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"content": "\u003cp>In the basement of a startup lab in San Francisco, scientist Kyle Taylor stands in a dark, windowless room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I kind of like to have a big reveal,” he said, taking out a small plant that shined like a nightlight. 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The plant has been engineered to glow with firefly DNA. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We want to change the perception around GMOs,” said Evans. “We want to make them cool and interesting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve this, Evans wants to create glowing aromatic plants and plants that repel bugs, or even plants that produce milk. 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But the idea of turning plants into virtual light bulbs has raised concern among some environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72094\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72094 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria-384x253.png\" alt=\" Courtesy Glowing Plants.\" width=\"384\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The team engineered bacteria with custom DNA derived from bioluminescent marine bacteria. Once the DNA is inserted into a plant it will eventually start to glow. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a new technology we haven’t seen before,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/about-us/our-team\">Dana Perls\u003c/a>, a food and technology Campaigner for \u003ca href=\"http://www.foe.org/\">Friends of the Earth\u003c/a> in Berkeley. “There’s no assessment about the potential impact on the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state laws pertaining to bioengineered plants are inadequate, according to Perls. “These plants are virtually unregulated,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Protection_Act\">Plant Protection Act\u003c/a>, a federal law, requires that organisms which might harm plants may not be engineered or inserted into plants and distributed without regulatory approval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mouse-ear cress and luciferase are not considered harmful according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome\">United States Department of Agriculture\u003c/a>. However, agrobacterium, bacteria the company initially used to insert firefly DNA, is considered a plant pest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans said he is unsure whether he’ll use agrobacterium in the final product, but if he does, the company will need to apply for a permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/users/jim-thomas\">Jim Thomas\u003c/a>, research program manager for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.etcgroup.org/\">ETC Group\u003c/a>, an international technology watchdog group, said Glowing Plants is operating with little oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Glowing Plants guys ran a truck through scant regulations around genetic engineering,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics are worried that the plants will spread with unknown effects on soil, pollinators, native plants and other wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year ETC Group and Friends of the Earth sent a letter to Kickstarter and the USDA asking them to shut the project down. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kickstarter.com/\">Kickstarter\u003c/a> has since banned GMOs being given out as rewards for project backers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Responses from the USDA’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wps/portal/aphis/home/\">Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service\u003c/a>, which has jurisdiction over the plants, have been vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked for comment, APHIS spokesperson Ed Curlett said in an email, “If plants are not plant pests, then APHIS would have no reason to regulate these plants. Without knowing exactly how these plants are being developed, we cannot say at this point if they fall into the category of being a plant pest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the opposition, Evans believes that glowing plants are a rare opportunity for scientific advancement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The plant isn’t just a plant,” said Evans. “We see it as a symbol of an enlightened new future where humanity can use biotechnology to achieve both fun, creative aims but also solve big challenges around food, energy, and water security.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sequence contains luciferase, the light-emitting compound found in fireflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 1 percent of the tiny plants accept the genes, but the successful ones mature and start emitting light after two months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Antony Evans’ end goal is to create glowing trees that could replace street lamps to illuminate cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can get trees bright enough to be used for lighting, that would be awesome and mean less carbon dioxide emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees also can also live for hundreds of years, he added, meaning they wouldn’t need to be replaced as often as roadside lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evans’ vision for the trees and shrubs centers around a paradigm shift about genetically modified organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72091\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Glowing-plants-Antony.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-72091\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Glowing-plants-Antony-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Glowing Plants CEO Antony Evans holding plants that have been engineered with firefly DNA.\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Glowing Plants CEO Antony Evans holds sprouted mouse-ear cress. The plant has been engineered to glow with firefly DNA. (Glowing Plants)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We want to change the perception around GMOs,” said Evans. “We want to make them cool and interesting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To achieve this, Evans wants to create glowing aromatic plants and plants that repel bugs, or even plants that produce milk. 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But the idea of turning plants into virtual light bulbs has raised concern among some environmental groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72094\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 384px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria.png\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72094 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/glowing-plants-bacteria-384x253.png\" alt=\" Courtesy Glowing Plants.\" width=\"384\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The team engineered bacteria with custom DNA derived from bioluminescent marine bacteria. Once the DNA is inserted into a plant it will eventually start to glow. 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"content": "\u003cp>Mansfield Frazier couldn’t wait to tear down his house. That’s because he’s turning it into what could be the world’s first “biocellar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A biocellar is essentially a greenhouse made from the remains of a demolished home. Cleveland, like many Rust Belt cities hit hard by the foreclosure crisis, is speckled with abandoned homes and vacant lots. Many of the properties are beyond repair. A biocellar is a way to salvage the foundation of a house and put it to productive reuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With permaculture designer Jean Loria and architect Robert Donaldson, Frazier carefully deconstructed the ramshackle Victorian house on his lot but left the basement intact. 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A water tank in the center of the biocellar will help to store the heat during the day and then radiate it into the structure at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71822\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/water-tank-for-solar-heat-storage.jpg\" alt=\"water tank for solar heat storage\" width=\"394\" height=\"348\">\u003c/a>The goal is to create a place where crops can be grown all year. To avoid scorching the plants (and people) inside the biocellar during the hot summer months, architect Rob Donaldson developed a system to vent hot air through the roof and side walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71824\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png\" alt=\"3\" width=\"684\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3.png 684w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/3-400x186.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\u003c/a>The plants and landscaping will be watered using stormwater collected from an intricate series of pipes that drain into a big rain cistern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71826\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png\" alt=\"1\" width=\"508\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1.png 508w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/1-400x298.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First they’ll be testing some high-value crops like shitake mushrooms and strawberries. They’re also planning to use the water tanks -- needed for heat storage -- to potentially \u003ca href=\"http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/guide-to-aquaponics/fish/\">farm fish. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71825\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png\" alt=\"2\" width=\"692\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2.png 692w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/2-400x281.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 692px) 100vw, 692px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the aim of this project, as with Frazier’s other endeavors like the neighboring \u003ca href=\"http://chateauhough.org/\">urban vineyard\u003c/a>, is to create community improvement projects that are self-sustaining and provide good jobs with living wages. “The goal for the area of land is to create an urban agricultural zone that creates healthy food, creates jobs, and leads to the productive reuse of a land that was an empty, weed-overgrown field,” said Frazier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re trying to do is put together architecture and biology in a social setting so we can grow plants, we can have fish, we can do a number of things like that and engage the community,” said permaculturist Jean Loria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it remains unclear whether the biocellar model could be scaled up and employed widely as a solution for vacant lot management, other communities are certainly experimenting with the approach as well. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/afterhousedetroit\">Afterhouse\u003c/a> project in Detroit, for instance, is drawing enthusiasm and community support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Architect Rob Donaldson says their pilot biocellar is a chance to iron out the kinks in the design. “We’re trying to figure out how this is going to work. We’re looking at all the variables and we’re trying to solve them with this one so that later biocellars are able to use this as a template,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dig into more of the science and design of the biocellar with this report from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/54051934/Biocellar-Phase-II-Report\">Kent State University Cleveland Urban Design Collaborative.\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71647\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"E\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone used the word “perspicacious,” would you know what they were talking about? What about an even simpler word that you use everyday: “energy?” From turning on the lights to working out at the gym, we use energy every day, but what exactly is energy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED and the \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Precourt Institute for Energy at Stanford University\u003c/a> have partnered to demystify the topic of energy in a new two-part \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Textbook series and iTunes U course\u003c/a>. As with our other iBooks Textbooks—\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/river-delta/id591899512?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">River Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/em> and \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/biotechnology/id740818014?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">Biotechnology\u003c/a>\u003c/em>—readers can investigate scientific concepts, new technologies, and connections between science and engineering through embedded video, audio, interactives, animations and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first book, \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id826157199?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Energy: the Basics\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, looks at the science of energy, including the transfer and transformation of energy, and the difference between power and energy. Renewable and nonrenewable energy resources are examined, and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Career Spotlight\u003c/em>\u003c/a> videos provide a glimpse into diverse jobs in the renewable energy industry. The second book, \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Energy: Use and Efficiency\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, explores how humans use energy—from generating electricity to developing energy-efficient technologies. The accompanying \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/energy/id830977778\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> incorporates activities, apps, videos and chapters from the books into “assignments” that give learners an opportunity to examine the role of energy in their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Energy\u003c/em> iBooks Textbooks and iTunes U course were written by Matthew Inman, a science and math educator from Spokane, Washington. Inman has years of experience working in the field of energy education, including leading the development of the national set of energy education guidelines, “\u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/education/energy-literacy-essential-principles-and-fundamental-concepts-energy-education\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education\u003c/a>,” with the U.S. Department of Energy. Both the book series and course are aligned with the Energy Literacy Principles and Concepts, and with the Next Generation Science Standards. The iBooks Textbook format allows KQED to serve educators and learners by telling powerful stories while exploring science concepts and topics through multimedia. Teachers can seamlessly integrate digital resources into their teaching practice to bring the most current content to learners and build real-world connections with the topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pilot of the \u003cem>Energy\u003c/em> series with a Bay Area ninth-grade integrated science class elicited the following comment from one student, “This book was an amazing treat for me. It was super helpful since I am a visual learner.” Another said, “This book also made me curious about energy. This book made learning about energy easy and fun!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Energy\u003c/em> iBooks Textbooks are available for iPads and Macs and can be \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">downloaded\u003c/a> for free from the iBooks Store. And, you can \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">subscribe\u003c/a> to the iTunes U course on your iPad via the iTunes U app. In case you don't have an iPad, video content from the books can be found on the QUEST website, including the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Career Spotlight: Renewable Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> videos. Other content from the books will be available online in the coming months, so keep an eye out for more on energy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-71647\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"E\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/07/Energy-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If someone used the word “perspicacious,” would you know what they were talking about? What about an even simpler word that you use everyday: “energy?” From turning on the lights to working out at the gym, we use energy every day, but what exactly is energy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED and the \u003ca href=\"https://energy.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Precourt Institute for Energy at Stanford University\u003c/a> have partnered to demystify the topic of energy in a new two-part \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/e-books/\" target=\"_blank\">iBooks Textbook series and iTunes U course\u003c/a>. As with our other iBooks Textbooks—\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/river-delta/id591899512?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">River Delta\u003c/a>\u003c/em> and \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/biotechnology/id740818014?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">Biotechnology\u003c/a>\u003c/em>—readers can investigate scientific concepts, new technologies, and connections between science and engineering through embedded video, audio, interactives, animations and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first book, \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id826157199?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Energy: the Basics\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, looks at the science of energy, including the transfer and transformation of energy, and the difference between power and energy. Renewable and nonrenewable energy resources are examined, and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Career Spotlight\u003c/em>\u003c/a> videos provide a glimpse into diverse jobs in the renewable energy industry. The second book, \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/energy/id884353155?mt=13\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Energy: Use and Efficiency\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, explores how humans use energy—from generating electricity to developing energy-efficient technologies. The accompanying \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/energy/id830977778\" target=\"_blank\">iTunes U course\u003c/a> incorporates activities, apps, videos and chapters from the books into “assignments” that give learners an opportunity to examine the role of energy in their own lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Energy\u003c/em> iBooks Textbooks and iTunes U course were written by Matthew Inman, a science and math educator from Spokane, Washington. Inman has years of experience working in the field of energy education, including leading the development of the national set of energy education guidelines, “\u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/education/energy-literacy-essential-principles-and-fundamental-concepts-energy-education\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education\u003c/a>,” with the U.S. Department of Energy. Both the book series and course are aligned with the Energy Literacy Principles and Concepts, and with the Next Generation Science Standards. The iBooks Textbook format allows KQED to serve educators and learners by telling powerful stories while exploring science concepts and topics through multimedia. Teachers can seamlessly integrate digital resources into their teaching practice to bring the most current content to learners and build real-world connections with the topics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pilot of the \u003cem>Energy\u003c/em> series with a Bay Area ninth-grade integrated science class elicited the following comment from one student, “This book was an amazing treat for me. It was super helpful since I am a visual learner.” Another said, “This book also made me curious about energy. This book made learning about energy easy and fun!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Energy\u003c/em> iBooks Textbooks are available for iPads and Macs and can be \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">downloaded\u003c/a> for free from the iBooks Store. And, you can \u003ca href=\"http://itunes.com/kqed\" target=\"_blank\">subscribe\u003c/a> to the iTunes U course on your iPad via the iTunes U app. In case you don't have an iPad, video content from the books can be found on the QUEST website, including the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Career Spotlight: Renewable Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> videos. Other content from the books will be available online in the coming months, so keep an eye out for more on energy!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, most of lower Manhattan went dark, and it was almost two weeks before most of the power was restored. But in \u003ca href=\"http://www.tecogen.com/2944109b-07d0-44c5-9ea7-48b71fa292b6/about-us-news-and-events-press-releases-detail.htm\">one building\u003c/a> in Greenwich Village, the lights stayed on and the heat kept working (and the building’s population doubled). That’s because, as University of Wisconsin engineering professor Thomas Jahns explained, that building had “its own miniature version of a utility grid”: a microgrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Old Power Grid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trillions of watts of electricity used every year in the United States are delivered by just three huge power grids. The grids’ size and interconnectivity make electricity cheap and accommodate differences in supply and demand between different regions, but it also leaves the whole network vulnerable -- like the time a glitch in an Ohio control room caused a \u003ca href=\"http://boingboing.net/2012/08/03/blackout-whats-wrong-with-t.html\">$10 billion blackout \u003c/a>in the Northeast and parts of Canada. Or when a worker in Arizona accidentally tripped a power line, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/01/2011-blackout-in-san-diego_n_1468552.html\">power outage\u003c/a> swept from Southern California to Mexico. The number of major outages like these is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/aging-us-power-grid-blacks-out-more-any-other-developed-nation-1631086\">rising\u003c/a>, and because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme Sandy-like storms, the problem is only going to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the demands on the grid are climbing as its \u003ca href=\"http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/energy/\">aging infrastructure \u003c/a>is getting more and more fragile. The average U.S. power plant is 30 years old, and the average power line is 25 years old. Transformers that were only designed to last 40 years have been in service much longer. And even if all those elements were replaced, the grid in its current form was mostly designed in the first half of the twentieth century, when electricity was first a novelty, then a luxury. It was never intended to support a country dependent on air conditioning, computers, and millions of personal electronic devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “Smarter” Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning is underway to replace the aging U.S. power network with a new, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/03/22/what-is-the-smart-grid-anyway-video/\">“smart” grid\u003c/a>, one that’s energy efficient and flexible enough to handle variability in both supply and demand -- and one that can isolate electrical crises before they spread. Incorporating the communication and automation technologies that already facilitate so many other aspects of our lives should make the currently clunky grid much more responsive and efficient enough to save tens of billions of dollars every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microgrids: A New Old Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the elements of this reimagined grid is actually a recycled old idea: small, independent grids serving neighborhoods, hospitals, and even individual buildings. The key to a modern microgrid is the “smart” switch linking it to the main grid. These switches can respond automatically to the grid’s needs, opening or closing in less than a thirtieth of a second. When it’s connected to the main grid, the microgrid can draw extra power from the communal pool or return any extra energy back to it so that watts on either side of the switch don’t go to waste. But if the power goes out, the switch can open, severing the connection and keeping the outage from spreading. This gives microgrids flexibility that neither a single large grid nor isolated independent grids have on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71611\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\" alt='This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.' width=\"640\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juggling Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“Really, it's a game-changer in a lot of different ways,” Jahns explained. One of the benefits of a microgrid is that its flexibility makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, something that’s perennially tricky. “Renewables are great,” said Jahns, “but unfortunately, the sun goes up; the sun goes down. The wind blows; the wind doesn't blow. But we want to turn on a light switch and expect the light to come on all the time.” For a microgrid, there’s no problem. If it’s cloudy or windless, connecting to the main grid can make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Capturing Wasted Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Another major advantage of a microgrid is that it allows you to get much more out of the energy sources you’re using. “I don't think people realize just how much of the energy of a lump of coal -- or even from a nuclear power plant -- how much heat is wasted.” In fact, he said, if you’re turning 50 percent of the source energy into usable electricity, you’re doing well. The rest is lost as heat. In a compact microgrid, combined heat and power generators can recover some of that lost energy and put it to work, boosting energy efficiency from 50 to 80 percent. There’s not much else you can do to make efficiency skyrocket like that, Jahns said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Changing Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu/annual-report/exploring-energy/WEI-Exploring-Energy-Microgrids.pdf\">microgrid\u003c/a> Jahn oversees at the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a> is a cousin of the one that kept the Greenwich Village co-op out of trouble during Hurricane Sandy. This type of microgrid is particularly flexible because it seamlessly adjusts to new loads and new sources without needing a lot of expensive engineering on the front end. “Plug-and-play functionality and autonomous control, that’s the absolutely key part of it,” explained Bob Lasseter, an emeritus professor at UW who developed the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That easy adaptability could make microgrids even more appealing. If a business or a school knew that it wouldn’t have to rework its grid when it needed to add a new building or wanted to put in a solar panel, that might lower the entrance barrier to embracing new technology. These simple but endlessly modifiable microgrids could also be ideal for developing countries without energy infrastructure but with access to energy resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Road Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting utilities and governments on board with individual consumers supplying their own electricity -- at least part of the time -- won’t necessarily be easy everywhere. Even though microgrids are designed to interact with the main grid, the ability to produce and consume energy locally constitutes a fundamental change in the way we approach and pay for an integral and ubiquitous service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, look out there. What do you see?” Jahns asked, gesturing out the window. “You see power lines and lights. That's a lot of the infrastructure that we just kind of take for granted around us. And now we're talking about changing it in a significant way that is unlike anything that we've seen before. So that's kind of mind-boggling to imagine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71609\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1056\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, most of lower Manhattan went dark, and it was almost two weeks before most of the power was restored. But in \u003ca href=\"http://www.tecogen.com/2944109b-07d0-44c5-9ea7-48b71fa292b6/about-us-news-and-events-press-releases-detail.htm\">one building\u003c/a> in Greenwich Village, the lights stayed on and the heat kept working (and the building’s population doubled). That’s because, as University of Wisconsin engineering professor Thomas Jahns explained, that building had “its own miniature version of a utility grid”: a microgrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Old Power Grid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trillions of watts of electricity used every year in the United States are delivered by just three huge power grids. The grids’ size and interconnectivity make electricity cheap and accommodate differences in supply and demand between different regions, but it also leaves the whole network vulnerable -- like the time a glitch in an Ohio control room caused a \u003ca href=\"http://boingboing.net/2012/08/03/blackout-whats-wrong-with-t.html\">$10 billion blackout \u003c/a>in the Northeast and parts of Canada. Or when a worker in Arizona accidentally tripped a power line, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/01/2011-blackout-in-san-diego_n_1468552.html\">power outage\u003c/a> swept from Southern California to Mexico. The number of major outages like these is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/aging-us-power-grid-blacks-out-more-any-other-developed-nation-1631086\">rising\u003c/a>, and because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme Sandy-like storms, the problem is only going to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the demands on the grid are climbing as its \u003ca href=\"http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/energy/\">aging infrastructure \u003c/a>is getting more and more fragile. The average U.S. power plant is 30 years old, and the average power line is 25 years old. Transformers that were only designed to last 40 years have been in service much longer. And even if all those elements were replaced, the grid in its current form was mostly designed in the first half of the twentieth century, when electricity was first a novelty, then a luxury. It was never intended to support a country dependent on air conditioning, computers, and millions of personal electronic devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “Smarter” Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning is underway to replace the aging U.S. power network with a new, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/03/22/what-is-the-smart-grid-anyway-video/\">“smart” grid\u003c/a>, one that’s energy efficient and flexible enough to handle variability in both supply and demand -- and one that can isolate electrical crises before they spread. Incorporating the communication and automation technologies that already facilitate so many other aspects of our lives should make the currently clunky grid much more responsive and efficient enough to save tens of billions of dollars every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microgrids: A New Old Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the elements of this reimagined grid is actually a recycled old idea: small, independent grids serving neighborhoods, hospitals, and even individual buildings. The key to a modern microgrid is the “smart” switch linking it to the main grid. These switches can respond automatically to the grid’s needs, opening or closing in less than a thirtieth of a second. When it’s connected to the main grid, the microgrid can draw extra power from the communal pool or return any extra energy back to it so that watts on either side of the switch don’t go to waste. But if the power goes out, the switch can open, severing the connection and keeping the outage from spreading. This gives microgrids flexibility that neither a single large grid nor isolated independent grids have on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71611\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\" alt='This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.' width=\"640\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juggling Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“Really, it's a game-changer in a lot of different ways,” Jahns explained. One of the benefits of a microgrid is that its flexibility makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, something that’s perennially tricky. “Renewables are great,” said Jahns, “but unfortunately, the sun goes up; the sun goes down. The wind blows; the wind doesn't blow. But we want to turn on a light switch and expect the light to come on all the time.” For a microgrid, there’s no problem. If it’s cloudy or windless, connecting to the main grid can make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Capturing Wasted Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Another major advantage of a microgrid is that it allows you to get much more out of the energy sources you’re using. “I don't think people realize just how much of the energy of a lump of coal -- or even from a nuclear power plant -- how much heat is wasted.” In fact, he said, if you’re turning 50 percent of the source energy into usable electricity, you’re doing well. The rest is lost as heat. In a compact microgrid, combined heat and power generators can recover some of that lost energy and put it to work, boosting energy efficiency from 50 to 80 percent. There’s not much else you can do to make efficiency skyrocket like that, Jahns said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Changing Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu/annual-report/exploring-energy/WEI-Exploring-Energy-Microgrids.pdf\">microgrid\u003c/a> Jahn oversees at the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a> is a cousin of the one that kept the Greenwich Village co-op out of trouble during Hurricane Sandy. This type of microgrid is particularly flexible because it seamlessly adjusts to new loads and new sources without needing a lot of expensive engineering on the front end. “Plug-and-play functionality and autonomous control, that’s the absolutely key part of it,” explained Bob Lasseter, an emeritus professor at UW who developed the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That easy adaptability could make microgrids even more appealing. If a business or a school knew that it wouldn’t have to rework its grid when it needed to add a new building or wanted to put in a solar panel, that might lower the entrance barrier to embracing new technology. These simple but endlessly modifiable microgrids could also be ideal for developing countries without energy infrastructure but with access to energy resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Road Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting utilities and governments on board with individual consumers supplying their own electricity -- at least part of the time -- won’t necessarily be easy everywhere. Even though microgrids are designed to interact with the main grid, the ability to produce and consume energy locally constitutes a fundamental change in the way we approach and pay for an integral and ubiquitous service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, look out there. What do you see?” Jahns asked, gesturing out the window. “You see power lines and lights. That's a lot of the infrastructure that we just kind of take for granted around us. And now we're talking about changing it in a significant way that is unlike anything that we've seen before. So that's kind of mind-boggling to imagine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71609\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1056\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Skin of a Building and Why it Matters",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cleveland, like many cities, has a fleet of old, drafty buildings. These buildings are energy hogs and account for close to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/06/02/working-toward-the-very-low-energy-consumption-building-of-the-future/\">half\u003c/a> of the nation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama highlighted the building sector recently, announcing \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-6GW6ccLK0\">$2 billion\u003c/a> in energy upgrades to federal buildings, and many in the environmental community say we should be focusing on improving building performance across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71065\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of how and why one might want to retrofit an older building, I climbed inside a local company’s test chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited \u003ca href=\"http://www.tremcoinc.com/\">Tremco’s\u003c/a> Sustainable Building Solutions Test Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, it was drizzling outside, but inside there was a full-on rainstorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Tremco they focus on improving the\u003cstrong> skin\u003c/strong> of a building -- that is, its walls, windows, glazing, and basically everything that protects a building from, say, a rainstorm. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole,\" said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With a couple keystrokes, Tremco Manager Tim Mattox started simulating a heavy storm in their test chamber. The see-through chamber is skinny but tall, stretching up nearly to the ceiling of the warehouse. I can see sprinklers inside the chamber shooting water from every direction. Getting pummeled by this rainstorm is a test wall. They’re testing the ability of one of their silicone sheet products to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt-osfns.org/nycdsf/forms/custodians/Chapters/7_Caulking.pdf\">watertight seal\u003c/a> on a typical building gap, like one you might see around the edges of a window frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 188px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649-188x253.jpg\" alt=\"Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\" width=\"188\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buildings actually have a surprisingly large number of gaps, small stuff usually, but it really adds up. “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole in the inside of the house just because when you take the collective openings that are available to seal on any given home out there, that’s about what you’re getting -- a 15-foot hole,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t seal off building gaps, moisture can get in, cause mold growth, and rot your walls. A silicone sheet like the one getting drenched in the test chamber also prevents air from leaking out. Stopping air leaks is key to reducing a building’s overall energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattox eventually cuts the jets and prepares to simulate windy conditions and measure the movement of air through this silicone-sealed building gap. Bright-orange tubing feeds into the chamber like a scene out of \u003cstrong>The Matrix\u003c/strong>. “It’s running right now, so he’s pulling a vacuum, so you can sort of see the silicone sheet start to pull in,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital monitors show this gap is well sealed. The sheet’s doing its job and keeping air and water out of the simulated building gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tremco works mainly with commercial properties, but homeowners can benefit from a gap inspection as well, whether you do it yourself or call in a professional. Gaps can be found anywhere in a building, especially at joints where one material or part meets another. Mattox’s advice is to start with the low-hanging fruit: your doors and windows. Swap out old weather stripping, apply an exterior sealant around your windows, maybe stuff some “flex foam” in there, too. Basically find any crack or crevice and seal it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a party trick, said Mattox, keep an eye out for spider webs. “Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing this will go a long way toward greater energy efficiency and could save you a wad of cash. “Any time it rolls through a duct, you’re investing money into that air, and if you’re not containing that or controlling that airflow, you are throwing money literally out the window,” said Mattox. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue,\" said Kerr.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Laurie Kerr is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityenergyproject.org/about/\">City Energy Project,\u003c/a> an initiative of the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Institute for Market Transformation. She says we don’t hear a lot about buildings, but in fact, nationally they’re responsible for about 40 percent of our carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue. So if something happened, a big storm and it knocked out the electricity for the area, a building that has really good insulation and isn’t leaking is going to maintain its habitability a lot longer than one that doesn’t have a good building envelope, which is the wrapping of the building,” said Kerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerr says old buildings need checkups, just as people do when they’re under the weather. Calling in some house doctors -- a professional energy audit -- can be a good way to think through your options, such as sealants, roof insulation, lighting changes, and window and HVAC upgrades. An audit will give you a sense of what options would deliver the best return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like people, each older building is unique, and most could benefit from a performance boost.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cleveland, like many cities, has a fleet of old, drafty buildings. These buildings are energy hogs and account for close to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2009/06/02/working-toward-the-very-low-energy-consumption-building-of-the-future/\">half\u003c/a> of the nation’s overall greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Obama highlighted the building sector recently, announcing \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-6GW6ccLK0\">$2 billion\u003c/a> in energy upgrades to federal buildings, and many in the environmental community say we should be focusing on improving building performance across the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71065\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71065\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tremco-005-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tremco's chamber simulates stormy conditions to test whether building elements have a tight, waterproof seal.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To get a sense of how and why one might want to retrofit an older building, I climbed inside a local company’s test chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day I visited \u003ca href=\"http://www.tremcoinc.com/\">Tremco’s\u003c/a> Sustainable Building Solutions Test Facility in Cleveland, Ohio, it was drizzling outside, but inside there was a full-on rainstorm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here at Tremco they focus on improving the\u003cstrong> skin\u003c/strong> of a building -- that is, its walls, windows, glazing, and basically everything that protects a building from, say, a rainstorm. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole,\" said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With a couple keystrokes, Tremco Manager Tim Mattox started simulating a heavy storm in their test chamber. The see-through chamber is skinny but tall, stretching up nearly to the ceiling of the warehouse. I can see sprinklers inside the chamber shooting water from every direction. Getting pummeled by this rainstorm is a test wall. They’re testing the ability of one of their silicone sheet products to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.opt-osfns.org/nycdsf/forms/custodians/Chapters/7_Caulking.pdf\">watertight seal\u003c/a> on a typical building gap, like one you might see around the edges of a window frame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 188px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_0649-188x253.jpg\" alt=\"Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\" width=\"188\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Window gaps, like this one, can be a major source of air and water leakage.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buildings actually have a surprisingly large number of gaps, small stuff usually, but it really adds up. “A typical home in the U.S. today averages about a 15-square-foot hole in the inside of the house just because when you take the collective openings that are available to seal on any given home out there, that’s about what you’re getting -- a 15-foot hole,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t seal off building gaps, moisture can get in, cause mold growth, and rot your walls. A silicone sheet like the one getting drenched in the test chamber also prevents air from leaking out. Stopping air leaks is key to reducing a building’s overall energy use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mattox eventually cuts the jets and prepares to simulate windy conditions and measure the movement of air through this silicone-sealed building gap. Bright-orange tubing feeds into the chamber like a scene out of \u003cstrong>The Matrix\u003c/strong>. “It’s running right now, so he’s pulling a vacuum, so you can sort of see the silicone sheet start to pull in,” said Mattox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Digital monitors show this gap is well sealed. The sheet’s doing its job and keeping air and water out of the simulated building gap.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” said Mattox.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tremco works mainly with commercial properties, but homeowners can benefit from a gap inspection as well, whether you do it yourself or call in a professional. Gaps can be found anywhere in a building, especially at joints where one material or part meets another. Mattox’s advice is to start with the low-hanging fruit: your doors and windows. Swap out old weather stripping, apply an exterior sealant around your windows, maybe stuff some “flex foam” in there, too. Basically find any crack or crevice and seal it off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for a party trick, said Mattox, keep an eye out for spider webs. “Spiders have a tendency to build their webs in areas where there is a draft,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doing this will go a long way toward greater energy efficiency and could save you a wad of cash. “Any time it rolls through a duct, you’re investing money into that air, and if you’re not containing that or controlling that airflow, you are throwing money literally out the window,” said Mattox. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue,\" said Kerr.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Laurie Kerr is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cityenergyproject.org/about/\">City Energy Project,\u003c/a> an initiative of the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Institute for Market Transformation. She says we don’t hear a lot about buildings, but in fact, nationally they’re responsible for about 40 percent of our carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It’s a big deal...It’s not just an energy issue, that can be a resiliency issue. So if something happened, a big storm and it knocked out the electricity for the area, a building that has really good insulation and isn’t leaking is going to maintain its habitability a lot longer than one that doesn’t have a good building envelope, which is the wrapping of the building,” said Kerr.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerr says old buildings need checkups, just as people do when they’re under the weather. Calling in some house doctors -- a professional energy audit -- can be a good way to think through your options, such as sealants, roof insulation, lighting changes, and window and HVAC upgrades. An audit will give you a sense of what options would deliver the best return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like people, each older building is unique, and most could benefit from a performance boost.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel",
"title": "Tobacco Gets a Makeover as New Source for Biofuel",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tobacco is about to get a facelift. As a key ingredient in cigarettes, the plant contributes to gum disease, emphysema and cancer. This has led to a decline in cigarette sales and tobacco production in the United States over the past 25 years. But one research team thinks tobacco could provide a societal benefit by becoming a new source for biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the things that make tobacco bad are really good for fuels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/bill-shelander\">Bill Shelander\u003c/a>, business development specialist at\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\"> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you smoke cigarettes you are smoking tar and nicotine, and the tar is bad for health,” he said. “Tobacco is unusually high in tar content and it’s the type of chemical that can be converted into fuels -- they are precursors to oil. If these plants were buried for millions of years they would be a very nice oil reserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has partnered with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/index.html\">University of California-Berkeley\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/\">University of Kentucky\u003c/a> to engineer tobacco so that its leaves produce oil that can more easily be converted into a fuel source for everything from cars to yachts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called \u003ca href=\"http://ucbiotech.org/folium/\">Folium\u003c/a>, is backed by a $4.8 million grant from the \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy\u003c/a> or ARPA-E, a \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a> agency that funds the research and development of emerging energy technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70734\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry\" width=\"341\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers introduce genes from cyanobacteria and algae to increase the amount of oil that is produced in tobacco leaves. Photo: Arwen Curry, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea for biofuel -- using plants as a fuel source -- is nothing new, but it has gained popularity in recent years with rising gasoline prices and concern that burning fossil fuels is a main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common source for biofuel in the U.S. is corn, which is fermented and turned into an alcohol, called ethanol, that is added to gasoline and used to power automobiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create biofuel from tobacco, researchers have added genes from algae and cyanobacteria that can process sunlight more efficiently than corn does and convert the sunlight into hydrocarbons via photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrocarbons in the engineered tobacco are a form of bio-crude oil, an antecedent to fuel. This bio-crude can be stored in the leaves and directly removed and processed to create biofuel, which requires fewer steps than making ethanol, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because less processing is required, at a commercial scale biofuel from tobacco could be price competitive with gasoline at three to six dollars a gallon, said Peggy Lemaux, a University of California-Berkeley biologist working on the Folium team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant has several other distinct advantages, said Lemaux. Tobacco doesn’t compete with the national food supply. It occupies 350,000 acres of land, compared to 95.3 million for corn, and is cultivated in designated areas where it has been produced for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be harvested several times a year and it produces more biomass than traditional biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the [tobacco] industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities -Marty Ortañez \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Kentucky have been planting and machine harvesting tobacco on a two-acre plot to measure the potential yield. The tobacco biofuel has not been used in vehicles yet and would need more financial backing for testing after the three-year Department of Energy grant runs out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say there are lots of problems with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticide pollution and inhumane working conditions are prevalent in the countries where tobacco is grown, said anthropology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/Departments/anthropology/AboutUs/Contact/DepartmentDirectory/Pages/MartyOta%C3%B1ez.aspx\">Marty Ortañez\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/pages/ucdwelcomepage.aspx\">University of Colorado Denver\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco is an industry that relies on child labor,” said Ortañez. “We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Human Rights Watch, a nonprofit advocacy group, released \u003ca href=\"http://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/05/13/tobacco-s-hidden-children\">a report\u003c/a> about the dangerous working conditions for children as young as seven who work in U.S. tobacco fields. Many young workers were exposed to pesticides and nicotine that sometimes resulted in acute nicotine poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orlando Chambers, managing director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca.uky.edu/KTRDC/\">Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center\u003c/a> (KTRDC), said that tobacco used for biofuel would be machine harvested, making child labor a non-issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conventional tobacco uses lots of labor, but genetically modified tobacco would be planted closer together and be machine harvested,” Chambers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortañez contends that tobacco research, whether for biofuel or cancer vaccines, ultimately helps tobacco companies’ portray the industry in a positive light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\" width=\"343\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tobacco for cigarettes is picked by hand but tobacco grown for biofuel would be more efficiently harvested by machines. Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco for biofuel is just another strategy for the tobacco industry to derail the discussion about unfair contracts and low leaf prices [for farmers],” said Ortañez. “It’s the last-ditch effort of tobacco companies to represent themselves as having any sort of benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When contacted, cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris declined to comment for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Folium biologist Peggy Lemaux, the research is neither supported nor influenced by the tobacco industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project had nothing to do with big tobacco,” said Lemaux. “It was thought of by a bunch of researchers because it’s not an edible crop, it has a high biomass and it’s easy to genetically manipulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemaux and other scientists participating in Folium have not received money from the tobacco companies, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the problems associated with tobacco farming, Ortañez does believe Folium has merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am excited that the biofuel project will get people talking about labor rights and unfair wages,” said Ortañez. “There’s a lot of room for tobacco to improve.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tobacco is about to get a facelift. As a key ingredient in cigarettes, the plant contributes to gum disease, emphysema and cancer. This has led to a decline in cigarette sales and tobacco production in the United States over the past 25 years. But one research team thinks tobacco could provide a societal benefit by becoming a new source for biofuel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All the things that make tobacco bad are really good for fuels,” said \u003ca href=\"http://eetd.lbl.gov/people/bill-shelander\">Bill Shelander\u003c/a>, business development specialist at\u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\"> Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you smoke cigarettes you are smoking tar and nicotine, and the tar is bad for health,” he said. “Tobacco is unusually high in tar content and it’s the type of chemical that can be converted into fuels -- they are precursors to oil. If these plants were buried for millions of years they would be a very nice oil reserve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab has partnered with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/index.html\">University of California-Berkeley\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.uky.edu/\">University of Kentucky\u003c/a> to engineer tobacco so that its leaves produce oil that can more easily be converted into a fuel source for everything from cars to yachts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project, called \u003ca href=\"http://ucbiotech.org/folium/\">Folium\u003c/a>, is backed by a $4.8 million grant from the \u003ca href=\"http://arpa-e.energy.gov/\">Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy\u003c/a> or ARPA-E, a \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/a> agency that funds the research and development of emerging energy technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70734\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70734\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry-377x253.jpg\" alt=\"NextMeal_Tobacco_Arwen_Curry\" width=\"341\" height=\"229\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers introduce genes from cyanobacteria and algae to increase the amount of oil that is produced in tobacco leaves. Photo: Arwen Curry, KQED Science\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea for biofuel -- using plants as a fuel source -- is nothing new, but it has gained popularity in recent years with rising gasoline prices and concern that burning fossil fuels is a main driver of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most common source for biofuel in the U.S. is corn, which is fermented and turned into an alcohol, called ethanol, that is added to gasoline and used to power automobiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To create biofuel from tobacco, researchers have added genes from algae and cyanobacteria that can process sunlight more efficiently than corn does and convert the sunlight into hydrocarbons via photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydrocarbons in the engineered tobacco are a form of bio-crude oil, an antecedent to fuel. This bio-crude can be stored in the leaves and directly removed and processed to create biofuel, which requires fewer steps than making ethanol, the researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because less processing is required, at a commercial scale biofuel from tobacco could be price competitive with gasoline at three to six dollars a gallon, said Peggy Lemaux, a University of California-Berkeley biologist working on the Folium team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant has several other distinct advantages, said Lemaux. Tobacco doesn’t compete with the national food supply. It occupies 350,000 acres of land, compared to 95.3 million for corn, and is cultivated in designated areas where it has been produced for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also can be harvested several times a year and it produces more biomass than traditional biofuel crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the [tobacco] industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities -Marty Ortañez \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the University of Kentucky have been planting and machine harvesting tobacco on a two-acre plot to measure the potential yield. The tobacco biofuel has not been used in vehicles yet and would need more financial backing for testing after the three-year Department of Energy grant runs out this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But critics say there are lots of problems with the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pesticide pollution and inhumane working conditions are prevalent in the countries where tobacco is grown, said anthropology professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/academics/colleges/CLAS/Departments/anthropology/AboutUs/Contact/DepartmentDirectory/Pages/MartyOta%C3%B1ez.aspx\">Marty Ortañez\u003c/a> of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucdenver.edu/pages/ucdwelcomepage.aspx\">University of Colorado Denver\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco is an industry that relies on child labor,” said Ortañez. “We need alternative sources of fuel, but we also need researchers to come up with remedies to end the industry’s behavior that harms soils and communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Human Rights Watch, a nonprofit advocacy group, released \u003ca href=\"http://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/05/13/tobacco-s-hidden-children\">a report\u003c/a> about the dangerous working conditions for children as young as seven who work in U.S. tobacco fields. Many young workers were exposed to pesticides and nicotine that sometimes resulted in acute nicotine poisoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orlando Chambers, managing director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www2.ca.uky.edu/KTRDC/\">Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center\u003c/a> (KTRDC), said that tobacco used for biofuel would be machine harvested, making child labor a non-issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conventional tobacco uses lots of labor, but genetically modified tobacco would be planted closer together and be machine harvested,” Chambers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ortañez contends that tobacco research, whether for biofuel or cancer vaccines, ultimately helps tobacco companies’ portray the industry in a positive light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70755\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 343px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-70755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tobacco-harvesting_300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\" width=\"343\" height=\"257\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tobacco for cigarettes is picked by hand but tobacco grown for biofuel would be more efficiently harvested by machines. Photo: La Casa del Habano and Habanos S.A.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Tobacco for biofuel is just another strategy for the tobacco industry to derail the discussion about unfair contracts and low leaf prices [for farmers],” said Ortañez. “It’s the last-ditch effort of tobacco companies to represent themselves as having any sort of benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When contacted, cigarette manufacturer Philip Morris declined to comment for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Folium biologist Peggy Lemaux, the research is neither supported nor influenced by the tobacco industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This project had nothing to do with big tobacco,” said Lemaux. “It was thought of by a bunch of researchers because it’s not an edible crop, it has a high biomass and it’s easy to genetically manipulate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lemaux and other scientists participating in Folium have not received money from the tobacco companies, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the problems associated with tobacco farming, Ortañez does believe Folium has merit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am excited that the biofuel project will get people talking about labor rights and unfair wages,” said Ortañez. “There’s a lot of room for tobacco to improve.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to extracting riches from the southern forest there’s a new game in town. Over the past few years a new cottage industry has emerged focused on milling wood pellets and shipping them to Europe to be fired with coal for electricity production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it turns out the forests in eastern North Carolina are ripe for the picking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/specialcollections/forestry/background.html\" target=\"_blank\">woods of North Carolina\u003c/a> have long been a rich provider of resources. Hardwood trees are harvested for pallets and furniture and softwoods for pulp and paper. North Carolina’s southern yellow pine is more commonly known to consumers as a “two-by-four” and is a ubiquitous part of the building industry nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not breaking news that forest resources are renewable. Those of us who live or spend time in the woods can’t help but be in awe of the rapid rejuvenation that occurs naturally after a field is cleared. In an era when renewability is seen as “green,” it’s logical that we turn to our forests. To some, it makes sense that we would harvest and burn biomass to reduce our coal consumption. But does it make sense to pelletize wood in the U.S. only to ship it overseas?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70459\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 307px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70459\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/IMG_7153-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"307\" height=\"205\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">63% of U.S. wood pellet exports come from the South, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.wri-ltd.com/pdfs/GTWMU%20North%20America%20wood%20pellet%20exports%202013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Wood Resources International\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Enterprising foresters in North Carolina are figuring out how to pelletize waste wood, which consists mostly of tree crowns and weed species that are the byproduct of the forest harvest. The pellets are then shipped to markets where they are valued as a renewable source of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The markets for these wood products are increasingly found across the Atlantic. The European Union has decreed that \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm\" target=\"_blank\">20 percent of energy in EU countries must come from renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>. Europe’s carbon market (unlike America’s) puts a high value on burning “green” energy sources, and wood pellets from North Carolina are fueling this mandate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One argument in favor of pelletizing leftover crowns is that it’s better than letting them rot on the forest floor. After all, rotting wood releases stored carbon and contributes to the very greenhouse gases we’re trying to avoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70468\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 345px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70468\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-Enviva__Ahoskie-NC__2012__credit-Dogwood-Alliance-Southwings-c-349x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"345\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Enviva wood pellet plant in Ahoskie, NC operates 24/7. Most of their products are shipped to Europe where it is valued as a renewable energy source. Photo courtesy Dogwood Alliance & SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, many environmentalists oppose the idea of pelletizing or burning biomass of any kind. They see a denuding of the landscape, where we take everything we can get our hands on -- from wooded wetlands to trees from pristine swamps to stands of old growth forest. They are also concerned with the loss of biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"//www.nrdc.org/energy/forestnotfuel/enviva-wood-pellets.asp\" target=\"_blank\">According to the Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a>, the source for much of these wood pellets -- the southeastern mixed forest and the middle Atlantic coastal forest ecoregions -- “have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as Critical/Endangered, because of their high biodiversity and the combination of habitat fragmentation, conversion, and other threats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While our forests are able to yield plenty of lumber, furniture, and toilet paper, they have no hope of keeping up with our insatiable desire for energy. Conservationists are concerned that the unchecked use of woody biomass for energy could have a devastating impact on our forests. Organizations like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dogwoodalliance.org/2014/03/monster-enviva-wood-pellet-plants-invade-northeast-nc-communities/\" target=\"_blank\">Dogwood Alliance\u003c/a>, based in Asheville, North Carolina, advocate for keeping our forests out of the energy equation altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dogwood Alliance considers the shipping of this resource to Europe to be a travesty. For Europe to reduce its emissions and claim a “green-energy credit” by burning pellets from southern forests is seen by many as absurd. Among other things, fossil energy is required to ship the wood pellets to Europe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the first time one culture has stripped another of its resources. Japan’s civilization was built on trees imported from Australia, and the Turkish Empire stripped the Middle East of trees almost entirely. It’s hard to imagine North Carolina as a desert, but human endeavor has done this before all over the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70467\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 378px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70467 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/0000034594-clearcuts-credit-Southwings-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"378\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">According to wood pellet manufacturer Enviva, clear-cutting forests is often the most sustainable approach to forest management. Photo credit SouthWings\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These days it’s fashionable for scholars to argue about when one resource or another has “peaked.” Peak oil, peak coal, even peak uranium has made it into today’s energy debate, and the notion of “peak forest” is no exception. When a resource peaks, it doesn’t mean that it ceases to exist: it implies that it will get progressively more expensive as more and more of it consumed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who has tried to buy land in the woods of North Carolina knows that the southern forest has peaked. Property in areas populated with hardwoods is way more expensive than pine woodlands. Cleared land is even cheaper. Whether for wildlife habitat or shading homes, hardwood lots are prized -- this is something both conservationists and realtors can agree on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question that North Carolina and other wooded states need to consider is, how much of our natural capital are we interested in converting into financial capital by shipping our forest resources to Europe? Perhaps it’s time to put a value on the ecological services our woods provide in the U.S. so that our forests are not destroyed in the process of keeping Europe “green.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://wimedialab.org/questsoil/\" width=\"820\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Play this interactive to learn how changes to soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003cbr>\n“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of a three-part educational series on \u003ca title=\"QUEST Special Series - Soil\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/soil-sustainability/\" target=\"_blank\">soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does soil have to do with climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do human actions affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is carbon transferred into and out of soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the importance of soil structure and how does it affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing temperatures in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing moisture levels in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What conditions tend to cause soil to accumulate lots of carbon? What conditions tend to cause soil to emit carbon to the atmosphere?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What might happen if more permafrost starts to thaw?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Describe how human interactions with soil could affect the carbon cycle. Then describe how your actions as an individual affect soil and the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Youtube - Crash Course Ecology\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA&index=9&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Cycles and Ecology\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Crash Course Ecology - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.carboncyclescience.gov\" href=\"http://www.carboncyclescience.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Federal Carbon Cycle Research\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United States Science Carbon Cycle Program - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ciesin.columbia.edu\" href=\"http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html\" target=\"_blank\">Desertification\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Physics of Desertification - \u003c/strong>Learn about desertification and what is being done to slow it across the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://e360.yale.edu\" href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/as_uses_of_biochar_expand_climate_benefits_still_uncertain/2730/\" target=\"_blank\">Biochar\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Yale Environment 360 - \u003c/strong>Biochar removes carbon from the atmosphere and stores it underground, where it does not contribute to global warming. It may play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12057679\" target=\"_blank\">Bioreporters\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>US National Library of Medicine, NIH - \u003c/strong>Bioreporters are microbial cells that have been genetically modified to recognize chemicals. Scientists are using them to test for pollutants in soil without disrupting the surrounding environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.HS-LS2-5\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological and biological processes. LS2.B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Energy and Matter - Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems. Systems and System Models - Models (e.g. Physical, mathematical, computer models) can be used to simulate systems and interactions - including energy, matter, and information flows - within and between systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Developing and Using Models\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Project Partners\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Balster\u003c/strong> is an Associate Professor in the Department of Soil Science and Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His lab, “Collaborations in Ecosystem Science and Environmental Education,” is constantly seeking innovative ways to combine research, teaching, and outreach both in education and the physical sciences. A longtime advocate of teaching and learning, Dr. Balster collaborates with many, including QUEST since 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Kohn\u003c/strong> teaches Agriscience at Waterford Union High School. Kohn has degrees from UW-Madison in Agriscience and Education and is licensed to teach Biology, Agriculture, and Environmental Science. Kohn has developed a nationally-recognized agricultural education program that seeks to maximize student preparation through rigorous and relevant education and meaningful inquiry-based learning.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp style=\"text-align: center\">\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://wimedialab.org/questsoil/\" width=\"820\" height=\"620\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Play this interactive to learn how changes to soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003cbr>\n“Land, then, is not merely soil; it is a fountain of energy flowing through a circuit of soils, plants and animals. Food chains are the living channels that conduct energy upward; death and decay return it to the soil. The circuit is not closed; some energy is dissipated in decay, some is added by absorption from the air, some is stored in soils, peats and long-lived forests.” Aldo Leopold, 1948\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like all aspects of our environment, soil is part of our planet’s complex and dynamic energy cycles, including the carbon cycle. Carbon is one of the most prevalent and important elements on our planet. Its movement through the environment modifies the temperature of our atmosphere and oceans, provides the structure and fuel for all living organisms, and contributes significantly to the living skin of our earth. As we learn more about how carbon moves through the environment, we discover how changes in one part of the carbon cycle can affect the earth as a whole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This investigation of soil’s role in the carbon cycle illustrates the importance of soil to our ecosystems, and demonstrates how human interactions with soil may affect the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This interactive is part of a three-part educational series on \u003ca title=\"QUEST Special Series - Soil\" href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/soil-sustainability/\" target=\"_blank\">soil\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does soil have to do with climate change?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do human actions affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions during Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How is carbon transferred into and out of soil?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is the importance of soil structure and how does it affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing temperatures in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do changing moisture levels in soil affect the carbon cycle?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-activity Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What conditions tend to cause soil to accumulate lots of carbon? What conditions tend to cause soil to emit carbon to the atmosphere?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What might happen if more permafrost starts to thaw?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Describe how human interactions with soil could affect the carbon cycle. Then describe how your actions as an individual affect soil and the carbon cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"Youtube - Crash Course Ecology\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA&index=9&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiIYXpV9w4WxbX\" target=\"_blank\">Energy Cycles and Ecology\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Crash Course Ecology - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.carboncyclescience.gov\" href=\"http://www.carboncyclescience.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Federal Carbon Cycle Research\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>United States Science Carbon Cycle Program - \u003c/strong>Learn about the role of the hydrologic and carbon cycles on the ecosystem.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"www.ciesin.columbia.edu\" href=\"http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html\" target=\"_blank\">Desertification\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Physics of Desertification - \u003c/strong>Learn about desertification and what is being done to slow it across the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://e360.yale.edu\" href=\"http://e360.yale.edu/feature/as_uses_of_biochar_expand_climate_benefits_still_uncertain/2730/\" target=\"_blank\">Biochar\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>Yale Environment 360 - \u003c/strong>Biochar removes carbon from the atmosphere and stores it underground, where it does not contribute to global warming. It may play an important role in regulating atmospheric carbon levels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca title=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/\" href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12057679\" target=\"_blank\">Bioreporters\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>US National Library of Medicine, NIH - \u003c/strong>Bioreporters are microbial cells that have been genetically modified to recognize chemicals. Scientists are using them to test for pollutants in soil without disrupting the surrounding environment.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.HS-LS2-5\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are important components of the carbon cycle, in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, atmosphere, oceans and geosphere through chemical, physical, geological and biological processes. LS2.B Cycles of Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecosystems\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concept:\u003c/strong> Energy and Matter - Energy drives the cycling of matter within and between systems. Systems and System Models - Models (e.g. Physical, mathematical, computer models) can be used to simulate systems and interactions - including energy, matter, and information flows - within and between systems.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong>Developing and Using Models\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Project Partners\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Balster\u003c/strong> is an Associate Professor in the Department of Soil Science and Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His lab, “Collaborations in Ecosystem Science and Environmental Education,” is constantly seeking innovative ways to combine research, teaching, and outreach both in education and the physical sciences. A longtime advocate of teaching and learning, Dr. Balster collaborates with many, including QUEST since 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Craig Kohn\u003c/strong> teaches Agriscience at Waterford Union High School. Kohn has degrees from UW-Madison in Agriscience and Education and is licensed to teach Biology, Agriculture, and Environmental Science. Kohn has developed a nationally-recognized agricultural education program that seeks to maximize student preparation through rigorous and relevant education and meaningful inquiry-based learning.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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