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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Would I get paid?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes – we offer a small stipend on a per post basis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Alrighty, then. How do I apply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Email us a note and bio to questeditor@kqed.org explaining what you'd like to write for us. Please also include some links to relevant blogs you admire, and/or participate in, and why. Send us a writing sample or two (links are fine), and we'll review it in the next couple weeks. Last day to submit is February 1st. Our hope is to bring aboard a few new bloggers by mid-February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Some beats we're interested in \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although we want to hear from a wide range of writers, here are a few coverage areas we're keen on in particular:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>• Bay ecology background and issues\u003cbr>\n• Science education\u003cbr>\n• Silicon Valley / engineering innovations\u003cbr>\n• Hacks, DIY, and hands-on science activities\u003cbr>\n• Hiking and outdoors (with a science focus)\u003cbr>\n• Food science\u003cbr>\n• Convergence of art & science\u003cbr>\n• Nature & science photography\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Writing Guidelines\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(As laid out by our managing editor, Paul Rogers)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why does my grandmother care? \u003c/strong>A key requirement of QUEST bloggers will be to explain scientific and environmental issues in a way that the general public can understand. Our audience is mostly made up of people who aren’t scientists or environmental activists. Posts should explain why the topics they are writing about are relevant to Bay Area residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Get to the point.\u003c/strong> Studies have shown that readers spend only a minute or two on most web sites before moving on. The average reader reads about 200 words a minute. Write tight, and lively. Keep it interesting and informative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avoid jargon.\u003c/strong> The purpose of good writing is to communicate clearly. Don’t use complex, esoteric scientific terms. Instead of saying \"non-point source pollution,\" say \"polluted runoff.\" Instead of \"extravehicular activity,\" say “space walk.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be personal.\u003c/strong> Relate personal experiences. Speak in the first person. Tell them where you saw the blue herons or which movie best depicts what a real moon base might look like. Find your own voice and write in a compelling, approachable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Be passionate.\u003c/strong> Write about subjects and topics that you care about. Please don’t feel you have to stick to a script or formula. Express yourself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Drive traffic to the blog.\u003c/strong> Place a link in your correspondence and comments to the blog. Mention it on other web forums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Write for the bigger picture.\u003c/strong> Don’t view the blog as a place just to promote your institution or pet cause. Keep in mind your audience is made up of a wide diversity of people, with wide interests. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speak your mind, but check your facts.\u003c/strong> Or your audience will do it for you with painful results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Know your fellow bloggers.\u003c/strong> You'll be part of a vibrant community with fresh ideas and discussions nearly every day. Don't be afraid to comment on their posts, or link to their entries. Have fun with it! Dreary bloggers or insufferable policy wonks need not apply.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28694\" title=\"got mercury\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/got-mercury-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"got mercury\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>This week, after decades of legal delays and foot dragging by the coal and power industry, the \u003ca href=\"http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/1e5ab1124055f3b28525781f0042ed40/bd8b3f37edf5716d8525796d005dd086!OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\">EPA unveiled a new rule\u003c/a> protecting public health from mercury and other toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/mats/\" target=\"_blank\">Mercury and Air Toxic Standards\u003c/a> announced by \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-p-jackson/mercury-emissions-standards_b_1162892.html?ref=green\" target=\"_blank\">EPA administrator Lisa Jackson\u003c/a> on December 21st require the electrical industry to limit stack emissions of mercury, arsenic and other toxic pollutants that originate from coal and oil-fired power plants and end up in America's air, water and food. Power plants are the largest source of mercury emissions at around 50 tons of mercury pollution annually. Because the particles are heavier than air, the mercury eventually falls back down and is deposited in rivers, lakes and oceans where it is converted into a more toxic form called methylmercury. This builds up in the food chain, meaning that fish at the top, such as striped bass, blue fin tuna and shark, carry the highest levels of the toxin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The EPA estimates that 11,000 premature deaths and 130,000 cases of aggravated asthma among children annually by 2016 will be prevented, as well as other health benefits. Women, children and the developing fetus are most at risk for serious health problems resulting from mercury exposure. Between 300,000 and 600,000 of the 4 million babies born in the U.S. each year are exposed to significant amounts of the neurotoxin while in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using scrubbers and other well-demonstrated technology, the rule requires power companies install equipment or shut down old plants by 2014 with the possibility of an extension into a fourth year. Seventeen states have already required the industry to apply the clean technology. These older US plants, operating mostly in the Midwest and East, can affect our Bay Area waterways and we will benefit from the new rule. However, most of the mercury in the San Francisco Bay enters from spills, the air, or water runoff from land from natural sources and historical mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury levels will remain high in many species of San Francisco Bay and some ocean fish as well as other toxins like PCBs. The California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\" target=\"_blank\">OEHHA\u003c/a>) monitored contaminants in chemical contaminants in fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the EPA rule is good news for Americans, we must be cautious about what fish and how much fish we consume. Some fish from San Francisco Bay like rockfish and smelt are low in mercury and can be safely eaten. Others like wild king salmon are high in Omega-3s that have been demonstrated to be beneficial to human health. Others like sharks, striped bass and other top predators like swordfish and tuna bio-concentrate mercury and should be avoided, especially by women 18-45 and children under 7 years. The point is to ask where your fish is coming from, how was it caught and how much can you eat. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.gotmercury.org/article.php?list=type&type=75\" target=\"_blank\">mercury calculator\u003c/a> on the \"Got Mercury?\" website allows one to calculate how much mercury they are consuming and if it exceeds advisory guidelines produced by the EPA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \"Got Mercury\" Campaign, a project of the Turtle Island Restoration network based in Marin County, is building awareness about toxic mercury in commonly eaten seafood. To reduce risk from mercury exposure, \"Got Mercury\" is asking the government to increase health advisories and reduce action levels for mercury in fish. The program is also petitioning the FDA to lower the legal mercury action level from 1 part per million (ppm) to 0.5 ppm to be in line with the Environmental Protection Agency’s mercury standards for recreationally caught fish and to require seafood sellers to post mercury in fish warning signs.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/nano-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"nano\" title=\"nano\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-28041\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From hackerspaces to banana slugs, flying telescopes to cheese — it’s been a quite a diverse year of storytelling here at QUEST. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 video and audio stories and blog posts (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed from the past year. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below, and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/stem-cell-gold-rush/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stem Cell Gold Rush \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-banana-slugs-unpeeled/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Banana Slugs Unpeeled \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dark-energy/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Berkeley Lab Physicist Shares Nobel\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-open-source-creativity-hackerspaces/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science on the SPOT: Open Source Creativity – Hackerspaces\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/super-laser-at-the-national-ignition-facility/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Super Laser at the National Ignition Facility\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-worlds-most-powerful-microscope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The World’s Most Powerful Microscope \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-art-of-cheese/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science & Art of Cheese \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/mt-umunhum-return-to-the-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mt. Umunhum: Return to the Summit\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-fierce-humboldt-squid/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Fierce Humboldt Squid \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>AUDIO:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/up-all-night-on-nasas-flying-telescope/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Up All Night on NASA’s Flying Telescope/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-lost-lagoon/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Lost Lagoon\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"/quest/audio/energy-saving-windows-get-smarter/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Energy-Saving Windows Get Smarter \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-amazing-transformation-of-san-franciscos-sludge-puddle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Amazing Transformation of San Francisco’s “Sludge Puddle” \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/24/supercomputing-draft/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supercomputers Hit an Energy Wall \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/from-tunnel-to-tap-quake-proofing-our-water-supply/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">From Tunnel to Tap: Quake-Proofing Our Water Supply \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/a-big-captivating-idea-the-bay-area-ridge-trail/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“A Big, Captivating Idea”: The Bay Area Ridge Trail \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/architecture-for-the-birds/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Architecture for the Birds \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/gulls-threaten-south-bay-salt-pond-restoration-work/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gulls Threaten South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Work \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/in-a-sea-of-energy-data-utilities-try-to-inspire-conservation/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a Sea of Energy Data, Utilities Try to Inspire Conservation \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>BLOG:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/17/explosive-hypothesis-about-humans-lack-of-genetic-diversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Explosive hypothesis about humans’ lack of genetic diversity \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/01/diet-sodas-may-not-be-as-harmless-as-you-think/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Diet Sodas May Not Be As Harmless As You Think\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health Officials to Consider Tightening Vaccine Exemptions\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/18/scientists-understand-heart-disease-better-still-give-bad-advice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientists Understand Heart Disease Better, Still Give Bad Advice\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/06/24/the-megalodons-descendents/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Megalodon’s Descendants \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/02/20/famous-african-american-scientists-innovators-part-ii/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Famous African American Scientists & Innovators: Part II\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/30/swine-flu-a-virus-or-a-bacteria/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Swine Flu – A Virus or a Bacteria? \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/16/dont-get-hacked-by-firesheep-over-open-wi-fi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cyber Wolves in (Fire)Sheep Clothing\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/19/15-months-later-rediscovered-san-francisco-plant-thrives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A-Head of the Curve: Interview with Concussion Expert Kevin Guskiewicz",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28540\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Kevin Guskiewicz and his team use helmet accelerometers, known as the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) systems, to identify at-risk behavior on the football field.\" title=\"unc_concussions640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28540\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Kevin Guskiewicz and his team use helmet accelerometers, known as the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) systems, to identify at-risk behavior on the football field.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September 2011, \u003ca href=\"http://tbicenter.unc.edu/MAG_Center/Home.html\">UNC-Chapel Hill sports medicine\u003c/a> researcher Kevin Guskiewicz was \u003ca href=\"http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.7730971/k.9818/Kevin_Guskiewicz.htm\">awarded a MacArthur “Genius Grant\u003c/a>” for his work on what he calls a hidden epidemic: sports-related concussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The award comes with a head-spinning a $500,000 grant, a major portion of which Guskiewicz says will go \u003ca href=\"http://college.unc.edu/news-and-media/news-archive/september2011/unc-concussion-researcher-named-macarthur-fellow\">towards his work\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have an amazing interdisciplinary research team at UNC, and the MacArthur Fellowship will help us to expand our work into developing injury prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols for concussion that can help to preserve sports as we know it today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s right: a world-renowned concussion expert wants to \u003cem>save\u003c/em>, not eliminate, contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might assume that Guskiewicz prefers to keep his four children off the field and on the sideline, but that’s not the case at all\u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/sep/20/news/la-heb-macarthur-concussions-football-20110919\">. It’s been reported\u003c/a> that “three of his four children have played football, and Guskiewicz has coached Pop Warner teams for five of the last six years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, barely a week goes by without another news report linking sports related concussions to brain trauma. Even \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec11/hockey_12-06.html\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> is jumping into the rink. Guskiewicz applauds the media for bringing attention to the issue but he stops short of calling a TKO on all contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an edited version of an \u003ca href=\"http://video.unctv.org/video/2157755106\">UNC-TV interview with with Kevin Guskiewicz\u003c/a> after he was awarded the MacArthur Fellowship:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: Let's break this down into very simple terms. What is a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: The word “concuss” means to shake violently. It's a shaking of the head. The brain rebounds off of the undersurface of the skull and can be damaged. Most often, fortunately, it's considered a mild traumatic brain injury because it's temporary in nature in terms of the signs and symptoms that [athletes] experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions_balance_test.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \" title=\"unc_concussions_balance_test\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28539\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: What does the public think of a concussion? Do we under or overplay it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: I think there certainly has been a culture shift in the right direction, meaning we're taking it more seriously. The media has done a great job of creating awareness about the dangers of playing while still experiencing symptoms from a concussion, and we're trying to educate athletes, coaches, parents about those signs and symptoms and to take the right precautions in terms of staying out of play and not returning to play until the symptoms have resolved and being cleared by a physician or a clinician with training in concussion management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In which sports are athletes most prone to suffering a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: [With] any collision sport there's a higher incidence of concussion. So football, lacrosse, hockey, wrestling, gymnastics. Those tend to sit at the higher end of the incidence rates in terms of concussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: How do you know you’ve suffered a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: Common signs and symptoms are headache, dizziness, blurred vision, feeling as though you're in a fog or having concentration problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that day or that evening could be difficulty sleeping or loss of appetite, things of that nature. Memory impairment, loss of consciousness. Those are two parameters we used to weigh very heavily when diagnosing a concussion and saying this truly is a “concussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go back 15, 20 years ago, it used to be, “Johnny hasn't lost consciousness, so he hasn't sustained a concussion.” Less than 10% of concussions involve loss of consciousness. So it's admitting you don't feel quite right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been described as a hidden epidemic. Unlike an ankle sprain, we can't see this injury. X-rays can't be used to identify the injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In the everyday world, are concussions a big deal? If you get a couple in high school playing football, should you worry about it when you grow up and go about your daily life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: At UNC, we house the \u003ca href=\"http://exss.unc.edu/research-and-laboratories/center-for-the-study-of-retired-athletes/overview/\">Center for the Study of Retired Athletes\u003c/a>. We've been studying retired NFL football players for the last 11 ½ years. Those with a history of three or more concussions are at an increased risk for depression or a precursor to Alzheimer's. We do need to be concerned that once a young child or a high-schooler has had two or three concussions, we begin to ask the question, what does that mean for that individual at age 35, 45, 55? And so the late in life consequences must be considered in managing these acute injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Guskiewicz, Ph.D., ATC is the Kenan Distinguished Professor and chair of the department of exercise and sport science in UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see a recent QUEST Northern California video about concussions, watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sidelined-sports-concussions/\">Sidelined: Sports Concussions\u003c/a> video story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, barely a week goes by without another news report linking sports related concussions to brain trauma. Even \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/health/july-dec11/hockey_12-06.html\">PBS NewsHour\u003c/a> is jumping into the rink. Guskiewicz applauds the media for bringing attention to the issue but he stops short of calling a TKO on all contact sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an edited version of an \u003ca href=\"http://video.unctv.org/video/2157755106\">UNC-TV interview with with Kevin Guskiewicz\u003c/a> after he was awarded the MacArthur Fellowship:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: Let's break this down into very simple terms. What is a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: The word “concuss” means to shake violently. It's a shaking of the head. The brain rebounds off of the undersurface of the skull and can be damaged. Most often, fortunately, it's considered a mild traumatic brain injury because it's temporary in nature in terms of the signs and symptoms that [athletes] experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28539\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/unc_concussions_balance_test.jpg\" alt=\"Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \" title=\"unc_concussions_balance_test\" width=\"300\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-28539\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kevin Guskiewicz utilizes balance and orientation tests to determine the severity of sports-related head injuries. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: What does the public think of a concussion? Do we under or overplay it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: I think there certainly has been a culture shift in the right direction, meaning we're taking it more seriously. The media has done a great job of creating awareness about the dangers of playing while still experiencing symptoms from a concussion, and we're trying to educate athletes, coaches, parents about those signs and symptoms and to take the right precautions in terms of staying out of play and not returning to play until the symptoms have resolved and being cleared by a physician or a clinician with training in concussion management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In which sports are athletes most prone to suffering a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: [With] any collision sport there's a higher incidence of concussion. So football, lacrosse, hockey, wrestling, gymnastics. Those tend to sit at the higher end of the incidence rates in terms of concussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: How do you know you’ve suffered a concussion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: Common signs and symptoms are headache, dizziness, blurred vision, feeling as though you're in a fog or having concentration problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later that day or that evening could be difficulty sleeping or loss of appetite, things of that nature. Memory impairment, loss of consciousness. Those are two parameters we used to weigh very heavily when diagnosing a concussion and saying this truly is a “concussion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you go back 15, 20 years ago, it used to be, “Johnny hasn't lost consciousness, so he hasn't sustained a concussion.” Less than 10% of concussions involve loss of consciousness. So it's admitting you don't feel quite right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been described as a hidden epidemic. Unlike an ankle sprain, we can't see this injury. X-rays can't be used to identify the injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>UNC-TV\u003c/strong>: In the everyday world, are concussions a big deal? If you get a couple in high school playing football, should you worry about it when you grow up and go about your daily life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Guskiewicz\u003c/strong>: At UNC, we house the \u003ca href=\"http://exss.unc.edu/research-and-laboratories/center-for-the-study-of-retired-athletes/overview/\">Center for the Study of Retired Athletes\u003c/a>. We've been studying retired NFL football players for the last 11 ½ years. Those with a history of three or more concussions are at an increased risk for depression or a precursor to Alzheimer's. We do need to be concerned that once a young child or a high-schooler has had two or three concussions, we begin to ask the question, what does that mean for that individual at age 35, 45, 55? And so the late in life consequences must be considered in managing these acute injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kevin Guskiewicz, Ph.D., ATC is the Kenan Distinguished Professor and chair of the department of exercise and sport science in UNC’s College of Arts and Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To see a recent QUEST Northern California video about concussions, watch our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/sidelined-sports-concussions/\">Sidelined: Sports Concussions\u003c/a> video story. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28315\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-082-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-082\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28315\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nation's first hospital culled its archives to create a collection of medical and botanical texts from the 18th and early 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/exhibits/flower-to-pharmacy/\">Flower to Pharmacy\u003c/a>,” is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/\">Pennsylvania Hospital Historic Collections\u003c/a> in Philadelphia. The illustrations are beautiful, the hand-written lecture notes from medical students are fun to decipher, but maybe most striking is the physicians' focus on body fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phlegm was a big deal in Colonial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They really believed that these systems were out of whack and you had to do something to bring it back into order,” said curator and archivist Stacey Peeples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors practiced “humoral medicine,” an ancient idea that health comes from a balance of the body's four humors--phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. In addition to bloodletting, physicians relied on sweating and purging and needed the right mix of flowers, roots and herbs to make that happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-026-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-026\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28314\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is a compendium of plants used for medicine as well as prescriptions for pills and poultices. Long lists detail the healing properties of blue flag and yellow-button tansy as well as familiar kitchen herbs such as ginger, rosemary and thyme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In “The American Practice of Medicine,” Connecticut-born Wooster Beach writes that peppermint is “agreeable and penetrating, slightly bitter, followed by a sensation of cold in the mouth” and good for settling the stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also look up ways to fight flatulence, hysteria, dropsy (inflammation), piles (hemorrhoids) and cardialgia (heartburn).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the oldest texts is a 1633 edition of John Gerard's “Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes.” The English herbalist includes detailed line drawings and warnings against the most poisonous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For them to say something will kill you immediately, probably means it was pretty harsh,” Peeples said. “Given the amount of enemas and purgatives these people were taking. It had to be really bad. We like to call it “heroic medicine,” that idea that the physician will go to any means to cure you, even if meant killing you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the books were part of the hospital's active lending library and are amazingly preserved, especially Mark Catesby's “Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.” It's a picture book of plants and insects illustrated on deeply saturated color plates – and lovely for art’s sake alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Grube is a nurse practitioner and registered herbalist who teaches a course on alternative therapies at the University of Pennsylvania. She collects her own historical volumes on plant medicine and has done research in the Pennsylvania Hospital archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” includes some of the first “materia medica” produced for an American audience, and Grube says the meticulous anthologies are fascinating for modern day herbalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early colonial doctors had a very different conception of disease and hadn’t discovered viruses or bacteria, but Grube says that didn’t keep them from hitting on the true medicinal value of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sage, for instance, is antimicrobial and thyme has anti-viral properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians made connections from careful observation over time, Grube says. Doctors likely didn’t understand that an herb was killing off microbes, but it was clear that certain plants helped for cold and cough, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” collects the texts used by white, male physicians at Pennsylvania Hospital in the 1700s, but Grube says their records include knowledge learned from Native Americans and traced back to ancient Egypt and Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curator Stacey Peeples said some of the information in the library collection was surely common knowledge among Colonial women who kept their own recipe books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today if you have a headache, you don't run to the hospital,” Peeples said. “The first thing do, is you take an aspirin. It was similar at that time. The woman was entrusted with the care of the family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why did these traditions happen? They happened because they were effective. I don't think people really waste their time on things that aren't effective,” Grube said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28315\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-082-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-082\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28315\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archivist Stacey Peeples displays a hand-written text with a recipe for 'stomach pills.' (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The nation's first hospital culled its archives to create a collection of medical and botanical texts from the 18th and early 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exhibit, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/collections/exhibits/flower-to-pharmacy/\">Flower to Pharmacy\u003c/a>,” is housed at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/\">Pennsylvania Hospital Historic Collections\u003c/a> in Philadelphia. The illustrations are beautiful, the hand-written lecture notes from medical students are fun to decipher, but maybe most striking is the physicians' focus on body fluids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phlegm was a big deal in Colonial times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They really believed that these systems were out of whack and you had to do something to bring it back into order,” said curator and archivist Stacey Peeples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors practiced “humoral medicine,” an ancient idea that health comes from a balance of the body's four humors--phlegm, blood, yellow bile and black bile. In addition to bloodletting, physicians relied on sweating and purging and needed the right mix of flowers, roots and herbs to make that happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28314\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/pennsylvania-hospital-026-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\" title=\"pennsylvania-hospital-026\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28314\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the library inside the historic Pennsylvania Hospital (Photo: Todd Vachon/WHYY)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exhibit is a compendium of plants used for medicine as well as prescriptions for pills and poultices. Long lists detail the healing properties of blue flag and yellow-button tansy as well as familiar kitchen herbs such as ginger, rosemary and thyme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In “The American Practice of Medicine,” Connecticut-born Wooster Beach writes that peppermint is “agreeable and penetrating, slightly bitter, followed by a sensation of cold in the mouth” and good for settling the stomach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can also look up ways to fight flatulence, hysteria, dropsy (inflammation), piles (hemorrhoids) and cardialgia (heartburn).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the oldest texts is a 1633 edition of John Gerard's “Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes.” The English herbalist includes detailed line drawings and warnings against the most poisonous plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For them to say something will kill you immediately, probably means it was pretty harsh,” Peeples said. “Given the amount of enemas and purgatives these people were taking. It had to be really bad. We like to call it “heroic medicine,” that idea that the physician will go to any means to cure you, even if meant killing you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the books were part of the hospital's active lending library and are amazingly preserved, especially Mark Catesby's “Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.” It's a picture book of plants and insects illustrated on deeply saturated color plates – and lovely for art’s sake alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wendy Grube is a nurse practitioner and registered herbalist who teaches a course on alternative therapies at the University of Pennsylvania. She collects her own historical volumes on plant medicine and has done research in the Pennsylvania Hospital archives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” includes some of the first “materia medica” produced for an American audience, and Grube says the meticulous anthologies are fascinating for modern day herbalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early colonial doctors had a very different conception of disease and hadn’t discovered viruses or bacteria, but Grube says that didn’t keep them from hitting on the true medicinal value of plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sage, for instance, is antimicrobial and thyme has anti-viral properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physicians made connections from careful observation over time, Grube says. Doctors likely didn’t understand that an herb was killing off microbes, but it was clear that certain plants helped for cold and cough, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flower to Pharmacy” collects the texts used by white, male physicians at Pennsylvania Hospital in the 1700s, but Grube says their records include knowledge learned from Native Americans and traced back to ancient Egypt and Greece.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curator Stacey Peeples said some of the information in the library collection was surely common knowledge among Colonial women who kept their own recipe books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today if you have a headache, you don't run to the hospital,” Peeples said. “The first thing do, is you take an aspirin. It was similar at that time. The woman was entrusted with the care of the family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why did these traditions happen? They happened because they were effective. I don't think people really waste their time on things that aren't effective,” Grube said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can PTSD Nightmares Be Cured?",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28265\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In many PTSD patients, sleep problems such as insomnia and nightmares are the most common complaint. (Photo courtesy of Flickr user <a href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kreep\" target=\"_blank\">Kreep</a>.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sam Brace doesn’t want to talk about what he saw when he was a soldier in Iraq eight years ago. Brace is an inpatient at a PTSD treatment center run by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Menlo Park, and that trauma is something he’s actively trying not to dwell on. But what he can’t control are his dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was overseas we hit an IED, um…\" he says, trailing off. \"When I have a nightmare normally it’s something related to that. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists who study PTSD thought of nightmares and insomnia as byproducts of the disorder, side effects that could only be targeted through daytime interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. But that view is changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sam Brace and others afflicted with PTSD, nightmares and insomnia lead to alcoholism and drug abuse, and the inability to function well during the day. Doctors who treat PTSD say that sleep is central to the disorder, and that restoring it may go a long way toward helping patients return to normal lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Wacky\" dreams are healthy dreams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Woodward, a psychiatrist with the National Center for PTSD in Menlo Park says the hallmark of a healthy dream is that it seems kind of random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re wacky,\" says Woodward. \"They associate things that are not normally associated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTSD dreams, in contrast, are like a broken record: the same, real-life event, played over and over again. Woodward says he's seen patients haunted by the same true-to-life nightmare for twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question scientists had was: why? Why can't people with PTSD sleep normally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Healthy sleep as therapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://walkerlab.berkeley.edu/people.html\">Matthew Walker\u003c/a> is a sleep researcher at the University of California, Berkeley. One of his particular interests is in rapid eye movement, or REM. It’s the stage of sleep where a lot of dreaming occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REM sleep is also the only time of the day that the brain stops producing a kind of adrenaline called norepinephrine. That fact struck Walker as an intriguing mystery. Why would rapid eye movement sleep suppress this neurochemical, he wondered. Is there any function to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Walker and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119526\">found\u003c/a> is that in healthy people, REM sleep is kind of like therapy. It's an adrenaline-free environment where the brain can process its memories while stripping away their sharp, emotional edges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you come back the next day,\" says Walker, \"yes, you can better recollect [the memory]. But also, it doesn’t trigger that same visceral reaction that you had at the time of learning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emotions are useful, says Walker, because they show us what really matters to us. But it's not useful to hold onto what he calls the \"emotional blanket,\" that accompanied the original event. The emotions, he says, \"have done their job. Now it’s time to hold on to the information of that memory, but let go of the emotion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Broken\" REM sleep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker believes that in many people who have PTSD, REM sleep is broken. Something about PTSD either causes the brain to be overly sensitive to norepinephrine, or forces the brain to create too much of it. The brain's adrenaline system is effectively out of whack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, REM sleep is no longer theraputic. The PTSD brain can't process tough memories, so it just cycles through them, again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs a question: What if you could change that? What if you could make the adrenaline go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An old drug finds a new role\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind directs Mental Health Services for the Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. About a decade ago, he became interested in a drug called Prazosin, which was traditionally used to treat high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prazosin can be bought generically for about ten cents a pill. It can have the side effect of making people dizzy. For the most part, it's been supplanted by other, more recent hypertension drugs, whose effects last longer. But Prazosin turned out to have another use: It makes the PTSD brain less receptive to adrenaline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, as Raskind discovered, prazosin can change the way those patients dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raskind tells the story of one of the first vets he ever treated with prazosin, a veteran Raskind calls Charles, who spent 13 months in a combat infantry unit in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunted Charles was one specific event from his service: Under an ambush by Vietcong forces, Charles and a fellow soldier, his closest friend, found themselves trapped in a landing zone in the jungle. Charles watched as his friend was killed by a mortar round. Fragments of the round pierced Charles' right knee, leaving him unable to run. Charles was saved at the last minute by troops in a Huey helicopter, just as Vietcong forces climbed through the wire to reach him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This near-death experience,\" says Raskind, \"and even more distressing, the death of his best friend, whose death he felt he was unable to prevent, haunted him most nights, every week, year in and year out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few weeks of Prazosin, Charles came in for a follow-up appointment. He told Raskind that he didn't think the drug was working. He was still dreaming, just about something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raskind, the dream went like this: \"I'm in my fifth-grade classroom. And there’s a test, and if I don’t pass the test, I’m not gonna be promoted to the next grade. And I never even got the assignment!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the stress dream, says Raskind, of a healthy brain, trying to work things out. \"I said 'Charles, that’s MY nightmare!'\" Raskind recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the studies on prazosin have been small (abstracts can be found online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Thompson%20CE%2C%20Taylor%20FB%2C%20McFall%20ME%2C%20Barnes%20RF%2C%20Raskind%20MA\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473055\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20726290\">here\u003c/a> – as well as of a 2008 round-up of data, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387899\">here\u003c/a>) but promising in decreasing nightmares and helping people sleep longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small studies involving non-combat PTSD – people who had been victims of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350188/?tool=pubmed\">crime and sexual assault\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934720\">refugees\u003c/a> – found an improvement in the quality of their dreams, and overall sleep, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Veterans Affairs is undergoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/programs/csp/csp563.cfm\">its own study \u003c/a>on prazosin in PTSD, which is taking part in 13 medical centers across the country. But is already prescribing the drug to about 15 percent of its PTSD patients -- about 70,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind, for one, would like to see that number rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For us,\" he says, \"it's a simple thing that works.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The hallmark of a healthy dream is its weirdness. PTSD dreams, in contrast, are like a broken record, the same, real-life event, played over and over again, in some patients, for decades. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28265\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/12/Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Kreep_Bed_Flickr_REV\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-28265\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In many PTSD patients, sleep problems such as insomnia and nightmares are the most common complaint. (Photo courtesy of Flickr user <a href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kreep\" target=\"_blank\">Kreep</a>.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Sam Brace doesn’t want to talk about what he saw when he was a soldier in Iraq eight years ago. Brace is an inpatient at a PTSD treatment center run by the Department of Veterans Affairs in Menlo Park, and that trauma is something he’s actively trying not to dwell on. But what he can’t control are his dreams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I was overseas we hit an IED, um…\" he says, trailing off. \"When I have a nightmare normally it’s something related to that. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists who study PTSD thought of nightmares and insomnia as byproducts of the disorder, side effects that could only be targeted through daytime interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy. But that view is changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sam Brace and others afflicted with PTSD, nightmares and insomnia lead to alcoholism and drug abuse, and the inability to function well during the day. Doctors who treat PTSD say that sleep is central to the disorder, and that restoring it may go a long way toward helping patients return to normal lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Wacky\" dreams are healthy dreams\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Woodward, a psychiatrist with the National Center for PTSD in Menlo Park says the hallmark of a healthy dream is that it seems kind of random.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They’re wacky,\" says Woodward. \"They associate things that are not normally associated.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PTSD dreams, in contrast, are like a broken record: the same, real-life event, played over and over again. Woodward says he's seen patients haunted by the same true-to-life nightmare for twenty years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question scientists had was: why? Why can't people with PTSD sleep normally?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Healthy sleep as therapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://walkerlab.berkeley.edu/people.html\">Matthew Walker\u003c/a> is a sleep researcher at the University of California, Berkeley. One of his particular interests is in rapid eye movement, or REM. It’s the stage of sleep where a lot of dreaming occurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REM sleep is also the only time of the day that the brain stops producing a kind of adrenaline called norepinephrine. That fact struck Walker as an intriguing mystery. Why would rapid eye movement sleep suppress this neurochemical, he wondered. Is there any function to that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Walker and his colleagues \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119526\">found\u003c/a> is that in healthy people, REM sleep is kind of like therapy. It's an adrenaline-free environment where the brain can process its memories while stripping away their sharp, emotional edges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you come back the next day,\" says Walker, \"yes, you can better recollect [the memory]. But also, it doesn’t trigger that same visceral reaction that you had at the time of learning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emotions are useful, says Walker, because they show us what really matters to us. But it's not useful to hold onto what he calls the \"emotional blanket,\" that accompanied the original event. The emotions, he says, \"have done their job. Now it’s time to hold on to the information of that memory, but let go of the emotion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"Broken\" REM sleep\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker believes that in many people who have PTSD, REM sleep is broken. Something about PTSD either causes the brain to be overly sensitive to norepinephrine, or forces the brain to create too much of it. The brain's adrenaline system is effectively out of whack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, REM sleep is no longer theraputic. The PTSD brain can't process tough memories, so it just cycles through them, again and again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which begs a question: What if you could change that? What if you could make the adrenaline go away?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An old drug finds a new role\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind directs Mental Health Services for the Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System. About a decade ago, he became interested in a drug called Prazosin, which was traditionally used to treat high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prazosin can be bought generically for about ten cents a pill. It can have the side effect of making people dizzy. For the most part, it's been supplanted by other, more recent hypertension drugs, whose effects last longer. But Prazosin turned out to have another use: It makes the PTSD brain less receptive to adrenaline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, as Raskind discovered, prazosin can change the way those patients dream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raskind tells the story of one of the first vets he ever treated with prazosin, a veteran Raskind calls Charles, who spent 13 months in a combat infantry unit in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What haunted Charles was one specific event from his service: Under an ambush by Vietcong forces, Charles and a fellow soldier, his closest friend, found themselves trapped in a landing zone in the jungle. Charles watched as his friend was killed by a mortar round. Fragments of the round pierced Charles' right knee, leaving him unable to run. Charles was saved at the last minute by troops in a Huey helicopter, just as Vietcong forces climbed through the wire to reach him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This near-death experience,\" says Raskind, \"and even more distressing, the death of his best friend, whose death he felt he was unable to prevent, haunted him most nights, every week, year in and year out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a few weeks of Prazosin, Charles came in for a follow-up appointment. He told Raskind that he didn't think the drug was working. He was still dreaming, just about something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Raskind, the dream went like this: \"I'm in my fifth-grade classroom. And there’s a test, and if I don’t pass the test, I’m not gonna be promoted to the next grade. And I never even got the assignment!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the stress dream, says Raskind, of a healthy brain, trying to work things out. \"I said 'Charles, that’s MY nightmare!'\" Raskind recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far the studies on prazosin have been small (abstracts can be found online, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Thompson%20CE%2C%20Taylor%20FB%2C%20McFall%20ME%2C%20Barnes%20RF%2C%20Raskind%20MA\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20473055\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20726290\">here\u003c/a> – as well as of a 2008 round-up of data, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387899\">here\u003c/a>) but promising in decreasing nightmares and helping people sleep longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other small studies involving non-combat PTSD – people who had been victims of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2350188/?tool=pubmed\">crime and sexual assault\u003c/a>, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934720\">refugees\u003c/a> – found an improvement in the quality of their dreams, and overall sleep, as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Veterans Affairs is undergoing \u003ca href=\"http://www.research.va.gov/programs/csp/csp563.cfm\">its own study \u003c/a>on prazosin in PTSD, which is taking part in 13 medical centers across the country. But is already prescribing the drug to about 15 percent of its PTSD patients -- about 70,000 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murray Raskind, for one, would like to see that number rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "USGS at the Forefront of Saving Bats From White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27849\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-ice640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27849\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in the entrance of a Vermont cave in March 2008, it was clear from the dead bats in the snow, another flying in the frigid cold and one clinging to an icicle that something was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Wildlife Disease Specialist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin. The Center’s mission is to safeguard wildlife and ecosystem health through dynamic partnerships and exceptional science. I was at the cave with two Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department biologists to learn more about white-nose syndrome (WNS), a new disease that was killing bats in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are fascinating creatures that have evolved very specialized survival skills. One of these is their ability to hibernate to conserve energy by reducing their heart rate, temperature and other body functions to very low levels for extended periods. This allows bats to survive long winters using their stored body fat when their insect food source is unavailable. Although bats may briefly rouse out of hibernation to drink water or move to a different part of the cave, they typically stay deep in their hibernaculum or winter “roost site” until spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was odd in winter 2007 when New York residents reported seeing bats flying during the day and finding them dead in the snow in their yards. Biologists following up on the reports were surprised to find a nearby cave littered with dead bats and a fuzzy white growth on the nose and wings of some of the live bats. The following winter, sick and dead bats were reported in multiple locations in New York as well as Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The disease has now spread as far west as Kentucky, as far south as North Carolina, and to four Canadian provinces. It is estimated that over a million bats have died since 2007, making this the largest disease outbreak among mammals in modern times. WNS has spread very rapidly, by bats themselves, and likely also by people moving between \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/index.jsp\">affected and unaffected sites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds-426x360.jpg\" alt=\"WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \" title=\"3-wns-map-2007-08-ds\" width=\"426\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on map for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">larger version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navigating the icy rocks into the Vermont cave, dead bats were so numerous; stepping on them was sometimes unavoidable. A live little brown bat clinging to the rocks overhead didn’t have white nose fuzz but did have wing damage, which we now know, is one of the components of WNS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-white-nose-wing640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-white-nose-wing640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27858\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, scientists are collaborating to quickly learn as much as possible about this disease. One of my Center’s laboratories first isolated a cold-loving fungus from sick bats that they later named \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3015\">\u003cem>Geomyces destructans\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Additional studies determined that it is the cause of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10590.html\">WNS\u003c/a>. Other scientists studied the wing damage caused by the fungus and how the injury affects body temperature and hydration during hibernation. The caving community has helped efforts to prevent the accidental spread of the fungus to new areas on equipment and supplies. All involved hope to one-day find ways to slow or halt the spread of the disease and reduce bat deaths before WNS causes some bat species to become extinct.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27849\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-ice640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27849\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in the entrance of a Vermont cave in March 2008, it was clear from the dead bats in the snow, another flying in the frigid cold and one clinging to an icicle that something was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Wildlife Disease Specialist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin. The Center’s mission is to safeguard wildlife and ecosystem health through dynamic partnerships and exceptional science. I was at the cave with two Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department biologists to learn more about white-nose syndrome (WNS), a new disease that was killing bats in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are fascinating creatures that have evolved very specialized survival skills. One of these is their ability to hibernate to conserve energy by reducing their heart rate, temperature and other body functions to very low levels for extended periods. This allows bats to survive long winters using their stored body fat when their insect food source is unavailable. Although bats may briefly rouse out of hibernation to drink water or move to a different part of the cave, they typically stay deep in their hibernaculum or winter “roost site” until spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was odd in winter 2007 when New York residents reported seeing bats flying during the day and finding them dead in the snow in their yards. Biologists following up on the reports were surprised to find a nearby cave littered with dead bats and a fuzzy white growth on the nose and wings of some of the live bats. The following winter, sick and dead bats were reported in multiple locations in New York as well as Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The disease has now spread as far west as Kentucky, as far south as North Carolina, and to four Canadian provinces. It is estimated that over a million bats have died since 2007, making this the largest disease outbreak among mammals in modern times. WNS has spread very rapidly, by bats themselves, and likely also by people moving between \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/index.jsp\">affected and unaffected sites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds-426x360.jpg\" alt=\"WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \" title=\"3-wns-map-2007-08-ds\" width=\"426\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on map for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">larger version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navigating the icy rocks into the Vermont cave, dead bats were so numerous; stepping on them was sometimes unavoidable. A live little brown bat clinging to the rocks overhead didn’t have white nose fuzz but did have wing damage, which we now know, is one of the components of WNS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-white-nose-wing640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-white-nose-wing640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27858\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, scientists are collaborating to quickly learn as much as possible about this disease. One of my Center’s laboratories first isolated a cold-loving fungus from sick bats that they later named \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3015\">\u003cem>Geomyces destructans\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Additional studies determined that it is the cause of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10590.html\">WNS\u003c/a>. Other scientists studied the wing damage caused by the fungus and how the injury affects body temperature and hydration during hibernation. The caving community has helped efforts to prevent the accidental spread of the fungus to new areas on equipment and supplies. All involved hope to one-day find ways to slow or halt the spread of the disease and reduce bat deaths before WNS causes some bat species to become extinct.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Greene-Santiago-08-185x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" title=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" width=\"185\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-27672\">Thursday, December 1st is \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldaidsday.org/\">World AIDS Day\u003c/a>, a time to remember those who have died from the disease and focus on efforts to defeat the virus. It’s been thirty years since the first cases of AIDS were identified. QUEST's Andrea Kissack recently spoke with \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/greene/\">Warner Greene\u003c/a>, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\">Gladstone Institute\u003c/a> of Virology and Immunology in San Francisco about the latest in HIV research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60-million people are infected with HIV, worldwide, and more than 25 million have died of the virus according to Greene. While HIV has become more of a chronic disease in the U.S., thanks to progress in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug\">antiretrovirals\u003c/a>, it still continues to expand across the globe. In Sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 25 million people are living with the disease. In fact, for every person put on antiretrovirals, two more become infected. Says Greene, “We do not yet have a winning strategy in Africa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene views HIV research now as three big unanswered questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n1) We need a vaccine for those that are not infected\n\u003cp>2) We need a cure for those that are infected\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) We need to understand why individuals who are on antiretrovirals, and doing well, are dying ten to fifteen years before their time.\u003c/p>\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Greene says scientists at Gladstone, and around the world, are looking at promising research that could one day lead to a cure. “Right now people have to take the antiretroviral medicines for their entire life because there is a small set of cells that are harboring a latent or sleeping form of the virus which is not affected by antiretrovirals but once in a while it wakes up and spits out new virus. But if you remove antiretroviral therapy, after years of successful treatment, the slumbering virus can rekindle the entire fire and lead to a full blown infection within weeks. There are programs being funded by the federal government to attack these latent reservoirs,” says Greene who is working on the latency challenge at Gladstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest breaks in HIV research, according to Greene, include identifying the HIV virus, the advancement of antiretroviral therapy and the discovery that circumcision could drastically reduce the spread of the virus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Greene, “HIV is like no other virus. On the one hand it acts like a guided missile that attacks the immune system and on the other it has this amazing ability to change its form. It is like the virus is always a step ahead.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/11/2011-11-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/Greene-Santiago-08-185x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" title=\"Dr. Warner Greene\" width=\"185\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-27672\">Thursday, December 1st is \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldaidsday.org/\">World AIDS Day\u003c/a>, a time to remember those who have died from the disease and focus on efforts to defeat the virus. It’s been thirty years since the first cases of AIDS were identified. QUEST's Andrea Kissack recently spoke with \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/greene/\">Warner Greene\u003c/a>, Director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gladstone.ucsf.edu/gladstone/site/gweb1/\">Gladstone Institute\u003c/a> of Virology and Immunology in San Francisco about the latest in HIV research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 60-million people are infected with HIV, worldwide, and more than 25 million have died of the virus according to Greene. While HIV has become more of a chronic disease in the U.S., thanks to progress in \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiretroviral_drug\">antiretrovirals\u003c/a>, it still continues to expand across the globe. In Sub-Saharan Africa, approximately 25 million people are living with the disease. In fact, for every person put on antiretrovirals, two more become infected. Says Greene, “We do not yet have a winning strategy in Africa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greene views HIV research now as three big unanswered questions:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n1) We need a vaccine for those that are not infected\n\u003cp>2) We need a cure for those that are infected\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) We need to understand why individuals who are on antiretrovirals, and doing well, are dying ten to fifteen years before their time.\u003c/p>\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>Greene says scientists at Gladstone, and around the world, are looking at promising research that could one day lead to a cure. “Right now people have to take the antiretroviral medicines for their entire life because there is a small set of cells that are harboring a latent or sleeping form of the virus which is not affected by antiretrovirals but once in a while it wakes up and spits out new virus. But if you remove antiretroviral therapy, after years of successful treatment, the slumbering virus can rekindle the entire fire and lead to a full blown infection within weeks. There are programs being funded by the federal government to attack these latent reservoirs,” says Greene who is working on the latency challenge at Gladstone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>How do you see the world? \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/seeing/\">Visual perspective\u003c/a> - the way things appear to our eye- things like shapes, dimensions, colors- those are set. But some \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/iconperception.html\">perspectives\u003c/a> can be manipulated; proximity or angles can be changed. For example, you might be sitting at your computer now. Stand up and see how the room looks different from that other angle. While there are optical illusions and tricks to the eye, most visual variables are not going to be physically altered. (standing up isn’t going to change the color of the curtains) But a different view can change perceptions. And how we perceive the information we take in is very much a choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We all perceive the world through our own lens. (You might think those curtains are ugly) Our point of view, or cognitive perception, is largely shaped by our experiences, our beliefs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/mental-health-article/shapes-emotions-and-perception/551731\">emotions\u003c/a>, moods and the actions around us. In that way, you choose how you see. And how we traverse the world and how we interact with others is shaped by this perspective. For instance, does the world look different when you are happy or sad? Does the traffic you are in seem worse when you are late or \u003ca href=\"http://www.wellsphere.com/green-living-article/perception/1360527\">angry\u003c/a>? Doesn’t the sun shine brighter when you are in love? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cognitive perception can be manipulated too. Perhaps you are feeling blue because you are being laid off and losing your job? You might be feeling embarrassed, hurt or concerned about the future. It might feel like it’s the end of the world. But with a small twist of your point of view, the perspective might change. How does it compare on scale to other people or events around you? For example, how does the pain of losing your job compare to the illness or loss of a loved one? How would losing your job feel compared to, say, losing your ability to walk? Pretty small concern then.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most visual and cognitive perception is unconscious. It’s not something we focus on as we slog through our daily routines. But for people in wheelchairs, perspective is often in the forefront. When you navigate the world on wheels, you have to think about how you get in a building, get out of bed, make breakfast, get into your car to get to work -- how you do so many of the things able-bodied people take for granted. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world looks different from a sitting position too. When you are in a wheelchair, you always have to look up to talk with your standing fiends and family. That shapes your perspective, both visual and cognitive. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So thinking about perspectives, one of the things that struck me most was the inspiring attitudes of \u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\">Tamara Mena \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>, the two exoskeleton test pilots we featured in our story. These two young people were both dealt major blows while in the prime of their lives. Both were vibrant and active teenagers when each was involved in catastrophic automobile accidents. Both had to deal with painful rehabilitations. And both faced a future where they probably would never walk again. And through that, both remain courageous, upbeat and positive. Where many might have given up, these two are charging into the future. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So put yourself in their shoes and think about what it might mean to be able to stand up and change your perspective. What would it mean to be able to look your friends in the eye, to stand and fully embrace your family again? Think about how the room looked different when you stood up from your computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of exoskeleton technology is marching forward. We saw Austin Whitney \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\">walk across the stage\u003c/a> to receive his college diploma. More is hopefully on the way. Maybe someday soon we’ll also see paraplegics walking down the aisle at their weddings and walking onto airplanes to fly off on their honeymoons. Or less dramatically, maybe soon paraplegics will be able to regain the mundane pleasure of standing at the kitchen counter, making peanut butter sandwiches for their kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fantasy? Too much to hope for? It’s all in your perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*****************************************************************************************************\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Web Extra - Tamara Mena: Exoskeleton Test Pilot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When she was 19 years old, Tamara Mena suffered a debilitating spinal injury that left her paralyzed from the chest down. Today she is working as an exoskeleton \"test pilot\" at Ekso Bionics, putting this new technology through its paces. Someday exoskeletons like the one she is testing may give paraplegics the ability to stand up and walk. This is her story. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/I4DdHGEucTE\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional links:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://tamaramena.com/\" title=\"Tamara Mena\">Tamara Mena\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.austinwhitney.com/Home_Page.php\" title=\"Austin Whitney \">Austin Whitney\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://bleex.me.berkeley.edu/\" title=\"Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory \">Berkeley Robotics and Human Engineering Laboratory\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.eksobionics.com/\" title=\" Ekso Bionics\">Ekso Bionics\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.tibion.com/\" title=\"Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\">Tibion | Makers of the Tibion Bionic Leg\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmTPXDwgcm4\" title=\"The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \">The Austin Exoskeleton Project at the University of California, Berkeley \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2011/05/12/paraplegic-student-exoskeleton-graduation-walk/\" title=\"Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\">Engineers to help paraplegic student walk at graduation\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeleyside.com/2010/10/07/berkeley-bionics-to-launch-elegs/\" title=\"Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\">Berkeley Bionics to launch eLEGS\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As a media producer, one of the great things about my career is I'm always learning. That is definitely the case with this \"Growing Skin\" story. Wound healing and tissue regeneration is not something I've thought a lot about before. Research occurring in this field is high-tech and to me, at least, approaches a science fiction feeling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nebraskasurgicalresearch.com/\">Dr. Mark Carlson\u003c/a> about the research he's conducting to develop a liquid bandage, he had some interesting things to say about tissue regeneration. As we all know, humans and other mammals don't 're-grow' skin or other parts of the body, but other creatures can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get a burn and the skin is burned away, your body cannot regenerate that lost skin. You get a scar instead,” said Carlson. “There are a lot of lower animals, salamanders, for instance, that can regenerate lost body parts. So elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the ability to regenerate does exist. But in the mammals and in humans, the ability to regenerate lost tissue, whether from an injury trauma or a cancer or loss of blood supply, whatever the mechanism of tissue injury is, a human cannot replace, except in a very small number of cases, lost tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is that? I'd think we 'advanced' creatures would be the ones that would regenerate tissue, while the 'lower' ones like a salamander would be the ones running around without a leg or tail after losing it. Carlson explains that it might be an evolutionary sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get an injury, typically the quickest way to cover that injury up to get it to seal from the environment is by healing with a scar. And this is very important in the wild because you have to have that wound covered quickly or else it’ll get infected. So in nature, a large animal like a wolf or something gets an injury, they heal quickly with scar and that protects them in the short run. Smaller animals like salamanders etc., they’ve maintained this ability to regenerate possibly because the need to get the wound covered right away isn’t as great. This is a theory. This is not fact. But, when people try to piece together why large mammals like us don’t regenerate and small animals can, this is one of the things that commonly comes up is that there were evolutionary pressures on the large animals to recover from a wound as fast as possible, so that they would survive. So somewhere, we’ve lost the ability to regenerate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid bandage Carlson is hoping to develop is designed to stop bleeding quickly. That could be a life-saver in battlefield situations or other incidents of trauma. But he's thinking about a bigger picture too. He says one of the other research goals of regenerative medicine is to try to figure out the reasons why some creatures (mammals) react to injury with an inflammatory response and others (salamanders) take the path of regeneration. Then maybe someday, humans will 're-grow' tissue and recovery from injury could be more complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saintelizabethonline.com/burn-and-wound-care.html\">St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Burn Center\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.natx.com/%20\">Nature Technology Corporation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As a media producer, one of the great things about my career is I'm always learning. That is definitely the case with this \"Growing Skin\" story. Wound healing and tissue regeneration is not something I've thought a lot about before. Research occurring in this field is high-tech and to me, at least, approaches a science fiction feeling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we interviewed \u003ca href=\"http://www.nebraskasurgicalresearch.com/\">Dr. Mark Carlson\u003c/a> about the research he's conducting to develop a liquid bandage, he had some interesting things to say about tissue regeneration. As we all know, humans and other mammals don't 're-grow' skin or other parts of the body, but other creatures can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you get a burn and the skin is burned away, your body cannot regenerate that lost skin. You get a scar instead,” said Carlson. “There are a lot of lower animals, salamanders, for instance, that can regenerate lost body parts. So elsewhere in the animal kingdom, the ability to regenerate does exist. But in the mammals and in humans, the ability to regenerate lost tissue, whether from an injury trauma or a cancer or loss of blood supply, whatever the mechanism of tissue injury is, a human cannot replace, except in a very small number of cases, lost tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So why is that? I'd think we 'advanced' creatures would be the ones that would regenerate tissue, while the 'lower' ones like a salamander would be the ones running around without a leg or tail after losing it. Carlson explains that it might be an evolutionary sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get an injury, typically the quickest way to cover that injury up to get it to seal from the environment is by healing with a scar. And this is very important in the wild because you have to have that wound covered quickly or else it’ll get infected. So in nature, a large animal like a wolf or something gets an injury, they heal quickly with scar and that protects them in the short run. Smaller animals like salamanders etc., they’ve maintained this ability to regenerate possibly because the need to get the wound covered right away isn’t as great. This is a theory. This is not fact. But, when people try to piece together why large mammals like us don’t regenerate and small animals can, this is one of the things that commonly comes up is that there were evolutionary pressures on the large animals to recover from a wound as fast as possible, so that they would survive. So somewhere, we’ve lost the ability to regenerate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid bandage Carlson is hoping to develop is designed to stop bleeding quickly. That could be a life-saver in battlefield situations or other incidents of trauma. But he's thinking about a bigger picture too. He says one of the other research goals of regenerative medicine is to try to figure out the reasons why some creatures (mammals) react to injury with an inflammatory response and others (salamanders) take the path of regeneration. Then maybe someday, humans will 're-grow' tissue and recovery from injury could be more complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links: \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\u003ca href=\"http://www.saintelizabethonline.com/burn-and-wound-care.html\">St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center Burn Center\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.natx.com/%20\">Nature Technology Corporation\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Twinsburg John Doe: Forensic Reconstruction",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27074\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27074\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe1-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" title=\"twinsburg_ohio_john_doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27074\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe case is an especially tough one, and the Summit County Police Department and the Medical Examiner’s office need help identifying this man. No dental records have been found that match his teeth. I hope my facial reconstruction will jog someone’s memory, and that he will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Background for Twinsburg Case\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The remains of a young adult male were found behind a small factory in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. The bones and body parts had been cut up and wrapped in plastic garbage bags and buried. It was believed the man had been dead several years when the remains were discovered. There have never been any leads in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawrence Angel, of the Smithsonian Institution, was the first physical anthropologist to examine the bones. He determined the victim was an African American man in his early 20s to mid-30s. He was about 5 feet, 5 inches tall with a slight but muscular build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serial killer \u003ca href=\"http://www.biography.com/people/jeffrey-dahmer-9264755\">Jeffrey Dahmer\u003c/a> of Bath Township was questioned as a possible suspect for two days in 1991 by investigators from Bath Township Police Department and the Summit County sheriff.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Preparing the skull\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27081\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 192px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-1skull/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27081\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-1skull-192x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull\" title=\"JD-1skull\" width=\"192\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27081\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull with tissue depth markers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Twinsburg John Doe skeleton was only partial, and the skull was badly damaged on the forehead, nose, back of the head and both mastoid processes (lumps of bone near the ear). It looked like the bones had been injured. Imagining that someone may have died a violent death is very troubling, but this should not influence you to make the subject look ‘sad’ in your facial reconstruction. The people who knew this man probably knew a young, energetic person and shared happier times with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I had to reconstruct the bridge of the nose. Luckily some of the surrounding bone was undamaged, so it was possible to estimate the slope of the nasal bones. The bridge of the nose is where tissue depth marker #4 is glued, so it’s important to reconstruct the anatomy here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except for one molar tooth the mandible was missing. A new mandible had to be reconstructed, one that fit well with the upper teeth and the region of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). Tissue depth markers #7 – 10 and 18, 20 and 21 are on the mandible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27086\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 306px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/09/the-twinsburg-john-doe-forensic-reconstruction/jd-skull2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27086\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/JD-skull2-306x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\" title=\"JD-skull2\" width=\"306\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27086\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twinsburg, Ohio John Doe skull (profile)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I measured, on the John Doe skull, how wide the mandible would have been and then found one just that wide (an adult, African American male) from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a> and roughed out a clay copy, using some of the dimensions from the actual bony mandible, and the width of the TMJ region of the John Doe skull. I inserted the real molar tooth that was found at the crime scene into its proper place in the clay mandible. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A colleague, Anne Sanford, made a plaster cast of some anterior mandibular teeth from an adult male in the Osteological Collection, and I embedded these into the clay mandible so that they articulated with the upper teeth of John Doe in the way they would in a normal dentition (no marked overbite or underbite). Unless we have evidence to the contrary, we always make the guess that the individual was ‘normal’. If the proportions (evident in the skull) are reflected in the features the artist creates, this should produce a likeness that friends and relatives will recognize. You would never want to make extra big ears, or really bushy eyebrows, or an elaborate hairstyle (unless there was some evidence for them) because this would be distracting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been more than 30 years since this man died. I dearly hope that by sharing this information, and the images of his face, someone will recognize him and we can finally determine his identity.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zY5egMtaWEo\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Director of Human Health at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/Index.aspx\">Cleveland Museum of Natural History\u003c/a>, Dr. Linda Spurlock’s job is to educate the public through exhibits, programming, and health education classes. But, from time to time, she is asked to utilize her unique scientific training as a biological anthropologist and forensic artist to help law enforcement identify the remains of a murder victim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27037\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-resurrecting-the-dead/hamman-todd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27037\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27037\" title=\"hamman-todd\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/hamman-todd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, Ohio.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We met Linda in the Main Osteology Lab of the Physical Anthropology Department of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. This facility is home to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cmnh.org/site/ResearchandCollections/PhysicalAnthropology/Collections/Hamann-ToddCollection.aspx\">Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection\u003c/a>; the largest well-documented human skeletal collection in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to “resurrect the dead” Linda uses the skull of an individual to either sculpt or sketch an image of what the person may have looked like in life. While she sculpts 3-dimensional models on occasion, this method is not often the best approach in forensic reconstruction cases. It is more time-consuming and is sometimes impractical, especially if the skull is fragile. Most of the time, she creates a 2-dimensional sketch for the police department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking at certain features of a skull, a biological anthropologist can determine the approximate age, gender, and ethnicity of an individual but it is up to forensic artists like Linda to “narrow down the possibilities” in order to trigger recognition by relatives and loved ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first forensic sketch she did for law enforcement was based on the bones of a girl that were found in Portage County, Ohio in 1994. The sketch was seen and recognized by a police officer working on a case of a missing girl from Rochester, Pennsylvania. This led to the DNA testing of the missing girl’s family in western Pennsylvania and the bones found in Ohio. It turned out that they were a perfect match.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After obtaining the bones from the police department, Linda prepares the skull by gluing the lower jaw into position. Next, she takes careful measurements to determine specific characteristics of the skull. She then cuts and glues on markers fashioned from mechanical erasers. These “tissue depth markers” indicate how far the soft tissue and skin would have extended out in life. Next, a colleague takes two photographs of the skull: one from the front and another from the side. These are then printed at exactly life-size and taped to a board over which tracing vellum is then attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27040\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27040\" title=\"spurlock3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/spurlock3-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Linda Spurlock\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Linda Spurlock putting the finishing touches on a forensic sketch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To start a sketch, Dr. Spurlock draws the outline of the face based on the tissue depth markers. She then draws in eyeballs, the widest part of the nose, and marks the dimensions of the mouth. On the profile, she determines the projection of the nose and sketches in the forehead, nose and lips. Next, she adds ears, hair, some shading, and fills in some of the features based-once again-on the unique qualities of the skull. She considers herself lucky if there are a few hair samples remaining on the skull from which she can determine length, texture and color. It also helps if there are articles of clothing or a belt found with the remains. These can help determine the size and weight of an individual, and informs her decision about which standard of tissue depth markers to cut (slender, normal or obese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Spurlock admits that even her best sketch will not be evidence enough to identify a person in a court of law. Additional information including DNA samples, dental records, and unique medical hardware (like an artificial hip) may lead to the “positive ID” of an individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The older a case, the less likely it is that the individual will be recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, she works on cold cases in which the victim has been dead for several years or even several decades. In 2009, Linda was asked to sketch the likeness of a man whose bones were found in Twinsburg, Ohio in 1982. Even though it has been more than 30 years since this man was killed, Dr. Spurlock hopes that someday he will be recognized- the first step in solving the crime and catching the murderer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-27058\" title=\"twinsburg ohio john doe\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/twinsburg_ohio_john_doe-447x253.jpg\" alt=\"Twinsburg Ohio John Doe\" width=\"447\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anyone who recognizes the man in this sketch can contact either the Summit County Medical Examiner's Office at 330-643-2101 or Detective Sgt. Greg Feketik from the Twinsburg Police Department at 330-963-6221 or 330-425-1234\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Web Extra - Linda Spurlock's First Forensic Reconstructions and Sketches\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Linda shares how she first learned to do forensic work, both for anthropology and law enforcement.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/zY5egMtaWEo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
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