continued launching high altitude capsules.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat was an unexpected reward or insight?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A failure often teaches you more than a success. It's very frustrating because you feel like you have wasted all this time and money, but it's actually this experience that will make the next one a great success.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow many projects have you launched to date? What did you learn from each?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have launched 4 capsules so far. I have learned a lot from each one of them. One taught me to not rush the launch even if I am late, another one taught me the systems engineering part of a \"Near Space\" flight, what works, what doesn't work. Finally, I learnt that the descent dictates everything (layout and technology).\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nHow did the citizen science component of the project come about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I wanted to focus on the system module of the capsule and not the payload. It gave the opportunity to get other people involved in my projects. So I contacted a few high schools and asked if some students would be interested in building high altitude experiments that I would fly for free. Melissa Greer from Christian Valley High School in Dublin, CA was immediately interested and we started brainstorming ideas with the students. It's a first step. I'd love to help them launch their own capsule next year.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWhat advice would you give to someone taking this on as a citizen science project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't wait until you know everything to start building one. It's not as hard as some describe it. Do it with a friend or a relative and you will have an awesome experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this experience, Marc has embarked on a new direction in his career. He is currently attending the International Space University's Space Studies Program at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/05/2012-05-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27273\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27273\" title=\"windowstestfac\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/windowstestfac-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The window testing facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (Photo: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Windows may not be as sexy as solar panels or electric cars, but they play a major role in energy efficiency. Buildings are responsible for 40% of the country’s energy use, which is why researchers at \u003ca href=\"http://btech.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a> are trying to improve windows by making them smarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Berkeley Lab engineer Howdy Goudey demonstrates in his lab, studying windows involves some pretty complex physics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we use an infrared camera to study heat transfer in windows,” he says, pointing to a normal-looking video camera that senses heat instead of visible light. Goudey uses the camera to study how windows lose energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, windows simply aren’t good insulators. They leak heat in the winter when we want a warm house and they let heat in during the summer. Many homes still have single-pane windows, which were the name of the game in the 1940s and 50s when California was booming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. 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So it’s significant energy,” says Goudey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, on a cold winter day, the extra heat from sun would be helpful. “You’d actually like that solar energy to come in and help heat the space,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why researchers are working to develop a “smart” or dynamic window that can change based on the weather or temperature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using Nanotechnology to Make Windows Smarter\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Berkeley Lab’s \u003ca href=\"http://foundry.lbl.gov/\">Molecular Foundry\u003c/a>, Delia Milliron grows tiny nanocrystals that will eventually become a window coating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nanocrystals are very small,” says Milliron. “Way smaller than you can see with your eyes. And so that’s why when we spread them out in a coating on the window, you don’t see anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Milliron’s coating is dynamic. In one setting, it lets in both the light and heat from the sun. But, apply an electric charge of a couple volts and the window blocks the heat from the sun, while still letting light in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, these windows would be controlled by your heating and cooling system, which could adjust them based on the weather. Milliron and her team are currently working on the coating itself. Their next step is to build a full-scale prototype. Other companies also have similar kinds of dynamic windows in the works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Windows as Energy Suppliers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This changes the conversation about windows, says Stephen Selkowitz, head of building technologies at Berkeley Lab. Before, windows were energy losers. Now, windows could actually make buildings more efficient. And that means big cost savings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we add up all the energy and economic impact of windows in the US, it costs building owners about $40 billion a year. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed when energy prices sky-rocketed in the 1970s. Double-pane windows became common. And then came double-pane windows with invisible coatings, which are twice as efficient. Today, they make up more than half of windows sold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Measuring Low-e Windows\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goudey demonstrates how they work by turning on two heat lamps. “You’ve seen them in a diner keeping food warm,\" he says, putting them behind two identical-looking double-pane windows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We stand in front of one window, which feels like standing in the sun. “But if you hold your hand to other one, compared to this one, it’s very dramatic,” Goudey says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27278\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-27278\" title=\"clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl--18C-21C\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/clear-dual-air-vinyl-vs.-lowe-dual-Argon-vinyl-18C-21C.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"204\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An infrared image of two windows during winter conditions, as seen from the inside of a room. The window on the right has a low-e coating while the window on the left doesn't. Warmer temperatures mean a better insulating window. (Image: LBNL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second window is cooler because it has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm\">low-emissivity coating\u003c/a>, or low-e, as its known. It’s an invisible layer of metal on the glass that acts as an insulator. And it does one more thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sunlight shines directly through a window, it provides both light and heat. Most of us want light coming in, but heat is the last thing we want on a hot summer day. So, the coating on the window blocks the heat from the sun (in the form of infrared light), while letting in the visible light. This is known as solar gain. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.efficientwindows.org/\">Check out this guide\u003c/a> for more on what to look for when buying windows.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have a few windows in a room with direct sun on them, its equivalent to running a little space heater. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the gold leaf has to be smoothed by rubbing it with something hard, traditionally bone. You may already be familiar with this technique, called \u003cem>burnishing\u003c/em>, if you were unlucky enough to have a boring history teacher and spent the class period smoothing gum wrappers with your thumbnail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was not a gum-chewing child--but I \u003cem>was\u003c/em> an amateur calligrapher, in addition to being infatuated with illuminated manuscripts. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33529\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/initialn/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33529\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg\" alt=\"Illuminated Initial N\" title=\"initialN\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33529\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/initialN-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Illuminated Initial N, Spanish, 1290-1310, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I had a fantastic middle school history teacher named Mr. Saunders. One day, after we had been learning about illuminated manuscripts, Mr. Saunders gave us a class period of complete silence--except for a tape of Gregorian chants--to create our own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't have any gold leaf, so our manuscripts were not technically \"illuminated,\" merely illustrated. But it was one of my favorite classes, and I've been fond of the art form ever since. So when I was in LA this weekend and noticed that the Getty was showing a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/gothic_grandeur/\" title=\"The Getty - Gothic Grandeur\">illuminated manuscript exhibit\u003c/a>, I had to check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/ingmirei/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33530\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I of the Bible, illuminated by Thomas Ingmire\" title=\"ingmireI\" width=\"165\" height=\"166\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33530\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI.jpg 165w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ingmireI-75x75.jpg 75w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 165px) 100vw, 165px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I realize that the Getty is in Southern California, and here I am on a Northern California blog, but I have an excuse: the only work in the exhibit that wasn't centuries old belonged to San Francisco master calligrapher \u003ca href=\"http://www.thomasingmire.com/home_f.html\" title=\"Thomas Ingmire\">Thomas Ingmire\u003c/a>! Did you know we had a master calligrapher? Neither did I!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ingmire had created a series of pages to demonstrate all the steps of the illumination process. The artist first paints glue over the areas to be illuminated, then sticks gold leaf to the glue and brushes any extra leaf away. At this point, though, the gold is dull matte and the page can hardly be called illuminated. How to make it glossy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33531\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/20/the-calligraphers-golden-touch/intiali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33531\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/intialI-248x360.jpg\" alt=\"Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\" title=\"intialI\" width=\"248\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-33531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Initial I, Italian, 1250-1262, on view at the Getty\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gloss, or shine, or illumination--whatever you want to call it--comes from \u003cem>specular reflection\u003c/em>, the same thing that makes a mirror work. When a surface is very smooth at the microscopic level, all the light rays hitting it are reflected at the same angle. A mirror has almost perfect specular reflection, because it's almost perfectly smooth. But if the surface has microscopic bumps and ridges, they reflect light rays in all different directions, leading to \u003cem>diffuse reflection\u003c/em>--a matte surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31191\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/24/starship-math-are-the-stars-our-destiny/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" title=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani. Credit for base image: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once again I have drifted off thinking about the size and scale of space--the things in it and the distances between them--and once again have brought pen and paper, math, and a spreadsheet to bear on the question: are the stars in our destiny, or is the notion of physically reaching them (in person, at least) beyond the available realities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of the science fiction stories devised to get their characters to other stars not only within their lifetimes, but sometimes within a few paltry days, it’s easy to think of interstellar travel as something we might eventually get around to, given the technology, time, and money. We just need to figure out how warp drive or hyperspace work, and how to exploit them, and we’re off!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But putting teleportation and wormhole expressways and their ilk on the shelf labeled, “Cool, but probably just fancy” for a moment, what are the Newtonian-Einsteinian requirements to get us to, say, the nearest known \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php\" title=\"Exoplanet Database\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, which orbits the star Epsilon Eridani, 10.4 light years away from us? It’s a gas giant planet larger than Jupiter and orbits well beyond its star’s habitable zone, but it’s a planet after all, and we star-seekers just love planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the math that will get us there. I had to assume a mass for our would-be starship, conservatively chosen as 2000 metric tons, or about the weight of the Space Shuttle. In reality that’s far too small a ship for any human interstellar journey, unless the crew are all frozen. And keep in mind, my calculation does not take into account the weight of any fuel we need to carry with us. I’m also choosing a top cruising (coasting) speed of one-tenth the speed of light, or 30,000 kilometers per second. A tenth light speed is pretty darned fast, but not so fast that we need to worry much about \u003ca href=\"http://www.1728.org/reltivty.htm\" title=\"Relativity Calculator\" target=\"_blank\">relativistic mass\u003c/a>—that is, the increase in the spaceship’s effective mass when traveling a significant fraction of the speed of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engines can produce thrust sufficient to accelerate our 2000 ton spaceship at a rate of “1 gee”, or one Earth-gravity equivalent (~10 meters per second, per second), then to achieve a velocity of one-tenth light speed we’ll need to run those engines for about 35 days, non-stop. We should assume our engines are powered by nuclear fusion or even antimatter reaction (possible future technologies that today present technical challenges, but which aren’t on that shelf of sci-fi fancy). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy required for this 1-gee, 35-day engine burn of our 2000 ton spaceship is about 900,000,000,000,000 (yes, 900 trillion) MegaJoules, or 250 trillion kilowatt-hours. That’s the same amount of energy required to launch 20 million normal Space Shuttle flights to low Earth orbit, or almost twice the world’s annual energy consumption. And that’s just to get this little ship accelerated to cruising speed. We’d need another like amount of energy to slow it down to its destination in the Epsilon Eridani system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how long the trip would take, forgetting the 35 days spent getting up to speed and the 35 days spent slowing down again, traveling 10.4 light years at one-tenth the speed of light would take 104 years, one way. (Although, moving at a tenth light speed, the trip would only feel like 103.5 years due to relativistic effects.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about the weight of fuel required to do the job? Forget normal rocket fuel; we’d need the energy contained in about 20 billion tons of it just to get to cruising speed—and that doesn’t take into account the mass of the fuel itself, which would also need to be accelerated. Two-thousand ton spacecraft + 20 billion tons of fuel = not practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engine is powered by hydrogen fusion, we may only need about 3000 tons of fuel (and I’m assuming our fuel is also our propellant—the mass we need to fling out of the engine to accelerate the ship by reaction force; probably not a conservative assumption, in reality). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we could use antimatter as our fuel, as does the Starship Enterprise, releasing energy by mixing equal parts antimatter with normal matter, we could carry in our fuel tanks as little as 5 tons of the stuff (plus, I think, 5 tons of normal matter to react with) to achieve cruising speed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course double the fuel amounts if you plan to come to a stop at your destination, 104 years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In summary: tiny cramped ship, 20 tons of antimatter/matter fuel to pack the necessary 500 trillion kilowatt-hours of energy, and 104 years to delivery you to the fabulous Epsilon Eridani system with its one known super-Jupiter sized planet. Anyone interested? Or should we leave space travel to the robot crowd....\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_31191\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/24/starship-math-are-the-stars-our-destiny/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-31191\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg\" alt=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" title=\"Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31191\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/02/spaceshuttle-epsiloneridani-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hypothetical Space Shuttle at Epsilon Eridani. Credit for base image: NASA\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once again I have drifted off thinking about the size and scale of space--the things in it and the distances between them--and once again have brought pen and paper, math, and a spreadsheet to bear on the question: are the stars in our destiny, or is the notion of physically reaching them (in person, at least) beyond the available realities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all of the science fiction stories devised to get their characters to other stars not only within their lifetimes, but sometimes within a few paltry days, it’s easy to think of interstellar travel as something we might eventually get around to, given the technology, time, and money. We just need to figure out how warp drive or hyperspace work, and how to exploit them, and we’re off!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But putting teleportation and wormhole expressways and their ilk on the shelf labeled, “Cool, but probably just fancy” for a moment, what are the Newtonian-Einsteinian requirements to get us to, say, the nearest known \u003ca href=\"http://exoplanet.eu/catalog.php\" title=\"Exoplanet Database\" target=\"_blank\">extrasolar planet\u003c/a>, which orbits the star Epsilon Eridani, 10.4 light years away from us? It’s a gas giant planet larger than Jupiter and orbits well beyond its star’s habitable zone, but it’s a planet after all, and we star-seekers just love planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the math that will get us there. I had to assume a mass for our would-be starship, conservatively chosen as 2000 metric tons, or about the weight of the Space Shuttle. In reality that’s far too small a ship for any human interstellar journey, unless the crew are all frozen. And keep in mind, my calculation does not take into account the weight of any fuel we need to carry with us. I’m also choosing a top cruising (coasting) speed of one-tenth the speed of light, or 30,000 kilometers per second. A tenth light speed is pretty darned fast, but not so fast that we need to worry much about \u003ca href=\"http://www.1728.org/reltivty.htm\" title=\"Relativity Calculator\" target=\"_blank\">relativistic mass\u003c/a>—that is, the increase in the spaceship’s effective mass when traveling a significant fraction of the speed of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engines can produce thrust sufficient to accelerate our 2000 ton spaceship at a rate of “1 gee”, or one Earth-gravity equivalent (~10 meters per second, per second), then to achieve a velocity of one-tenth light speed we’ll need to run those engines for about 35 days, non-stop. We should assume our engines are powered by nuclear fusion or even antimatter reaction (possible future technologies that today present technical challenges, but which aren’t on that shelf of sci-fi fancy). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The energy required for this 1-gee, 35-day engine burn of our 2000 ton spaceship is about 900,000,000,000,000 (yes, 900 trillion) MegaJoules, or 250 trillion kilowatt-hours. That’s the same amount of energy required to launch 20 million normal Space Shuttle flights to low Earth orbit, or almost twice the world’s annual energy consumption. And that’s just to get this little ship accelerated to cruising speed. We’d need another like amount of energy to slow it down to its destination in the Epsilon Eridani system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for how long the trip would take, forgetting the 35 days spent getting up to speed and the 35 days spent slowing down again, traveling 10.4 light years at one-tenth the speed of light would take 104 years, one way. (Although, moving at a tenth light speed, the trip would only feel like 103.5 years due to relativistic effects.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What about the weight of fuel required to do the job? Forget normal rocket fuel; we’d need the energy contained in about 20 billion tons of it just to get to cruising speed—and that doesn’t take into account the mass of the fuel itself, which would also need to be accelerated. Two-thousand ton spacecraft + 20 billion tons of fuel = not practical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If our engine is powered by hydrogen fusion, we may only need about 3000 tons of fuel (and I’m assuming our fuel is also our propellant—the mass we need to fling out of the engine to accelerate the ship by reaction force; probably not a conservative assumption, in reality). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if we could use antimatter as our fuel, as does the Starship Enterprise, releasing energy by mixing equal parts antimatter with normal matter, we could carry in our fuel tanks as little as 5 tons of the stuff (plus, I think, 5 tons of normal matter to react with) to achieve cruising speed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course double the fuel amounts if you plan to come to a stop at your destination, 104 years from now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In summary: tiny cramped ship, 20 tons of antimatter/matter fuel to pack the necessary 500 trillion kilowatt-hours of energy, and 104 years to delivery you to the fabulous Epsilon Eridani system with its one known super-Jupiter sized planet. Anyone interested? Or should we leave space travel to the robot crowd....\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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Contribute your stories to QUEST!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We're looking to include folks who are actively involved in the science, environment and nature blogging community – e.g. have a blog, guest post on others' site, and comment / participate in relevant discussions. And we're looking locally. Our blog has a strong SF Bay Area focus, though we do occasionally cover and/or perform analysis on how this stuff elsewhere that affects the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What we cover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST’s geographic coverage is from Mendocino to Monterey and from Sacramento to Santa Clara, and generally covers 9 content areas: astronomy, biology, chemistry, engineering, environment, geology, health, physics and weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Requirements\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Original posts, 3-500 words with at least 1 image. 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Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'Tis The Season for the Science of Holiday Lights",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/science-of-holiday-lights/spectrum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/spectrum1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"spectrum\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28556\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Dimaano Photography\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday night, I caught myself, while waiting at a crosswalk, squinting at the oncoming traffic and studying the difference intensities of light coming off of car headlights. I was trying to figure out which headlights were LEDs and which ones were incandescents. I missed my signal to cross and had to wait for the next light change because of my musings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My musings were inspired by a 90-minute walk through a hilly region of the city led by Robin Marks. Robin, a biochemist, science journalist and former science tinkerer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>, started \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverystreettours.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Discovery Street Tours\u003c/a> this past July. The website describes the tours as “more than just a walking tour. It’s an urban investigation of the science under your feet, in your food, and in your life. You’ll demo the science for yourself with hands-on activities, eat some tasty treats, and meet other folks like yourself—curious, active, and a little beyond the ordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science got festive on the night of Sunday, December 11th as 18 of us, bundled against the cold and misting fog headed up 20th Street for the The Science of (Holiday) Light preview tour. Through the up-and-down mile and half route, we took frequent stops to admire holiday handiwork, discuss the history of holiday lights, view the different types and understand how our brains were taking in light signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite part of the tour was when we stopped at a corner house strung with both LED and incandescent holiday lights. We were encouraged to look closely and notice the difference in both the quality and brightness of light. While incandescent bulbs use a filament to produce light and heat, LEDs (light emitting diodes) are lower energy semi-conducters. LEDs shoot out light in a straight line. After learning this, I was able to identify the LED string of lights not only by the light but the crystal cut bulbs around the light that enabled the straight line of light to be refracted -- making the iconic twinkling glow associated with holiday lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nerd herder and being generally inquisitive about science, this was a very satisfying tour. I was able to ramble through the city taking in wonderful panoramic scenes in one instance and then turn around and look closer at the mundane with awe at how I was seeing it with new insight and understanding. My fellow tour-goers raised other questions about light and color, as our curiosity was further sparked by what we were seeing and learning. One conversation that got started involved pollinators; which insects and birds are attracted to the red over white flowers, and the effects the visible spectrum they see have on how they pollinate species of flowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this was a preview, the inquisitive can still put science in their step. Robin will be leading The Science of (Holiday) Light tour several more times in December, including Christmas Eve and the evening of Christmas Day. Tours start at 6:30pm and all the dates, more details and booking information can be found online. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/15/science-of-holiday-lights/spectrum-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-28556\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/spectrum1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"spectrum\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28556\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by Dimaano Photography\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday night, I caught myself, while waiting at a crosswalk, squinting at the oncoming traffic and studying the difference intensities of light coming off of car headlights. I was trying to figure out which headlights were LEDs and which ones were incandescents. I missed my signal to cross and had to wait for the next light change because of my musings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My musings were inspired by a 90-minute walk through a hilly region of the city led by Robin Marks. Robin, a biochemist, science journalist and former science tinkerer at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Exploratorium\u003c/a>, started \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoverystreettours.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Discovery Street Tours\u003c/a> this past July. The website describes the tours as “more than just a walking tour. It’s an urban investigation of the science under your feet, in your food, and in your life. You’ll demo the science for yourself with hands-on activities, eat some tasty treats, and meet other folks like yourself—curious, active, and a little beyond the ordinary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science got festive on the night of Sunday, December 11th as 18 of us, bundled against the cold and misting fog headed up 20th Street for the The Science of (Holiday) Light preview tour. Through the up-and-down mile and half route, we took frequent stops to admire holiday handiwork, discuss the history of holiday lights, view the different types and understand how our brains were taking in light signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My favorite part of the tour was when we stopped at a corner house strung with both LED and incandescent holiday lights. We were encouraged to look closely and notice the difference in both the quality and brightness of light. While incandescent bulbs use a filament to produce light and heat, LEDs (light emitting diodes) are lower energy semi-conducters. LEDs shoot out light in a straight line. After learning this, I was able to identify the LED string of lights not only by the light but the crystal cut bulbs around the light that enabled the straight line of light to be refracted -- making the iconic twinkling glow associated with holiday lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a nerd herder and being generally inquisitive about science, this was a very satisfying tour. I was able to ramble through the city taking in wonderful panoramic scenes in one instance and then turn around and look closer at the mundane with awe at how I was seeing it with new insight and understanding. My fellow tour-goers raised other questions about light and color, as our curiosity was further sparked by what we were seeing and learning. One conversation that got started involved pollinators; which insects and birds are attracted to the red over white flowers, and the effects the visible spectrum they see have on how they pollinate species of flowers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As this was a preview, the inquisitive can still put science in their step. Robin will be leading The Science of (Holiday) Light tour several more times in December, including Christmas Eve and the evening of Christmas Day. Tours start at 6:30pm and all the dates, more details and booking information can be found online. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
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