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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). Reducing the level of climate change and reducing human vulnerability to whatever climate changes do occur depend on the understanding of climate science, engineering capabilities, and other kinds of knowledge, such as human behavior, and applying that knowledge wisely in decisions and activities. \u003cstrong>ESS3.D Global Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Constructing explanations and designing solutions\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64358\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64358 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. \" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. Image by Bryce Richter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Jonathan Patz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Polar bears aren’t the only species threatened by climate change. Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, has spent the last two decades studying the ways that a warming world will affect human health. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize as a lead author for the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>. Patz, who holds degrees in medicine and public health, crisscrosses the globe to spread the word about the far-reaching impacts of climate change on our health and why better urban planning might be the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>When we think about the effects of climate change on our health, most of us probably think about big events like heat waves. Are there other, overlooked implications for public health? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons I think that climate change poses an enormous public health risk is because of the multiple pathways through which the impacts will be experienced. When you have a heat wave, you get worsening of \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JD009775/abstract\">pollution effects\u003c/a>. Also higher temperatures promote more \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html?sid=88885811-ae9a-4b37-9fb7-44db29a15a92\">ragweed pollen\u003c/a>, and then all sorts of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04188.html\">infectious diseases\u003c/a>. There are so many diseases very sensitive to small shifts in temperature. It’s also extremes of the water cycle. Already we don’t handle heavy rainfall events very well. When it rains really hard, you’re going to find \u003ca href=\"http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708007022.pdf\">bacteria and viruses\u003c/a> in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think one of the biggest problems that’s the most difficult to study and document, could be the disruption of big populations: droughts forcing people to move, sea level rise. These are going to cause population-wide disruption, social upheaval. I think this could be a huge burden with mental health, post-traumatic stress, and things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64334\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64334 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res-258x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the upper map, countries are sized based on their greenhouse gas production\" width=\"258\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The disparity in carbon emissions (shown in the upper map) and prevalence of climate-senstive disease (lower map) between industrialized and non-industrialized countries is an ethical problem. Image by Jeff Miller, UW-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ve said that the way climate change is affecting our health is an ethical issue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where are today’s most climate-sensitive diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/33/13844.full.pdf+html?sid=d981662e-43e1-4edb-bb3c-627a2f1a1fe7\">malaria\u003c/a>, malnutrition, diarrheal disease? They’re mostly in poor countries, especially Africa and India. Then you ask the question, who’s causing global warming? Global warming is primarily from burning fossil fuels -- that’s in the industrialized world. That’s the huge ethical dilemma. Those most vulnerable are the least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM1cQIH72tc&feature=youtu.be\">meeting with the Dalai Lama\u003c/a> two years ago, I was explaining to him that we didn’t know when we were developing the steam engine and oil- and gas-powered vehicles and powering our electricity with coal, we didn’t know that it was a bad thing. So now we know that. And the Dalai Lama asked me, he said, “Well, wait a minute, now that you know that, why are you still burning fossil fuels? It’s no longer ethical, with that knowledge.” I said to him, “That’s a good question. That’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the problem. Are there concrete things people can do that will mitigate some of the negative effects on our health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is the exciting piece of this that I really think is important. With every crisis there’s an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The automobile, the dependence on the automobile, is really a very costly design for our health. We actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261937/\">quantified\u003c/a> the economic benefit and the health benefit if you took the 11 largest cities in the upper Midwest and you asked the question, what if short car trips, trips that are two and a half miles, were taken off the road? What would it mean for urban air quality? We found that we would save 500 lives a year, hundreds of thousands in hospitalizations, and about four billion dollars every year in savings from avoided health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, what if half of those short car trips become bicycle trips, and only during the summer? That would save another 700 lives per year because of physical fitness. So we’re talking about eight billion dollars, about 1,300 lives saved. So, this is a golden opportunity -- a huge public health dividend -- to be able to design cities and design transportation for active transit, for biking, for walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You bike to work, right? Even in the Wisconsin winter?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have recently bought studded snow tires and I do bike to work, but that’s not actually the message that I want to portray. Because I would say while I bike to work in the winter, I do it for speed and convenience. If I lived further away, I would probably take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biking has to become the preferred choice, the easy choice. You can’t ask people to bicycle because they should. This is where the challenge is to urban planning and to the policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64363 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I\u003c/em>\u003cem>s that why you’re so committed to advocacy? You spend a lot of time talking to government officials and policymakers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do. I’ve spent about 20 years working on climate change health issues. Most of that time has been looking at the hazardous effects, and I think it’s clear that climate change is a big hazard. But I now think that the policies towards smart urban planning, clean energy sources – the potential health benefits of those mitigation policies are huge. I use that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=41786\">cartoon\u003c/a> all the time, these climate skeptics saying, “What if climate change is a hoax and we create a healthier and cleaner community for nothing?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You were one of the first people in this field. Was there a moment when you realized what huge implications climate change had for public health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>During one of my medical residencies I rotated at the EPA, and they asked me to review the literature on this issue. And I looked at this 1989 government report where the only health concern was the supplies of underarm deodorant. That was the health concern. And I said, wait a minute…this is a linchpin issue. This is one of those issues that involved population policy, per capita energy and resources, and potential big hazards. This is a huge issue and nobody’s actually doing research. So I started researching it. And now it’s great to see things are really spinning up and people have put climate change health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Back then, did you ever think you’d end up talking to the Dalai Lama about climate change?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I didn’t think about that one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Public heath expert Jonathan Patz reveals some of the less obvious effects of a changing climate on our health, and offers up some ideas about how to combat climate change and improve human health at the same time.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64358\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-64358 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg\" alt=\"Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. \" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/GHI_incubator_forum11_4786-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jonathan Patz, the director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has spent decades studying the health effects of global climate change. Image by Bryce Richter.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Jonathan Patz\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Polar bears aren’t the only species threatened by climate change. Jonathan Patz, director of the Global Health Institute at the University of Wisconsin, has spent the last two decades studying the ways that a warming world will affect human health. In 2007, he shared the Nobel Prize as a lead author for the United Nations’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.ch\">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\u003c/a>. Patz, who holds degrees in medicine and public health, crisscrosses the globe to spread the word about the far-reaching impacts of climate change on our health and why better urban planning might be the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003cem>When we think about the effects of climate change on our health, most of us probably think about big events like heat waves. Are there other, overlooked implications for public health? \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the reasons I think that climate change poses an enormous public health risk is because of the multiple pathways through which the impacts will be experienced. When you have a heat wave, you get worsening of \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007JD009775/abstract\">pollution effects\u003c/a>. Also higher temperatures promote more \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/108/10/4248.full.pdf+html?sid=88885811-ae9a-4b37-9fb7-44db29a15a92\">ragweed pollen\u003c/a>, and then all sorts of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7066/full/nature04188.html\">infectious diseases\u003c/a>. There are so many diseases very sensitive to small shifts in temperature. It’s also extremes of the water cycle. Already we don’t handle heavy rainfall events very well. When it rains really hard, you’re going to find \u003ca href=\"http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0749-3797/PIIS0749379708007022.pdf\">bacteria and viruses\u003c/a> in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think one of the biggest problems that’s the most difficult to study and document, could be the disruption of big populations: droughts forcing people to move, sea level rise. These are going to cause population-wide disruption, social upheaval. I think this could be a huge burden with mental health, post-traumatic stress, and things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64334\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 258px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64334 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Global-warming-maps_hi-res-258x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the upper map, countries are sized based on their greenhouse gas production\" width=\"258\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The disparity in carbon emissions (shown in the upper map) and prevalence of climate-senstive disease (lower map) between industrialized and non-industrialized countries is an ethical problem. Image by Jeff Miller, UW-Madison.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ve said that the way climate change is affecting our health is an ethical issue.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where are today’s most climate-sensitive diseases like \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/106/33/13844.full.pdf+html?sid=d981662e-43e1-4edb-bb3c-627a2f1a1fe7\">malaria\u003c/a>, malnutrition, diarrheal disease? They’re mostly in poor countries, especially Africa and India. Then you ask the question, who’s causing global warming? Global warming is primarily from burning fossil fuels -- that’s in the industrialized world. That’s the huge ethical dilemma. Those most vulnerable are the least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM1cQIH72tc&feature=youtu.be\">meeting with the Dalai Lama\u003c/a> two years ago, I was explaining to him that we didn’t know when we were developing the steam engine and oil- and gas-powered vehicles and powering our electricity with coal, we didn’t know that it was a bad thing. So now we know that. And the Dalai Lama asked me, he said, “Well, wait a minute, now that you know that, why are you still burning fossil fuels? It’s no longer ethical, with that knowledge.” I said to him, “That’s a good question. That’s a very good question.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s easy to feel overwhelmed by the enormity of the problem. Are there concrete things people can do that will mitigate some of the negative effects on our health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, this is the exciting piece of this that I really think is important. With every crisis there’s an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The automobile, the dependence on the automobile, is really a very costly design for our health. We actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3261937/\">quantified\u003c/a> the economic benefit and the health benefit if you took the 11 largest cities in the upper Midwest and you asked the question, what if short car trips, trips that are two and a half miles, were taken off the road? What would it mean for urban air quality? We found that we would save 500 lives a year, hundreds of thousands in hospitalizations, and about four billion dollars every year in savings from avoided health costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, what if half of those short car trips become bicycle trips, and only during the summer? That would save another 700 lives per year because of physical fitness. So we’re talking about eight billion dollars, about 1,300 lives saved. So, this is a golden opportunity -- a huge public health dividend -- to be able to design cities and design transportation for active transit, for biking, for walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You bike to work, right? Even in the Wisconsin winter?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have recently bought studded snow tires and I do bike to work, but that’s not actually the message that I want to portray. Because I would say while I bike to work in the winter, I do it for speed and convenience. If I lived further away, I would probably take the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biking has to become the preferred choice, the easy choice. You can’t ask people to bicycle because they should. This is where the challenge is to urban planning and to the policymakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64363\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64363 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Portland_Transit_Mall_with_cyclists_crossing-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Patz' research shows that climate-change mitigation strategies like biking and using public transit have health benefits of their own. Image by Steve Morgan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I\u003c/em>\u003cem>s that why you’re so committed to advocacy? You spend a lot of time talking to government officials and policymakers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I do. I’ve spent about 20 years working on climate change health issues. Most of that time has been looking at the hazardous effects, and I think it’s clear that climate change is a big hazard. But I now think that the policies towards smart urban planning, clean energy sources – the potential health benefits of those mitigation policies are huge. I use that \u003ca href=\"http://www.cartoonistgroup.com/store/add.php?iid=41786\">cartoon\u003c/a> all the time, these climate skeptics saying, “What if climate change is a hoax and we create a healthier and cleaner community for nothing?!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You were one of the first people in this field. Was there a moment when you realized what huge implications climate change had for public health?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \u003c/em>During one of my medical residencies I rotated at the EPA, and they asked me to review the literature on this issue. And I looked at this 1989 government report where the only health concern was the supplies of underarm deodorant. That was the health concern. And I said, wait a minute…this is a linchpin issue. This is one of those issues that involved population policy, per capita energy and resources, and potential big hazards. This is a huge issue and nobody’s actually doing research. So I started researching it. And now it’s great to see things are really spinning up and people have put climate change health as a top priority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Back then, did you ever think you’d end up talking to the Dalai Lama about climate change?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I didn’t think about that one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "What’s for Thanksgiving Dinner, Turkey or Cormorant?",
"title": "What’s for Thanksgiving Dinner, Turkey or Cormorant?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63950\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964.jpg\" alt=\"Classic turkey\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sackton/8218985089/in/photostream/\">Tim Sackton\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The average American eats the same 12 to 20 different foods every week. But imagine a world in which you ate hundreds of different foods throughout the year, and all of it was locally grown. In such a world you would have more than 50 birds to choose from for your Thanksgiving feast, not just turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Coast Salish tribes of the Pacific Northwest, this world of vast food variety was a reality. Dr. Robert Kopperl, affiliate curator and archaeologist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> in Seattle helped gather data on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bTru5CmSa0\">10,000 years of Coast Salish diets and foods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63955\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 319px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63955 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Thanksgiving-feast.jpg\" alt=\"A typical Thanksgiving feast. Image courtesy of ccho. \" width=\"319\" height=\"477\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A typical Thanksgiving feast. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/ccho/6397578893/\">ccho\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I worked on the ‘archaeology’ of the archaeology,” said Kopperl. “Without looking at any more sites or doing any more archaeological excavations, we were trying to figure out the past traditional diets. We came up with a pre-Euro-American context of all the different species of animals, plants, and shellfish [in the area]. That gave us an idea of the ‘grocery list’ of foods eaten by Native American groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, these archaeological findings were kept in highly technical and difficult to find reports. Now, combined with elder accounts and memories, this information has been summarized in a list of more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/pub/Traditional_Coast_Salish_Foods.pdf\">300 different foods\u003c/a> that Coast Salish ancestors traditionally ate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited to bring information that tends to be esoteric and make it useful and relevant to people’s lives,” said Kopperl. “There is a very rich oral tradition of Native American hunting, fishing, and gathering. The archaeology and archaeology sites are complementary to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By combing through oral traditions and artifacts, archaeologists and elders will build a road map for reviving traditional and diverse foods. \u003ca title=\"Wild Foods and Medicines\" href=\"http://wildfoodsandmedicines.com/\">Elise Krohn\u003c/a>, a traditional food specialist with the \u003ca href=\"http://nwicplantsandfoods.com\">Northwest Indian College\u003c/a>, believes this information will help improve the health of tribal communities like the Coast Salish, who populate many areas of the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/58132119\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Audio interview with Elise Krohn by the Burke Museum.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at what people ate five or six generations ago on an annual basis, there were hundreds of types of foods,” said Krohn. “In this very short period we’ve gone from this incredibly complex diet, eating with the seasons and eating many types of foods, to eating just a few foods. That has had a huge impact on our bodies. Eating a wide variety of food probably ensures we are getting all those complex nutrients that we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63953 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food.jpg\" alt=\"Assortment of food\" width=\"387\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food.jpg 1279w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-400x283.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-800x566.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-960x679.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This assortment of foods can be found on the Coast Salish People’s food list. Image courtesy of Elise Krohn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diabetes and obesity are on the rise in the United States, \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/tradfoods/tradfoodfaq.htm\">particularly in Native American\u003c/a> groups. The convenience of processed and fast foods has beaten out healthy and whole food options. Traditional foods, however, can offer a list of tastier and more nutritious options. Elders hope this will resonate with younger Coast Salish generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Food is our culture,” said Warren King George of the Muckleshoot/Upper Skagit Indian tribes and co-curator of the Burke Museum's\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/salish_bounty\">\u003cstrong>Salish Bounty\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> exhibit \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/booknow/salish_bounty_itin\">now traveling in Washington State\u003c/a>. “Food is going to bring us back together again to revisit one another, to reestablish our acquaintances, to strengthen our friendships, and to allow us to grow much more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By combining archaeological research with tribal knowledge, Coast Salish tribes now have access to a long list of healthy, diverse, and local food choices. But it’s not just the Coast Salish who stand to benefit from this kind of knowledge -- and it’s not just about reviving interest in traditional foods. A better understanding of ancestral eating habits, whether by archaeological research, family recipes, or passed-down knowledge, enables us all to better understand our cultures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/55533057\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Audio interview with Warren King George by the Burke Museum. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is connected by food,” said Krohn, “Food is what brings us around the table, and it informs who we are and where we come from. So through food we have the opportunity to live out our cultural traditions, to pass those traditions down to other generations, and to taste the flavors of our place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s unlikely that there will be albatross, herons, or any other bird but turkey gracing our Thanksgiving tables this year, perhaps some of us will pause (between bites) to consider the role food plays within our family culture and what we choose to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>_________________________________________________________________________________\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Madelyn’s Famous Cranberry-Rose Hip Sauce\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cem> (Recipe from Elizabeth Campbell)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63948\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 435px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63948 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"435\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries.jpg 1279w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-400x344.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-800x689.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-1180x1016.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-960x826.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 435px) 100vw, 435px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranberries are a traditional and nutritious Thanksgiving food. Image courtesy of Elizabeth Campbell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>This tart yet sweet sauce is bursting with flavor and antioxidants. The naturally occurring pectin in rose hips and apples seems to magically thicken the bright red sauce. Seven-year-old Madelyn Stratton made this for her family’s Christmas dinner, and it was a big hit! Leftovers make a delicious snack when served with Brie cheese and crackers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12 oz. bag fresh cranberries\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 cup raspberry apple cider\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>½ cup orange juice or 1 teaspoon orange zest\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>½ cup de-seeded, dried rose hips (ground in a coffee grinder)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4-8 tablespoons agave nectar, honey, or other sweetener\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat the cranberries, cider, and orange juice to a boil in a saucepan until the cranberries pop open. Stir in rose hips and sweetener. Remove from heat and let the sauce thicken as it cools. Add more cider to thin consistency if necessary.\u003cbr>\nCook time: 15 minutes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A project that revives traditional food knowledge for Pacific Northwest tribes could leave you thinking about your food choices this Thanksgiving. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63950\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964.jpg\" alt=\"Classic turkey\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Classic-turkey-e1384984333964-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/sackton/8218985089/in/photostream/\">Tim Sackton\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">The average American eats the same 12 to 20 different foods every week. But imagine a world in which you ate hundreds of different foods throughout the year, and all of it was locally grown. In such a world you would have more than 50 birds to choose from for your Thanksgiving feast, not just turkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Coast Salish tribes of the Pacific Northwest, this world of vast food variety was a reality. Dr. Robert Kopperl, affiliate curator and archaeologist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org\">Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture\u003c/a> in Seattle helped gather data on \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6bTru5CmSa0\">10,000 years of Coast Salish diets and foods\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63955\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 319px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63955 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Thanksgiving-feast.jpg\" alt=\"A typical Thanksgiving feast. Image courtesy of ccho. \" width=\"319\" height=\"477\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A typical Thanksgiving feast. Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/ccho/6397578893/\">ccho\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I worked on the ‘archaeology’ of the archaeology,” said Kopperl. “Without looking at any more sites or doing any more archaeological excavations, we were trying to figure out the past traditional diets. We came up with a pre-Euro-American context of all the different species of animals, plants, and shellfish [in the area]. That gave us an idea of the ‘grocery list’ of foods eaten by Native American groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, these archaeological findings were kept in highly technical and difficult to find reports. Now, combined with elder accounts and memories, this information has been summarized in a list of more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/pub/Traditional_Coast_Salish_Foods.pdf\">300 different foods\u003c/a> that Coast Salish ancestors traditionally ate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited to bring information that tends to be esoteric and make it useful and relevant to people’s lives,” said Kopperl. “There is a very rich oral tradition of Native American hunting, fishing, and gathering. The archaeology and archaeology sites are complementary to that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By combing through oral traditions and artifacts, archaeologists and elders will build a road map for reviving traditional and diverse foods. \u003ca title=\"Wild Foods and Medicines\" href=\"http://wildfoodsandmedicines.com/\">Elise Krohn\u003c/a>, a traditional food specialist with the \u003ca href=\"http://nwicplantsandfoods.com\">Northwest Indian College\u003c/a>, believes this information will help improve the health of tribal communities like the Coast Salish, who populate many areas of the Pacific Northwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/58132119&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/58132119'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Audio interview with Elise Krohn by the Burke Museum.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you look at what people ate five or six generations ago on an annual basis, there were hundreds of types of foods,” said Krohn. “In this very short period we’ve gone from this incredibly complex diet, eating with the seasons and eating many types of foods, to eating just a few foods. That has had a huge impact on our bodies. Eating a wide variety of food probably ensures we are getting all those complex nutrients that we need.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63953\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63953 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food.jpg\" alt=\"Assortment of food\" width=\"387\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food.jpg 1279w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-400x283.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-800x566.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-1180x835.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Assortment-of-food-960x679.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This assortment of foods can be found on the Coast Salish People’s food list. Image courtesy of Elise Krohn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diabetes and obesity are on the rise in the United States, \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/tradfoods/tradfoodfaq.htm\">particularly in Native American\u003c/a> groups. The convenience of processed and fast foods has beaten out healthy and whole food options. Traditional foods, however, can offer a list of tastier and more nutritious options. Elders hope this will resonate with younger Coast Salish generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Food is our culture,” said Warren King George of the Muckleshoot/Upper Skagit Indian tribes and co-curator of the Burke Museum's\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/salish_bounty\">\u003cstrong>Salish Bounty\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> exhibit \u003ca href=\"http://www.burkemuseum.org/booknow/salish_bounty_itin\">now traveling in Washington State\u003c/a>. “Food is going to bring us back together again to revisit one another, to reestablish our acquaintances, to strengthen our friendships, and to allow us to grow much more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By combining archaeological research with tribal knowledge, Coast Salish tribes now have access to a long list of healthy, diverse, and local food choices. But it’s not just the Coast Salish who stand to benefit from this kind of knowledge -- and it’s not just about reviving interest in traditional foods. A better understanding of ancestral eating habits, whether by archaeological research, family recipes, or passed-down knowledge, enables us all to better understand our cultures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/55533057&visual=true&undefined'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/55533057'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Audio interview with Warren King George by the Burke Museum. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone is connected by food,” said Krohn, “Food is what brings us around the table, and it informs who we are and where we come from. So through food we have the opportunity to live out our cultural traditions, to pass those traditions down to other generations, and to taste the flavors of our place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s unlikely that there will be albatross, herons, or any other bird but turkey gracing our Thanksgiving tables this year, perhaps some of us will pause (between bites) to consider the role food plays within our family culture and what we choose to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>_________________________________________________________________________________\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Madelyn’s Famous Cranberry-Rose Hip Sauce\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003cem> (Recipe from Elizabeth Campbell)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63948\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 435px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63948 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries.jpg\" alt=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\" width=\"435\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries.jpg 1279w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-400x344.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-800x689.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-1180x1016.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Cranberries-960x826.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 435px) 100vw, 435px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cranberries are a traditional and nutritious Thanksgiving food. Image courtesy of Elizabeth Campbell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">\u003cem>This tart yet sweet sauce is bursting with flavor and antioxidants. The naturally occurring pectin in rose hips and apples seems to magically thicken the bright red sauce. Seven-year-old Madelyn Stratton made this for her family’s Christmas dinner, and it was a big hit! Leftovers make a delicious snack when served with Brie cheese and crackers.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>12 oz. bag fresh cranberries\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 cup raspberry apple cider\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>½ cup orange juice or 1 teaspoon orange zest\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>½ cup de-seeded, dried rose hips (ground in a coffee grinder)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4-8 tablespoons agave nectar, honey, or other sweetener\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat the cranberries, cider, and orange juice to a boil in a saucepan until the cranberries pop open. Stir in rose hips and sweetener. Remove from heat and let the sauce thicken as it cools. Add more cider to thin consistency if necessary.\u003cbr>\nCook time: 15 minutes\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Want to Know How Much Fish You Ate Last Night",
"title": "Scientists Want to Know How Much Fish You Ate Last Night",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Marquee Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much is safe to eat? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/heatherjoan/4942166380/\">Heather Joan\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of setting water-pollution limits for factories, sewage plants, and other facilities that dump into waterways can be tricky, especially when people catch fish for dinner from those waters. It’s a big health dilemma for some subsets of the American population who eat a lot of seafood, including sport fishers, people on low incomes, Asian immigrants, and members of coastal Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FishConsumptionGraphic.png\" alt=\"FishConsumptionGraphic\" width=\"378\" height=\"440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The current estimate of how much fish people eat, a key criterion for setting water quality standards, is in some states less than one-twentieth the figure used by Oregon.* Image courtesy of Jason Alcorn and InvestigateWest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act is supposed to protect the rivers, lakes, and bays where we glean our fish and other seafood, but that isn’t always the case. Fish living in polluted waters can contain toxic chemicals that, if eaten, lead to cancer and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to learn that the way the \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/methodology/upload/hhfaqs.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has told\u003c/a> states to set the pollution limits is to first find out how much fish people are eating, and then set stricter pollution restrictions if people are eating lots of fish and less strict ones if they’re eating less fish. To do this, the state determines a “fish-consumption rate,” a figure that gets cranked into a complicated health-based formula that is supposed to protect the well-being of people who eat fish and other kinds of seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seafood is a staple of a lot of people here in the Pacific Northwest, as well as freshwater fish, and it’s supposed to be a healthy alternative to other food sources,” says Shawn Yanity, chair of the Stillaguamish tribe in Washington State. “But how healthy is it when you’re only allowed to consume so much before you start taking on a risk of cancer and other sicknesses?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYnrU5OJPBo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Groups that want a lower fish-consumption rate in Washington State have started a campaign on YouTube, including videos of people who eat more than the state average of fish.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that limiting and cleaning up water pollution can have big financial consequences for industry and others regulated under the Clean Water Act. Another problem is that seafood-consumption data are not always accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some states, this crucial variable has recently been shown to fall far short of what people are actually eating. Part of the problem is that many states set their fish consumption rate years ago, when Americans ate less seafood. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish twice a week, which would greatly exceed most states’ estimates of how much people eat if all that fish came out of local lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/wa-and-or-fish-rate-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-62798\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62798 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png\" alt=\"WA and OR fish rate comparison\" width=\"428\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png 680w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison-400x472.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington State.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example, the state of Washington bases its water-quality standards on an estimate of just 6.5 grams per day, not even enough salmon to cover a big cracker. Where did that number come from? It turns out that it traces back to three-day food diaries filled out in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington environmentalists and Indian tribes are battling to boost the fish-eating estimate, citing studies of fish-consumption rates among tribal members and others dating to the mid-1990s. But business interests are pushing back. They want additional studies to clarify just how much of the fish people eat is actually coming from the waterways that are being polluted. After all, the current law stipulates that if people eat less seafood, more pollution can be allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September 2013, under orders from the EPA, Idaho officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/27/2783951/do-you-eat-idaho-fish-state-officials.html\">assigned a contractor to survey state residents\u003c/a> about the amount of fish they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may be afoot in other states, too, as awareness of the low fish-consumption estimates garner more attention and more scientists want to know how much fish you ate last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>* Fish-consumption estimates in selected states around the country\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/tmdl/2012IntReport/IR2012_SectionE.pdf\">Ohio\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf\">California\u003c/a>: Varies depending on the pollutant and other factors. For mercury, historically 16.5 grams per day (but 32 grams per day in the San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta regions); EPA promulgated a 6.5 grams per day estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls.\u003cbr>\nNebraska: 32 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/standards/docs/toxics/devfishconrate.pdf\">Wisconsin\u003c/a>: 20 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/pHsxy\">North Carolina\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The amount of fish that Americans eat is a crucial variable in determining water-pollution limits, limits that may be based on outdated data in some states.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63475 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg\" alt=\"Fish Marquee Image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/Fish-Marquee-Image1-e1383764680981-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">How much is safe to eat? Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/heatherjoan/4942166380/\">Heather Joan\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Reported by Robert McClure, \u003ca href=\"http://www.invw.org/\">InvestigateWest\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science of setting water-pollution limits for factories, sewage plants, and other facilities that dump into waterways can be tricky, especially when people catch fish for dinner from those waters. It’s a big health dilemma for some subsets of the American population who eat a lot of seafood, including sport fishers, people on low incomes, Asian immigrants, and members of coastal Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003cimg class=\" \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/FishConsumptionGraphic.png\" alt=\"FishConsumptionGraphic\" width=\"378\" height=\"440\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The current estimate of how much fish people eat, a key criterion for setting water quality standards, is in some states less than one-twentieth the figure used by Oregon.* Image courtesy of Jason Alcorn and InvestigateWest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The federal Clean Water Act is supposed to protect the rivers, lakes, and bays where we glean our fish and other seafood, but that isn’t always the case. Fish living in polluted waters can contain toxic chemicals that, if eaten, lead to cancer and other health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may be surprising to learn that the way the \u003ca href=\"http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/health/methodology/upload/hhfaqs.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has told\u003c/a> states to set the pollution limits is to first find out how much fish people are eating, and then set stricter pollution restrictions if people are eating lots of fish and less strict ones if they’re eating less fish. To do this, the state determines a “fish-consumption rate,” a figure that gets cranked into a complicated health-based formula that is supposed to protect the well-being of people who eat fish and other kinds of seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seafood is a staple of a lot of people here in the Pacific Northwest, as well as freshwater fish, and it’s supposed to be a healthy alternative to other food sources,” says Shawn Yanity, chair of the Stillaguamish tribe in Washington State. “But how healthy is it when you’re only allowed to consume so much before you start taking on a risk of cancer and other sicknesses?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYnrU5OJPBo\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Groups that want a lower fish-consumption rate in Washington State have started a campaign on YouTube, including videos of people who eat more than the state average of fish.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trouble is that limiting and cleaning up water pollution can have big financial consequences for industry and others regulated under the Clean Water Act. Another problem is that seafood-consumption data are not always accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some states, this crucial variable has recently been shown to fall far short of what people are actually eating. Part of the problem is that many states set their fish consumption rate years ago, when Americans ate less seafood. The American Heart Association recommends eating fish twice a week, which would greatly exceed most states’ estimates of how much people eat if all that fish came out of local lakes and rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62798\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 428px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/14/wa-and-or-fish-rate-comparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-62798\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62798 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png\" alt=\"WA and OR fish rate comparison\" width=\"428\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison.png 680w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/WA-and-OR-fish-rate-comparison-400x472.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 428px) 100vw, 428px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington State.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For example, the state of Washington bases its water-quality standards on an estimate of just 6.5 grams per day, not even enough salmon to cover a big cracker. Where did that number come from? It turns out that it traces back to three-day food diaries filled out in the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Washington environmentalists and Indian tribes are battling to boost the fish-eating estimate, citing studies of fish-consumption rates among tribal members and others dating to the mid-1990s. But business interests are pushing back. They want additional studies to clarify just how much of the fish people eat is actually coming from the waterways that are being polluted. After all, the current law stipulates that if people eat less seafood, more pollution can be allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon increased its fish consumption rate to 175 grams per day in 2011, nearly 30 times that of Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in September 2013, under orders from the EPA, Idaho officials \u003ca href=\"http://www.idahostatesman.com/2013/09/27/2783951/do-you-eat-idaho-fish-state-officials.html\">assigned a contractor to survey state residents\u003c/a> about the amount of fish they eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changes may be afoot in other states, too, as awareness of the low fish-consumption estimates garner more attention and more scientists want to know how much fish you ate last night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>* Fish-consumption estimates in selected states around the country\u003c/strong>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.ohio.gov/portals/35/tmdl/2012IntReport/IR2012_SectionE.pdf\">Ohio\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-WATER/2000/May/Day-18/w11106.pdf\">California\u003c/a>: Varies depending on the pollutant and other factors. For mercury, historically 16.5 grams per day (but 32 grams per day in the San Francisco Bay and Bay Delta regions); EPA promulgated a 6.5 grams per day estimate for polychlorinated biphenyls.\u003cbr>\nNebraska: 32 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/standards/docs/toxics/devfishconrate.pdf\">Wisconsin\u003c/a>: 20 grams per day\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/pHsxy\">North Carolina\u003c/a>: 17.5 grams per day\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\" alt=\"Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio Community Contributor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/kmudge/\">Ken Mudge\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a hot and steamy summer day in northeast Ohio and the mosquitoes are out in full force. None of this seems to bother me or my associate, Dr. Kenneth Mudge, associate professor of horticulture at Cornell University, as we roll over logs in a hardwood forest at the 3,500-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.holdenarb.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Holden Arboretum\u003c/a> just east of Cleveland. He is looking for edible mushrooms -- particularly Shitakes, which can fetch up to 15 dollars per pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This might not look like a farm in the traditional sense,” says Mudge, “but cultivating and harvesting non-timber resources, or ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/pubs/mushguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">forest farming\u003c/a>,’ might help foster the health and integrity of forests in the northeast U.S. and therefore exemplify productive conservation\u003cem>.\u003c/em>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both profitable and sustainable. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both a profitable and sustainable forest management strategy. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forested landscapes play a far more central role in our everyday lives than most people realize. In addition to providing beneficial timber and non-timber resources, sustainable forest management maintains biodiversity, preserves wildlife habitat, prevents soil erosion, and maintains water quality. It also sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to slow the rate of climate change by providing relatively long-term storage of this greenhouse gas in tree biomass and soil organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their biological and economic importance, forests continue to be threatened by land-use change (urban and agricultural development), acid rain and nutrient enrichment, and invasive plants and pests, underscoring the need to conserve native forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, opportunities abound to rethink the current concept and practice of forest conservation and management of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. The eastern U.S., in particular, represents a unique opportunity for forest research and experimental management because forest cover is actually increasing due to agricultural abandonment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forest farming, which is the cultivation of high-value, non-timber forest products like ginseng and mushrooms, provides an economically viable alternative to traditional management practices. Such practices promote productive conservation that maintains and enhances ecosystem services, while generating income that helps pay taxes and thereby avoids unsustainable timber harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t a stretch to envision this sort of model. Non-timber harvesting has existed in northern Europe for centuries, and maple sap extraction for syrup, although energy intensive, is a common agricultural practice throughout the Northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a forest management practice called timber stand improvement (TSI) increases forest health by thinning overly dense stands of young trees, thereby allowing the best prospects to grow to maturity and contribute to the future harvest of high-quality timber. The trees removed during thinning can be used as substrate logs for \u003ca href=\"http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/4220/how-to-grow-shiitake-mushrooms\" target=\"_blank\">cultivating Shiitake mushrooms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>TSI improves forest quality in the long term, while generating income from mushrooms in the short term. It’s an example of productive conservation and can be an important aspect of modern forest management, particularly in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years,” adds Mudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regions with large tracts of public land, such as the western U.S., are amenable to broad implementation of sustainable forest management practices. But in the eastern U.S., much of the forested land is privately owned and parcel size is trending toward smaller woodlots, two factors that present obstacles to the adaptation of forest farming methods versus traditional timber harvesting. Woodlot owners are often constrained economically by property tax policies that encourage unsustainable timber harvest, resulting in declining forest health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mushrooms grow well on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushrooms thrive on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forests are at risk from many threats right now, which speaks to the need for new management approaches that foster forest cover and consider the functional aspects of forest ecosystems. However, the success of those management strategies depends on their ability to achieve conservation goals, while still being socially and culturally relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although forest farming approaches are a win/win for landowners and managers, future forest research is needed to investigate and quantify the effect of productive conservation practices (relative to traditional management) on ecosystem services and biodiversity. Only then can the true economic and ecological benefits be evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62587\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-62587\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png\" alt=\"Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing.png 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Sharing-400x225.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Participants harvest Chanterelle mushrooms during a recent forest farming workshop at the Holden Arboretum in Kirkland, Ohio. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST Ohio Community Contributor \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/kmudge/\">Ken Mudge\u003c/a> contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a hot and steamy summer day in northeast Ohio and the mosquitoes are out in full force. None of this seems to bother me or my associate, Dr. Kenneth Mudge, associate professor of horticulture at Cornell University, as we roll over logs in a hardwood forest at the 3,500-acre \u003ca href=\"http://www.holdenarb.org/home/\" target=\"_blank\">Holden Arboretum\u003c/a> just east of Cleveland. He is looking for edible mushrooms -- particularly Shitakes, which can fetch up to 15 dollars per pound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This might not look like a farm in the traditional sense,” says Mudge, “but cultivating and harvesting non-timber resources, or ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforagroforestry.org/pubs/mushguide.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">forest farming\u003c/a>,’ might help foster the health and integrity of forests in the northeast U.S. and therefore exemplify productive conservation\u003cem>.\u003c/em>”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62577\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62577\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00283-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both profitable and sustainable. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kenneth Mudge demonstrates how to seed a log with Shitakes. Growing edible mushrooms can be both a profitable and sustainable forest management strategy. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forested landscapes play a far more central role in our everyday lives than most people realize. In addition to providing beneficial timber and non-timber resources, sustainable forest management maintains biodiversity, preserves wildlife habitat, prevents soil erosion, and maintains water quality. It also sequesters atmospheric carbon dioxide, helping to slow the rate of climate change by providing relatively long-term storage of this greenhouse gas in tree biomass and soil organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite their biological and economic importance, forests continue to be threatened by land-use change (urban and agricultural development), acid rain and nutrient enrichment, and invasive plants and pests, underscoring the need to conserve native forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, opportunities abound to rethink the current concept and practice of forest conservation and management of ecosystem services at the landscape scale. The eastern U.S., in particular, represents a unique opportunity for forest research and experimental management because forest cover is actually increasing due to agricultural abandonment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62576\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62576\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/098-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest farming instructor Robert Beyfuss displays Chanterelle mushrooms. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forest farming, which is the cultivation of high-value, non-timber forest products like ginseng and mushrooms, provides an economically viable alternative to traditional management practices. Such practices promote productive conservation that maintains and enhances ecosystem services, while generating income that helps pay taxes and thereby avoids unsustainable timber harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It isn’t a stretch to envision this sort of model. Non-timber harvesting has existed in northern Europe for centuries, and maple sap extraction for syrup, although energy intensive, is a common agricultural practice throughout the Northeast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, a forest management practice called timber stand improvement (TSI) increases forest health by thinning overly dense stands of young trees, thereby allowing the best prospects to grow to maturity and contribute to the future harvest of high-quality timber. The trees removed during thinning can be used as substrate logs for \u003ca href=\"http://www.vegetablegardener.com/item/4220/how-to-grow-shiitake-mushrooms\" target=\"_blank\">cultivating Shiitake mushrooms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>TSI improves forest quality in the long term, while generating income from mushrooms in the short term. It’s an example of productive conservation and can be an important aspect of modern forest management, particularly in human-dominated landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farming forests does not have to be time consuming or energy intensive, and it sure beats a clear-cut full of invasive shrubs every 30 years,” adds Mudge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regions with large tracts of public land, such as the western U.S., are amenable to broad implementation of sustainable forest management practices. But in the eastern U.S., much of the forested land is privately owned and parcel size is trending toward smaller woodlots, two factors that present obstacles to the adaptation of forest farming methods versus traditional timber harvesting. Woodlot owners are often constrained economically by property tax policies that encourage unsustainable timber harvest, resulting in declining forest health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62579\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC00368-sm2048-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"Mushrooms grow well on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushrooms thrive on tree logs in shady forests. Credit: Holden Arboretum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Forests are at risk from many threats right now, which speaks to the need for new management approaches that foster forest cover and consider the functional aspects of forest ecosystems. However, the success of those management strategies depends on their ability to achieve conservation goals, while still being socially and culturally relevant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although forest farming approaches are a win/win for landowners and managers, future forest research is needed to investigate and quantify the effect of productive conservation practices (relative to traditional management) on ecosystem services and biodiversity. Only then can the true economic and ecological benefits be evaluated.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "City Chickens: Pets with Perks",
"title": "City Chickens: Pets with Perks",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Chickens+in+the+City/Stream/chickensFINAL+with+funder+tag.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Wilson and his four hens reside in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, where city rules now allow for chicken ownership. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Wilson and his four hens reside in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, where city rules now allow for chicken ownership.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Matt Wilson isn’t a farmer and his house isn’t in the sticks. He lives in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, and we are chatting in his smallish urban backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson tosses cherry tomatoes to his four “girls.” The hens snag the fruit with their beaks and cluck contentedly as they indulge in the sweet flesh. These are street-smart and happy hens, says Wilson. They’re just as good at dodging hawks as they are at sunbathing on a lazy afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-595.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-595-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wilson's dog, Peaches, is on good terms with the family hens.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wilson's dog, Peaches, is on good terms with the family hens.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson is just one of many people who now takes “backyard gardening” to a whole new level, bringing in a new kind of family pet that doubles as a feathered fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hens have the run of the place. His yard is fenced but sandwiched between driveways and neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson got his flock a year ago, when the city passed an ordinance allowing hen ownership. Many other communities across the country have either passed or are considering similar rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/poultry/downloads/poultry10/Poultry10_dr_Urban_Chicken_Four.pdf\">USDA report\u003c/a> out this year calls urban chickens a “growing phenomenon.” About 1 percent of all the city households they surveyed had chickens. What’s more, nearly 4 percent said that while they don’t have birds now, they plan to get them in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “It seems like just growing vegetables is like listening to a band with no guitars or singers and just somebody playing drums,” says Wilson, “It’s not the whole story.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wilson knows it’s a trend. “They’re kind of like new hipster lawn ornaments,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Thompson, with the \u003ca href=\"http://cuyahoga.osu.edu/\">ag extension office\u003c/a> at Ohio State University, says a lot of people have been hearing or seeing chickens crop up in city backyards. “It’s something that they get excited about,” he says, and they want to try it out for themselves. He cautions that raising chickens does require a fair bit of work, but it’s definitely doable. “Probably not too different from keeping pets,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how Matt Wilson views it. “Compared to our dog, they’re way less work,” he says, noting how they tuck themselves into the coop at night. “When the sun goes down, they walk in here and line up,” says Wilson, “and then I say goodnight and lock ‘em up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chickens are hardy creatures, but they require upkeep and safe conditions or the flock, and potentially humans, could be at \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/salmonellapoultry/\">risk for disease\u003c/a>. Concerns like this make some people less keen on allowing chickens into the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wilson says it’s all about doing it responsibly. “It’s not something you can just bumble your way through,” he says. “You should do your homework, but you don’t have to go to ag school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hens are now part of his family. He says the birds even gathered around the picnic table last year during their outdoor Thanksgiving dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s ladies are certainly pets, but he also considers them a logical next step for urban gardeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-623.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-623-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wilson's chicken coop shares backyard space with his kids' swing-set and other toys.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wilson's chicken coop shares backyard space with his kids' toys and his vegetable garden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Everything I read just kept on emphasizing how chickens, and farm animals in general, are a great way to reclaim waste and turn it into food,” he says. He also likes how their composted droppings make a great fertilizer for his veggie beds. When he cleans the coop, he puts the used pine shavings and droppings into a compost bin, lets it cure for a couple months, and then spreads the rich, crumbly, and sweet-smelling compost onto his garden. “It seems like just growing vegetables is like listening to a band with no guitars or singers and just somebody playing drums,” says Wilson, “It’s not the whole story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s true. Chickens are good gobblers and will go to town on garden critters and veggie scraps. One of Wilson’s neighbors owns a microbrewery and unloads his spent grain in Wilson’s backyard. “The chickens go nuts,” says Wilson. While there’s no alcohol in the grains, there’s still a lot of good roughage and fiber.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s all this opportunity for us to reclaim waste that the city generates,” says Wilson.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This got Wilson thinking about the bigger picture, about how city folks can better deal with waste. “They would just put that stuff in the trash. Just bags and bags of it,” he says. “There’s all this opportunity for us to reclaim waste that the city generates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of “urban enlightenment” is what backyard chicken enthusiasts say is so great about the birds. They give people the chance to see food and waste come full circle -- an opportunity in short supply in city life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the eggs are darn tasty, too, says 8-year-old Charlie Wilson. “Fridays we have breakfast for dinner and we always eat their eggs.” His dad agrees, saying eggs from a diner kind of taste like rubber by comparison. “These,” says the older Wilson, “definitely have this intense yolk flavor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are health benefits to eggs from pasture-raised hens as well. The chicken’s short digestive tract allows all those vitamins and nutrients from their foraging to make it into their egg yolks quickly. Researchers at Penn State \u003ca href=\"http://news.psu.edu/story/166143/2010/07/20/research-shows-eggs-pastured-chickens-may-be-more-nutritious\">found\u003c/a> eggs from pasture-raised hens had more vitamins E and A and heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids than eggs from commercial hens. \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/pastured-eggs-vitamin-d-content.aspx#axzz2Yx3USu3D\">Other tests\u003c/a> have also found more vitamin D and less cholesterol and saturated fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Thompson from the OSU ag extension office says chicken ownership is teaching more city folks about animal husbandry. They can even be a sort of “gateway animal,” says Thompson. Depending on rules and square footage, he says, you can keep a lot of things in the city, including goats, cows, sheep, bees, and turkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for chicken-owner Matt Wilson, his ladies have started him daydreaming about pigs. Just don’t tell his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59013\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Wilson's urban hens sunbath in their Cleveland Heights backyard.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Wilson's urban hens sunbath in their Cleveland Heights backyard.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Meet \u003ca href=\"http://hens.tplus1.com/FAQ/\">Matt Wilson. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Wilson's fellow urban\u003ca href=\"http://heights-chickeneers.com\"> chickeneers. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about starting your own \u003ca href=\"http://www.rodale.com/raising-backyard-chickens-0\">flock.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recommended reading for those considering backyard chickens, from Carl Skalak, owner of \u003ca href=\"http://bluepikefarm.com/\">Blue Pike Farm\u003c/a> in the heart of Cleveland, Ohio:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heuser, G.F\u003cem>.\u003c/em>,\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nortoncreekpress.com/feeding_poultry.html\"> Feeding Poultry\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>Norton Creek Press\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plamondon, Robert, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nortoncreekpress.com/success_with_baby_chicks.html\">Success with Baby Chicks\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> Norton Creek Press\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prince, T. Woods, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nortoncreekpress.com/fresh_air_poultry_houses.html\">\u003cem>Fresh-Air Poultry Houses\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Norton Creek Press\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ussery, Harvey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chelseagreen.com/bookstore/item/the_smallscale_poultry_flock\">\u003cem>The Small-Scale Poultry Flock\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Chelsea Green Publishing\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Take an inside look at the new trend of raising chickens within city limits, and see why the flocks inspire pride for eco-minded owners.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Ohio/Radio/Content/Chickens+in+the+City/Stream/chickensFINAL+with+funder+tag.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58997\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58997\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Wilson and his four hens reside in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, where city rules now allow for chicken ownership. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Wilson and his four hens reside in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, where city rules now allow for chicken ownership.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Matt Wilson isn’t a farmer and his house isn’t in the sticks. He lives in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, and we are chatting in his smallish urban backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson tosses cherry tomatoes to his four “girls.” The hens snag the fruit with their beaks and cluck contentedly as they indulge in the sweet flesh. These are street-smart and happy hens, says Wilson. They’re just as good at dodging hawks as they are at sunbathing on a lazy afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58992\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-595.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58992\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-595-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wilson's dog, Peaches, is on good terms with the family hens.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wilson's dog, Peaches, is on good terms with the family hens.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wilson is just one of many people who now takes “backyard gardening” to a whole new level, bringing in a new kind of family pet that doubles as a feathered fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hens have the run of the place. His yard is fenced but sandwiched between driveways and neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson got his flock a year ago, when the city passed an ordinance allowing hen ownership. Many other communities across the country have either passed or are considering similar rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/nahms/poultry/downloads/poultry10/Poultry10_dr_Urban_Chicken_Four.pdf\">USDA report\u003c/a> out this year calls urban chickens a “growing phenomenon.” About 1 percent of all the city households they surveyed had chickens. What’s more, nearly 4 percent said that while they don’t have birds now, they plan to get them in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “It seems like just growing vegetables is like listening to a band with no guitars or singers and just somebody playing drums,” says Wilson, “It’s not the whole story.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Wilson knows it’s a trend. “They’re kind of like new hipster lawn ornaments,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Thompson, with the \u003ca href=\"http://cuyahoga.osu.edu/\">ag extension office\u003c/a> at Ohio State University, says a lot of people have been hearing or seeing chickens crop up in city backyards. “It’s something that they get excited about,” he says, and they want to try it out for themselves. He cautions that raising chickens does require a fair bit of work, but it’s definitely doable. “Probably not too different from keeping pets,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how Matt Wilson views it. “Compared to our dog, they’re way less work,” he says, noting how they tuck themselves into the coop at night. “When the sun goes down, they walk in here and line up,” says Wilson, “and then I say goodnight and lock ‘em up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chickens are hardy creatures, but they require upkeep and safe conditions or the flock, and potentially humans, could be at \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/features/salmonellapoultry/\">risk for disease\u003c/a>. Concerns like this make some people less keen on allowing chickens into the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wilson says it’s all about doing it responsibly. “It’s not something you can just bumble your way through,” he says. “You should do your homework, but you don’t have to go to ag school.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hens are now part of his family. He says the birds even gathered around the picnic table last year during their outdoor Thanksgiving dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson’s ladies are certainly pets, but he also considers them a logical next step for urban gardeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58995\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-623.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58995\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Matt-wilson-chickens-623-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Wilson's chicken coop shares backyard space with his kids' swing-set and other toys.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wilson's chicken coop shares backyard space with his kids' toys and his vegetable garden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Everything I read just kept on emphasizing how chickens, and farm animals in general, are a great way to reclaim waste and turn it into food,” he says. He also likes how their composted droppings make a great fertilizer for his veggie beds. When he cleans the coop, he puts the used pine shavings and droppings into a compost bin, lets it cure for a couple months, and then spreads the rich, crumbly, and sweet-smelling compost onto his garden. “It seems like just growing vegetables is like listening to a band with no guitars or singers and just somebody playing drums,” says Wilson, “It’s not the whole story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s true. Chickens are good gobblers and will go to town on garden critters and veggie scraps. One of Wilson’s neighbors owns a microbrewery and unloads his spent grain in Wilson’s backyard. “The chickens go nuts,” says Wilson. While there’s no alcohol in the grains, there’s still a lot of good roughage and fiber.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There’s all this opportunity for us to reclaim waste that the city generates,” says Wilson.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This got Wilson thinking about the bigger picture, about how city folks can better deal with waste. “They would just put that stuff in the trash. Just bags and bags of it,” he says. “There’s all this opportunity for us to reclaim waste that the city generates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sort of “urban enlightenment” is what backyard chicken enthusiasts say is so great about the birds. They give people the chance to see food and waste come full circle -- an opportunity in short supply in city life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the eggs are darn tasty, too, says 8-year-old Charlie Wilson. “Fridays we have breakfast for dinner and we always eat their eggs.” His dad agrees, saying eggs from a diner kind of taste like rubber by comparison. “These,” says the older Wilson, “definitely have this intense yolk flavor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are health benefits to eggs from pasture-raised hens as well. The chicken’s short digestive tract allows all those vitamins and nutrients from their foraging to make it into their egg yolks quickly. Researchers at Penn State \u003ca href=\"http://news.psu.edu/story/166143/2010/07/20/research-shows-eggs-pastured-chickens-may-be-more-nutritious\">found\u003c/a> eggs from pasture-raised hens had more vitamins E and A and heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids than eggs from commercial hens. \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/pastured-eggs-vitamin-d-content.aspx#axzz2Yx3USu3D\">Other tests\u003c/a> have also found more vitamin D and less cholesterol and saturated fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Thompson from the OSU ag extension office says chicken ownership is teaching more city folks about animal husbandry. They can even be a sort of “gateway animal,” says Thompson. Depending on rules and square footage, he says, you can keep a lot of things in the city, including goats, cows, sheep, bees, and turkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for chicken-owner Matt Wilson, his ladies have started him daydreaming about pigs. Just don’t tell his wife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59013\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59013\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4.jpg\" alt=\"Matt Wilson's urban hens sunbath in their Cleveland Heights backyard.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/Wilson4-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Wilson's urban hens sunbath in their Cleveland Heights backyard.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Meet \u003ca href=\"http://hens.tplus1.com/FAQ/\">Matt Wilson. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Wilson's fellow urban\u003ca href=\"http://heights-chickeneers.com\"> chickeneers. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learn about starting your own \u003ca href=\"http://www.rodale.com/raising-backyard-chickens-0\">flock.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recommended reading for those considering backyard chickens, from Carl Skalak, owner of \u003ca href=\"http://bluepikefarm.com/\">Blue Pike Farm\u003c/a> in the heart of Cleveland, Ohio:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heuser, G.F\u003cem>.\u003c/em>,\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nortoncreekpress.com/feeding_poultry.html\"> Feeding Poultry\u003c/a>, \u003c/em>Norton Creek Press\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plamondon, Robert, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nortoncreekpress.com/success_with_baby_chicks.html\">Success with Baby Chicks\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> Norton Creek Press\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prince, T. Woods, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nortoncreekpress.com/fresh_air_poultry_houses.html\">\u003cem>Fresh-Air Poultry Houses\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Norton Creek Press\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ussery, Harvey, \u003ca href=\"http://www.chelseagreen.com/bookstore/item/the_smallscale_poultry_flock\">\u003cem>The Small-Scale Poultry Flock\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Chelsea Green Publishing\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "To Drink, or Not To Drink",
"title": "To Drink, or Not To Drink",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57893 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hupdiggs\">@hupdiggs\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Dan Lane, UNC Chapel Hill\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are reading this article, you are probably one of the fortunate ones. Chances are you can trust that the glass of water in front of you is safe to drink. Sadly, that’s not the case for about a quarter of the world’s population. Nearly two \u003cstrong>billion \u003c/strong>people around the world get sick every year from untreated water. Of those affected, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\">two million die, including 750,000 children\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simply put, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html\">contaminated water leads to more deaths than HIV/AIDS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silent assassins are bacteria like E. coli, which find their way from fecal waste into the local water supply. You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it, but it can kill you. Water may be a source of life, but it is also a vessel of disease and death. Ideally, everyone would have access to safe, treated water. But building that kind of infrastructure -- especially in remote areas -- takes time and money, something many governments and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) lack. In the meantime, the best strategy for reducing the risk of contracting water-borne illnesses is to determine where the bacterial bad guys are lurking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 208px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58406 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"More people die every year from contaminated water than HIV/AIDS. Photo courtesy, Dr. Mark Sobsey.\" width=\"208\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fecal bacteria, like E. coli, infect nearly 2 billion people per year. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is that most detection methods are prohibitively expensive and technical, and getting the results takes a long time. Many tests require taking specialized gear -- test tubes, pipettes, and sterilizing equipment -- to the water source. Another option is to ship water samples from the field to commercial labs around the world. Both methods require trained technicians and can push the price up to $100 per test. Such high costs have severely limited the number of water-quality tests being conducted in at-risk regions -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Enter Dr. Mark Sobsey, a professor of public health at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Sobsey developed a cheap and simple test to determine how many \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> bacteria live in a given water sample. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquagenx.com/index.html\">Compartment Bag Test\u003c/a> (CBT), which looks like a plastic reclosable bag with five internal compartments, doesn’t require fancy lab equipment or trained technicians. It’s designed to be used by anyone anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-contained kit reveals within a day if a water source is safe to drink. Here’s how it works:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Fill a vial with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Add some bacterial medium (bacteria food made up of carbon compounds, digested proteins, and salts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Pour the water sample into the CBT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Let the bag sit overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57892 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit-282x253.jpg\" alt=\"CBT Kit\" width=\"229\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CBT costs less than $10, compared to $100 for alternative testing kits. Photo by @hupdiggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Compartments containing at least one E. coli cell turn bluish green. Depending on which compartments change color, you can determine the level of contamination in the water sample. For example, if only the smallest compartment turns green, the water has about one \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> cell in every 100 milliliters. That’s “probably safe” to drink according to Sobsey. If all five compartments turn green, your water is “unsafe,” which means you definitely don’t want to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58405 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801-218x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000000776-IMG_3801\" width=\"218\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">No technician required: the CBT allows end users to determine if their water is safe to drink. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a cost of less than $10, Sobsey’s user-friendly kit is poised to revolutionize the breadth and scope of water-quality testing. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf\">a 2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> concluded it was\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>not possible to measure water quality worldwide, in part because of money. Instead of measuring quality, the UN set its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/\">standards based on whether water is “improved.\u003c/a>” However, “improved” water includes any water run through a pipe. Channeling muddy puddle water through a lead pipe could be considered “improved” by the UN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Sobsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheaper tests allow NGOs to expand their water-quality testing. Through his company, Aquagenx, which he calls his “socially responsible LLC,” Sobsey has sold 20,000 CBTs to aid organizations around the world, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/water-and-sanitation\">USAID\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be responsible to bring testing capacity to the people that need it,” says Sobsey. “Everybody deserves to know if their water is safe.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cins cite=\"mailto:David%20Huppert\" datetime=\"2013-07-11T16:41\"> \u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-57893 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Sobsey-Marquee-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/hupdiggs\">@hupdiggs\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Dan Lane, UNC Chapel Hill\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are reading this article, you are probably one of the fortunate ones. Chances are you can trust that the glass of water in front of you is safe to drink. Sadly, that’s not the case for about a quarter of the world’s population. Nearly two \u003cstrong>billion \u003c/strong>people around the world get sick every year from untreated water. Of those affected, nearly \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/\">two million die, including 750,000 children\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simply put, \u003ca href=\"http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index.html\">contaminated water leads to more deaths than HIV/AIDS\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silent assassins are bacteria like E. coli, which find their way from fecal waste into the local water supply. You can’t see it, smell it, or taste it, but it can kill you. Water may be a source of life, but it is also a vessel of disease and death. Ideally, everyone would have access to safe, treated water. But building that kind of infrastructure -- especially in remote areas -- takes time and money, something many governments and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) lack. In the meantime, the best strategy for reducing the risk of contracting water-borne illnesses is to determine where the bacterial bad guys are lurking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58406\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 208px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58406 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3989-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"More people die every year from contaminated water than HIV/AIDS. Photo courtesy, Dr. Mark Sobsey.\" width=\"208\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fecal bacteria, like E. coli, infect nearly 2 billion people per year. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The problem is that most detection methods are prohibitively expensive and technical, and getting the results takes a long time. Many tests require taking specialized gear -- test tubes, pipettes, and sterilizing equipment -- to the water source. Another option is to ship water samples from the field to commercial labs around the world. Both methods require trained technicians and can push the price up to $100 per test. Such high costs have severely limited the number of water-quality tests being conducted in at-risk regions -- until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Enter Dr. Mark Sobsey, a professor of public health at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. Sobsey developed a cheap and simple test to determine how many \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> bacteria live in a given water sample. His \u003ca href=\"http://www.aquagenx.com/index.html\">Compartment Bag Test\u003c/a> (CBT), which looks like a plastic reclosable bag with five internal compartments, doesn’t require fancy lab equipment or trained technicians. It’s designed to be used by anyone anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The self-contained kit reveals within a day if a water source is safe to drink. Here’s how it works:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Fill a vial with water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2. Add some bacterial medium (bacteria food made up of carbon compounds, digested proteins, and salts).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3. Pour the water sample into the CBT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>4. Let the bag sit overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 229px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-57892 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CBT-Kit-282x253.jpg\" alt=\"CBT Kit\" width=\"229\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The CBT costs less than $10, compared to $100 for alternative testing kits. Photo by @hupdiggs.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Compartments containing at least one E. coli cell turn bluish green. Depending on which compartments change color, you can determine the level of contamination in the water sample. For example, if only the smallest compartment turns green, the water has about one \u003cstrong>E. coli\u003c/strong> cell in every 100 milliliters. That’s “probably safe” to drink according to Sobsey. If all five compartments turn green, your water is “unsafe,” which means you definitely don’t want to drink it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58405\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 218px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58405 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/0000000776-IMG_3801-218x253.jpg\" alt=\"0000000776-IMG_3801\" width=\"218\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">No technician required: the CBT allows end users to determine if their water is safe to drink. Photo courtesy Dr. Mark Sobsey.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At a cost of less than $10, Sobsey’s user-friendly kit is poised to revolutionize the breadth and scope of water-quality testing. For example, \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/MDG%20Report%202012.pdf\">a 2012 United Nations report\u003c/a> concluded it was\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>not possible to measure water quality worldwide, in part because of money. Instead of measuring quality, the UN set its \u003ca href=\"http://www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/watsan-categories/\">standards based on whether water is “improved.\u003c/a>” However, “improved” water includes any water run through a pipe. Channeling muddy puddle water through a lead pipe could be considered “improved” by the UN.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as measuring what water is safe to drink, [the UN] probably got it wrong,” says Sobsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cheaper tests allow NGOs to expand their water-quality testing. Through his company, Aquagenx, which he calls his “socially responsible LLC,” Sobsey has sold 20,000 CBTs to aid organizations around the world, such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/water-and-sanitation\">USAID\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We should be responsible to bring testing capacity to the people that need it,” says Sobsey. “Everybody deserves to know if their water is safe.”\u003cbr>\n\u003cins cite=\"mailto:David%20Huppert\" datetime=\"2013-07-11T16:41\"> \u003c/ins>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Troubled Waters: Lake Erie's Plastic Problem",
"title": "Troubled Waters: Lake Erie's Plastic Problem",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic trash is making its way into Lake Erie, where researchers have found a higher density of plastics than any other body of water. Credit: WCPN ideastream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: WCPN ideastream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Erin Huber, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://drinklocaldrinktap.org\">Drink Local. Drink Tap., Inc\u003c/a>.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \"I want to say one word to you -- just one word.\u003cbr>\nAre you listening?\u003cbr>\n‘Plastics.’ \"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mr. McGuire had it right in the 1967 movie \u003cstrong>The Graduate\u003c/strong>: plastics have made a splash. \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1973.full\">Since 1980,\u003c/a>plastic production has gone up 500 percent to meet demand, but this boom has come at a steep environmental price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57730\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57730\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach. Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach.\u003cbr>Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years researchers and news agencies have been buzzing about the buildup of plastic debris in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sea.edu/plastics2010/images/Oceanus%20Plastic%20article%20Wilber%201987.pdf\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/science/10patch.html?_r=1&\">Pacific Oceans\u003c/a>. The so-called \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> is said to be twice the size of the state of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent studies show that salt water isn’t the only place with a plastic problem. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/what_is_the_issue/the_solution/\">5 Gyres Institute\u003c/a>, a research-based advocacy group, studied plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, the largest bodies of fresh water in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There they found the highest concentration of plastics -- denser than in the oceans -- in Lake Erie. Similar \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/245nm/program/view.php?obj_id=176594&terms=\">results\u003c/a> were found by University of Wisconsin-Superior chemist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsuper.edu/acaddept/naturalsciences/employees/lorena-rios-mendoza_employee1235219\">Dr. Lorena Rios-Mendoza\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How did all of this plastic end up in Lake Erie?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trash from beaches, river banks, and neighborhood gutters makes its way into our waterways. Things like plastic cigar tips, food wrappers, toys, and disposable drink bottles get bumped around, blown, and washed off into the streets, through the sewers, and into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastics break down into tiny pieces while traveling through the waterways, but they don’t biodegrade. These tiny bits of\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57838\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628-365x253.jpg\" alt=\"Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup.Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"365\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup. Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>plastic, sometimes referred to as “toxic mermaid tears,” are found in Lake Erie at three times the density of anywhere else on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution also comes from pea-sized \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/thegreengrok/nurdlepollution-2/\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the preproduction base for plastics products. They enter waterways during the plastic industry’s manufacturing and shipping processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small particle that packs a big plastic punch comes from facial scrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at 5 Gyre discovered tiny round balls in Lake Erie water samples that they say are a perfect match with the microbeads found in certain face washes. According to the research group, \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/posts/2013/04/16/do_plastic_micro_beads_from_facial_scrubbers_escape_sewage_treatment/\">water samples\u003c/a> from Lake Erie were loaded with these microbeads. They plan to publish their results this summer in the journal \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-pollution-bulletin/\">Marine Pollution Bulletin\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>and are urging companies to phase out plastic microbead scrubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why does plastic in Lake Erie matter?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over time, plastics easily attract and hold hazardous \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/international/toxics/pop.html#pops\">persistent organic pollutants\u003c/a> (POPs). It’s been documented that marine animals eat these plastics, affecting their digestive systems and possibly causing malnutrition. Officials with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources say this summer they’re following up with surveys of plastic content in Lake Erie fish. If people eat fish that have consumed plastic particles, it’s likely that the plastic chemicals will end up in humans, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lake Erie is a source of water for many cities, there’s also a concern that these plastics could leach chemicals into the water supply that may be harmful to humans. One chemical of concern is bisphenol A (BPA), which is found in many plastics and coatings and is a \u003ca href=\"http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69\">known endocrine disrupter.\u003c/a> Not only can BPA and other chemicals leach into the contents of a container, such as bottled water, or person using a certain product, such as thermal receipt paper or BPA-lined food cans, but chemicals like BPA can also leach into the surrounding environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What can be done?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The plastics in Lake Erie and elsewhere will not go away, but further pollution control is certainly possible. Right now remediation options are \u003ca href=\"http://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/PICES-2011/2011-W3/W3-1145-Baker.pdf\">generally unknown\u003c/a>, though some whimsical solutions have been proposed, such as \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/19-year-old-student-develops-ocean-cleanup-array-that-could-remove-7250000-tons-of-plastic-from-the-worlds-oceans/\">giant floating funnels\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/pacific-ocean-trash-cleans-up-nice-as-methods-new-soap-bottle/\">soap bottles\u003c/a> made of ocean trash. Many organizations, such as the United Nations, are aware of the need to remediate waters and protect them from additional plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Unilever and Johnson & Johnson have already begun to phase out microbeads because of pollution concerns and public pressure. In addition, some organizations, like \u003ca href=\"http://plasticpollutioncoalition.org/learn/get-started/\">Plastic Pollution Coalition\u003c/a>, have been working on behavior change in the public and industry to reduce the use of all forms of plastics. Scientists and advocates alike are urging individuals to help diminish the demand by doing simple things like drinking local \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/ALmHd5CnlVA\">tap water\u003c/a> instead of buying bottled water, using reusable containers instead of disposables, and buying \u003ca href=\"http://plasticfreeseas.org/microbeads.html.\">microbead-free products.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to document and quantify the full extent and impacts of the plastics pollution in Lake Erie and other waterways, there’s already enough data to know that it’s time to rethink our relationship with plastic.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58310\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic trash is making its way into Lake Erie, where researchers have found a higher density of plastics than any other body of water. Credit: WCPN ideastream\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/BeachTrash-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: WCPN ideastream\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Erin Huber, Executive Director of \u003ca href=\"http://drinklocaldrinktap.org\">Drink Local. Drink Tap., Inc\u003c/a>.\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem> \"I want to say one word to you -- just one word.\u003cbr>\nAre you listening?\u003cbr>\n‘Plastics.’ \"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mr. McGuire had it right in the 1967 movie \u003cstrong>The Graduate\u003c/strong>: plastics have made a splash. \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1526/1973.full\">Since 1980,\u003c/a>plastic production has gone up 500 percent to meet demand, but this boom has come at a steep environmental price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57730\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57730\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Rainbow-Runner_M-Eriksen-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach. Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This Rainbow Runner, a fish commonly found on menus and fish markets around the country, was found in the mid-Pacific Ocean in 2008 with 17 microplastic bits found in its stomach.\u003cbr>Credit: Marcus Eriksen, 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years researchers and news agencies have been buzzing about the buildup of plastic debris in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sea.edu/plastics2010/images/Oceanus%20Plastic%20article%20Wilber%201987.pdf\">Atlantic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/10/science/10patch.html?_r=1&\">Pacific Oceans\u003c/a>. The so-called \u003ca href=\"http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html\">Great Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> is said to be twice the size of the state of Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent studies show that salt water isn’t the only place with a plastic problem. Scientists from the \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/what_is_the_issue/the_solution/\">5 Gyres Institute\u003c/a>, a research-based advocacy group, studied plastic pollution in the Great Lakes, the largest bodies of fresh water in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There they found the highest concentration of plastics -- denser than in the oceans -- in Lake Erie. Similar \u003ca href=\"http://abstracts.acs.org/chem/245nm/program/view.php?obj_id=176594&terms=\">results\u003c/a> were found by University of Wisconsin-Superior chemist \u003ca href=\"http://www.uwsuper.edu/acaddept/naturalsciences/employees/lorena-rios-mendoza_employee1235219\">Dr. Lorena Rios-Mendoza\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How did all of this plastic end up in Lake Erie?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trash from beaches, river banks, and neighborhood gutters makes its way into our waterways. Things like plastic cigar tips, food wrappers, toys, and disposable drink bottles get bumped around, blown, and washed off into the streets, through the sewers, and into Lake Erie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plastics break down into tiny pieces while traveling through the waterways, but they don’t biodegrade. These tiny bits of\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57838\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 365px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57838\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/microbeads0628-365x253.jpg\" alt=\"Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup.Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\" width=\"365\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Face washes containing plastic microbead scrubbers could be contributing to Lake Erie's plastic soup. Credit: 5 Gyres Institute\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>plastic, sometimes referred to as “toxic mermaid tears,” are found in Lake Erie at three times the density of anywhere else on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plastic pollution also comes from pea-sized \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.nicholas.duke.edu/thegreengrok/nurdlepollution-2/\">nurdles\u003c/a>, the preproduction base for plastics products. They enter waterways during the plastic industry’s manufacturing and shipping processes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another small particle that packs a big plastic punch comes from facial scrubs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at 5 Gyre discovered tiny round balls in Lake Erie water samples that they say are a perfect match with the microbeads found in certain face washes. According to the research group, \u003ca href=\"http://5gyres.org/posts/2013/04/16/do_plastic_micro_beads_from_facial_scrubbers_escape_sewage_treatment/\">water samples\u003c/a> from Lake Erie were loaded with these microbeads. They plan to publish their results this summer in the journal \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.journals.elsevier.com/marine-pollution-bulletin/\">Marine Pollution Bulletin\u003c/a>,\u003c/strong>\u003cem> \u003c/em>and are urging companies to phase out plastic microbead scrubbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Why does plastic in Lake Erie matter?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Over time, plastics easily attract and hold hazardous \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/international/toxics/pop.html#pops\">persistent organic pollutants\u003c/a> (POPs). It’s been documented that marine animals eat these plastics, affecting their digestive systems and possibly causing malnutrition. Officials with the Ohio Department of Natural Resources say this summer they’re following up with surveys of plastic content in Lake Erie fish. If people eat fish that have consumed plastic particles, it’s likely that the plastic chemicals will end up in humans, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Lake Erie is a source of water for many cities, there’s also a concern that these plastics could leach chemicals into the water supply that may be harmful to humans. One chemical of concern is bisphenol A (BPA), which is found in many plastics and coatings and is a \u003ca href=\"http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=69\">known endocrine disrupter.\u003c/a> Not only can BPA and other chemicals leach into the contents of a container, such as bottled water, or person using a certain product, such as thermal receipt paper or BPA-lined food cans, but chemicals like BPA can also leach into the surrounding environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What can be done?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The plastics in Lake Erie and elsewhere will not go away, but further pollution control is certainly possible. Right now remediation options are \u003ca href=\"http://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/PICES-2011/2011-W3/W3-1145-Baker.pdf\">generally unknown\u003c/a>, though some whimsical solutions have been proposed, such as \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/19-year-old-student-develops-ocean-cleanup-array-that-could-remove-7250000-tons-of-plastic-from-the-worlds-oceans/\">giant floating funnels\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://inhabitat.com/pacific-ocean-trash-cleans-up-nice-as-methods-new-soap-bottle/\">soap bottles\u003c/a> made of ocean trash. Many organizations, such as the United Nations, are aware of the need to remediate waters and protect them from additional plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Unilever and Johnson & Johnson have already begun to phase out microbeads because of pollution concerns and public pressure. In addition, some organizations, like \u003ca href=\"http://plasticpollutioncoalition.org/learn/get-started/\">Plastic Pollution Coalition\u003c/a>, have been working on behavior change in the public and industry to reduce the use of all forms of plastics. Scientists and advocates alike are urging individuals to help diminish the demand by doing simple things like drinking local \u003ca href=\"http://youtu.be/ALmHd5CnlVA\">tap water\u003c/a> instead of buying bottled water, using reusable containers instead of disposables, and buying \u003ca href=\"http://plasticfreeseas.org/microbeads.html.\">microbead-free products.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While more research is needed to document and quantify the full extent and impacts of the plastics pollution in Lake Erie and other waterways, there’s already enough data to know that it’s time to rethink our relationship with plastic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Next Meal: Engineering Food",
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"headTitle": "QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[googlemaps https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360]\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. You might take it out of one plant and move it into another plant,” said Lemaux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic engineering, genes can be transported into a plant by a type of soil bacterium. Or they can be injected into a plant using a tool called a gene gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>3. What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. Markers are like tiny flags on either side of the gene that make it visible to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Do scientists do either one \u003cem>or \u003c/em>the other?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, some researchers specialize in plant breeding and others in genetic engineering. But both types of scientists work closely to improve crops, said Eduardo Blumwald, who is genetically engineering rice to be drought-tolerant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are placing new genes in those varieties which plant breeders have bred,” said Blumwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": "Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks? This half-hour QUEST Northern California special explores the pros and cons of genetically engineered crops, and what the future holds for research and regulations. ",
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"headline": "Next Meal: Engineering Food",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this half-hour special, QUEST Northern California explores genetically engineered crops in the wake of Proposition 37, the 2012 ballot initiative that would have required foods containing genetically engineered ingredients to be labeled in California. Prop 37 lost, but some 6 million Californians voted in favor of labeling, signaling that many aren't completely comfortable with genetically engineered food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Are the benefits of genetically engineered foods worth the risks?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Meal: Engineering Food\u003c/strong> explores how genetically engineered crops are made, their pros and cons, and what the future holds for research and regulations such as labeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Ever wondered what genetically engineered crops and other foods are in the pipeline?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Click through the map below and find out what's in your next meal... or in the forest on your next camping trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a bigger version of this map, click on the link below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ciframe\n src='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n title='https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&output=embed&w=640&h=360'\n width='640'\n height='360'\n scrolling='no'\n frameborder='no'>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nView \u003ca href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&msid=211580250479282103391.0004da1d4aa08ab1a467c&hl=en&ie=UTF8&t=m&ll=41.244772,-18.28125&spn=90.563657,225&z=2&source=embed\">Genetically Engineered Foods in the Pipeline\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Conventional plant breeding vs. genetic engineering – 5 differences:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>1. When did we start using each technique?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plant breeding is some 10,000 years old – as old as agriculture itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ancestors of tomatoes were the size of my thumb and they tasted very bad,” said \u003ca title=\"Eduardo Blumwald's lab at UC Davis\" href=\"http://blumwald.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Eduardo Blumwald\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Davis. “And breeding gave us what we have right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Tomato-paste-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato paste made from genetically engineered tomatoes in the mid-1990s.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the mid-1990s, tomatoes genetically engineered in California were made into a tomato paste that sold well in England. But the tomatoes were short-lived. Photo: Alan McHughen.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first genetically engineered food to be commercialized, the Flavr Savr tomato, was sold by Calgene, a Davis company, starting in 1994. The tomato was engineered to stay firm on the vine for longer, but it was short-lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto, the Missouri-based seed company, started selling genetically engineered soybeans and cotton in 1996. The soybeans tolerate the herbicide Roundup, so that farmers can spray it on weeds without hurting their crop in the process. The cotton keeps away pests like the bollworm.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>2. How do these two techniques work?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical plant breeding involves taking the female eggs from one plant and bringing them together with the male parts of another plant,” said \u003ca title=\"Peggy Lemaux, UC Berkeley\" href=\"http://pmb.berkeley.edu/profile/plemaux\" target=\"_blank\">Peggy Lemaux\u003c/a>, plant biologist at the University of California at Berkeley. “And then all that genetic information gets mixed up. Half of the information in the progeny – or children – of that cross comes from the mother and half comes from the father. And it just all gets mixed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Depending on the plant, breeders use different strategies to cross them. Corn breeders, for example, gather pollen from female plants and shake it onto male plants. \u003ca title=\"Cucumber breeding\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5a-coN2Xgg&list=UUqyLv50NSDw9MHhtZ3OBrBw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Plants such as cucumbers\u003c/a> usually contain both female and male flowers on each plant. Breeders remove the male part from one flower and attach it to a female flower.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_54129\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-54129\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Gene-gun-300x169.jpg\" alt='\"Gene gun\" at the University of California-Berkeley' width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plant biologist Peggy Lemaux, at the University of California-Berkeley, uses a \"gene gun\" to genetically engineer crops like corn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast with breeding, genetic engineering involves only one or a few genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With genetic engineering, it’s just moving very small parts of the genetic information. You might take it out of one plant and move it into another plant,” said Lemaux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genetic engineering, genes can be transported into a plant by a type of soil bacterium. Or they can be injected into a plant using a tool called a gene gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>3. What can you do with each one?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Classical plant breeding allows scientists to do things like breed disease resistance or a higher-protein content into crops like wheat, said \u003ca title=\"UC Davis Wheat Breeding Program\" href=\"http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/dubcovsky/Breeding/WheatBreedingUCD.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Jorge Dubcovsky\u003c/a>, leader of the wheat breeding program at the University of California at Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they’re breeding, scientists have to cross plants that are closely related to each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Classical breeding is done between closely related plants, so you might take a wild variety of rice, for example, and you could cross that with modern cultivated rice,” said Peggy Lemaux. “However, maybe there are traits that you want, that you can’t find in a wild variety of rice. Maybe you want to introduce some vitamin or mineral, and you can’t find a wild rice species that would give you that particular trait. So what you have to do is you have to go and find some other organism that does make, let’s say, vitamin A, and you can pull that information out from that plant and put it in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In that scenario, genetic engineering would be required. Engineering would also be required to tweak a gene in such a way that it produces more or less of a desired trait.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>4. Is conventional plant breeding low-tech, while genetic engineering is high-tech?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic engineering can be more expensive than conventional plant breeding, and is usually faster. But this doesn’t mean that breeding is as low-tech as you might think. In the past 15 years or so, plant breeders have been able to speed up the crossing process by using \u003ca title=\"Marker Assisted Selection in Wheat \" href=\"http://maswheat.ucdavis.edu/Education/animations/anim_mas.htm\" target=\"_blank\">genetic markers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The markers allow me to see the genes that I have bred into a plant,” said Jorge Dubcovsky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many genes that scientists set out to breed into plants are difficult to see and expensive to find within the plant. A genetic marker is a piece of DNA that is easy to see and inexpensive to find within a plant. So scientists identify the markers that are on either side of the gene they’re trying to breed into a plant. This way, when they have crossed their plants to contain that gene, they can easily and inexpensively find out which plants contain their gene of interest by looking for the markers, rather than for the gene. Markers are like tiny flags on either side of the gene that make it visible to researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>5. Do scientists do either one \u003cem>or \u003c/em>the other?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Usually, some researchers specialize in plant breeding and others in genetic engineering. But both types of scientists work closely to improve crops, said Eduardo Blumwald, who is genetically engineering rice to be drought-tolerant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are placing new genes in those varieties which plant breeders have bred,” said Blumwald.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "In Search of the Bacterial Garden of Eden",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A vast and teeming crew\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's something to stop and consider: You are mostly not you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of the cells in your body don't have your DNA. They weren't in you when you were in the womb. Instead, they belong to trillions of tiny bacteria and other microbes that live in your stomach, your mouth and on your skin, among other places. Collectively, they make up between five and ten pounds of your body weight, a vast and teeming crew known as the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known about the microbiome for some time, but the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing has transformed the research, making it possible to sequence – and therefore identify – thousands of species of bacteria and other microbes at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery\u003c/strong>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53922\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/rogues.jpg\" alt=\"rogues\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What are these creatures living inside us? Find out here.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Among those doing the cataloging is Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, Pollard was chatting with a few colleagues in a weekly meeting when one of them, a grad student named Chris Gignoux, mentioned some field work he'd been doing in a remote part of South Africa with an indigenous sheep and goat herding group called the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Khiosan are thought to be the oldest genetic group on earth, ancestors of the rest of us. Even their language is unique, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w\">“click” language\u003c/a> with consonants found nowhere else in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gignoux is part of a team trying to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n10/fig_tab/ncomms2140_F2.html\">piece together\u003c/a> the Khoisan's evolutionary history by studying their DNA, which the team extracts from saliva samples collected during field research trips to South Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientists were running into a problem. The Khoisan samples were contaminated with non-human cells: bacteria and other microbes that live in the Khoisan's mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> A garden in your gut\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have come to see these bacteria and other microbes as a delicate ecosystem inside each of us. You can think of it as a garden in your guts, one you are constantly tending and adding to every time you eat a meal or are exposed to something in your environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like a garden, things can get out of whack. Invasive species take over; certain plants die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when this happens, scientists believe, people can get sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Fischbach is an assistant professor in the school of pharmacy at UCSF. He reels off a list of diseases that might – repeat, \u003cem>might\u003c/em> -- be connected to changes in our microbiome: “the inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease. Possibly diabetes and obesity. Possibly even allergic diseases like asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is new science. No one really knows. But Fischbach and others who study the microbiome are excited about the potential here, in part because of two recent discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pollard.jpg\" alt=\"Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecal transplants and an unlikely connection\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One was the announcement last year that people suffering from a stubborn bacterial infection called C.difficile were cured after receiving \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3365524/\">fecal transplants\u003c/a>. They ingested fresh feces – collected from healthy donors and teeming with healthy bacteria – through a tube in their nose. It was a microbiome transplant, and it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second development came last month, when a researcher at the Cleveland Clinic published \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/media_relations/library/2013/2013-04-07-cleveland-clinic-researchers-discover-link-between-heart-disease-and-compound-found-in-red-meat-energy-drinks.aspx\">results\u003c/a> connecting bacteria in people's guts to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody would have put heart disease on that list,” says Fischbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the announcement sent ripples of optimism throughout the microbiome research community. “The notion that you could come up with something that is going to surprise even those who have been working on it for some time is very much in the air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling the excitement is the recent completion of the \u003ca href=\"http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/\">Human Microbiome Project\u003c/a>, an effort, funded by the National Institutes of Health, to identify and catalogue the microbiota of 242 healthy American volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another, a key question will be whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a bad, or imbalanced microbiome can make people sick, what does a good, balanced microbiome look like? What are the microbes that have evolved to keep us healthy, and how do they do it?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWas there a microbial Garden of Eden?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a hard question to answer because most of us have made huge, sweeping changes to our microbiomes at least several times in our lives by taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a professor of medicine at Stanford, was one of the first scientists to use DNA sequencing to study the makeup of the microbiome, using a swab from the inside of his own cheek.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Antibiotics are \"more like a cluster bomb,\" says Relman. \"They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since then, his work has explored how antibiotics affect the microbiome, and how long those \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/09/14/1000087107\">changes persist\u003c/a>. He says while antibiotics have saved millions of lives, they’re a blunt instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, we thought of antibiotics as magic bullets,” Relman says. “But – I hate using the military metaphor – they're more like a cluster bomb, or a neutron bomb. They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That collateral damage includes healthy bacteria, which may play important roles in digestion and other functions. Antibiotics can also create ideal environments for harmful bacteria to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the balance restores itself. Other times, the changes may be permanent. If a particular strain of bacteria is lost, it can't be passed on from one human generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is hard to study. Because there’s almost no one out there who hasn't taken antibiotics. Which brings us back to the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from the Khoisan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What occurred to Katie Pollard is that the Khoisan for the most part haven’t had that repeated antibiotic exposure. If researchers can find bacteria in the Khoisan that don’t show up in the saliva of industrialized groups, she says, “that would suggest that something in the modern lifestyle has potentially wiped out these bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work is just beginning. So far, Pollard's team has identified about 900 species of microbes in the Khoisan saliva. Next, they'll compare those species to samples from other populations to see whether there are any completely novel microbes in the Khoisan, microbes she and others haven't seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest anyone start thinking that the Khoisan microbiome could be some sort of wholesale solution to modern ills (maybe imported through some kind of trans-Atlantic fecal transplant?) think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those 900 bacterial species identified, says Pollard, are several that you definitely wouldn't want, a fact that becomes clear when you look at photos of the Khoisan, many of whom are missing teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the bacteria we've found are known pathogens,” says Pollard, “in terms of gum disease or enhancing plaque.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern medicine has not been all bad for the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollard and others who do DNA sequencing on gut microbes face a massive computational challenge, one that makes the human genome project look like a cakewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the end result, say Pollard and others, could be new insights into how we could tweak, even curate the bacteria in our bodies, to make ourselves healthier.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A vast and teeming crew\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's something to stop and consider: You are mostly not you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety percent of the cells in your body don't have your DNA. They weren't in you when you were in the womb. Instead, they belong to trillions of tiny bacteria and other microbes that live in your stomach, your mouth and on your skin, among other places. Collectively, they make up between five and ten pounds of your body weight, a vast and teeming crew known as the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known about the microbiome for some time, but the advent of relatively inexpensive DNA sequencing has transformed the research, making it possible to sequence – and therefore identify – thousands of species of bacteria and other microbes at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003cstrong>The Human Microbiome: A Rogue's Gallery\u003c/strong>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53922\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 320px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/05/03/the-human-microbiome-a-rogues-gallery/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-53922\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/rogues.jpg\" alt=\"rogues\" width=\"320\" height=\"217\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">What are these creatures living inside us? Find out here.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Among those doing the cataloging is Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not long ago, Pollard was chatting with a few colleagues in a weekly meeting when one of them, a grad student named Chris Gignoux, mentioned some field work he'd been doing in a remote part of South Africa with an indigenous sheep and goat herding group called the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Khiosan are thought to be the oldest genetic group on earth, ancestors of the rest of us. Even their language is unique, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w\">“click” language\u003c/a> with consonants found nowhere else in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gignoux is part of a team trying to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n10/fig_tab/ncomms2140_F2.html\">piece together\u003c/a> the Khoisan's evolutionary history by studying their DNA, which the team extracts from saliva samples collected during field research trips to South Africa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the scientists were running into a problem. The Khoisan samples were contaminated with non-human cells: bacteria and other microbes that live in the Khoisan's mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> A garden in your gut\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"The exact DNA that they were viewing as contamination was very interesting to us,” says Pollard.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In recent years, scientists have come to see these bacteria and other microbes as a delicate ecosystem inside each of us. You can think of it as a garden in your guts, one you are constantly tending and adding to every time you eat a meal or are exposed to something in your environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like a garden, things can get out of whack. Invasive species take over; certain plants die off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when this happens, scientists believe, people can get sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michael Fischbach is an assistant professor in the school of pharmacy at UCSF. He reels off a list of diseases that might – repeat, \u003cem>might\u003c/em> -- be connected to changes in our microbiome: “the inflammatory bowel diseases, including Crohn's disease. Possibly diabetes and obesity. Possibly even allergic diseases like asthma.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is new science. No one really knows. But Fischbach and others who study the microbiome are excited about the potential here, in part because of two recent discoveries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_53921\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/pollard.jpg\" alt=\"Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\" width=\"640\" height=\"485\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katie Pollard, a geneticist at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, is working on cataloging the human microbiome. (Courtesy photo)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecal transplants and an unlikely connection\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One was the announcement last year that people suffering from a stubborn bacterial infection called C.difficile were cured after receiving \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3365524/\">fecal transplants\u003c/a>. They ingested fresh feces – collected from healthy donors and teeming with healthy bacteria – through a tube in their nose. It was a microbiome transplant, and it worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second development came last month, when a researcher at the Cleveland Clinic published \u003ca href=\"http://my.clevelandclinic.org/media_relations/library/2013/2013-04-07-cleveland-clinic-researchers-discover-link-between-heart-disease-and-compound-found-in-red-meat-energy-drinks.aspx\">results\u003c/a> connecting bacteria in people's guts to heart disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nobody would have put heart disease on that list,” says Fischbach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the announcement sent ripples of optimism throughout the microbiome research community. “The notion that you could come up with something that is going to surprise even those who have been working on it for some time is very much in the air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also fueling the excitement is the recent completion of the \u003ca href=\"http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/\">Human Microbiome Project\u003c/a>, an effort, funded by the National Institutes of Health, to identify and catalogue the microbiota of 242 healthy American volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that scientists are starting to get a handle on what kinds of microbes live in the human body and, roughly, how those populations differ from one individual to another, a key question will be whether there is such a thing as an “ideal” microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if a bad, or imbalanced microbiome can make people sick, what does a good, balanced microbiome look like? What are the microbes that have evolved to keep us healthy, and how do they do it?\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nWas there a microbial Garden of Eden?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a hard question to answer because most of us have made huge, sweeping changes to our microbiomes at least several times in our lives by taking antibiotics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Relman, a professor of medicine at Stanford, was one of the first scientists to use DNA sequencing to study the makeup of the microbiome, using a swab from the inside of his own cheek.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Antibiotics are \"more like a cluster bomb,\" says Relman. \"They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Since then, his work has explored how antibiotics affect the microbiome, and how long those \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/09/14/1000087107\">changes persist\u003c/a>. He says while antibiotics have saved millions of lives, they’re a blunt instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the past, we thought of antibiotics as magic bullets,” Relman says. “But – I hate using the military metaphor – they're more like a cluster bomb, or a neutron bomb. They're indiscriminate. And there's a lot of collateral damage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That collateral damage includes healthy bacteria, which may play important roles in digestion and other functions. Antibiotics can also create ideal environments for harmful bacteria to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the balance restores itself. Other times, the changes may be permanent. If a particular strain of bacteria is lost, it can't be passed on from one human generation to the next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is hard to study. Because there’s almost no one out there who hasn't taken antibiotics. Which brings us back to the Khoisan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learning from the Khoisan\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What occurred to Katie Pollard is that the Khoisan for the most part haven’t had that repeated antibiotic exposure. If researchers can find bacteria in the Khoisan that don’t show up in the saliva of industrialized groups, she says, “that would suggest that something in the modern lifestyle has potentially wiped out these bacteria.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work is just beginning. So far, Pollard's team has identified about 900 species of microbes in the Khoisan saliva. Next, they'll compare those species to samples from other populations to see whether there are any completely novel microbes in the Khoisan, microbes she and others haven't seen before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lest anyone start thinking that the Khoisan microbiome could be some sort of wholesale solution to modern ills (maybe imported through some kind of trans-Atlantic fecal transplant?) think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those 900 bacterial species identified, says Pollard, are several that you definitely wouldn't want, a fact that becomes clear when you look at photos of the Khoisan, many of whom are missing teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the bacteria we've found are known pathogens,” says Pollard, “in terms of gum disease or enhancing plaque.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modern medicine has not been all bad for the microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pollard and others who do DNA sequencing on gut microbes face a massive computational challenge, one that makes the human genome project look like a cakewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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