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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_colormouse.gif\">\u003c/span>Did you know most mammals are red-green colorblind? Part of what makes primates special is that most of us can tell the difference between red and green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In humans this difference is due to a single gene, the long wave cone \u003cem>photopigment\u003c/em> gene. But is this gene enough? Or are there other changes in our brain that help us to interpret the information we receive from our eyes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is an important question because it gets to the heart of how our color vision evolved. If our ancestors’ brains could handle the extra information, then an extra gene would be enough to give us our superior color vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So some scientists set out to find out if a single gene was enough. They did this by putting our extra human gene into a mouse. And trying to figure out if the mouse could tell red from green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now it’s easy to put a gene in a mouse. But how do you tell if she can distinguish red from green? You can’t just ask her or use flashcards. Instead, these scientists used a very clever system that had been used before with dogs. The system involves three lights and, in the case of mice, some soy milk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that the lights can be a whole range of colors. To get the drop of soy milk, a mouse has to pick the light that is a different color from the other two. For example, to test the mouse’s color vision, the scientists could make two of the lights red and one green. Or vice versa. If the mouse is colorblind and couldn’t tell the colors apart, she’d get it right about a third of the time. 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Which means only New World female primates have a chance to tell red from green (poor design!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because only females can have one copy of each gene version. Remember, in mammals males have an X and a Y chromosome and females have two X chromosomes. Which means males have only one copy of all the X chromosome genes while females have two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Old World primates, that means men and women can both tell red from green. There are two separate genes on the X chromosome. But for New World primates, only the females have this ability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the mice experiments, the scientists created New World mice. Only the females had a chance to tell red from green. And only if they had a copy of each version of the gene. Scientists found that female mice with one copy of each version of the cone gene were no longer red-green colorblind. One new gene version was enough to give mice the ability to tell red from green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is so cool that the two primates developed color vision in different ways. Better color vision is a real asset for animals who forage during the day. So it isn’t surprising that once it arose, it spread quickly through the primate population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it is amazing how clunky the New World color vision is. Only females have the superior color vision. And many of her offspring will not have color vision. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that the lights can be a whole range of colors. To get the drop of soy milk, a mouse has to pick the light that is a different color from the other two. For example, to test the mouse’s color vision, the scientists could make two of the lights red and one green. Or vice versa. If the mouse is colorblind and couldn’t tell the colors apart, she’d get it right about a third of the time. And that’s what the scientists found for some of the mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of the mice that got the human gene picked the right light about 80% of the time. So these mice could probably tell red from green. This tells us that it takes a single gene to develop color vision. 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"content": "\u003cp>\"They're lying.\" \"Who are they working for?\" \"What a bunch of gibberish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the sort of stuff I sometimes overhear when a scientist comes on TV. And I'm not the only one who is hearing this sort of thing. Many studies over the years have chronicled an increasing distrust of the scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does this lack of trust come from? Scientists themselves are at least partly to blame. (Next time I'll deal with the public's part in all of this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'll just go over a couple of the reasons why I think scientists are culpable. I am sure readers can come up with plenty of them on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, many scientists are no longer lone crusaders searching for the truth. Some of them have an agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the scientists at oil companies who pooh-pooh global warming. Or the big tobacco scientists who claim nicotine is not addictive. Or scientists from pharmaceutical companies who talk up new medicines while data about the drugs' side effects are hidden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public rightly questions some of these scientists' motives. But to extend this questioning to all scientists is a mistake. Most scientists are still working for the common good. Even those in corporate America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are struggling to cure unprofitable diseases like malaria. To create foods that can solve problems like Vitamin A deficient blindness. To understand how the Universe works. To cure heart disease AND make money for their company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond wanting to be recognized within the scientific community, most of these scientists don't have an agenda. And frankly, even if they do, science will sort it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is self-correcting. Something the public often doesn’t understand because scientists have not done a good job of explaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science is always building on previous results. What this means is that the previous results have to hold up. If they don't, new experiments won’t work and the previous bad data will be found. And thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of human cloning. A Korean scientist named Hwang Woo Suk said he had cloned a human cell. This was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened up doors to personalized stem cells. And to all sorts of ethical dilemmas. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sciam.com/index.php?title=stem_cell_meltdown&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1\">But it was a lie\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA testing showed that the work was bogus. Scientists looked bad here (or at least this one did). But science corrected itself and marches on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lack of understanding by the public about how science works is also at least partly the fault of the scientists (and science educators). Why? Because scientists tend to be awful at talking about science to the public. So much so that people don't listen or hear what they want to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://cmrosa.backpackit.com/assets/849/399/blog_distrust2.jpg\">\u003cem>Rosalind Franklin\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now none of this is surprising as talking to the public isn't part of a scientist’s training. They are trained to do excellent science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If taught well they run all the right controls, come to reasonable conclusions and can plan the next set of experiments. But very few are taught to explain their work to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so if they have an exciting finding that is either important or sexy enough for the media, they are thrust into the spotlight. Where they often stumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they speak in a technical fog that makes their results hard to decipher. Or they don't take the time to explain the basics. Or they ignore the effect their work will have on people and their beliefs. Or a host of other possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the public misunderstands and questions their work. I remember listening to a story on PBS' own NewsHour program (a show I love by the way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a scientist on the show discussing new research on lung cancer. The correspondent asked about why people who don't smoke can still get lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientist never really answered the question. If she had known about the level of knowledge of the public, she could have responded like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Smoking increases your risk of cancer because it damages your DNA. And cancer is caused by DNA damage. Not all DNA damage leads to cancer, though. So only some smokers get lung cancer. And there are lots of other ways to damage DNA besides smoking. So some nonsmokers get lung cancer too.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the scientist didn't get into the basics of cancer, it was more difficult for some of the audience to interpret her results. And so easier to mistrust them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to do? Programs are being created to make scientists more aware of what the public knows about science (I run one called Stanford at The Tech). And how to write and talk about science with the public in a way that is entertaining, accurate, and appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more of these programs are created and more scientists are trained, hopefully the public's distrust for scientists will decrease. And like I said, I only touched on a couple of points here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't bring up the effects of exaggerated claims about a scientist's work. Or exaggerated claims about when a scientist's work will lead to a cure for a disease. Or when stem cells will cure diabetes. Or when…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why else do you think scientists are so mistrusted? Can you think of any ways scientists can regain the trust of the public?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The prevalent distrust of science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\" target=\"_blank\"> http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mistrust of Science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"description": ""They're lying." "Who are they working for?" "What a bunch of gibberish." This is the sort of stuff I sometimes overhear when a scientist comes on TV. And I'm not the only one who is hearing this sort of thing. Many studies over the years have chronicled an increasing distrust of the scientist. Where does",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\"They're lying.\" \"Who are they working for?\" \"What a bunch of gibberish.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the sort of stuff I sometimes overhear when a scientist comes on TV. And I'm not the only one who is hearing this sort of thing. Many studies over the years have chronicled an increasing distrust of the scientist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where does this lack of trust come from? Scientists themselves are at least partly to blame. (Next time I'll deal with the public's part in all of this.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'll just go over a couple of the reasons why I think scientists are culpable. I am sure readers can come up with plenty of them on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, many scientists are no longer lone crusaders searching for the truth. Some of them have an agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the scientists at oil companies who pooh-pooh global warming. Or the big tobacco scientists who claim nicotine is not addictive. Or scientists from pharmaceutical companies who talk up new medicines while data about the drugs' side effects are hidden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public rightly questions some of these scientists' motives. But to extend this questioning to all scientists is a mistake. Most scientists are still working for the common good. Even those in corporate America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are struggling to cure unprofitable diseases like malaria. To create foods that can solve problems like Vitamin A deficient blindness. To understand how the Universe works. To cure heart disease AND make money for their company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond wanting to be recognized within the scientific community, most of these scientists don't have an agenda. And frankly, even if they do, science will sort it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is self-correcting. Something the public often doesn’t understand because scientists have not done a good job of explaining it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science is always building on previous results. What this means is that the previous results have to hold up. If they don't, new experiments won’t work and the previous bad data will be found. And thrown out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take the example of human cloning. A Korean scientist named Hwang Woo Suk said he had cloned a human cell. This was huge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It opened up doors to personalized stem cells. And to all sorts of ethical dilemmas. \u003ca href=\"http://blog.sciam.com/index.php?title=stem_cell_meltdown&more=1&c=1&tb=1&pb=1\">But it was a lie\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA testing showed that the work was bogus. Scientists looked bad here (or at least this one did). But science corrected itself and marches on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lack of understanding by the public about how science works is also at least partly the fault of the scientists (and science educators). Why? Because scientists tend to be awful at talking about science to the public. So much so that people don't listen or hear what they want to hear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://cmrosa.backpackit.com/assets/849/399/blog_distrust2.jpg\">\u003cem>Rosalind Franklin\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Now none of this is surprising as talking to the public isn't part of a scientist’s training. They are trained to do excellent science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If taught well they run all the right controls, come to reasonable conclusions and can plan the next set of experiments. But very few are taught to explain their work to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so if they have an exciting finding that is either important or sexy enough for the media, they are thrust into the spotlight. Where they often stumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes they speak in a technical fog that makes their results hard to decipher. Or they don't take the time to explain the basics. Or they ignore the effect their work will have on people and their beliefs. Or a host of other possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so the public misunderstands and questions their work. I remember listening to a story on PBS' own NewsHour program (a show I love by the way).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was a scientist on the show discussing new research on lung cancer. The correspondent asked about why people who don't smoke can still get lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientist never really answered the question. If she had known about the level of knowledge of the public, she could have responded like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Smoking increases your risk of cancer because it damages your DNA. And cancer is caused by DNA damage. Not all DNA damage leads to cancer, though. So only some smokers get lung cancer. And there are lots of other ways to damage DNA besides smoking. So some nonsmokers get lung cancer too.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the scientist didn't get into the basics of cancer, it was more difficult for some of the audience to interpret her results. And so easier to mistrust them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What to do? Programs are being created to make scientists more aware of what the public knows about science (I run one called Stanford at The Tech). And how to write and talk about science with the public in a way that is entertaining, accurate, and appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As more of these programs are created and more scientists are trained, hopefully the public's distrust for scientists will decrease. And like I said, I only touched on a couple of points here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I didn't bring up the effects of exaggerated claims about a scientist's work. Or exaggerated claims about when a scientist's work will lead to a cure for a disease. Or when stem cells will cure diabetes. Or when…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why else do you think scientists are so mistrusted? Can you think of any ways scientists can regain the trust of the public?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The prevalent distrust of science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\" target=\"_blank\"> http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/maddox1.html\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Mistrust of Science\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\" target=\"_blank\"> http://memetherapy.net/19/mistrust-of-science-part-one/\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/strong> is a Geneticist-in-Residence at \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a> in San Jose, CA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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