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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the other scientific activities that Fisher's been involved with recently include his continuing study of the origin of ants of Madagascar by visiting islands in the Mozambique Channel. In April 2011, he took a ship from Reunion to visit the islands Europa, Bassas da India, Juan de Nova and Mayotte. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14399\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Trinidad-BFAV1745_2_cropped1.jpg\" alt=\"Brian Fisher collecting ants in Trinidad\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14399\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Trinidad-BFAV1745_2_cropped1.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/Trinidad-BFAV1745_2_cropped1-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brian Fisher collecting ants in Trinidad\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In addition, he started a green energy project in Madagascar which includes converting the Biodiversity Center that he built there to a green building and taking green energy experts to visit a village in the southwest of Madagascar to, in his words, \"study how Bay Area know-how can help reduce deforestation, which is really just energy extraction - the cutting of trees for making charcoal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a couple of recent blogs about the project: \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.matternetwork.com/2011/5/solar-powers-biodiversity-study-madagascar.cfm\">Matter Network\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/guest-post-clean-energy-in-an-ecosystem-on-the-brink/\">Green Tech Media\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As science journalists, we’d be hard pressed to find a scientist who is a better ambassador for the excitement and adventure of the scientific process. I guess that’s why we here on QUEST keep “bugging” entomologist Brian Fisher. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/SeaFoam1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Sea foam on San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/v63/91723833/\">vision63\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam\">Sea foam\u003c/a> is made of dissolved organic matter, a substance that is so important in the world ocean that it gets its own acronym, DOM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_dissolved_organic_matter\">DOM\u003c/a> consists primarily of the broken-down bodies of phytoplankton, including microalgae and bacteria. Algal blooms, when they start to die off, create lots of DOM. In sea foam, the DOM acts like soap, creating small bubbles that float on the water.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissolved organic matter is full of proteins and lipids (plus lots of carbon, which we’ll get to later). The DOM molecules can act as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant\">surfactants\u003c/a>, similar to soap and other detergents. The molecules have a hydrophilic end that sticks to water and repels oil, and a hydrophobic end that sticks to oil and repels water. The DOM decreases water’s surface tension and promotes the creation of bubbles as the water is stirred by wind and waves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big storms can create huge amounts of sea foam. In 2007, the area north of Sydney, Australia was dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-478041/Cappuccino-Coast-The-day-Pacific-whipped-ocean-froth.html\">Cappuccino Coast\u003c/a>, as foam engulfed 30 miles of shoreline. All this foam can obscure things like rocks and sea snakes, so foam frolickers should frolic with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about sea foam, in my opinion, is not these big foam events, but the fact that sea foam calls attention to dissolved organic matter. We rarely see it (it is dissolved, after all), and we rarely think about it, but DOM plays a massively important role on Earth. It is a key part of the marine food web, though it is hard to eat, because the particles are so tiny. Bacteria are some of the few organisms can eat DOM. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the DOM in the ocean is one of Earth’s largest carbon reservoirs. DOM is produced in the upper ocean, where the phytoplankton and zooplankton live—DOM is made of the spilled contents of their bodies and their cells. The DOM that is not consumed at the surface gradually drifts downward in the water column; it can be found in the deepest parts of the ocean, albeit at lower concentrations than at the surface. As we continue to pump carbon dioxide into the air, some of this carbon ends up as DOM, and it travels slowly throughout the ocean. Next time you see sea foam, think of the dissolved particles of organic matter and the important role they play in the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.759458 -122.509881\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/SeaFoam1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"center\">\u003cem>Sea foam on San Francisco’s Ocean Beach. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/v63/91723833/\">vision63\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, the wind and the waves whip the ocean into a lather. And that word—lather—is a pretty accurate description of sea foam. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_foam\">Sea foam\u003c/a> is made of dissolved organic matter, a substance that is so important in the world ocean that it gets its own acronym, DOM. \u003ca href=\"http://www.eoearth.org/article/Marine_dissolved_organic_matter\">DOM\u003c/a> consists primarily of the broken-down bodies of phytoplankton, including microalgae and bacteria. Algal blooms, when they start to die off, create lots of DOM. In sea foam, the DOM acts like soap, creating small bubbles that float on the water.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dissolved organic matter is full of proteins and lipids (plus lots of carbon, which we’ll get to later). The DOM molecules can act as \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant\">surfactants\u003c/a>, similar to soap and other detergents. The molecules have a hydrophilic end that sticks to water and repels oil, and a hydrophobic end that sticks to oil and repels water. The DOM decreases water’s surface tension and promotes the creation of bubbles as the water is stirred by wind and waves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big storms can create huge amounts of sea foam. In 2007, the area north of Sydney, Australia was dubbed the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-478041/Cappuccino-Coast-The-day-Pacific-whipped-ocean-froth.html\">Cappuccino Coast\u003c/a>, as foam engulfed 30 miles of shoreline. All this foam can obscure things like rocks and sea snakes, so foam frolickers should frolic with caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best part about sea foam, in my opinion, is not these big foam events, but the fact that sea foam calls attention to dissolved organic matter. We rarely see it (it is dissolved, after all), and we rarely think about it, but DOM plays a massively important role on Earth. It is a key part of the marine food web, though it is hard to eat, because the particles are so tiny. Bacteria are some of the few organisms can eat DOM. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/owl3002.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A northern spotted owl in Marin County. Credit: National Park Service.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spotted owls are one of the most iconic threatened species in the West. But despite two decades of work to bring them back, their numbers are still declining. That may be due in part to a new threat – not from humans, but from other owls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might picture spotted owls in a mossy Pacific Northwest forest – but they actually live right here in the Bay Area. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a forest near Muir Woods, Bill Merkle, a National Park Service ecologist, plays a recorded northern spotted owl call. He’s standing where a pair of owls had a nest last year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think they’re just probably 50 or 60 feet up there…” says Merkle. After a moment, he hears a faint call. Merkle runs up a steep slope that’s covered in brush and poison oak. In the branches above his, he sees two spotted owls. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-02-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/spotted-owls-face-new-threat\">Spotted Owls Face New Threat\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“So this would definitely be a pair. They’re hanging out together,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=B08B\">Northern spotted owls\u003c/a> aren’t very big. They’re a brown owl with white spots that’s found from Washington state down to the Bay Area. They’ve also had the starring role in a decades-long battle between loggers and wildlife groups over their habitat. In many logging towns in the early 1990s, this owl was public enemy number one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Merkle says in all, about 80 pairs of spotted owls are found on national park land in Marin County – and for 15 years, the park service has monitored the health of that population. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Merkle says they’ve been hearing a new owl call in the forests – a \u003ca href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/barred_owl/id\">barred owl\u003c/a> call. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Arrival of the Barred Owl\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The call often described as ‘who cooks for you?” says David Press, another ecologist with National Park Service. He’s joining Merkle near Muir Woods to look for the owl that makes that call – the barred owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see anything?” says Merkle. They peer into a hollow cavity high in a tree – a cavity that used to be a spotted owl nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just at the base of it you can see a little bit of that barred owl,” says Merkle. It’s a female barred owl, sitting on her eggs. Merkle looks concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a troubling picture for the spotted owls,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls are an invasive species, originally from the Eastern US. They first arrived in spotted owl territory in Washington and have been moving south down the coast – which makes this owl the frontline of the invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owl is a little larger. It’s a little more aggressive. And so in other areas where you have barred owls set up, the spotted owls aren’t there anymore,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls take over spotted owl territory and in some cases, even attack them. In places like western Washington, the spotted owl population has been cut in half since the barred owl showed up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Press says he’s already seeing a change in Marin. “Since the barred owls moved into the area, we’ve had a harder and harder time detecting spotted owls where they have been historically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owls are really sort of adding insult to injury,” says Paul Henson of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the agency overseeing spotted owl recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The injury for the spotted owl was 100 years of habitat loss, and the sort of insult, the more recent insult, is barred owls have now shown up and are really out-competing spotted owls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Study to Remove Barred Owls\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Fish and Wildlife Service hopes to deal with the issue in a new plan expected to be released in a few weeks. It includes a barred owl study that’s… raising a few eyebrows. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We identified the need to do a focused study where we could test the response of spotted owl populations to the removal of barred owls,” says Robin Bown, a biologist with Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, basically it means permanent removal. We’re going to look at all potential opportunities but the most humane way to do it is to shoot them. A shotgun removal is extremely quick, it’s almost instantaneous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bown says they plan to eliminate barred owls from a few study plots to see if the spotted owls there do better. They also want to see if it’s even feasible to remove barred owls by shooting them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, Bown says this is an idea that’s not easy to consider. “Oh it’s a very difficult thing. Even for those of us involved in this, it’s a very difficult concept to say I’m going to kill one species to try to save another species. But it’s also something that in some cases we need to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Muir Woods, Bill Merkle says a lot of people are waiting on the results of the study to see what’s next. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Budget cuts are also an issue. Just as more barred owls are arriving, Merkle says the park service’s owl monitoring program has been cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now the situation is getting a lot more challenging just when I think the threats are getting more apparent with the barred owls. We know climate change is going to change things out here. It is a difficult time to be cutting off our monitoring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved, the barred owl removal program would begin next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.89705 -122.58110\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-02-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/spotted-owls-face-new-threat\">Spotted Owls Face New Threat\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“So this would definitely be a pair. They’re hanging out together,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/profile/speciesProfile.action?spcode=B08B\">Northern spotted owls\u003c/a> aren’t very big. 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He’s joining Merkle near Muir Woods to look for the owl that makes that call – the barred owl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You see anything?” says Merkle. They peer into a hollow cavity high in a tree – a cavity that used to be a spotted owl nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just at the base of it you can see a little bit of that barred owl,” says Merkle. It’s a female barred owl, sitting on her eggs. Merkle looks concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a troubling picture for the spotted owls,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls are an invasive species, originally from the Eastern US. They first arrived in spotted owl territory in Washington and have been moving south down the coast – which makes this owl the frontline of the invasion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owl is a little larger. It’s a little more aggressive. And so in other areas where you have barred owls set up, the spotted owls aren’t there anymore,” says Merkle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barred owls take over spotted owl territory and in some cases, even attack them. In places like western Washington, the spotted owl population has been cut in half since the barred owl showed up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Press says he’s already seeing a change in Marin. “Since the barred owls moved into the area, we’ve had a harder and harder time detecting spotted owls where they have been historically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The barred owls are really sort of adding insult to injury,” says Paul Henson of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, the agency overseeing spotted owl recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The injury for the spotted owl was 100 years of habitat loss, and the sort of insult, the more recent insult, is barred owls have now shown up and are really out-competing spotted owls.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Study to Remove Barred Owls\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Fish and Wildlife Service hopes to deal with the issue in a new plan expected to be released in a few weeks. It includes a barred owl study that’s… raising a few eyebrows. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We identified the need to do a focused study where we could test the response of spotted owl populations to the removal of barred owls,” says Robin Bown, a biologist with Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which means…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, basically it means permanent removal. We’re going to look at all potential opportunities but the most humane way to do it is to shoot them. A shotgun removal is extremely quick, it’s almost instantaneous.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bown says they plan to eliminate barred owls from a few study plots to see if the spotted owls there do better. They also want to see if it’s even feasible to remove barred owls by shooting them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, Bown says this is an idea that’s not easy to consider. “Oh it’s a very difficult thing. Even for those of us involved in this, it’s a very difficult concept to say I’m going to kill one species to try to save another species. But it’s also something that in some cases we need to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Muir Woods, Bill Merkle says a lot of people are waiting on the results of the study to see what’s next. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Budget cuts are also an issue. Just as more barred owls are arriving, Merkle says the park service’s owl monitoring program has been cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now the situation is getting a lot more challenging just when I think the threats are getting more apparent with the barred owls. We know climate change is going to change things out here. It is a difficult time to be cutting off our monitoring.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If approved, the barred owl removal program would begin next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.89705 -122.58110\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/fisherman31.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>California’s commercial shellfish growers say there’s something fishy going on.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mysterious fish die-off happened in a southern California harbor last week. Scientists are still trying to figure out what caused six tons of sardines to go belly-up in Ventura. Just six weeks ago something similar happened off Newport Beach. Those sardines tested positive for a neurotoxin caused by algae blooms. Meanwhile, commercial shellfish growers say they’re noticing some strange patterns with the algae as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “depressing” problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/\">grows oysters and mussels\u003c/a> about a mile off the coast of Santa Barbara. But he says over the last couple years, he says, something has been happening in the water that makes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/aboutpage.html\">what he does\u003c/a> nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/algae3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available \u003ca href=\"http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/home/\">on their website\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-25-quest.mp3″ ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/toxic-algae-on-the-loose\">Toxic Algae on the Loose\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">on the frontlines\u003c/a> of this problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MjikNhj9noM\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"480\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An oceanic mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR11-017.aspx\">their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels\u003c/a> a month earlier than in normal years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> With a little warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. By using computer modeling and satellite images, they should be able to \u003ca href=\"http://calpreempt.ucsc.edu/\">give harvesters enough warning\u003c/a> that they could pull their products early, before the toxins hit. But that technology is several years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman, down in Santa Barbara, says he doesn’t think he can wait that long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What am I gonna do? I don’t know,” he says. “I’m looking for another source of income.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>36.96246 -122.0233683\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/fisherman31.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>California’s commercial shellfish growers say there’s something fishy going on.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another mysterious fish die-off happened in a southern California harbor last week. Scientists are still trying to figure out what caused six tons of sardines to go belly-up in Ventura. Just six weeks ago something similar happened off Newport Beach. Those sardines tested positive for a neurotoxin caused by algae blooms. Meanwhile, commercial shellfish growers say they’re noticing some strange patterns with the algae as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “depressing” problem\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Friedman \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/\">grows oysters and mussels\u003c/a> about a mile off the coast of Santa Barbara. But he says over the last couple years, he says, something has been happening in the water that makes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbmariculture.com/aboutpage.html\">what he does\u003c/a> nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just so frequent now, it’s just sort of here we go again,” he says, with a grim laugh. “It’s depressing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/algae3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Pseudonitzschia is the type of algae responsible for domoic acid, a neurotoxin.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman’s problem is something called domoic acid. It’s a neurotoxin that’s produced by a particular type of algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Friedman’s oysters and mussels get hit with a wave of domoic acid, he can’t harvest them, because the shellfish would make his customers sick. Friedman has nothing to sell. He says last year domoic acid cost his business about $30,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedman thinks of himself as a canary in the coal mine, because out there in the ocean, he tends to see problems first. But scientists, like Raphael Kudela, a professor ocean sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz, are noticing the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past eleven years, Kudela and his team have been driving down to the Santa Cruz Municipal Wharf once a week, to take water samples. Those samples get put under a microscope at the lab, back on campus. The team keeps detailed records of the kinds and amounts of algae they find. (All of this data – along with some very nice photos – is available \u003ca href=\"http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/home/\">on their website\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/04/2011-04-25-quest.mp3″ ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/toxic-algae-on-the-loose\">Toxic Algae on the Loose\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom: 1px dotted #cecece;height: 20px;margin-bottom: 10px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“Because we measure every week,” Kudela says, “we can watch the toxins coming and going and get a good idea of what’s going on in the water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of information is important because even though these toxins don’t seem to harm shellfish, they can make people very sick. A mild case of domoic acid can cause vomiting and diarrhea. At its worst: seizures and memory loss. Domoic acid also takes a big toll on sea lions. (Marin’s Marine Mammal Center is \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/science/top-research-projects/domoic-acid-toxicity.html\">on the frontlines\u003c/a> of this problem.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the state takes toxic algae very seriously, with about 50 different testing sites up and down California’s coast. Kudela says this statewide monitoring program is the reason that no one has gotten seriously ill here from shellfish in over half a century, even though they have in other states like Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>These 2006 satellite images show algae blooms along the California coast. Red indicates high levels of chlorophyll; blue is low. This kind of data could one day help predict toxic algae events. (Credit: Yi Chao, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Fei Chai, U. Maine.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/MjikNhj9noM\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"480\" height=\"390\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An oceanic mystery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recently, Kudela and others have noticed something rather curious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kudela says in the past, domoic acid levels were pretty predictable. “For a long time,” he says, “it would come and go. It would be here in the Spring, then go away and come back in the Fall.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a year and a half ago, that pattern started to change. Kudela says over the last 13 months, pseudonitzchia, the algae that produces domoic acid, has been present in the water almost continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unusual,” says Kudela.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of this, and other strange algae patterns up and down the coast, California’s Department of Public Health recently took an unusual step. Authorities issued \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdph.ca.gov/Pages/NR11-017.aspx\">their annual quarantine on sport-harvested mussels\u003c/a> a month earlier than in normal years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not just a California problem. In fact, around the world, algae is growing in places it didn’t used to, at different times of the year than in the past. And what everyone wants to know is: Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As scientists, we want proof,” says Kudela. “We want to be able to say it’s this and it’s not that, and we can tell you why.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when you’re talking about the entire ocean, he says, the biology is so complicated that it’s just incredibly hard to tease out causes and effects. Still, there are some theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is that increasing amounts of sewage and agricultural waste are seeping into the ocean, making algae grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then there’s climate change. The ocean is clearly becoming more acidic, thanks to the increase in carbon dioxide. So it’s not a stretch to wonder what effect warming temperatures could be having on algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that if you warm the ocean,” Kudela says, “some of these dangerous algae really love those conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists have only been sampling toxic algae for a few decades. Kudela says there’s just not enough data to make a definitive link between the algae blooms and climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see evidence for that,” he says, “but people are very hesitant to say yes, that’s what’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, all this speculation about causes isn’t much use to commercial harvesters, like Kevin Lunny, who runs Drakes Bay Oyster Company, out in Point Reyes. He says worrying about toxic algae is part of the job.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even when you’re not thinking about, you need to be thinking about them a little.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lunny’s crew tests for toxins at least once a week, first the water, and the meat of the oysters, themselves. Last year, they had to recall an entire shipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to verify that every single jar, bag of oysters, and account for every single one of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> With a little warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Lunny says he can see the ocean change color, which alerts him to the fact that an algae bloom has entered the bay. But this time, he had no warning at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raphael Kudela, at Santa Cruz, says there should be a way to predict when these blooms are coming. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerathumb.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A disjointed body of rock called the Calera Limestone shows its typical colors, white to gray to black, at Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. It has an interesting history and prehistory. Photos by Andrew Alden except where otherwise noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limestone has always been a useful rock, but we have relatively little of it around here. The first settlers sought it out to burn, because roasted limestone becomes lime, the crucial ingredient in mortar. Small operators would stake a claim on an outcrop of limestone, build a lime kiln, and supply local customers as long as the rock or the fuel (local firewood) held out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today many country roads around here still bear the name \"Limekiln.\" And one of the Bay Area's more interesting rocks is a limestone named for the Spanish word for limekiln, \u003ci>calera\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone was named in 1914. Its so-called type locality, the place where its formal description was taken, was a quarry on a hill just north of Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. The name comes from Calera Valley, from which we can presume that a limekiln operated there before the gold rush. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former quarry is in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area today, and that's where my photos come from. Limestone stands out from other rocks in its color palette, usually white and gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraquarry.jpg\" alt=\"rockaway quarry\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry exposure shows that the limestone beds are tilted almost upright. Studies of microfossils date the Calera at 88 to 105 million years old, in the middle of the long Cretaceous Period. Parts of the limestone are quite dark, thanks to a few percent of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabeds.jpg\" alt=\"limestone bedding\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone is not a big, thick bed of stone; rather, it's one ingredient in the disjointed Franciscan Complex that I described at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a>. It's found in pods, lenses and stringers along the San Andreas fault between Pacifica and Gilroy in a group of Franciscan rocks called the Permanente terrane. Indeed, more of this terrane occurs at Parkfield, some 350 kilometers south of here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault motion over the last 25 million years or so has carried this limestone north to the ocean's edge today, one earthquake at a time. You can see signs of the disruption in the rocks of Rockaway Quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabrec.jpg\" alt=\"brecciation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural process that shattered and recemented this rock is called brecciation. If you see a rock like this, with jagged pieces in a finer groundmass, you may call it breccia (BRET-cha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraslick.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another sign of disruption is this slickenside, the polished surface made by faulting. It's not often found in limestone, but the Rockaway Quarry has good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another body of Calera Limestone crops out west of Cupertino, where Henry Kaiser began his entry into the concrete business in 1939 with a quarry. Whereas the Rockaway Quarry produced mainly crushed rock, the Permanente Quarry (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lehighpermanente.com/#/henry-kaiser/4537948194\">Lehigh Permanente Quarry\u003c/a>) processes high-quality limestone into portland cement. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/04/cement-a-dirty-business/\">QUEST featured this quarry in 2008\u003c/a>, including this picture of the excavation. It supplies about half of the Bay Area's cement today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerapermanente.jpg\" alt=\"permanente quarry\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/kqedquest/\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a> under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have studied the Calera Limestone for many years, taking advantage of the excellent exposures in the quarry. They have learned that the limestone formed in tropical seas, far from land, as the calcium carbonate shells of microorganisms rained onto the seafloor from highly productive surface waters. The waters were shallow for an ocean basin, which means that the limestone formed on a sunken volcanic plateau or ridge rather than the flat deep seafloor. The typical limestone of the Midwest is very different, having formed in huge sheets in very shallow waters when the sea was much higher than today. In geo-speak, they are epicontinental whereas the Calera is pelagic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone plateau was carried by plate-tectonic motion from the tropical Pacific and plastered onto North America, where it remained without being pulled downward by subduction. The Calera is in pieces today not because it was torn apart during subduction, but because it formed in separate basins on a volcanic plateau and was torn apart much later by the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot is that this limestone carries a precious record of conditions in the shallow Cretaceous tropical Pacific, a place and time for which we have little other evidence because subduction has removed the deep seafloor rocks. Those dark streaks in the limestone, rich in organic matter, record periods when the world ocean went stagnant and dead. They match well with similar rocks from other ocean basins, enabling us to place a signpost in time from a world now lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraclass.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>Students and professional groups visit the Permanente Quarry for open-air lessons. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/paleololigo/\">Penny Higgins\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.614 -122.494\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "This humble stone is both economically and scientifically valuable, not just a mainstay of the concrete supply but a signpost in time from a world now lost.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerathumb.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\" class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cem>\u003csup>A disjointed body of rock called the Calera Limestone shows its typical colors, white to gray to black, at Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. It has an interesting history and prehistory. Photos by Andrew Alden except where otherwise noted.\u003c/sup>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Limestone has always been a useful rock, but we have relatively little of it around here. The first settlers sought it out to burn, because roasted limestone becomes lime, the crucial ingredient in mortar. Small operators would stake a claim on an outcrop of limestone, build a lime kiln, and supply local customers as long as the rock or the fuel (local firewood) held out. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today many country roads around here still bear the name \"Limekiln.\" And one of the Bay Area's more interesting rocks is a limestone named for the Spanish word for limekiln, \u003ci>calera\u003c/i>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone was named in 1914. Its so-called type locality, the place where its formal description was taken, was a quarry on a hill just north of Rockaway Beach south of Pacifica. The name comes from Calera Valley, from which we can presume that a limekiln operated there before the gold rush. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The former quarry is in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area today, and that's where my photos come from. Limestone stands out from other rocks in its color palette, usually white and gray.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraquarry.jpg\" alt=\"rockaway quarry\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quarry exposure shows that the limestone beds are tilted almost upright. Studies of microfossils date the Calera at 88 to 105 million years old, in the middle of the long Cretaceous Period. Parts of the limestone are quite dark, thanks to a few percent of organic matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabeds.jpg\" alt=\"limestone bedding\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone is not a big, thick bed of stone; rather, it's one ingredient in the disjointed Franciscan Complex that I described at \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">Shell Beach\u003c/a>. It's found in pods, lenses and stringers along the San Andreas fault between Pacifica and Gilroy in a group of Franciscan rocks called the Permanente terrane. Indeed, more of this terrane occurs at Parkfield, some 350 kilometers south of here. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fault motion over the last 25 million years or so has carried this limestone north to the ocean's edge today, one earthquake at a time. You can see signs of the disruption in the rocks of Rockaway Quarry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerabrec.jpg\" alt=\"brecciation\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The natural process that shattered and recemented this rock is called brecciation. If you see a rock like this, with jagged pieces in a finer groundmass, you may call it breccia (BRET-cha).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraslick.jpg\" alt=\"slickenside\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another sign of disruption is this slickenside, the polished surface made by faulting. It's not often found in limestone, but the Rockaway Quarry has good examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another body of Calera Limestone crops out west of Cupertino, where Henry Kaiser began his entry into the concrete business in 1939 with a quarry. Whereas the Rockaway Quarry produced mainly crushed rock, the Permanente Quarry (now the \u003ca href=\"http://www.lehighpermanente.com/#/henry-kaiser/4537948194\">Lehigh Permanente Quarry\u003c/a>) processes high-quality limestone into portland cement. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/04/cement-a-dirty-business/\">QUEST featured this quarry in 2008\u003c/a>, including this picture of the excavation. It supplies about half of the Bay Area's cement today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/calerapermanente.jpg\" alt=\"permanente quarry\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003ci>Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/kqedquest/\">KQED QUEST\u003c/a> under Creative Commons license\u003c/i>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have studied the Calera Limestone for many years, taking advantage of the excellent exposures in the quarry. They have learned that the limestone formed in tropical seas, far from land, as the calcium carbonate shells of microorganisms rained onto the seafloor from highly productive surface waters. The waters were shallow for an ocean basin, which means that the limestone formed on a sunken volcanic plateau or ridge rather than the flat deep seafloor. The typical limestone of the Midwest is very different, having formed in huge sheets in very shallow waters when the sea was much higher than today. In geo-speak, they are epicontinental whereas the Calera is pelagic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Calera Limestone plateau was carried by plate-tectonic motion from the tropical Pacific and plastered onto North America, where it remained without being pulled downward by subduction. The Calera is in pieces today not because it was torn apart during subduction, but because it formed in separate basins on a volcanic plateau and was torn apart much later by the San Andreas fault. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot is that this limestone carries a precious record of conditions in the shallow Cretaceous tropical Pacific, a place and time for which we have little other evidence because subduction has removed the deep seafloor rocks. Those dark streaks in the limestone, rich in organic matter, record periods when the world ocean went stagnant and dead. They match well with similar rocks from other ocean basins, enabling us to place a signpost in time from a world now lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/caleraclass.jpg\" alt=\"calera limestone\">\u003cbr>\n\u003csub>\u003cem>Students and professional groups visit the Permanente Quarry for open-air lessons. Photo courtesy \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/people/paleololigo/\">Penny Higgins\u003c/a> of Flickr under Creative Commons license.\u003c/em>\u003c/sub>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.614 -122.494\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
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