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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it has been in use for more than 60 years, hydraulic fracturing is still considered a relatively new drilling technology. Engineering advances such as horizontal boring, perforation, and fracturing have made underground shale gas and oil reserves more accessible than ever before. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/C19ee2MMs4kN_GgwY5IOMQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it has been in use for more than 60 years, hydraulic fracturing is still considered a relatively new drilling technology. Engineering advances such as horizontal boring, perforation, and fracturing have made underground shale gas and oil reserves more accessible than ever before. But in nearly all instances of fracking, well shafts must be bored down through layers of groundwater and underground aquifers, parts of a natural system that allows water to cycle through the lithosphere and hydrosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000;\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span> \u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What is meant by the phrase “domestic energy supply”?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some of the techniques currently used to obtain energy from coal, oil, or natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why can't the same sources of energy be used in all areas of the United States?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What precautions do fracking companies take to ensure that wells protect freshwater supplies and other natural resources?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What other natural resources are needed to fracture shale layers?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What additional materials come to the surface with the brine water and natural gas?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why might these materials be of concern to people or other organisms?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are some of the issues that might need to be addressed after a shale bed is successfully fracked?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What current practice of waste disposal was demonstrated in the video segment?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This story is incomplete. It tells about the practice of fracking, but not about what happens afterward. List and explain \u003cstrong>one benefit\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>one challenge\u003c/strong> that you think occur as a result of fracking.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using words, diagrams, or graphic organizers, explain how the story of hydraulic fracturing portrayed in the video demonstrates the disciplinary core idea, \"Humans depend on Earth's land, ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere for many different resources. Minerals, freshwater, and biosphere resources are limited and may not be replaceable.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Shale Gas Plays\u003c/a> , U.S. Energy Information Administration: Use the resources from the EIA to see how and where shale gas is used in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/EPAPaper\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind Hydraulic Fracturing\u003c/a>, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Learn what the EPA considers to be some of the critical issues around hydraulic fracturing.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://geology.com/articles/horizontal-drilling/\" target=\"_blank\">Advancements In Drilling Technology\u003c/a>, Hobart King, Geology.com: Learn more about the science of horizontal and directional drilling, and how these technologies support EPA recommendations and protect other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Advocates of hydraulic fracturing list the many benefits of the practice. The infographic above shows the four reasons cited most often. To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to balance benefits against challenges, and people’s wants or needs against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how today's practices might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-66354\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg\" alt=\"Frack Benefits 1.10.2014\" width=\"1426\" height=\"1102\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141.jpg 1426w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-400x309.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-800x618.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-1180x912.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/Frack-Benefits-1.10.20141-960x742.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1426px) 100vw, 1426px\">\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Click on the infographic above to see a larger version.\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLearn more about claims that hydraulic fracturing helps people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This infographic is part of a five-part educational series called \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How can people be persuaded to change their views or beliefs?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How would you define a person who is an \"advocate\"? What do advocates do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is a debate? Why might people debate the impacts of hydraulic fracturing?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing and Reading the Infographic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What claims do fracking advocates make with regard to the following?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Environmental impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Economic impact\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sustainability of energy\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Which of the four points made in the infographic do you believe is most defensible? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Are there any points that you find hard to defend? What are they? Why is defending them difficult?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Do you see any places in the graphic where some additional information may have been intentionally omitted to sway you toward favoring the idea of fracking for energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Write an argument supporting the creation of an infrastructure that increases the use and distribution of natural gas within the United States. What do you think critics would point to as drawbacks to your plan? Where would you expect to find tension or competing priorities among people’s needs, economic factors, and environmental factors?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/hydraulic-fracturing/shale-natural-gas\" target=\"_blank\">Advocating for Domestic Supplies of Natural Shale Gas\u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: See what domestic energy advocates have to say about well construction and the use of natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energyfromshale.org/stories-from-shale/lorain-ohio\" target=\"_blank\"> Are The Jobs Real? \u003c/a>, EnergyFromShale.org: Read an advocate’s story about how fracking has provided new jobs in Lorain, Ohio, and other places where unemployment is high due to changing economies.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/novagreenhouse\" target=\"_blank\">Earth’s Natural Thermostat\u003c/a>, PBS LearningMedia/WGBH Educational Foundation: View this NOVA segment to see how carbon dioxide emissions, created by the combustion of carbon-based fuels, can upset the balance between the sun’s radiant heat entering our atmosphere and that which is emitted back into space.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Apply scientific principles to design a method for monitoring and minimizing a human impact on the environment. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities have significantly altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging or destroying natural habitats and causing the extinction of other species. But changes to Earth’s environments can have different impacts (negative and positive) for different living things. \u003cstrong>ESS3.C Human Impacts on Earth Systems\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crosscutting Concepts:\u003c/strong> Cause and effect; stability and change\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices:\u003c/strong> Asking questions and defining problems\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?",
"title": "What Are the Challenges of Fracking Natural Shale Gas Reserves?",
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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/ihEPQxHXg6Avasbkb5geeQ==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To think critically and scientifically, it is good practice to look at how the wants or needs of people balance against economic or environmental costs. In the science of sustainability we must always look at how the practices of today might impact people and Earth’s systems in the future. There are tradeoffs and risks that must be considered whenever people use Earth’s natural resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called \u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">\u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy\u003c/strong>.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are the important roles of water on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When making decisions, what is a \"trade-off\"?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Give your own definition of ‘\"alternatives.\" What might be an example of a scientist talking about alternatives?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>According to Dr. Weatherington-Rice, which chemicals might return to the surface when shale gas is extracted during fracking?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What has traditionally been done with contaminated fracking fluids?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What concerns do people have about current methods of dealing with fracking waste?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>According to Mr. Kell, how many barrels of contaminated fracking wastewater have been buried in injection wells?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why are these chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive isotopes present in shale beds?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The capacity of a barrel is around 55 gallons. How many gallons of water do you estimate are contained in the 300 million barrels that have already been buried in Ohio? How does this compare to the capacity of a lake or reservoir near you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>From a natural resources perspective, why would people be concerned about the injection of millions of barrels of fracking wastewater into the ground?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Research the effects of salts, heavy metals, and radioactive elements on human organ systems. Why would people be concerned about leakage of injection wells onto the surface or into groundwater reserves?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=shale-gas-and-hydraulic-fracturing\" target=\"_blank\">The Science of Wasted Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: This article from Scientific American highlights the toxic gases, liquids, and solids that must be managed when hydraulic fracturing takes place.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/science/fracking-practices-blame-ohio-earthquakes-8C11073601\" target=\"_blank\">A New Challenge?\u003c/a>, Charles Q. 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"content": "\u003cp>[covevideo id=\"http://video.pbs.org/partnerplayer/4t_k2ukXZByGGj-NwmY4dw==/?autoplay=false&start=0&end=0&chapterbar=false&topbar=true&endscreen=false\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: center;\">\u003cem>This video was excerpted from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a> by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\"You can't win; you are sure to lose; and you can't get out of the game.\"\u003cem>---Garrett Hardin, Filters Against Folly: How to Survive Despite Economists, Ecologists, and the Merely Eloquent\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While we look for renewable and cleaner supplies of energy, we must acknowledge that humans have created a world that relies on vast amounts of non-renewable energy every day. If humans want to continue living on Earth, issues of energy production and consumption must be addressed today and into the future. In less than 200 years humans have extracted an incredible amount of coal, oil, and gas from the ground to feed our energy hunger. Earth’s non-renewable resources are finite and dwindling. The burning of fossil fuels produces more carbon dioxide emissions than the planet’s natural systems are capable of recycling. Of the fossil fuels, natural gas is the cleanest to burn, and fracking may provide a bridge to the future until cleaner energies are more efficient and affordable. That bridge, however, may be very fragile and risky to travel unless critical decisions are made about our use of energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of a five-part educational series called\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/challenges-of-non-renewable-energy/\">\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\"> \u003cstrong>Challenges of Non-Renewable Energy. \u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"Reduce, reuse, recycle.\" Give examples of how one or more of these ideas can be applied to the issues and practices of hydraulic fracturing for the acquisition of shale gas.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If the United States is going to rely on shale gas reserves for energy in the future, what strategies would you like to see put in place to diminish the negative impact on Earth’s ecosystems?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"Not in my backyard\" is a saying used to describe practices that are good as long as people are not negatively impacted locally. But what if you consider the entire Earth to be your “backyard”? Do you think you would support the continued extraction of fossil fuels from Earth’s crust? What tradeoffs do you think are most important in order to increase the country’s domestic supplies of energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If every by-product of fracking could be repurposed for other applications, what current major dilemmas could be resolved?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If injection wells could be eliminated completely without disrupting the flow of natural gas energy, what could that mean for the future of people and living things on Earth?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sometimes scientists say that parts of systems are “coupled.” If a toxic-water spill or injection-well failure occurred, what other parts of living systems could be disrupted or damaged?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you believe is the most dangerous problem associated with obtaining energy reserves that have been untapped for millions of years?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal daily activities would you be willing to reduce or eliminate if it meant that our energy supplies would last longer and our atmosphere would become cleaner? Explain to someone else how your activities are part of a “coupled system” of energy resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Extension Activity\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Forced Choice Debate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Divide the class into three or four learning groups. Each group will be given one of the following positions in the fracking debate, which they must try to defend with evidence from this Explainer and their own research.\u003cbr>\nTeam A: Stop fracking immediately because the long-term contamination risks are not worth the current reward.\u003cbr>\nTeam B: Continue fracking and strengthen regulations to protect against possible consequences.\u003cbr>\nTeam C: Require companies that frack to give part of their profits to research groups exploring how to recycle all waste byproducts and return clean water to the watersheds.\u003cbr>\nTeam D: Require companies that frack to financially support research of cleaner and renewable alternative energy sources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Each team must summarize its recommendations in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Pearltrees, or similar digital presentation tool.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Links to Learn More\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-fracking-be-done-without-impacting-water\" target=\"_blank\"> Preserving Our Natural Resources\u003c/a>, David Biello, Scientific American: Read this article from Scientific American to learn more about the issue of hydraulic fracturing waste disposal and the future of our natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/brinewater\" target=\"_blank\">Brine Water Alternatives\u003c/a>, Kendall Gurule, Frackwire.com: Learn more about the emerging science of recycling brine water.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/AAASTradeOffs\" target=\"_blank\">Tradeoffs… Gambling on Our Future?\u003c/a>, AAAS ScienceNetLinks: Learn more about energy tradeoffs for fossil fuels and other natural resources.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://tinyurl.com/Project2061SystemsInteraction\" target=\"_blank\">Sustainability – Seeing “The Big Picture”\u003c/a>, Project2061.org: Learn about the interactions among human society, economics, politics, and ecosystems, and the fragile ties that try to hold these systems in balance.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s3/09fossil.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Take Your Investigation Even Deeper \u003c/a>, Carnegie Mellon University: Carnegie Mellon University has an outstanding environmental science site dedicated to the promise and challenges of meeting our world’s energy demands.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NGSS Correlations\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation:\u003c/strong> Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. \u003cstrong>MS-ESS3-5\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea:\u003c/strong> Human activities, such as the release of greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, are major factors in the current rise in Earth’s mean surface temperature (global warming). 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"content": "\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nSamuel Weatherwax is an insulation and coatings technician for Calpine Corporation’s geothermal power plant, The Geysers, northeast of San Francisco. Weatherwax started as an apprentice and has now worked at The Geysers for four years. He loves spending most of his workday outside, where he paints, pressure washes, sandblasts, and repairs Calpine’s 15 geothermal power plants. After graduating from high school Weatherwax worked several jobs before a friend helped him land a position at Bottle Rock Power Plant, which helped prepare him for his work at The Geysers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about geothermal energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some job that might be needed to operate a geothermal power plant?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does a geothermal power plant generate electricity?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What types of activities does Weatherwax work on during his day?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of materials, equipment and technology does Weatherwax need for his work?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was his career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some skills that he learned and developed that helped prepare him for work in this field?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does Weatherwax like most about his job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal characteristics does he think are a good fit for this career?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/geothermal_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Geothermal Careers\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Find information on the kinds of jobs available in the geothermal energy industry, classes and training available, and workforce needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Heats Up\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn about geothermal energy, how it is used to produce electricity, optimal locations for geothermal plants, its benefits and drawbacks, and potential for growth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html\" target=\"_blank\">How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Learn how enhanced geothermal systems work with animations from the Geothermal Technologies Office.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Maps\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory website -- Find maps that show favorable sites for geothermal projects, current and planned geothermal power generation capacity, and geothermal plants that are operating or in development.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. HS-ESS3-2\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits. New technologies and social regulations can change the balance of these factors. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003cbr>\nSamuel Weatherwax is an insulation and coatings technician for Calpine Corporation’s geothermal power plant, The Geysers, northeast of San Francisco. Weatherwax started as an apprentice and has now worked at The Geysers for four years. He loves spending most of his workday outside, where he paints, pressure washes, sandblasts, and repairs Calpine’s 15 geothermal power plants. After graduating from high school Weatherwax worked several jobs before a friend helped him land a position at Bottle Rock Power Plant, which helped prepare him for his work at The Geysers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you know about geothermal energy?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some job that might be needed to operate a geothermal power plant?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How does a geothermal power plant generate electricity?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What types of activities does Weatherwax work on during his day?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What kinds of materials, equipment and technology does Weatherwax need for his work?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was his career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some skills that he learned and developed that helped prepare him for work in this field?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does Weatherwax like most about his job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal characteristics does he think are a good fit for this career?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/geothermal_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Geothermal Careers\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Find information on the kinds of jobs available in the geothermal energy industry, classes and training available, and workforce needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/geothermal-heats-up/\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Heats Up\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn about geothermal energy, how it is used to produce electricity, optimal locations for geothermal plants, its benefits and drawbacks, and potential for growth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/egs_animation.html\" target=\"_blank\">How an Enhanced Geothermal System Works\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Learn how enhanced geothermal systems work with animations from the Geothermal Technologies Office.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html\" target=\"_blank\">Geothermal Maps\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory website -- Find maps that show favorable sites for geothermal projects, current and planned geothermal power generation capacity, and geothermal plants that are operating or in development.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. HS-ESS3-2\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits. New technologies and social regulations can change the balance of these factors. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Aindrila Mukhopadhyay is a microbiologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she investigates the most effective ways to use microbes to convert plants into biofuels. Mukhopadhyay leads a multidisciplinary team studying stress response in bacteria. Her work ranges from hands-on research to grant writing. As a student Mukhopadhyay was always passionate about science, and she went on to earn a doctorate in chemistry. Every day she celebrates “small victories” at work and enjoys improving biofuels that will power the cars of today and tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What problems related to renewable energy do you think a microbiologist might work on?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a microbiologist uses? 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Find information on various job tasks, salaries, education requirements, and more. Hear from professionals in the field through short videos and interviews.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biofuels-beyond-ethanol/\" target=\"_blank\">Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn how plants’ sugars are turned into fuels and meet scientists investigating new ways to convert what we grow into what makes us go.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_biofuels.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Biofuels\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Find out about the benefits of biofuels and the basics of how biomass is converted into biofuels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/map_biomass_total_us_new.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Biomass Resources of the United States\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory map -- This map displays the biomass resources currently available by county in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Aindrila Mukhopadhyay is a microbiologist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she investigates the most effective ways to use microbes to convert plants into biofuels. Mukhopadhyay leads a multidisciplinary team studying stress response in bacteria. Her work ranges from hands-on research to grant writing. As a student Mukhopadhyay was always passionate about science, and she went on to earn a doctorate in chemistry. Every day she celebrates “small victories” at work and enjoys improving biofuels that will power the cars of today and tomorrow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What problems related to renewable energy do you think a microbiologist might work on?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a microbiologist uses? What skills might be important in this job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Why does Aindrila Mukhopadhyay say that biofuels research is important?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are biofuels?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What is Mukhopadhyay’s research group investigating?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does she spend most of her time doing?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who collaborates with her?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What sciences are important in Mukhopadhyay's background?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What does she like most about her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What skills does a microbiologist need or use on the job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What personal characteristics does Mukhopadhyay think are a good fit for this career?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a> and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/bioenergy_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Bioenergy Technology Careers\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Find information on the kinds of jobs available in the biofuels energy industry, classes and training available, and workforce needs.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://biotech-careers.org/job-areas/biofuels\" target=\"_blank\">Biotech Careers: Biofuels\u003c/a>, Bio-Link website -- Explore careers in the biofuels industry. Find information on various job tasks, salaries, education requirements, and more. Hear from professionals in the field through short videos and interviews.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/biofuels-beyond-ethanol/\" target=\"_blank\">Biofuels: Beyond Ethanol\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Learn how plants’ sugars are turned into fuels and meet scientists investigating new ways to convert what we grow into what makes us go.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_biofuels.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Biofuels\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Find out about the benefits of biofuels and the basics of how biomass is converted into biofuels.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/map_biomass_total_us_new.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Biomass Resources of the United States\u003c/a>, National Renewable Energy Laboratory map -- This map displays the biomass resources currently available by county in the United States.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. HS-ESS3-2\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits. New technologies and social regulations can change the balance of these factors. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Asking questions and defining problems, planning and carrying out investigations, analyzing and interpreting data\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Damon Vander Lind is a kite designer for Makani Power, a wind power generation company owned by Google. Vander Lind loved working in his dad’s shop as a kid, tinkering with boats and model gliders, which fueled his passion for design and engineering. After receiving an engineering degree from MIT, he thought he wanted to get a doctorate, but during his post-college internship at Makani he fell in love with the work and decided to stay. He now leads a team that is building high-altitude kites that can generate more power than conventional wind turbines. He says that while not all start-up projects succeed, it only takes one successful project to make a huge difference. 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Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/wind_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Careers in Wind Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Investigate the kinds of jobs available in the wind energy industry, classes and training available, and get information on the industry outlook.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/airborne-wind-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">Airborne Wind Energy\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Explore the potential of wind energy with new airborne wind turbines designed to harness the stronger and more consistent winds found at higher altitudes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Fuels Jobs for Oklahoma Youth\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PBS NewsHour\u003c/strong> video -- \u003cstrong>NewsHour\u003c/strong>’s Judy Woodruff investigates how wind energy is generating new job opportunities for youth in Oklahoma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ate10.sci.engin.systems.windtech/wind-energy-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Technology\u003c/a>, ATETV video -- Hear from students in the wind energy technology program at a community college about their interest in the industry and activities included in their coursework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_wind_turbines.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Wind Turbines\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn how wind turbines capture the wind’s energy and generate electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Damon Vander Lind is a kite designer for Makani Power, a wind power generation company owned by Google. Vander Lind loved working in his dad’s shop as a kid, tinkering with boats and model gliders, which fueled his passion for design and engineering. After receiving an engineering degree from MIT, he thought he wanted to get a doctorate, but during his post-college internship at Makani he fell in love with the work and decided to stay. He now leads a team that is building high-altitude kites that can generate more power than conventional wind turbines. He says that while not all start-up projects succeed, it only takes one successful project to make a huge difference. He finds it extremely exciting to be a part of that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>How might the work of a kite designer relate to the renewable energy industry?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think a kite designer uses? What skills might be important in this job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What are Vander Lind's kites designed to do?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How do his kites differ from conventional wind turbines? 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Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a>, and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/education/wind_careers.html\" target=\"_blank\">Explore Careers in Wind Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy website -- Investigate the kinds of jobs available in the wind energy industry, classes and training available, and get information on the industry outlook.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/airborne-wind-energy/\" target=\"_blank\">Airborne Wind Energy\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Explore the potential of wind energy with new airborne wind turbines designed to harness the stronger and more consistent winds found at higher altitudes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/3fc045eb-ad9b-49b9-b584-ed3337f6e463/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Fuels Jobs for Oklahoma Youth\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>PBS NewsHour\u003c/strong> video -- \u003cstrong>NewsHour\u003c/strong>’s Judy Woodruff investigates how wind energy is generating new job opportunities for youth in Oklahoma.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ate10.sci.engin.systems.windtech/wind-energy-technology/\" target=\"_blank\">Wind Energy Technology\u003c/a>, ATETV video -- Hear from students in the wind energy technology program at a community college about their interest in the industry and activities included in their coursework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_wind_turbines.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Wind Turbines\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn how wind turbines capture the wind’s energy and generate electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"content": "\u003cp>Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer -- a combination of electrical and mechanical engineering -- who works at Otherlab, a San Francisco start-up company. She leads an engineering team that is trying to improve large solar power fields. By changing the size and materials of heliostats, structures that include large mirrors to reflect sunlight, she can make high-concentration solar systems more energy efficient and less costly. Madrone has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in electrical engineering from MIT. Before she joined Otherlab she was part of the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA, where she created a device for taking high-resolution panoramic images. She chose to become an engineer because she wanted to help create a better world. 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Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a> and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/careermap/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Career Map\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy interactive -- Explore a number of careers in the solar power industry. Learn about career paths, job requirements and responsibilities, salary ranges and more.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_csp.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Concentrating Solar Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn about the basics of concentrating solar power and how it is used to produce electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\" target=\"_blank\">Big Solar Comes of Age\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Hear about the largest solar thermal plant in the world as it opens, following a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. The Ivanpah solar plant, in California’s Mojave Desert, is one of seven big solar farms scheduled to open in California in the coming months, as a result of the state’s push to produce one-third of its electricity from renewable energy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-heliostats.htm\" target=\"_blank\">What Are Heliostats?\u003c/a>, WiseGEEK website -- In this post from WiseGEEK, find out more about heliostats, the mechanisms that Leila Madrone and her team are working to redesign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. 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"excerpt": "Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer who leads a team that is designing heliostats -- mechanisms used in concentrating solar power systems. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leila Madrone is a mechatronics engineer -- a combination of electrical and mechanical engineering -- who works at Otherlab, a San Francisco start-up company. She leads an engineering team that is trying to improve large solar power fields. By changing the size and materials of heliostats, structures that include large mirrors to reflect sunlight, she can make high-concentration solar systems more energy efficient and less costly. Madrone has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in electrical engineering from MIT. Before she joined Otherlab she was part of the Intelligent Robotics Group at NASA, where she created a device for taking high-resolution panoramic images. She chose to become an engineer because she wanted to help create a better world. She says that if you’re curious and have a desire to improve the world around you, you may enjoy a career as an engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This video is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/collections/renewable-energy-careers/\">Energy\u003c/a> collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Pre-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What do you think a mechatronics engineer does?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are some projects she might work on or items she might develop?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What tools do you think she uses?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Focus Questions for Viewing\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>What does Leila Madrone do as a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are heliostats?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why are Madrone and her team working on new designs for heliostats? What problems are they trying to solve?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What was her career path?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What education is needed to be a mechatronics engineer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What are the benefits of the job or career? What does Madrone like most about her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Who does she work with?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What skills does she need to have for her job?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Post-viewing Questions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Madrone builds models of the heliostats. What aspects of the models do you think she analyzes and tests in order to improve their design?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What aspects of this career are most interesting to you?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What questions do you still have?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>Extension Activity\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Have your students create their own renewable energy career spotlight video or narrated slideshow! Research local companies, colleges, and universities for people working in the field who students can contact for an interview. A worksheet with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/downloads/2011/06/interview_tips.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">tips for planning interviews\u003c/a> and information about creating narrated slideshows and videos can be found in the \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/education/media-making-toolkit/\" target=\"_blank\">Media-Making Toolkit for Science Education\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Links to Learn More\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/careermap/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Career Map\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy interactive -- Explore a number of careers in the solar power industry. Learn about career paths, job requirements and responsibilities, salary ranges and more.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www1.eere.energy.gov/multimedia/video_csp.html\" target=\"_blank\">Energy 101: Concentrating Solar Power\u003c/a>, U.S. Department of Energy video -- Learn about the basics of concentrating solar power and how it is used to produce electricity.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\" target=\"_blank\">Big Solar Comes of Age\u003c/a>, \u003cstrong>QUEST\u003c/strong> video -- Hear about the largest solar thermal plant in the world as it opens, following a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. The Ivanpah solar plant, in California’s Mojave Desert, is one of seven big solar farms scheduled to open in California in the coming months, as a result of the state’s push to produce one-third of its electricity from renewable energy.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-heliostats.htm\" target=\"_blank\">What Are Heliostats?\u003c/a>, WiseGEEK website -- In this post from WiseGEEK, find out more about heliostats, the mechanisms that Leila Madrone and her team are working to redesign.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>NGSS Correlations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Performance Expectation\u003c/strong>: Evaluate competing design solutions for developing, managing, and utilizing energy and mineral resources based on cost-benefit ratios. HS-ESS3-2\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Disciplinary Core Idea\u003c/strong>: All forms of energy production and other resource extraction have associated economic, social, environmental, and geopolitical costs and risks, as well as benefits. New technologies and social regulations can change the balance of these factors. HS-ESS3.A: Natural Resources\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Science and Engineering Practices\u003c/strong>: Developing and using models, analyzing and interpreting data, using mathematics and computational thinking, designing solutions\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Green Energy, Sustainable Agriculture Vital to Brewery Business Plan",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Wisconsin/Radio/Stream/CENTWATERSBREWERYQUESTMP3.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64070\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-64070\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/GMbrew-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Graham and Anello Mollica of Central Waters Brewery in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Graham and Anello Mollica of Central Waters Brewery in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A central Wisconsin brewery is getting attention for its commitment to the environment. It's not just idealism, though; the brewers say their reliance on green energy and sustainable agriculture is helping them make money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Graham and Anello Mollica, president and vice president of\u003ca title=\"Central Waters Brewery\" href=\"http://centralwaters.com/\" target=\"_blank\"> Central Waters Brewery\u003c/a>, walk the floor of their big building in the small village of \u003ca title=\"Amherst, Wisconsin\" href=\"https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&q=central+waters+brewery&fb=1&gl=us&hq=central+waters+brewery&cid=0,0,15616833871390232406&t=m&ll=44.44501,-89.278572&spn=0.006511,0.00912&z=16&iwloc=A&source=embed\" target=\"_blank\">Amherst, Wisconsin\u003c/a>. Graham is dwarfed by stainless steel holding tanks, “This is where basically the magic begins to happen... temperature controls for different vessels, on and off switches, and variable frequency drives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mollica says it's not magic-but science that is producing the bubbles of carbon dioxide in the buckets under the tanks. “You are listening to bourbon barrel stout in its primary fermentation stage.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That award-winning bourbon barrel stout is one of the reasons the company is growing. Central Waters is now selling in “the whole state of Wisconsin, parts of Minnesota, and we just opened up the entire state of Illinois.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a big turnaround for Central Waters, which started 15 years ago on a shoestring budget in a dilapidated building, by hobby brewers with a few homemade recipes. Graham remembers those days. “Those were hard times. We not only brewed the beer, but we bottled the beer, and then we put it in the beds of our pickups and drove it around the state to sell it as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the company's production line can fill 96 bottles a minute, turning out 10,000 barrels of craft beer a year. But here’s what surprises some people: Graham and Mollica say their financial success is due to their commitment to green energy and sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As stewards of the environment, it's a brewer’s duty, it's our responsibility to minimize the impact as much as possible,” said Mollica, “because the whole idea here is this business outlives Paul and I.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham agrees. “It's a long term vision. For us, it's not tomorrow, it's not next year, it's not 20 years. It's my children's lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Waters is the first and only brewery to earn Wisconsin's “\u003ca title=\"Green Masters\" href=\"http://www.wisconsinsustainability.com/green-masters/\" target=\"_blank\">Green Master\u003c/a>” designation. Solar thermal panels warm the building and help heat the water for brewing and cleaning. Graham says he's doing it to save money, \"We can basically heat a 20,000-square-foot building for zero cost now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're replacing caustic cleaning chemicals with water-based ozone to save money and the environment. “The standard is some pretty nasty chemicals to send down your drains and into the sewer treatment facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brewery is also committed to sustainable agriculture because it's good for business. In 2008, a fire in the Yakima Valley and bad weather in Poland and Germany devastated the international hops market. So Graham and Mollica convinced four other Wisconsin brewers and seven farms to form the Midwest Hops and Barley Cooperative. “We actually funded some of these farms to get them going on their hops production,” Graham recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mollica agreed, “Without farmers growing hops and farmers growing barley, we're all out of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the brewery had to find reliable local sources of barley because farmers in the Dakotas stopped growing it, replacing it in their fields with new, hardy, genetically modified strains of corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You look into what used to be the bread belt of North and South Dakota, Idaho, Montana- these once arid regions that once grew nothing but barley,” Graham said. “Now they're growing corn and soy and they're getting ridiculously high prices for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Graham's sources for barley is as local as you can get. “[Within a] two-mile radius,” Graham said with a chuckle. “We work with a local farmer. He tills about 300 organic acres just down the road from us. He's my neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two miles down the road, that neighbor of Paul Graham's, Bob Stuczynski, climbs out of his tractor, and points to his acres of organic barley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/GMfarm-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bob Stuczynski on his organic farm in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Stuczynski on his organic farm in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bob Stuczynski on his organic farm in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To actually take your product from planting the seed to growing it to harvesting it, through the whole process and then to enjoy the final product at the end, drinking the beer,” said Stuczynski, “that's pretty hard to beat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Waters provides a stable source of income for Stucynski. His barley protects the brewery from the ups and downs of the international grain market. “It's taken the highs and lows off for both of us,” Stuczynski said. “We're local. We're not organic from Canada. We're two miles down the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Stuczynski gets a good price. Anello Mollica says it's worth it. “We pay more for that barley than we do for the other barley that we buy, but the money is staying in the community. He, his friends, his family, his family's friends... they're going to buy my beer. You know, back to the way it used to be before Prohibition, before industrialization of brewing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the way it's done now, for a profit, in Amherst, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Central Waters Brewery in Amherst, Wisconsin is committed to using green technology in their manufacturing process and local sources for their ingredients. And, it benefits the bottom line. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That award-winning bourbon barrel stout is one of the reasons the company is growing. Central Waters is now selling in “the whole state of Wisconsin, parts of Minnesota, and we just opened up the entire state of Illinois.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a big turnaround for Central Waters, which started 15 years ago on a shoestring budget in a dilapidated building, by hobby brewers with a few homemade recipes. Graham remembers those days. “Those were hard times. We not only brewed the beer, but we bottled the beer, and then we put it in the beds of our pickups and drove it around the state to sell it as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now the company's production line can fill 96 bottles a minute, turning out 10,000 barrels of craft beer a year. But here’s what surprises some people: Graham and Mollica say their financial success is due to their commitment to green energy and sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As stewards of the environment, it's a brewer’s duty, it's our responsibility to minimize the impact as much as possible,” said Mollica, “because the whole idea here is this business outlives Paul and I.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham agrees. “It's a long term vision. For us, it's not tomorrow, it's not next year, it's not 20 years. It's my children's lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Waters is the first and only brewery to earn Wisconsin's “\u003ca title=\"Green Masters\" href=\"http://www.wisconsinsustainability.com/green-masters/\" target=\"_blank\">Green Master\u003c/a>” designation. Solar thermal panels warm the building and help heat the water for brewing and cleaning. Graham says he's doing it to save money, \"We can basically heat a 20,000-square-foot building for zero cost now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They're replacing caustic cleaning chemicals with water-based ozone to save money and the environment. “The standard is some pretty nasty chemicals to send down your drains and into the sewer treatment facility.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The brewery is also committed to sustainable agriculture because it's good for business. In 2008, a fire in the Yakima Valley and bad weather in Poland and Germany devastated the international hops market. So Graham and Mollica convinced four other Wisconsin brewers and seven farms to form the Midwest Hops and Barley Cooperative. “We actually funded some of these farms to get them going on their hops production,” Graham recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mollica agreed, “Without farmers growing hops and farmers growing barley, we're all out of business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the brewery had to find reliable local sources of barley because farmers in the Dakotas stopped growing it, replacing it in their fields with new, hardy, genetically modified strains of corn and soybeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You look into what used to be the bread belt of North and South Dakota, Idaho, Montana- these once arid regions that once grew nothing but barley,” Graham said. “Now they're growing corn and soy and they're getting ridiculously high prices for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Graham's sources for barley is as local as you can get. “[Within a] two-mile radius,” Graham said with a chuckle. “We work with a local farmer. He tills about 300 organic acres just down the road from us. He's my neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two miles down the road, that neighbor of Paul Graham's, Bob Stuczynski, climbs out of his tractor, and points to his acres of organic barley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64069\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64069\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/GMfarm-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bob Stuczynski on his organic farm in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bob Stuczynski on his organic farm in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bob Stuczynski on his organic farm in Amherst, Wisconsin. Photo credit: Glen Moberg, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To actually take your product from planting the seed to growing it to harvesting it, through the whole process and then to enjoy the final product at the end, drinking the beer,” said Stuczynski, “that's pretty hard to beat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Central Waters provides a stable source of income for Stucynski. His barley protects the brewery from the ups and downs of the international grain market. “It's taken the highs and lows off for both of us,” Stuczynski said. “We're local. We're not organic from Canada. We're two miles down the road.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Stuczynski gets a good price. Anello Mollica says it's worth it. “We pay more for that barley than we do for the other barley that we buy, but the money is staying in the community. He, his friends, his family, his family's friends... they're going to buy my beer. You know, back to the way it used to be before Prohibition, before industrialization of brewing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the way it's done now, for a profit, in Amherst, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wisconsin dominates when it comes to cheese production. In 2012, the state produced nearly three billion pounds, a quarter of all the cheese made in the U.S. With that cheese comes a lot of waste in the form of nutrient rich, milky water which is spread over farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 10 percent of the milk used by cheese makers turns into actual cheese. That leaves a lot of milky wastewater – something like the milky water you're left with when you rinse out an empty glass but on a much bigger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If done incorrectly, the wastewater can pollute rivers and lakes. But a startup company in the small village of Turtle Lake Wisconsin is now turning that waste into energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Comstock Creamery\" href=\"http://media.eatwisconsincheese.com/resources/wi_cheese_company_search/companydetail.aspx?companyid=11&companyinfoid=21\" target=\"_blank\">Comstock Creamery\u003c/a> is a small cheese producer in western Wisconsin. Assistant Executive Manager Tom Messicci said they produce about 50,000 gallons of wastewater per day that needs to be either treated or spread over farm fields as a low grade fertilizer. Since they can’t afford a treatment plant, he said, they’ve been sending their waste to the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64001\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/RKtrucks-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. Photo credit: Rich Kremer, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did land spreading and we used Northern Liquid Waste Management to do that for us, but that became problematic with regulations,” said Messicci.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land spreading is tightly regulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The wastewater has high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen that could run off into nearby lakes and streams, causing oxygen depletion and blooms of noxious algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the community of \u003ca title=\"Turtle Lake, Wisconsin\" href=\"http://www.mapquest.com/maps?city=Turtle%20Lake&state=WI\" target=\"_blank\">Turtle Lake\u003c/a>, a startup company called \u003ca title=\"Greenwhey Energy\" href=\"http://greenwheyenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\">GreenWhey Energy \u003c/a>is using wastewater from Comstock Creamery and other cheese plants to make natural gas, and produce electricity for the local grid, as well as heat. The $30 million construction project, which included green-energy tax credits and loans, wrapped up this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece is what’s called an “upflow anearobic digester.” Eric Ludy, a lab technician and son of one of the company’s founders, pointed to a huge concrete wall laced with dozens of large pipes. “The whole plant is built around two two-million gallon reactors,” he said. “So, behind this wall … there’s four million gallons of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is filled with anaerobic bacteria that eat the dairy wastewater and produce methane gas. Ludy said the gas is treated and eventually powers two 20-cylinder generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like massive locomotive engines and that’s basically what they are,” said Ludy. “They’re powered entirely on biogas, which is a mix of methane and carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other materials like hydrogen sulfide, and they pump out about 3.2 megawatts of electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairy plants, meat processors, and even breweries have their own biodigesters. In Milwaukee, the Forest County Potawatomi tribe has just started operating a biodigester that's similar to GreenWhey's but smaller. But co-founder Tom Ludy said his is the first privately owned company to contract for multiple sources of food wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also do soy waste from soy protein,” said Ludy. “We do mustards and dressings and horseradish waste food products here –-several different ones besides dairy. But dairy is the main one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Ludy could start GreenWhey, he had to buy his bacteria –- which he calls “bugs” –- in the form of feed sludge from a brewery in La Crosse and a meatpacking plant in Green Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The secret is, the more you put in to start with, the less time it takes to start,” said Ludy. “So, we hauled in here as much as we could afford and now we are going through our startup process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GreenWhey is running at about 50 percent capacity as they wait for their bacteria to reproduce. But they’re already having a big impact on the area. Ludy said they’re keeping hundreds of thousands of gallons of wastewater off the ground every day. He also said testing shows that they’re keeping about 1,000 pounds of phosphorus from getting into rivers and lakes each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, Ludy hopes to make and sell excess natural gas, sell heat to nearby cheese plants, and process their leftover sludge to make fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As America’s obsession with cheese continues to grow, so do the possibilities of turning leftover waste, once considered a liability, into a valuable commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Wisconsin produces a quarter of all the cheese made in the United States. Since only about ten percent of the milk becomes cheese, there is an abundance of milky-water waste. Comstock Creamery and GreenWhey Energy have teamed up to turn this wastewater into natural gas and electricity.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wisconsin dominates when it comes to cheese production. In 2012, the state produced nearly three billion pounds, a quarter of all the cheese made in the U.S. With that cheese comes a lot of waste in the form of nutrient rich, milky water which is spread over farmland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about 10 percent of the milk used by cheese makers turns into actual cheese. That leaves a lot of milky wastewater – something like the milky water you're left with when you rinse out an empty glass but on a much bigger scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If done incorrectly, the wastewater can pollute rivers and lakes. But a startup company in the small village of Turtle Lake Wisconsin is now turning that waste into energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Comstock Creamery\" href=\"http://media.eatwisconsincheese.com/resources/wi_cheese_company_search/companydetail.aspx?companyid=11&companyinfoid=21\" target=\"_blank\">Comstock Creamery\u003c/a> is a small cheese producer in western Wisconsin. Assistant Executive Manager Tom Messicci said they produce about 50,000 gallons of wastewater per day that needs to be either treated or spread over farm fields as a low grade fertilizer. Since they can’t afford a treatment plant, he said, they’ve been sending their waste to the farm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_64001\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-64001\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/11/RKtrucks-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. \" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two 5,000 gallon tanker trucks deliver cheese plant wastewater to GreenWhey Energy. Photo credit: Rich Kremer, Wisconsin Public Radio\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We did land spreading and we used Northern Liquid Waste Management to do that for us, but that became problematic with regulations,” said Messicci.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land spreading is tightly regulated by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The wastewater has high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen that could run off into nearby lakes and streams, causing oxygen depletion and blooms of noxious algae.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the community of \u003ca title=\"Turtle Lake, Wisconsin\" href=\"http://www.mapquest.com/maps?city=Turtle%20Lake&state=WI\" target=\"_blank\">Turtle Lake\u003c/a>, a startup company called \u003ca title=\"Greenwhey Energy\" href=\"http://greenwheyenergy.com/\" target=\"_blank\">GreenWhey Energy \u003c/a>is using wastewater from Comstock Creamery and other cheese plants to make natural gas, and produce electricity for the local grid, as well as heat. The $30 million construction project, which included green-energy tax credits and loans, wrapped up this spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The centerpiece is what’s called an “upflow anearobic digester.” Eric Ludy, a lab technician and son of one of the company’s founders, pointed to a huge concrete wall laced with dozens of large pipes. “The whole plant is built around two two-million gallon reactors,” he said. “So, behind this wall … there’s four million gallons of water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That water is filled with anaerobic bacteria that eat the dairy wastewater and produce methane gas. Ludy said the gas is treated and eventually powers two 20-cylinder generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They look like massive locomotive engines and that’s basically what they are,” said Ludy. “They’re powered entirely on biogas, which is a mix of methane and carbon dioxide, trace amounts of other materials like hydrogen sulfide, and they pump out about 3.2 megawatts of electricity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some dairy plants, meat processors, and even breweries have their own biodigesters. In Milwaukee, the Forest County Potawatomi tribe has just started operating a biodigester that's similar to GreenWhey's but smaller. But co-founder Tom Ludy said his is the first privately owned company to contract for multiple sources of food wastes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We also do soy waste from soy protein,” said Ludy. “We do mustards and dressings and horseradish waste food products here –-several different ones besides dairy. But dairy is the main one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Ludy could start GreenWhey, he had to buy his bacteria –- which he calls “bugs” –- in the form of feed sludge from a brewery in La Crosse and a meatpacking plant in Green Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The secret is, the more you put in to start with, the less time it takes to start,” said Ludy. “So, we hauled in here as much as we could afford and now we are going through our startup process.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GreenWhey is running at about 50 percent capacity as they wait for their bacteria to reproduce. But they’re already having a big impact on the area. Ludy said they’re keeping hundreds of thousands of gallons of wastewater off the ground every day. He also said testing shows that they’re keeping about 1,000 pounds of phosphorus from getting into rivers and lakes each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking to the future, Ludy hopes to make and sell excess natural gas, sell heat to nearby cheese plants, and process their leftover sludge to make fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As America’s obsession with cheese continues to grow, so do the possibilities of turning leftover waste, once considered a liability, into a valuable commodity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Kickstarting Science: Crowdfunded Research Explores Potential Health Impacts of Coal Trains",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63157\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-63157 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg\" alt=\"coal train Wyoming\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting4_small-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A train is loaded with coal at a mine in Wyoming’s Powder River Basin.\u003cbr>Courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In recent years crowdfunding -- raising money for a project from a number of small donors, usually online -- has become a popular way to raise capital for business start-ups and artistic endeavors. Now scientists are also turning to this method to help pay for critical research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year Dan Jaffe, a University of Washington professor of atmospheric sciences, is reaping the rewards of crowdfunding. He and his team are studying the air pollution emitted by passing coal trains. The money for the project came entirely from small online donors. “I was surprised how well this worked,” Jaffe said. “We’re never going to fund a new superconducting particle collider with this, but it definitely has a place.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe’s study is specifically related to plans to build large coal-export terminals around the Pacific Northwest -- plans that have become a lightning rod for controversy because of potential public health risks. The facilities would ship coal from Wyoming’s Powder River Basin to lucrative markets in Asia. But to get the coal from Wyoming to export terminals in Washington and Oregon, the coal would have to be moved by open-topped rail cars. Between 18 and 37 coal trains a day would rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. The public has expressed concern about the clouds of coal dust and other pollutants that these coal trains might leave in their wake. But when Jaffe looked into it he found almost no research on the topic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63177\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63177 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting1_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"coal train BNSF export Portland Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">If coal export facilities are built in the Northwest, between 18 and 37 coal trains a day could rumble across the West, passing through population centers like Seattle and Portland. Photo courtesy KCTS 9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s not my job to advocate a decision on this issue,” Jaffe said. “But I wanted to know if we have enough information about coal trains and the impact on air quality to make a decision on whether to permit these terminals. And we clearly do not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jaffe took his concerns to state and national agencies and asked them to fund a study on how coal trains impact air quality. When they declined, he signed up for an account on \u003ca href=\"https://www.microryza.com/projects/do-coal-and-diesel-trains-make-for-unhealthy-air\">microryza.com\u003c/a>, a crowdfunding platform for scientists. The goal was to raise $18,000 for the research, and within a matter of days the project was fully funded. To date, more than $20,000 has been pledged by 271 small donors. “I didn’t even realize there was a crowdfunding platform for science until this came up,” said Alexis Bonogofsky, a Montana-based conservationist who contributed to the project via Microryza. “I feel like this democratizes science and it allows scientists to respond very quickly to questions we need to know now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The money allowed Jaffe and a team of undergraduates to set up air-quality monitoring devices near rail lines around Seattle and the Columbia River Gorge. Over the course of five weeks the team measured emissions from roughly 500 passing freight, coal, and passenger trains. The results were surprising: diesel emissions appeared to have a significant impact on air quality while coal dust emissions did not. Jaffe and his team found diesel emissions coming from passing trains to be about 25 percent higher than the Environmental Protection Agency’s estimates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63180\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 405px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Kickstarting2_small-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Jaffe coal train Seattle\" width=\"405\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Washington professor Dan Jaffe measures air quality over rail lines outside Seattle. Photo courtesy KCTS-9 / Earthfix\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“No matter how you slice it, if you’re living right along the tracks your exposure to diesel particulate is significant. And if you add even more coal trains to the mix, that’s going to go up significantly,” Jaffe said. “For these homes in north Seattle that are right along the tracks, their exposure is comparable to if they lived in the most industrial part of Seattle.” Conversely, there did not appear to be much coal dust in the air near the rail lines Jaffe studied. “That seems to be a non-issue,” Jaffe said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the coal train research has been successful, Jaffe warns that crowdfunding isn’t a quick cure-all for every project starved for funds. To use Microryza and other crowdfunding sites effectively, researchers must spend considerable time communicating with donors and generating publicity about their projects. “If I had to raise all of my team’s funding this way, there would be no time to do anything else,” Jaffe said. In addition, only certain types of projects are well suited to raising money in this fashion. “These (crowdfunded) projects have to be things that capture the public’s interest. And they have to be done with relatively small amounts of money,” Jaffe said. “A lot of the projects I do won’t work for crowdfunding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for this particular project, the stars -- and the crowds -- aligned. “These coal terminals and the coal trains are a major environmental issue in the Northwest,” Jaffe said, “and yet the government doesn’t want to step up to the plate, for whatever reason, and fund the research on it. So I was very happy to see the public support to do science.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design",
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"headTitle": "Future Home: Designing for Efficiency | QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. The international competition included nearly 4,000 university students from the U.S., Canada, Austria and the Czech Republic. More than 64,000 people visited the 19 solar homes. For more information about the Chameleon House and to learn about the other Solar Decathlon homes, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov\" target=\"_blank\">www.solardecathlon.gov\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine an energy efficient house that's a blueprint for the future, but exists today. That’s exactly what 60 architectural and engineering students from the Missouri University of Science and Technology (Missouri S&T) designed and built. Their \u003ca title=\"Chameleon House\" href=\"http://solarhouse.mst.edu/houses/2013.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">Chameleon House\u003c/a> is a 1,000-square-foot home powered entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House is the Missouri S&T entry in the 2013 \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Solar Decathlon\u003c/a>, a worldwide competition that challenges university students to build state-of-the-art solar-powered homes. The contest is intended to encourage the development of home designs and technologies that are energy efficient, economical, and attractive. This year, 19 university teams are competing to make use of energy-saving technologies that are readily available in the marketplace, although these technologies are integrated in a variety of innovative combinations in each solar home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Missouri S&T students spent nearly two years designing the Chameleon House. They chose the name because their home adapts to changing features with a modern, adjustable, open-space interior and a “live” web-based automation system that updates the home’s heating and cooling settings with the changing weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While most conventional homes get their power from the burning of fossil fuels, solar homes like the Chameleon House use clean, renewable energy from the sun, which reduces the cost to the environment and energy bills for residents. Thanks to a unique solar array and a thoughtful design plan that packs energy savings into every square inch, the Chameleon House is able to generate enough energy to operate the home off the public utility grid with power to spare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>QUEST went behind the scenes to show how Missouri S&T students infused the Chameleon House with the energy-saving technologies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Frame: Support from SIPs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63238\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 236px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63238\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63238 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"945743_531677990228839_1727548174_n\" width=\"236\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Missouri S&T students prepare a SIP (Structural Insulated Panel) at the Chameleon House construction site. Photo courtesy Missouri S&T.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conventional homes are constructed from dimensional lumber or “studs,” padded with pre-cut panels of fiberglass, rock wool, or cellulose insulation. But the frame of the Chameleon Home is different. It's built with high-tech prefabricated walls called \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>tructural \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>nsulated \u003cstrong>p\u003c/strong>anels (SIPs).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each SIP looks a bit like a marshmallow sandwich, according to Aaron Enz, the director of construction for the Chameleon House. A SIP is made from two pieces of oriented strand board (OSB), engineered sheets of wood made from glued layers of wood chips, separated by a dense layer of polystyrene foam in the middle. “[T]he reason that these are so good at thermally insulating the house is because there’s no wooden beams that go from this piece of plywood to the other,” said Enz. And even though the foam panels look delicate, their structure is strong, like a steel I-beam. Enz added, “They may not look like it, but they’re designed to be sturdy [enough] to withstand earthquakes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory confirms that SIPs are nearly airtight insulators that are 15 times better at stopping air leakage than conventional home frame construction. The study also found SIPs to be 40 to 50 percent more energy efficient than conventional stud walls, and so can keep a house warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Solar Array\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To power the Chameleon House, the Missouri S&T team covered and wired the roof with 21 unique solar panel modules called \u003cstrong>r\u003c/strong>edundant \u003cstrong>a\u003c/strong>rray \u003cstrong>i\u003c/strong>ntegrated \u003cstrong>s\u003c/strong>olar (RAIS) modules. Traditional solar modules have individual crystalline silicon cells wired together in series, like a single strand of Christmas tree lights. When one cell stops working or underperforms, the whole module is affected and may fail. But RAIS cells and modules are wired in parallel, with multiple contacts between the circuit’s beginning and end. That means if one module fails or underperforms, the rest of the modules continues to operate and generate electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63233\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/solar-panel-installation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63233\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-63233 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Solar-Panel-installation-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Panel installation\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Twenty-one solar panels with reflectors cover the roof of the Chameleon House. The home generates 10.5 kilowatts -- enough to power the house year-round.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity. Each panel contains multiple silicon solar cells topped with metal-wire conductor strips. When the sun’s rays hit the silicon cells, they excite the silicon electrons and cause them to generate a direct electrical current (DC) like a mini generator. Inverter devices within the array convert the DC into alternating current (AC) to power appliances, lights, and other home devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House solar array has an additional feature not found in standard solar panels. Each RAIS module looks like a small A-frame and is backed by a reflector that increases its solar collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charles Wright, who leads the Chameleon House electrical team, explained, “The solar array consists of 21 panels that total 8.6 kilowatts. Then on the front of the house, we’ll have an overhang with a bifacial panel (panels that collect light from the top and bottom), and it’ll generate 1.9 kilowatts. So, we’ll have a total of 10.5 kilowatts on the house. Basically, the house will be net zero, and that means it will produce as much electricity as it uses over a year’s period of time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a general rule, solar panels produce electricity during the five sunniest hours of the day. So, the Chameleon House will produce 52.5 kilowatt hours per day or 1,500 kilowatt hours per month. According to the U.S Energy Information Administration, conventional American homes use an average of 940 to 1,348 kilowatt hours per month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Project manager Emily Vandivert is proud of the Chameleon House’s free energy output. “You’re gaining free energy from the sun, other than the cost of the actual panels. It makes sense to use the sun’s power because we are able to harvest that power and transport it into actual energy,” she stated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heating and Cooling: A \"Live\" Automation System\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63232\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/17/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/cu_home-automation_tablet-control/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-63232\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-63232 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/CU_Home-Automation_tablet-control-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"CU_Home Automation_tablet control\" width=\"315\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chameleon House features a home automation system with tablet controls.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House boasts a unique smart home feature: an automation system that optimizes the home’s total energy efficiency. The system combines a smart thermostat with a Web-based interface that monitors changing weather conditions in real time and tracks interior climate conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The home automation system not only regulates the heating and cooling system’s thermostat, explained team leader Austin Murdock, “It also can open and close automated shades to gain heat from sunlight or open windows to let out extra heat instead of using the air-conditioning unit in the house.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The automation system operates from a built-in computer in the home's mechanical room, and it can be monitored or updated with a Web-based tablet or smart phone. As the computer monitors “live\" updates of changing weather conditions via the Web, the automation system makes small changes to the heating and cooling systems within the house. These small automated changes reduce the home's power consumption, saving heating and cooling costs compared to manual changes made to suit a person’s comfort level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Competition\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just as the Chameleon House took final shape - after five months of construction - a day of reckoning arrived. The Chameleon House had to be taken apart in three sections and shipped by truck to Irvine, CA in order to compete in the Solar Decathlon. After a five-day trek across the country, the Missouri S&T students had just nine days to reassemble the home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chameleon House premiered to the public at the Solar Decathlon in Irvine, California, in October. 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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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