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"disqusTitle": "Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From fossil fuels to renewables, the race is on to find better ways to manage and maximize our energy sources. Tour a massive solar farm in California, investigate the impacts of fracking on Ohio’s groundwater supplies, and join Missouri university students as they compete to build the most energy-efficient house in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\">Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/\">Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch2>Episode Description\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>From fossil fuels to renewables, the race is on to find better ways to manage and maximize our energy sources. Tour a massive solar farm in California, investigate the impacts of fracking on Ohio’s groundwater supplies, and join Missouri university students as they compete to build the most energy-efficient house in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Segment Details\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Watch the full 1/2 hour television episode above or watch individual segments and read accompanying articles on the following pages:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/\">Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fracking-wastewater/\">After the Frack\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/off-the-grid-solar-decathlon/\">Going Off The Grid: Competition Spurs Innovations in Solar Home Design\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. Kell says the injection well track record is solid, and there have been no instances of groundwater contamination since the process started in the early ’80s. There are also questions and disagreements around the radiation levels in the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, all the facts that are being disputed come down to one question, “Is this a safe process?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was the main challenge you faced in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The main challenge was time, the time limitation [eight minutes] in which to tell the story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What did you have to leave on the cutting-room floor? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: So much! One thing I wish I could have gotten into more was the issue of earthquakes. I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. So, before the water gets injected into the ground to fracture a well, energy companies \u003ca href=\"http://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/why-chemicals-are-used\">lace it\u003c/a> with chemicals, which include benzene and other potentially hazardous chemicals. These chemicals help lubricate the process, prevent corrosion of the pipe, etc. They represent just a small portion of the total frack fluid, but their presence raises concerns for many people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What was your goal in producing this piece?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to explore the science behind the disposal of fracking wastewater, and give people tools to form -- and inform -- their own views on it.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"After the Frack\" was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic fracturing -- better known as fracking -- is a process of extracting natural gas that creates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. In this television segment, QUEST explores the science behind the disposal of this waste, and the issues that surround it. We caught up with QUEST Ohio producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a> to find out more about some of the issues surrounding fracking and her experience creating this video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fracking is all over the news, and it is controversial. What made you want to take this topic on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: I wanted to take it on \u003cstrong>because\u003c/strong> it’s all over the news and really controversial. I think there’s a lot of twisting of facts in this topic to serve a specific agenda, and I think the story needed to be told objectively, or as objectively as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I definitely had that moment when I wondered, “Why did I do this to myself?” The story’s so complex. There’s a lot of rhetoric, and on top of that I was dealing with a lot of ugly footage -- trucks, pipes, and storage tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So why focus on the waste created by this fracking process?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62971\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 381px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62971\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Fracking-John_Jack_GH1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Fracking-John_Jack_GH\" width=\"381\" height=\"212\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Jack, Vice President of Business Development at GreenHunter Water, stands in front of large pumps, which pump wastewater from fracking into an underground disposal well.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The fracking process uses massive amounts of highly pressurized fresh water to create cracks in the bedrock, which frees up the natural gas stored there. Much of this water then comes back up as \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/energy/files/fracking-wastewater-fullreport.pdf\">contaminated wastewater\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohio is, as some say, a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-03-22/fracking-fluid-soaks-ohio\">dumping ground\u003c/a>” for this wastewater. Other states truck their wastewater in [to Ohio] to dispose of it here. This is because we have so many \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/tag/deep-injection-well/\">deep injection wells\u003c/a>. Injection wells are the sites deep underground where this wastewater must be put. So we have \u003ca href=\"http://www.crainscleveland.com/article/20130816/ENERGY/130819882\">about 200 injection\u003c/a> wells in the state of Ohio, whereas neighboring states have far fewer. Pennsylvania has \u003ca href=\"http://stateimpact.npr.org/pennsylvania/maps/location-of-deep-injection-wells-in-pennsylvania/\">about 5 active wells\u003c/a> and West Virginia \u003ca href=\"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2013/09/23/sites-sought-for-fracking-residue.html\">about 60\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>You can see a lot of these wastewater trucks coming into the state, right? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh yeah, they’re all over. Out toward the border of Pennsylvania you’ll see the trucks at rest stops and gas stations and coming in on I-80.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the main point of tension in your story? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: The tension centers on scientific disagreement about the potential for harm from the disposal of fracking wastewater. Our key interviewees were with Ohio Department of Natural Resources geologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDIQtwIwAQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DqHOwqTzl_2M&ei=sX5hUpK_EPal4APKnIHICw&usg=AFQjCNEoLmxEMJvMBIO40mCWcQ6DICmkIQ&sig2=A0Ga2p4TcAYZDs_pC69BiA&bvm=bv.54176721,d.dmg\">Scott Kell\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ohiocitizen.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2013-OTCO-Shale-Gas-waste-streams-JWR-3-6-13.pdf\">Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice\u003c/a>, who researches the fracking process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do they disagree on?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Fecteau\u003c/strong>: Oh, everything -- everything from how long fracking has been practiced to what’s in the wastewater to how harmful is it. They don’t agree on whether injection wells are a safe way to contain the waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62972\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 355px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-62972\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Julie-and-Mary-closer-best-shot1-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Julie and Mary closer best shot\" width=\"355\" height=\"264\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Producer Mary Fecteau interviews Dr. Julie Weatherington-Rice.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weatherington-Rice thinks that as the wells age, there’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.propublica.org/article/injection-wells-the-poison-beneath-us\">great potential for them to leak\u003c/a>, and that there have been documented surface-level leaks before. 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I mentioned them but didn’t go into specifics about \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/04/youngstown-ohio-earthquakes-wastewater_n_3869286.html\">how injection wells cause earthquakes\u003c/a>, and what safeguards the Ohio Department of Natural Resources is doing to prevent earthquakes in the future. The underlying science here is basically this: if you pump water deep underground near a fault, it could trigger the fault to slip, causing an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/explainer/earthquakes/\">earthquake.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also wish I could have gone more in depth about the \u003ca href=\"http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf\">chemicals used to frack\u003c/a>. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford solar car race image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Just as co-eds are getting wrapped up in college football, a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are dusting the sand off their shirts after a week in the Australian outback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team designed, built, and raced a solar-powered car 1,864 miles from the edge of northern Australia to the southern port of Adelaide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-eight teams made up of high school and college students from 24 countries competed in the cross-continental race, which promotes advanced solar-power technology that could fuel cars of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-62235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map-270x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Race Map\" width=\"270\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Stanford took fourth in the biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsolarchallenge.org/\">Bridgestone World Solar Challenge\u003c/a> behind the Netherland’s \u003ca href=\"http://home.tudelft.nl/en/\">Delft University of Technology\u003c/a>, which placed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although there is no cash prize, the first team to cross the finish line wins more than bragging rights. Many of these students go on to accept coveted engineering job offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students that participated in the past were offered jobs and internships with prestigious companies like Tesla Motors, Apple and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team spent two years designing and building \u003ca href=\"http://solarcar.stanford.edu/\">Luminos\u003c/a>, a carbon fiber car that can travel up to 70 mph and is powered almost entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the race the car averaged between 40 and 55 mph due to overcast skies and rain that often blocked the sunlight.\u003cbr>\nIn addition to the overall design, the students built an original motor for the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Most teams just buy kits as an off the shelf solution to motor design but our team actually developed our own,” said recent Stanford graduate and team director, Wesley Ford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn a lot from designing and building almost everything on our car and we place a very high value on that,” said Jason Trinidad, an undeclared sophomore who took turns driving the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may cost us in placing in the race, [but] it does produce exceptional engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has 50 members who pitched in throughout the process, while 16 traveled to Australia. Stanford first participated in the challenge in 1989 and Luminos will be the team’s eleventh entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors say that students had guidance but no actual participation from faculty or professionals. The race is a chance for students to get their hands dirty and advance alternative energy technology at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good that challenge is in the title. It pushes the envelope and now things that weren’t possible before are possible today,” said Stanford lecturer and team advisor Sven Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62247\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford students stand behind their design Luminos which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford students stand behind their car (Luminos) which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night. The blazing sun, although necessary to power the car, provides other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Outback is hot, lotta flies, not very comfortable place to be when you’re driving,” Ford said. Students on the solar team put in four-hour shifts driving in 90 degree weather, jammed in their single passenger car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will probably come to a sense of, ‘Oh, you know what, a car that actually has air conditioning or a nice stereo or something like that, that makes a lot of sense,'” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the race encouraged more practical or useful designs that included four wheels and a roomier inside; previous vehicles had two wheels and barely enough room for the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Super efficiency is one thing, but to get consumers to subscribe to a high efficiency vehicle, that’s a whole different story,” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hc1eup37S-A]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-62229\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford solar car race image\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-race-image-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>Just as co-eds are getting wrapped up in college football, a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are dusting the sand off their shirts after a week in the Australian outback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team designed, built, and raced a solar-powered car 1,864 miles from the edge of northern Australia to the southern port of Adelaide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forty-eight teams made up of high school and college students from 24 countries competed in the cross-continental race, which promotes advanced solar-power technology that could fuel cars of the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-62235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Solar-Race-Map-270x253.jpg\" alt=\"Solar Race Map\" width=\"270\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>Stanford took fourth in the biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.worldsolarchallenge.org/\">Bridgestone World Solar Challenge\u003c/a> behind the Netherland’s \u003ca href=\"http://home.tudelft.nl/en/\">Delft University of Technology\u003c/a>, which placed first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And although there is no cash prize, the first team to cross the finish line wins more than bragging rights. Many of these students go on to accept coveted engineering job offers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students that participated in the past were offered jobs and internships with prestigious companies like Tesla Motors, Apple and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford team spent two years designing and building \u003ca href=\"http://solarcar.stanford.edu/\">Luminos\u003c/a>, a carbon fiber car that can travel up to 70 mph and is powered almost entirely by the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the race the car averaged between 40 and 55 mph due to overcast skies and rain that often blocked the sunlight.\u003cbr>\nIn addition to the overall design, the students built an original motor for the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\u003cem>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night\u003c/em>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Most teams just buy kits as an off the shelf solution to motor design but our team actually developed our own,” said recent Stanford graduate and team director, Wesley Ford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We learn a lot from designing and building almost everything on our car and we place a very high value on that,” said Jason Trinidad, an undeclared sophomore who took turns driving the car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It may cost us in placing in the race, [but] it does produce exceptional engineers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team has 50 members who pitched in throughout the process, while 16 traveled to Australia. Stanford first participated in the challenge in 1989 and Luminos will be the team’s eleventh entry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Professors say that students had guidance but no actual participation from faculty or professionals. The race is a chance for students to get their hands dirty and advance alternative energy technology at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s good that challenge is in the title. It pushes the envelope and now things that weren’t possible before are possible today,” said Stanford lecturer and team advisor Sven Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62247\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-62247\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Stanford-solar-car-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford students stand behind their design Luminos which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford students stand behind their car (Luminos) which can reach speeds of 70 mph. Photo: Mark Shwartz\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Each day, the cars travel as far as they can until 5 pm to avoid fender-benders with kangaroos that cross the road at night. The blazing sun, although necessary to power the car, provides other challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Outback is hot, lotta flies, not very comfortable place to be when you’re driving,” Ford said. Students on the solar team put in four-hour shifts driving in 90 degree weather, jammed in their single passenger car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will probably come to a sense of, ‘Oh, you know what, a car that actually has air conditioning or a nice stereo or something like that, that makes a lot of sense,'” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year the race encouraged more practical or useful designs that included four wheels and a roomier inside; previous vehicles had two wheels and barely enough room for the driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Super efficiency is one thing, but to get consumers to subscribe to a high efficiency vehicle, that’s a whole different story,” said Beiker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hc1eup37S-A'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hc1eup37S-A'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Clarke Snell is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Building-Green-New-Edition-Alternative/dp/1600595340\">builder\u003c/a>, a dreamer, and a 50 year-old student bent on saving the planet -- one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an architecture graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Snell is tackling what he sees as the greatest challenge of our time: climate change. Armed with a firm belief that sustainable design can help slow the warming trend, he and his fellow students have set their sights on tackling a major climate change culprit: concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"wheel_cement\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The geopolymer cement mix developed at UNC Charlotte uses recycled fly ash from coal plants. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concrete accounts for somewhere between 5-8% of the world’s \u003cem>total\u003c/em> carbon dioxide emissions. It’s the most widely used building material on the planet. We produce nearly three tons of the stuff, per person, every year. From buildings, to bridges, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=concrete+bathroom&client=firefox-a&hs=JtE&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LjlPUuGkJILg8ASd6oCgAw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1015&bih=613&dpr=1.5\">bathroom countertops\u003c/a>, concrete is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One answer is eco-friendly geopolymer cement, which can reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete by \u003ca href=\"http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/house/highlights/geopolymer-concrete\">up to 90%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, but they are actually two separate products. For starters, cement is an ingredient used to make concrete. You can’t make traditional concrete without cement. Conventional cement (also known as Portland cement) is a very fine powder typically made by burning limestone and other minerals at temperatures over 2,500°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concrete is the mixture of aggregate (a combination of sand, gravel or crushed stone), and a paste material comprised of water and cement. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden with the aggregate, binding the mixture into a rocklike mass that can be shaped and set as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As history can attest (see, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Secrets-of-Ancient-Romes-Buildings.html\">Roman empire\u003c/a>) concrete is strong, durable, and relatively easy to transport. But there’s a caveat: making one ton of concrete \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/\">releases a ton of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> into the atmosphere. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3251\" width=\"265\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden's concrete walls help keep the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: There is a viable alternative-- and Snell and his team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte are already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">A \u003cem>\u003c/em>biennial competition \u003c/a>sponsored by the Department of Energy challenges schools from around the world to design and build energy efficient, solar powered homes. The UNC Charlotte team wanted to use concrete for its durability and strong insulation properties, but they didn't like the carbon emissions associated with producing Portland cement - the glue that holds concrete together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they used \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.tumblr.com/http://\">a geopolymer composite material \u003c/a>made from fly ash to replace the conventional Portland cement. Fly ash, or flash, is a recyclable by-product from coal power plants that is both strong and durable. The flash creates a binding material that, when combined with certain activating chemicals, can be used to make concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new material looks and performs like conventional concrete but doesn’t have to be burned at 2,500°F, thereby skirting most of the associated carbon dioxide emissions. As student Project Manager Clarke Snell says, “If emulated in all building projects, this small, essentially plug and play substitute, would be world changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61779 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/DoE-pic.jpg\" alt=\"UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional information about use of geopolymer based cement developed by Dr. Brett Tempest at UNC-Charlotte - \u003ca title=\"Cementing a More Sustainable Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/\">(Link)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Clarke Snell is a \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Building-Green-New-Edition-Alternative/dp/1600595340\">builder\u003c/a>, a dreamer, and a 50 year-old student bent on saving the planet -- one house at a time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an architecture graduate student at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Snell is tackling what he sees as the greatest challenge of our time: climate change. Armed with a firm belief that sustainable design can help slow the warming trend, he and his fellow students have set their sights on tackling a major climate change culprit: concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61789\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/wheel_cement-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"wheel_cement\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The geopolymer cement mix developed at UNC Charlotte uses recycled fly ash from coal plants. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Concrete accounts for somewhere between 5-8% of the world’s \u003cem>total\u003c/em> carbon dioxide emissions. It’s the most widely used building material on the planet. We produce nearly three tons of the stuff, per person, every year. From buildings, to bridges, to \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=concrete+bathroom&client=firefox-a&hs=JtE&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=LjlPUuGkJILg8ASd6oCgAw&ved=0CCwQsAQ&biw=1015&bih=613&dpr=1.5\">bathroom countertops\u003c/a>, concrete is here to stay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The question is: what are we going to do about it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One answer is eco-friendly geopolymer cement, which can reduce the carbon footprint associated with concrete by \u003ca href=\"http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/house/highlights/geopolymer-concrete\">up to 90%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cement and concrete are often used interchangeably, but they are actually two separate products. For starters, cement is an ingredient used to make concrete. You can’t make traditional concrete without cement. Conventional cement (also known as Portland cement) is a very fine powder typically made by burning limestone and other minerals at temperatures over 2,500°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concrete is the mixture of aggregate (a combination of sand, gravel or crushed stone), and a paste material comprised of water and cement. Through a process called hydration, the cement and water harden with the aggregate, binding the mixture into a rocklike mass that can be shaped and set as needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As history can attest (see, \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/The-Secrets-of-Ancient-Romes-Buildings.html\">Roman empire\u003c/a>) concrete is strong, durable, and relatively easy to transport. But there’s a caveat: making one ton of concrete \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2012/05/09/emissions-from-the-cement-industry/\">releases a ton of carbon dioxide\u003c/a> into the atmosphere. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61786\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 265px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/IMG_3251-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"IMG_3251\" width=\"265\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden's concrete walls help keep the building warm in the winter and cool in the summer. Photo courtesy Clarke Snell.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s the good news: There is a viable alternative-- and Snell and his team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte are already using it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\">A \u003cem>\u003c/em>biennial competition \u003c/a>sponsored by the Department of Energy challenges schools from around the world to design and build energy efficient, solar powered homes. The UNC Charlotte team wanted to use concrete for its durability and strong insulation properties, but they didn't like the carbon emissions associated with producing Portland cement - the glue that holds concrete together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they used \u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.tumblr.com/http://\">a geopolymer composite material \u003c/a>made from fly ash to replace the conventional Portland cement. Fly ash, or flash, is a recyclable by-product from coal power plants that is both strong and durable. The flash creates a binding material that, when combined with certain activating chemicals, can be used to make concrete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new material looks and performs like conventional concrete but doesn’t have to be burned at 2,500°F, thereby skirting most of the associated carbon dioxide emissions. As student Project Manager Clarke Snell says, “If emulated in all building projects, this small, essentially plug and play substitute, would be world changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61779\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61779 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/DoE-pic.jpg\" alt=\"UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">UrbanEden under construciton at the 2013 Solar Decathlon competition. Photo Credit: Eric Grigorian/U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional information about use of geopolymer based cement developed by Dr. Brett Tempest at UNC-Charlotte - \u003ca title=\"Cementing a More Sustainable Future\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cementing-a-more-sustainable-future/\">(Link)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Students Debut Solar-Powered Prefab Home",
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"content": "\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The future of home design is in a box. At least, that’s where 100 \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University\u003c/a> students are placing their bets. They’ve constructed a mechanical room that powers a house like the engine of a car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students have spent thousands of hours over the past two years designing and creating a prefabricated home on campus that they hope will win top honors at the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/\">Department of Energy\u003c/a>’s biennial \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/contests.html\">Solar Decathlon Competition\u003c/a> that kicks off in Irvine, CA on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've waited so long for this moment,\" said graduate student \u003ca href=\"http://tedx.stanford.edu/2013/speakers/derek-ouyang/\">Derek Ouyang\u003c/a>, project manager of the Stanford team. \"I'm excited and exhausted.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61556\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 324px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61556 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-team-in-Irvine-540x360.jpg\" alt=\"The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Irvine just two days before the competition. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\" width=\"324\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Stanford Solar Decathlon team celebrates after reassembling its house in Orange County Great Park in Irvine, CA before the contest starts on Oct 3. Photo courtesy Stanford Solar Decathlon\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Every two years, hundreds of teams from around the world submit proposals. Only 20 teams, however, are invited to compete in the home-building event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although there is no official prize, placing first in any one of ten categories all but guarantees a job offer from a prestigious architecture firm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DOE provided $100,000 in seed funding for each team and Stanford fund-raised an additional $1 million for construction, labor and material. Ouyang values the house at about $250,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three other California teams, including Santa Clara University, the University of Southern California and \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/team_sci_arc_caltech.html\">Southern California Institute of Architecture and California Institute of Technology\u003c/a>, are also competing in event, which runs through October 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is Stanford’s first entry in the competition. Participating students have backgrounds in everything from computer science to product design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 100 students participated in building Stanford's “\u003ca href=\"http://solardecathlon.stanford.edu/\">Start.Home\u003c/a>”, though roughly 20 have worked continuously on the project. None of the students had ever built a house before and many had never even hammered a nail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61559\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 382px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61559 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-Univ-solar-decathlon-interior-546x360.jpg\" alt=\"Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\" width=\"382\" height=\"252\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alice Eamsherangkoon, left, and Nelly Garcia-Lopez paint the interior of their team's solar home just days before the competition starts. Credit: Eric Grigorian, U.S. Department of Energy\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To fulfill the DOE requirements of a creating 1,000 square foot solar-powered home that is attractive, affordable and energy-efficient, Stanford decided to rethink how prefabricated homes are designed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though most prefab homes come in a limited number of sizes and styles, Stanford’s team decided to create a house that could expand to meet a family's needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By building a unit that contains a majority of the house’s mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems in a “core,” the homeowner could build rooms around this central fixture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 180 square foot core attaches to a kitchen counter and appliances, a bathroom and a laundry room, so all that’s needed, the students say, are additional living spaces—as many as the homeowner desires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With this design everything arrives on site ready to go,\" said graduate student and construction team leader Rob Best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You build rooms around the core and just as a family grows, the house can grow with you because you can always add on more rooms that connect to the core.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61471\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 240px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-61471 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Stanford-University-solar-decathlon-2-240x360.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford's main innovative is a "core" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford's main innovative is a \"core\" that powers the house like the engine of a car.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The core has a pump that filters used water from the kitchen sink and shower (known as graywater), and sends it to a vegetable garden in the backyard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121220143405.htm\">special layer of paint\u003c/a> covering the core removes nitrogen oxides --major components of smog--from the air. Ouyang said it’s the equivalent of removing two cars from the road every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar panels cover the roof of the house so that the home is a net-zero energy building, which means it generates all its power from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To make the house even greener, the students salvaged wood from old homes in the Bay Area for the walls and floor, and put a living wall made out of plants in the bathroom to purify the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In order to encourage sustainable behavior, the students installed an iPad on the wall of the core that tells users about their water and energy consumption. It allows the homeowner to set goals and compare his or her energy use with neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people actually want to behave in a more sustainable way, the issue is just convenience,” said alum and design team leader Jason Bade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the invisible visible was a key part of the team’s strategy; the outlets on the walls glow red if they aren’t turned “off” and the team created a central switch that prevents energy from going to the sockets when appliances are not in use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people don’t realize that plugged-in appliances like toasters and blenders are still using energy even when they are just sitting on the counter,” Bade said. “We’re trying to make saving energy almost a no-brainer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The students built the home on campus, then took it apart and moved it to \u003ca href=\"http://www.ocgp.org/\">Orange County Great Park\u003c/a> for the competition, which was no easy feat. The handicap ramp leading to the entrance was too steep in some sections and the students had to rebuild it on-site in Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additionally, the contest coincides with the first week of classes. Ouyang said very few students traveled to Irvine, making re-assembly quite difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Having enough manpower has been really tough,\" Ouyang said. \"We've been working from 7 a.m. to midnight for eight days straight, barely finishing the house in time for Thursday.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the competition, the Start.Home will be re-assembled on Stanford's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve and provide a new home for the resident ranger and his family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Part of why we love doing this is it’s not just a homework assignment or a grade at the end,” said Ouyang. “It’s a real project with real problems and a real end result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update: 10/13/13\u003c/strong> – Stanford placed fifth overall. \u003ca href=\"http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.solardecathlon.gov/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Recycling Dirt: A New Niche in the Fracking Industry",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.what-is-fracking.com/\">Fracking\u003c/a> for natural gas has been vilified for the millions of gallons of wastewater the process generates. But drilling gas wells thousands of feet into the ground also produces another huge stream of waste --tons of rock shavings and dirt tainted with oily chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better picture of this, imagine using an electric drill to bore a hole into a thick block of wood. All of the wood shavings that fly out are called “cuttings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens when energy companies drill for oil or natural gas thousands of feet underground -- layers of dirt and rock cuttings are removed from the hole. These rock shavings are coated with an oily residue that rubs off the drill bit. It contains traces of metals and radiation that naturally exist deep in the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61204\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio requires that these dirty cuttings be disposed of in \u003ca href=\"http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20Drilling%20Muds.pdf\">landfills\u003c/a>, but now one company in the Buckeye State has stepped forward with the idea to recycle the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where Chris Elliott, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soilrecycling.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Soil Recycling\u003c/a>, comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's headquarters, a trailer in the middle of an abandoned landfill in Columbus, I hop in Elliott’s pickup and he drives us down a winding dirt path to where a backhoe is scooping up massive piles of dirt and unloading it into a dump truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today our crew is actually moving remediated soil off of the treatment pad over here,” Elliott says. “They're taking it from the treatment pad and over to the final resting area, and placing it on the old landfill and compacting it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Ohio Soil Recycling became the first private company to get a \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/issued_actions/OSR%20IAWMP%20Drill%20Cuttings%202013.pdf\">permit\u003c/a> from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to accept drill cuttings from the oil and gas industry. Elliott says drilling giant Chesapeake initially approached him with the idea a couple of years ago. He figured recycling rock cuttings would be a natural extension of his company's core business. Since 2000, the company has been using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://blog.soilutions.co.uk/2011/03/04/what-is-bioremediation/\" target=\"_blank\">bioremediation\u003c/a> to clean up dirt that has been contaminated by oil or industrial spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott explains the process first involves running the soil through a machine. “It kind of breaks the soil up, spreads it across a four-foot-wide belt in a very thin layer, and then we have a spray bar that sprays the microbes onto it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microbes go to work, feasting on the oil, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants in the dirt. After the tiny organisms have consumed the food source and start to die off, Elliott says he tests the dirt to make sure it meets the EPA’s standards for residential use. The clean material is then deposited on a different part of the company property as ground cover for the old landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott says that by the time the dirt comes off their treatment pad, “We’re extremely confident with the lab results that we get off of it that we got it completely clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some environmental groups aren’t convinced that Ohio Soil Recycling can clean out all the contaminants in the rock cuttings from natural gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We do have a serious concern. Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do have a serious concern,” says Melanie Houston, director of water policy for the Ohio Environmental Council. “Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston says the EPA’s standards are too lax, and state law doesn't require Ohio Soil Recycling to test the cuttings thoroughly for radiation. Her group has been lobbying the state to enact stricter policies for testing drilling waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that the law is stated, these materials are considered non-hazardous,” she says, “so it sort of set things up in a way that companies have an exemption and can treat this material in a way that they would treat non-hazardous material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists say the amount of radiation in those rock cuttings is unlikely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jeffrey Dick, a geologist at Youngstown State University, the amount of radiation in the cuttings is really low. “It’s not concentrated enough to be a threat. But you have to remember that these radionuclides are trapped within the rock, and they're not being given access to pathways to our drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Back at Ohio Soil Recycling, Elliott points toward a patch of land just below the freeway and shows me where the recycled drill cuttings will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowest area out there is where we would be placing them, knowing that then they would have soil put on top of them so that it could be vegetated and finished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling drill cuttings is still uncharted ground. Only a few companies in Texas have experimented with the process, and so far Elliott's company has only done a test run of cleaning cuttings from Chesapeake. Now that he has the EPA's blessing, Elliott hopes drilling waste will bring a steady stream of revenue in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With landfilling being the only option for cuttings previously, you know you were sending the waste to a landfill, the waste wasn't being cleaned,” he says. “For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott is already looking to expand. He’s planning to partner with another company that has more capital and name the new business Shale Recycling. He says he and his new partner are already scouting out areas in eastern Ohio where they plan to open future recycling sites.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.what-is-fracking.com/\">Fracking\u003c/a> for natural gas has been vilified for the millions of gallons of wastewater the process generates. But drilling gas wells thousands of feet into the ground also produces another huge stream of waste --tons of rock shavings and dirt tainted with oily chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get a better picture of this, imagine using an electric drill to bore a hole into a thick block of wood. All of the wood shavings that fly out are called “cuttings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same thing happens when energy companies drill for oil or natural gas thousands of feet underground -- layers of dirt and rock cuttings are removed from the hole. These rock shavings are coated with an oily residue that rubs off the drill bit. It contains traces of metals and radiation that naturally exist deep in the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61204\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61204\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Chris-Elliott-in-land-sea-box-where-he-grows-microbes-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chris Elliott, President of Ohio Soil Recycling, uncovers the tank where he grows millions of tiny microbes that will clean out contaminated soil and drill cuttings (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio requires that these dirty cuttings be disposed of in \u003ca href=\"http://oilandgas.ohiodnr.gov/portals/oilgas/pdf/Fact%20Sheet%20on%20Drilling%20Muds.pdf\">landfills\u003c/a>, but now one company in the Buckeye State has stepped forward with the idea to recycle the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's where Chris Elliott, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soilrecycling.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Ohio Soil Recycling\u003c/a>, comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the company's headquarters, a trailer in the middle of an abandoned landfill in Columbus, I hop in Elliott’s pickup and he drives us down a winding dirt path to where a backhoe is scooping up massive piles of dirt and unloading it into a dump truck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today our crew is actually moving remediated soil off of the treatment pad over here,” Elliott says. “They're taking it from the treatment pad and over to the final resting area, and placing it on the old landfill and compacting it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Ohio Soil Recycling became the first private company to get a \u003ca href=\"http://epa.ohio.gov/portals/34/document/issued_actions/OSR%20IAWMP%20Drill%20Cuttings%202013.pdf\">permit\u003c/a> from the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to accept drill cuttings from the oil and gas industry. Elliott says drilling giant Chesapeake initially approached him with the idea a couple of years ago. He figured recycling rock cuttings would be a natural extension of his company's core business. Since 2000, the company has been using a process called \u003ca href=\"http://blog.soilutions.co.uk/2011/03/04/what-is-bioremediation/\" target=\"_blank\">bioremediation\u003c/a> to clean up dirt that has been contaminated by oil or industrial spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott explains the process first involves running the soil through a machine. “It kind of breaks the soil up, spreads it across a four-foot-wide belt in a very thin layer, and then we have a spray bar that sprays the microbes onto it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61207\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61207\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/OSR-treatment-pad-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These piles of dirt are undergoing the bioremediation treatment process (photo by Michelle Kanu).\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microbes go to work, feasting on the oil, heavy metals, and chemical contaminants in the dirt. After the tiny organisms have consumed the food source and start to die off, Elliott says he tests the dirt to make sure it meets the EPA’s standards for residential use. The clean material is then deposited on a different part of the company property as ground cover for the old landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott says that by the time the dirt comes off their treatment pad, “We’re extremely confident with the lab results that we get off of it that we got it completely clean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some environmental groups aren’t convinced that Ohio Soil Recycling can clean out all the contaminants in the rock cuttings from natural gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"We do have a serious concern. Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“We do have a serious concern,” says Melanie Houston, director of water policy for the Ohio Environmental Council. “Do they have the technology in place to treat for radioactivity, for heavy metals, and for these harsh chemicals?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Houston says the EPA’s standards are too lax, and state law doesn't require Ohio Soil Recycling to test the cuttings thoroughly for radiation. Her group has been lobbying the state to enact stricter policies for testing drilling waste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The way that the law is stated, these materials are considered non-hazardous,” she says, “so it sort of set things up in a way that companies have an exemption and can treat this material in a way that they would treat non-hazardous material.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some scientists say the amount of radiation in those rock cuttings is unlikely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Jeffrey Dick, a geologist at Youngstown State University, the amount of radiation in the cuttings is really low. “It’s not concentrated enough to be a threat. But you have to remember that these radionuclides are trapped within the rock, and they're not being given access to pathways to our drinking water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Back at Ohio Soil Recycling, Elliott points toward a patch of land just below the freeway and shows me where the recycled drill cuttings will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lowest area out there is where we would be placing them, knowing that then they would have soil put on top of them so that it could be vegetated and finished.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recycling drill cuttings is still uncharted ground. Only a few companies in Texas have experimented with the process, and so far Elliott's company has only done a test run of cleaning cuttings from Chesapeake. Now that he has the EPA's blessing, Elliott hopes drilling waste will bring a steady stream of revenue in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With landfilling being the only option for cuttings previously, you know you were sending the waste to a landfill, the waste wasn't being cleaned,” he says. “For the oil and gas industry, I think we really provide a great alternative that gives them a green solution they can tout that they're doing the green thing with their waste instead of just putting it into a landfill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elliott is already looking to expand. He’s planning to partner with another company that has more capital and name the new business Shale Recycling. He says he and his new partner are already scouting out areas in eastern Ohio where they plan to open future recycling sites.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ",
"title": "Could Ants Teach the Biofuel Industry a Thing or Two? ",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61026\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 632px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61026 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\" alt=\"Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. \" width=\"632\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. Photo courtesy of Alex Wild; used with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lobby of the Microbial Sciences building at the University of Wisconsin, leafcutter ants in a \u003ca href=\"http://currielab.wisc.edu/antcam/\">display colony\u003c/a> hike back and forth. Improbably large leaf fragments wobble on their backs as the ants ferry them between a dwindling pile of oak leaves and a garden of fungus studded with leaves in assorted states of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Made up of a single species of fungus and a handful of bacterial strains, the fungus garden breaks down the ants’ leafy harvest through an efficient natural process. It’s a process that researchers believe could be a model for producing biofuel in a more sustainable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we transition away from petroleum dependence, ethanol-based biofuel has risen to the forefront as one of the most accessible sources of renewable energy. It’s produced by fermenting plant sugars, which are strung together into long chains called polysaccharides. Before the fermentation process can begin, these chains have to be snipped apart, a process that varies in difficulty depending on the type of plant being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polysaccharide chains found in corn kernels -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ethanol-domestic-fuel-supply-or-environmental-boondoggle\">primary biofuel crop\u003c/a> in the U.S. -- are relatively simple to break up. But corn depletes the soil and guzzles water and fertilizer, and using it for fuel siphons calories from the food supply to gas tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, perennial grasses and agricultural “waste” like cornstalks offer a biofuel source that has a lighter impact on the environment. But these woodier fibers -- referred to as \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicscience.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml\">“cellulosic” biomass\u003c/a> -- are a tangle of robust polysaccharides that are trickier to deconstruct. Further complicating this problem, the molecular structure of plant biomass isn’t uniform. What breaks down the polysaccharides near the surface of a cornstalk or blade of grass might not work at all on those buried more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0025\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward peers into one of the lab's many leafcutter ant colonies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But finding efficient ways to extract energy from plants and other forms of biomass is not a new problem. In fact, it’s a problem that Earth’s plant eaters solved millions of years ago. And according to University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward, if you’re looking for a model system, you can’t do better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may not have the imposing mien of herbivores like giraffes or elephants, but in Central and South America, leafcutter ants dominate, munching through more of the region’s foliage than any other organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants can’t digest leaves by themselves -- they have to rely on the garden’s microbes. “We sort of think of the fungus gardens as being an external gut,” Aylward explains. The garden digests biomass and reconstitutes its molecules in little nutrient packets holding a cocktail of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ants are essentially doing what we want to do with biofuel,” says Aylward. “They’re taking all of this recalcitrant plant biomass that’s full of all of these really complicated polymers and they’re degrading it and converting it into energy.” The transformation from leafy greens to energy source is mediated by hundreds of enzymes produced by the fungus garden’s microbes. If these enzymes chow down so efficiently on the leaves of Central America, Aylward and his coworkers wondered, could they be just as effective at breaking apart the sugars of cellulosic biomass in an industrial setting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One model for a commercial biofuel process patterned after the fungus garden could entail splicing the genetic codes for the garden’s most effective enzymes into other microbes, prompting them to churn out biomass-digesting proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, scientists needed to identify which enzymes the garden uses to digest leaves for the ants and which microbial residents produce them. By sequencing the genomes of the fungus and bacteria and comparing that data to the garden’s enzyme soup, Aylward and his coworkers were able to identify a fungus called \u003cstrong>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus\u003c/strong> as the garden’s biomass-degrading workhorse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61035 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down. \" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They also found that the fungus calibrates its enzyme cocktail for different stages of leaf decay. The biomass profile changes at each level in the garden -- the freshest leaves sit near the top and the mostly decomposed waste material at the bottom. And Aylward found that the garden’s enzymes changed, too. That insight could provide the biofuel industry with some clues about which enzymes might excel early in the polysaccharide-decomposition process and which ones to apply later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incidentally, this division of labor also reveals which enzymes the garden deploys together at each level. This is a huge boon to anyone designing industrial applications, since enzymes tend to work much better in specific combinations -- and the garden has had 50 million years of symbiosis with the ants to find the most efficient combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aylward has already been approached by companies interested in synthesizing some of the garden’s enzymes and using them in biofuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's difficult to think that we can actually find a process that improves on nature,” Aylward points out, “so it probably makes sense to learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61026\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 632px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-61026 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Atta3a.jpg\" alt=\"Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. \" width=\"632\" height=\"439\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Leafcutter ants, native to Central and South America, can't digest the leaves they rely on for food, so they cultivate these gardens of fungi and bacteria to break down plant matter for them. Photo courtesy of Alex Wild; used with permission.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lobby of the Microbial Sciences building at the University of Wisconsin, leafcutter ants in a \u003ca href=\"http://currielab.wisc.edu/antcam/\">display colony\u003c/a> hike back and forth. Improbably large leaf fragments wobble on their backs as the ants ferry them between a dwindling pile of oak leaves and a garden of fungus studded with leaves in assorted states of decay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Made up of a single species of fungus and a handful of bacterial strains, the fungus garden breaks down the ants’ leafy harvest through an efficient natural process. It’s a process that researchers believe could be a model for producing biofuel in a more sustainable way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we transition away from petroleum dependence, ethanol-based biofuel has risen to the forefront as one of the most accessible sources of renewable energy. It’s produced by fermenting plant sugars, which are strung together into long chains called polysaccharides. Before the fermentation process can begin, these chains have to be snipped apart, a process that varies in difficulty depending on the type of plant being used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polysaccharide chains found in corn kernels -- the \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ethanol-domestic-fuel-supply-or-environmental-boondoggle\">primary biofuel crop\u003c/a> in the U.S. -- are relatively simple to break up. But corn depletes the soil and guzzles water and fertilizer, and using it for fuel siphons calories from the food supply to gas tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, perennial grasses and agricultural “waste” like cornstalks offer a biofuel source that has a lighter impact on the environment. But these woodier fibers -- referred to as \u003ca href=\"http://www.genomicscience.energy.gov/biofuels/placemat.shtml\">“cellulosic” biomass\u003c/a> -- are a tangle of robust polysaccharides that are trickier to deconstruct. Further complicating this problem, the molecular structure of plant biomass isn’t uniform. What breaks down the polysaccharides near the surface of a cornstalk or blade of grass might not work at all on those buried more deeply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61032 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0025-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"DSC_0025\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward peers into one of the lab's many leafcutter ant colonies.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But finding efficient ways to extract energy from plants and other forms of biomass is not a new problem. In fact, it’s a problem that Earth’s plant eaters solved millions of years ago. And according to University of Wisconsin researcher Frank Aylward, if you’re looking for a model system, you can’t do better than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/leafcutterants.jsp\">leafcutter ants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may not have the imposing mien of herbivores like giraffes or elephants, but in Central and South America, leafcutter ants dominate, munching through more of the region’s foliage than any other organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ants can’t digest leaves by themselves -- they have to rely on the garden’s microbes. “We sort of think of the fungus gardens as being an external gut,” Aylward explains. The garden digests biomass and reconstitutes its molecules in little nutrient packets holding a cocktail of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ants are essentially doing what we want to do with biofuel,” says Aylward. “They’re taking all of this recalcitrant plant biomass that’s full of all of these really complicated polymers and they’re degrading it and converting it into energy.” The transformation from leafy greens to energy source is mediated by hundreds of enzymes produced by the fungus garden’s microbes. If these enzymes chow down so efficiently on the leaves of Central America, Aylward and his coworkers wondered, could they be just as effective at breaking apart the sugars of cellulosic biomass in an industrial setting?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One model for a commercial biofuel process patterned after the fungus garden could entail splicing the genetic codes for the garden’s most effective enzymes into other microbes, prompting them to churn out biomass-digesting proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, scientists needed to identify which enzymes the garden uses to digest leaves for the ants and which microbial residents produce them. By sequencing the genomes of the fungus and bacteria and comparing that data to the garden’s enzyme soup, Aylward and his coworkers were able to identify a fungus called \u003cstrong>Leucoagaricus gongylophorus\u003c/strong> as the garden’s biomass-degrading workhorse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_61035\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 332px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-61035 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/DSC_0056-e1380044705953-332x253.jpg\" alt=\"Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down. \" width=\"332\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aylward extracts a fragment of the fungus garden. This segment was near the surface, and still shows visible leaf matter; the biomass in the garden sinks as it's broken down.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They also found that the fungus calibrates its enzyme cocktail for different stages of leaf decay. The biomass profile changes at each level in the garden -- the freshest leaves sit near the top and the mostly decomposed waste material at the bottom. And Aylward found that the garden’s enzymes changed, too. That insight could provide the biofuel industry with some clues about which enzymes might excel early in the polysaccharide-decomposition process and which ones to apply later on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incidentally, this division of labor also reveals which enzymes the garden deploys together at each level. This is a huge boon to anyone designing industrial applications, since enzymes tend to work much better in specific combinations -- and the garden has had 50 million years of symbiosis with the ants to find the most efficient combinations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aylward has already been approached by companies interested in synthesizing some of the garden’s enzymes and using them in biofuel production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's difficult to think that we can actually find a process that improves on nature,” Aylward points out, “so it probably makes sense to learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From High-Rise to Low Impact: A Building That Mimics a Forest",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59677\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bullitt Center, a six-story commercial structure that opened this summer in Seattle, is considered the world's greenest office building. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s nearly 100 feet tall, fed by the sun and rain that fall on it, and is composed largely of wood. But it’s not a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59683\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_forest-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt_forest\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s the world’s greenest office building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://bullittcenter.org/\">Bullitt Center\u003c/a>, finished in the summer of 2013 and located on the edge of Seattle’s downtown, is designed to mimic the Douglas fir forests that once stood on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by sun and fed by rainwater, the building doesn't produce any waste. Its automated window shades open and close like an organism’s pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters. The 600-panel solar array, which is expected to generate all the energy the building needs in a year, is arranged on the roof so that rays of sunlight can pass through and create a dappled pattern on the sidewalk below — similar to the way light passes through a forest canopy. And all the wood used in the structure came from local forests that harvest trees sustainably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed to be as self sufficient as any arboreal ecosystem, the center also has a 56,000-gallon cistern, which will provide tenants with all their water needs. All waste generated will be treated on site thanks to the world's first six-story composting toilet system, and a rain garden will filter the wastewater from sinks, showers, and floor drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has had a long time to figure out how to live successfully on this planet,” says Jason F. McLennan, founder and creator of the \u003ca href=\"http://living-future.org/lbc\">Living Building Challenge\u003c/a>, the most rigorous certification process for green building. “There is a lot we can learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://player.vimeo.com/video/64281701]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imitating the processes, systems, and designs found in nature, or \u003ca href=\"http://biomimicry.net/about/biomimicry/case-examples/\">biomimicry\u003c/a>, has inspired such things as swimsuits for Olympic athletes (sharkskin), hook-and-loop fasteners (burdock seed husks), and highly efficient turbines (humpback whale fins). Although biomimicry has been around for a while, it is attracting renewed attention as a way to create more eco-friendly designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought we could circumvent the laws of nature with our cleverness and by our ability to manipulate materials and fossil fuels,” says Robert Peña, associate professor of architecture at the University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab and a Bullitt Center design consultant. “But a lot of us are realizing that we circumvent those laws at our own peril. And we’re rediscovering biomimicry as an important part of the solution to our environmental challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 600-panel solar array is expected to supply all the energy the building needs. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One example of the discipline’s resurgence is the Living Building Challenge, which advocates for biomimicry-inspired design solutions. The Challenge has grown steadily since its inception in 2006, and now more than 200 projects around the world, including the Bullitt Center, are attempting to qualify for “Living Building” status. Unlike other green building certifications, living buildings must prove for a full year that they are in balance with nature. They must generate all their own energy from renewable sources; their water needs must be met by the precipitation that falls on them; and they must treat wastewater and sewage on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of mimicking a Douglas fir forest, the Bullitt Center is 80 percent more efficient than a typical commercial structure. And building more efficient spaces has the potential not only to address many of America’s energy issues but also to blunt the impacts of climate change, Peña says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 48 percent of the overall energy we use in the United States is consumed by buildings,” he says. “So we have a huge opportunity to reduce the carbon we put into the atmosphere by making more efficient and effective use of buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peña hopes the Bullitt Center will inspire other builders and help spark a green building boom. For that reason, the structure was built in a way that could be replicated. And the Center’s designers plan on sharing their newfound knowledge with the wider building community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this building is still the greenest of its type in a decade, we’ll have utterly failed,” Peña adds. “It’s all about inspiring the next generation of designers, builders, and rule makers to do it and do it better.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59677\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-59677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_feature1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Bullitt Center, a six-story commercial structure that opened this summer in Seattle, is considered the world's greenest office building. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s nearly 100 feet tall, fed by the sun and rain that fall on it, and is composed largely of wood. But it’s not a tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59683\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 202px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59683\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_forest-202x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt_forest\" width=\"202\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s the world’s greenest office building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://bullittcenter.org/\">Bullitt Center\u003c/a>, finished in the summer of 2013 and located on the edge of Seattle’s downtown, is designed to mimic the Douglas fir forests that once stood on the site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Powered by sun and fed by rainwater, the building doesn't produce any waste. Its automated window shades open and close like an organism’s pupil, regulating the amount of light that enters. The 600-panel solar array, which is expected to generate all the energy the building needs in a year, is arranged on the roof so that rays of sunlight can pass through and create a dappled pattern on the sidewalk below — similar to the way light passes through a forest canopy. And all the wood used in the structure came from local forests that harvest trees sustainably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed to be as self sufficient as any arboreal ecosystem, the center also has a 56,000-gallon cistern, which will provide tenants with all their water needs. All waste generated will be treated on site thanks to the world's first six-story composting toilet system, and a rain garden will filter the wastewater from sinks, showers, and floor drains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature has had a long time to figure out how to live successfully on this planet,” says Jason F. McLennan, founder and creator of the \u003ca href=\"http://living-future.org/lbc\">Living Building Challenge\u003c/a>, the most rigorous certification process for green building. “There is a lot we can learn from it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>null\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imitating the processes, systems, and designs found in nature, or \u003ca href=\"http://biomimicry.net/about/biomimicry/case-examples/\">biomimicry\u003c/a>, has inspired such things as swimsuits for Olympic athletes (sharkskin), hook-and-loop fasteners (burdock seed husks), and highly efficient turbines (humpback whale fins). Although biomimicry has been around for a while, it is attracting renewed attention as a way to create more eco-friendly designs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought we could circumvent the laws of nature with our cleverness and by our ability to manipulate materials and fossil fuels,” says Robert Peña, associate professor of architecture at the University of Washington’s Integrated Design Lab and a Bullitt Center design consultant. “But a lot of us are realizing that we circumvent those laws at our own peril. And we’re rediscovering biomimicry as an important part of the solution to our environmental challenges.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59687\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59687 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Bullitt_solar-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bullitt Center Seattle Green Building Living Building Challenge\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 600-panel solar array is expected to supply all the energy the building needs. Photo courtesy KCTS 9\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One example of the discipline’s resurgence is the Living Building Challenge, which advocates for biomimicry-inspired design solutions. The Challenge has grown steadily since its inception in 2006, and now more than 200 projects around the world, including the Bullitt Center, are attempting to qualify for “Living Building” status. Unlike other green building certifications, living buildings must prove for a full year that they are in balance with nature. They must generate all their own energy from renewable sources; their water needs must be met by the precipitation that falls on them; and they must treat wastewater and sewage on site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result of mimicking a Douglas fir forest, the Bullitt Center is 80 percent more efficient than a typical commercial structure. And building more efficient spaces has the potential not only to address many of America’s energy issues but also to blunt the impacts of climate change, Peña says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“About 48 percent of the overall energy we use in the United States is consumed by buildings,” he says. “So we have a huge opportunity to reduce the carbon we put into the atmosphere by making more efficient and effective use of buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peña hopes the Bullitt Center will inspire other builders and help spark a green building boom. For that reason, the structure was built in a way that could be replicated. And the Center’s designers plan on sharing their newfound knowledge with the wider building community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this building is still the greenest of its type in a decade, we’ll have utterly failed,” Peña adds. “It’s all about inspiring the next generation of designers, builders, and rule makers to do it and do it better.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Harnessing The Hidden Power of Cow Manure",
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"content": "\u003cp>It takes two days to train a cow to milk itself. This may sound like a farmer’s utopia, but at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecodairy.ca/\">Bakerview EcoDairy\u003c/a>, a robotic milker is just one of many dairy farm innovations being put to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59485 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg\" alt=\"Bakerview AD\" width=\"447\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg 1533w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bakerview EcoDairy's anaerobic digester stretches 60 feet long and converts methane gas from cow manure into electricity for use on the farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bill Vanderkooi, president and CEO of the Bakerview EcoDairy farm, seeks out all of the latest technologies to help him run his operation, which hosts an onsite market and agricultural education center. Armed with a master’s degree in animal science, Vanderkooi opened the 80-acre farm near Abbotsford, British Columbia, in June of 2010. He has since established himself as a pioneer among small-scale, sustainable farm owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anaerobic digester is one of the key technologies that Vanderkooi uses in his quest to reduce his farm’s ecological footprint. This machine turns the methane gas released from cow manure into electricity. About \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html\">65 percent\u003c/a> of cow manure is composed of methane, making it an abundant energy resource. Over the course of a year, Bakerview EcoDairy is able to offset a third of the energy needed to operate the farm, thanks to the digester and a small herd of 50 cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/agstar/anaerobic/\">how does anaerobic digestion work\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 276px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59466 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2-276x360.jpg\" alt=\"AD diagram (2)\" width=\"276\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/\">Nethy Energy\u003c/a>. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before entering the digester, manure is heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the perfect temperature to prime the appetite of picky microorganisms. Pistons push the hot manure into the main chamber where the microorganisms feast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manure breaks down into a biogas bubble and a mixture of solids and liquids. The bubble, mostly methane gas, can be harnessed and used to fuel an engine and generate electricity. The whole process takes 21 days. The leftover solids and liquids are filtered and used for cow bedding and fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers in BC are very interested in anaerobic digestion,” says Peter Torenvliet, the farm’s operations manager. Torenvliet adds that Bakerview EcoDairy established “a first of its kind on-farm anaerobic digestion system that is designed to be integrated into commercial dairy farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is over 20 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide. On a typical farm, cow manure is spread on fields where the methane gas seeps out of the manure and into the atmosphere. Digesters can help combat methane release by burning the gas and converting it to carbon dioxide. The digester captures the methane before it has a chance to escape into the atmosphere in its pure form.These digesters do more than generate a sustainable source of electricity for commercial farms. They also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 456px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-59431 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg\" alt=\"Solid by-product\" width=\"456\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-800x601.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The digesting process creates an odorless, solid by-product. Bakerview EcoDairy uses this by-product for cow bedding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s another perk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides generating electricity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the anaerobic digestion process eliminates nearly all cow manure odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many small farmers struggle to afford the new technology, but increased popularity and demand are helping make digesters more accessible. Soon more small farms like Bakerview EcoDairy should be able to take advantage of this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am proud to see clean, on-site [electricity] generation for our demonstration dairy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.el.bchydro.com/mediabulletins/bulletin/technology_innovation/abbotsford_home_to_canadas_first_onfarm_cowpowered_dairy\">says Vanderkooi\u003c/a>, “We pride ourselves on being a responsible and sustainable organization and I appreciate the opportunity we have to educate the public on environmentally and animal-friendly innovations in a fully operational farm.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It takes two days to train a cow to milk itself. This may sound like a farmer’s utopia, but at \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecodairy.ca/\">Bakerview EcoDairy\u003c/a>, a robotic milker is just one of many dairy farm innovations being put to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59485\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 447px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59485 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg\" alt=\"Bakerview AD\" width=\"447\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1.jpg 1533w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1440x964.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Bakerview-AD1-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 447px) 100vw, 447px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bakerview EcoDairy's anaerobic digester stretches 60 feet long and converts methane gas from cow manure into electricity for use on the farm.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bill Vanderkooi, president and CEO of the Bakerview EcoDairy farm, seeks out all of the latest technologies to help him run his operation, which hosts an onsite market and agricultural education center. Armed with a master’s degree in animal science, Vanderkooi opened the 80-acre farm near Abbotsford, British Columbia, in June of 2010. He has since established himself as a pioneer among small-scale, sustainable farm owners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anaerobic digester is one of the key technologies that Vanderkooi uses in his quest to reduce his farm’s ecological footprint. This machine turns the methane gas released from cow manure into electricity. About \u003ca href=\"http://epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/ch4.html\">65 percent\u003c/a> of cow manure is composed of methane, making it an abundant energy resource. Over the course of a year, Bakerview EcoDairy is able to offset a third of the energy needed to operate the farm, thanks to the digester and a small herd of 50 cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/agstar/anaerobic/\">how does anaerobic digestion work\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59466\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 276px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59466 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/AD-diagram-2-276x360.jpg\" alt=\"AD diagram (2)\" width=\"276\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image courtesy of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nethyenergy.co.uk/\">Nethy Energy\u003c/a>. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before entering the digester, manure is heated to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, the perfect temperature to prime the appetite of picky microorganisms. Pistons push the hot manure into the main chamber where the microorganisms feast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The manure breaks down into a biogas bubble and a mixture of solids and liquids. The bubble, mostly methane gas, can be harnessed and used to fuel an engine and generate electricity. The whole process takes 21 days. The leftover solids and liquids are filtered and used for cow bedding and fertilizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers in BC are very interested in anaerobic digestion,” says Peter Torenvliet, the farm’s operations manager. Torenvliet adds that Bakerview EcoDairy established “a first of its kind on-farm anaerobic digestion system that is designed to be integrated into commercial dairy farms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. Its contribution to the greenhouse effect is over 20 times more potent than that of carbon dioxide. On a typical farm, cow manure is spread on fields where the methane gas seeps out of the manure and into the atmosphere. Digesters can help combat methane release by burning the gas and converting it to carbon dioxide. The digester captures the methane before it has a chance to escape into the atmosphere in its pure form.These digesters do more than generate a sustainable source of electricity for commercial farms. They also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59431\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 456px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-59431 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg\" alt=\"Solid by-product\" width=\"456\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product.jpg 1448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-800x601.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1440x1081.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-1180x886.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/07/Solid-by-product-960x721.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The digesting process creates an odorless, solid by-product. Bakerview EcoDairy uses this by-product for cow bedding.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s another perk, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides generating electricity and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the anaerobic digestion process eliminates nearly all cow manure odors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many small farmers struggle to afford the new technology, but increased popularity and demand are helping make digesters more accessible. Soon more small farms like Bakerview EcoDairy should be able to take advantage of this technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am proud to see clean, on-site [electricity] generation for our demonstration dairy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.el.bchydro.com/mediabulletins/bulletin/technology_innovation/abbotsford_home_to_canadas_first_onfarm_cowpowered_dairy\">says Vanderkooi\u003c/a>, “We pride ourselves on being a responsible and sustainable organization and I appreciate the opportunity we have to educate the public on environmentally and animal-friendly innovations in a fully operational farm.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Wind Energy and Wildlife: Nebraska Strives for Coexistence",
"title": "Wind Energy and Wildlife: Nebraska Strives for Coexistence",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59170 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"brokenbow1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wind turbine towers above a typical Nebraska landscape near the small, centrally-located city of Broken Bow. Photo by Caroline Jezierski\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Caroline Jezierski, Project Coordinator - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development has increased substantially in the United States in recent years, from 2,742 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in 1999 to more than 60,000 MW in 2012. You might expect that the windiest states would be the ones making the greatest strides in harnessing this renewable energy resource, but that isn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska, in the center of the country and the heart of the Great Plains, ranks fourth nationally in terms of wind resources, but development has been noticeably slower than in neighboring states with fewer wind resources, such as Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if Nebraska had 1,000 MW of wind energy (more than 500 large-scale wind turbines), the carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) reduction would be 4.1 million tons per year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html\">That 4.1 million tons of CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is equivalent\u003c/a> to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 854,167 passenger vehicles, or the amount of carbon sequestered annually by 3,360,656 acres of U.S. forests. Numbers like these make it easy to understand why concerned citizens of the world are advocating for more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But developing wind energy resources is a complicated process no matter where they are. A series of steps must be taken in order for a project to succeed, including identifying suitable wind resource and transmission capacity, contracting with landowners, signing power purchase agreements, securing financial backing, conducting environmental and historical preservation surveys, investigating zoning regulations, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, developing a \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">wind energy project\u003c/a> also depends on some unique variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59058 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside-640x239.png\" alt=\"sidebyside\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is a map of developed wind-generated megawatts of power per state (as of 2012), on the right is a map of average wind speeds 80 meters above ground-level. How much wind is your state harnessing for energy? Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the ideal location for wind power facilities is in remote areas, and the energy produced needs to reach population centers that can be hundreds of miles away. Available transmission in these remote areas can be challenging to locate. Since Nebraska is the only state with 100 percent publicly owned power, the transmission lines are mostly constructed, owned, and operated by public entities. This makes for a very efficient grid with little excess capacity on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska also hosts hundreds of resident and migratory wildlife species, some of which could be adversely impacted by wind energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59115 \" style=\"margin: 5px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/6885949371\">US Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> shows the endangered whooping crane in flight. The population of this majestic bird has seen a resurgence since a brush with extinction in the 1940s, but wind farms on their migration routes through the Unites States' midsection could pose serious risks to their safety.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59035 \" style=\"margin: 20px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\" alt=\"wind:wildlife impact map\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map from the \u003ca href=\"http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/pdfs/wildlifewind.pdf\">Nebraska Game and Parks Commission\u003c/a> shows biologically sensitive areas in the state. It was designed to assist developers as they determine environmentally prudent locations for potential wind energy facilities. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wind and Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential impacts of wind energy development and operation on wildlife and habitats are not fully understood. They vary greatly depending on the location of the facility. Some of the direct impacts include deaths that result when birds and bats collide with wind turbines, and habitat loss from the construction of roads, turbine pads, and other structures. According to a recent study, it’s estimated that more than 570,000 birds and 880,000 bats were killed in one year with 51,630 MW of installed wind energy capacity in the U.S. Indirect impacts can include the displacement of wildlife as a result of habitat fragmentation, or animals being forced to alter migration and/or movement patterns to avoid the turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development within the Central Flyway is a particular concern in Nebraska. The Flyway is a major international migratory corridor that passes through the center of the state. In the Rainwater Basin and on the Platte River to the north, millions of migrating waterfowl, cranes, and shorebirds rest and feed in the wetlands, croplands, and river channels during their biannual journeys. The sheer number of birds during the spring migration, including the endangered whooping crane (\u003cem>Grus americana\u003c/em>), makes developing wind energy in the area a great concern for conservation groups and fish and wildlife management agencies. Because whooping cranes are protected by the Endangered Species Act, killing them carries the threat of serious fines and/or imprisonment. This worries wind energy developers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To minimize, and ideally avoid, collisions, developers are urged to meet with state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and not place turbines in areas heavily used by birds and bats. Researchers are also finding ways to help reduce the incidence of collisions in areas where bat fatalities occur. These include feathering the turbine blades when they aren’t producing energy and increasing the wind speed at which the turbines start to turn. This minimizes the amount of time the blades are turning at lower wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proceeding Carefully\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources is being championed as a way to help minimize the impacts of climate change and save plant and wildlife species. However, development of these energy sources should proceed carefully. Research to evaluate the impacts of wind energy on wildlife has been conducted throughout the country. It can help inform wind energy development decisions in Nebraska and beyond. Through careful evaluation of the location and operation of each wind energy facility, this renewable resource can be developed while also protecting wildlife and habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"THORST1034\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov\">US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> photograph shows migrating snow geese in central Nebraska. Together, Nebraskans and renewable energy developers are working to ensure that scenes like these are not disrupted by wind turbines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project: \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59170\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59170 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/brokenbow1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"brokenbow1\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A wind turbine towers above a typical Nebraska landscape near the small, centrally-located city of Broken Bow. Photo by Caroline Jezierski\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #888888\">Community Contributor |\u003c/span>\u003c/strong> Caroline Jezierski, Project Coordinator - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development has increased substantially in the United States in recent years, from 2,742 megawatts (MW) of installed capacity in 1999 to more than 60,000 MW in 2012. You might expect that the windiest states would be the ones making the greatest strides in harnessing this renewable energy resource, but that isn’t always the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska, in the center of the country and the heart of the Great Plains, ranks fourth nationally in terms of wind resources, but development has been noticeably slower than in neighboring states with fewer wind resources, such as Iowa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that if Nebraska had 1,000 MW of wind energy (more than 500 large-scale wind turbines), the carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub>) reduction would be 4.1 million tons per year. \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-resources/calculator.html\">That 4.1 million tons of CO\u003csub>2 \u003c/sub>is equivalent\u003c/a> to the annual greenhouse gas emissions from 854,167 passenger vehicles, or the amount of carbon sequestered annually by 3,360,656 acres of U.S. forests. Numbers like these make it easy to understand why concerned citizens of the world are advocating for more renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But developing wind energy resources is a complicated process no matter where they are. A series of steps must be taken in order for a project to succeed, including identifying suitable wind resource and transmission capacity, contracting with landowners, signing power purchase agreements, securing financial backing, conducting environmental and historical preservation surveys, investigating zoning regulations, and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Nebraska, developing a \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">wind energy project\u003c/a> also depends on some unique variables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59058\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59058 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/sidebyside-640x239.png\" alt=\"sidebyside\" width=\"640\" height=\"239\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is a map of developed wind-generated megawatts of power per state (as of 2012), on the right is a map of average wind speeds 80 meters above ground-level. How much wind is your state harnessing for energy? Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the ideal location for wind power facilities is in remote areas, and the energy produced needs to reach population centers that can be hundreds of miles away. Available transmission in these remote areas can be challenging to locate. Since Nebraska is the only state with 100 percent publicly owned power, the transmission lines are mostly constructed, owned, and operated by public entities. This makes for a very efficient grid with little excess capacity on the lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nebraska also hosts hundreds of resident and migratory wildlife species, some of which could be adversely impacted by wind energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59115 \" style=\"margin: 5px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA-539x360.jpg\" alt=\"WhoopingCrane_WikimediaCommons_USDA\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This photograph from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/41284017@N08/6885949371\">US Department of Agriculture\u003c/a> shows the endangered whooping crane in flight. The population of this majestic bird has seen a resurgence since a brush with extinction in the 1940s, but wind farms on their migration routes through the Unites States' midsection could pose serious risks to their safety.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-59035 \" style=\"margin: 20px 3px;border: 1px solid black\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/windwildlife-impact-map.png\" alt=\"wind:wildlife impact map\" width=\"323\" height=\"216\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This map from the \u003ca href=\"http://outdoornebraska.ne.gov/wildlife/pdfs/wildlifewind.pdf\">Nebraska Game and Parks Commission\u003c/a> shows biologically sensitive areas in the state. It was designed to assist developers as they determine environmentally prudent locations for potential wind energy facilities. Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wind and Wildlife\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential impacts of wind energy development and operation on wildlife and habitats are not fully understood. They vary greatly depending on the location of the facility. Some of the direct impacts include deaths that result when birds and bats collide with wind turbines, and habitat loss from the construction of roads, turbine pads, and other structures. According to a recent study, it’s estimated that more than 570,000 birds and 880,000 bats were killed in one year with 51,630 MW of installed wind energy capacity in the U.S. Indirect impacts can include the displacement of wildlife as a result of habitat fragmentation, or animals being forced to alter migration and/or movement patterns to avoid the turbines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wind energy development within the Central Flyway is a particular concern in Nebraska. The Flyway is a major international migratory corridor that passes through the center of the state. In the Rainwater Basin and on the Platte River to the north, millions of migrating waterfowl, cranes, and shorebirds rest and feed in the wetlands, croplands, and river channels during their biannual journeys. The sheer number of birds during the spring migration, including the endangered whooping crane (\u003cem>Grus americana\u003c/em>), makes developing wind energy in the area a great concern for conservation groups and fish and wildlife management agencies. Because whooping cranes are protected by the Endangered Species Act, killing them carries the threat of serious fines and/or imprisonment. This worries wind energy developers as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To minimize, and ideally avoid, collisions, developers are urged to meet with state and federal fish and wildlife agencies and not place turbines in areas heavily used by birds and bats. Researchers are also finding ways to help reduce the incidence of collisions in areas where bat fatalities occur. These include feathering the turbine blades when they aren’t producing energy and increasing the wind speed at which the turbines start to turn. This minimizes the amount of time the blades are turning at lower wind speeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proceeding Carefully\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A transition from fossil fuel-based energy sources to renewable energy sources is being championed as a way to help minimize the impacts of climate change and save plant and wildlife species. However, development of these energy sources should proceed carefully. Research to evaluate the impacts of wind energy on wildlife has been conducted throughout the country. It can help inform wind energy development decisions in Nebraska and beyond. Through careful evaluation of the location and operation of each wind energy facility, this renewable resource can be developed while also protecting wildlife and habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59418\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-59418\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/THORST10341-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"THORST1034\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov\">US Fish and Wildlife Service\u003c/a> photograph shows migrating snow geese in central Nebraska. Together, Nebraskans and renewable energy developers are working to ensure that scenes like these are not disrupted by wind turbines.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Nebraska Wind Energy and Wildlife Project: \u003ca href=\"http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\">http://snr.unl.edu/renewableenergy/wind/index.asp\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "L.E.D. There Be Light",
"title": "L.E.D. There Be Light",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"FeaturedImage\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard? Incandescent light bulbs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZik9qwSyHE&list=PLtECghye06-m4JOEiy1KA2k-PvxpfCEPh\">dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok, maybe not dead. More like endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Threat: LED light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the Federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CGIQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energystar.gov%2Fia%2Fproducts%2Flighting%2Fcfls%2Fdownloads%2FEISA_Backgrounder_FINAL_4-11_EPA.pdf&ei=35-aUbeQOJPg8AT654DwDw&usg=AFQjCNHucXRwUJvDsxQ5e1ZDzyjPsg9DcQ&sig2=82EASe-w6mlhGL_u794smg&bvm=bv.46751780,d.eWU\">passed a law\u003c/a> mandating a gradual transition to more energy-efficient light bulbs. Manufacturers have already phased out 75 and 100-watt bulbs. And next January will be lights out for the old 40 and 60-watt energy hogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57210\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57210 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bulb comparison2\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Click to enlarge. Courtesy EnergyStar.gov\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out the light bulb Thomas Edison invented over 130 years ago is incredibly inefficient. It’s internal filament wire is basically a heat source that gives off light. Not bad for the 1880s, but considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=99&t=3\">17% of the country’s total electricity consumption\u003c/a> now goes to lighting our homes and businesses, we have an opportunity to reduce our energy footprint by relying on newer, more efficient options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CFLs – those swirly looking, Compact Fluorescent Lights – are certainly more energy-efficient than incandescents, disposing them has always been an issue. CFLs contain mercury, a toxic metal, and must be properly recycled when they burn out. And if they fall and break in your home, well, the EPA has a long list of \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning-broken-cfl\">cleanup precautions\u003c/a>, including turning off your central air so the toxins don’t spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real bright spot in the lighting aisle comes from LED bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days LEDs can be found everywhere – flashlights, cell phones, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyjournal.net/view/story/5b5ad8a32d334ca9b4ab4ce55d058bd0/CA--Efficient-Street-Lights/\">street lamps \u003c/a>- \u003cem>except\u003c/em> the light fixtures in our homes. Why? Because up until now they were simply too expensive for most consumers. But that’s about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-52009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"8cree8\" width=\"146\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>This year Durham, North Carolina-based Cree introduced a $10, 40-watt replacement LED light bulb and a 60-watt replacement model that sells for $13. Both bulbs look and feel like incandescent bulbs, only better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you write off the LEDs because of the steep price tag, consider this: their 60-watt replacement bulb is designed to last for over 22 years. That’s \u003cem>years\u003c/em>. This translates into an estimated annual energy cost of $1.14. By comparison, a standard 60-watt incandescent bulb will burn out in about 11 months and add $7 to your annual energy bill. \u003ca href=\"http://news.consumerreports.org/home/2013/03/early-testing-of-low-cost-leds-show-promising-results.html\">Consumer Reports\u003c/a> crunched the numbers and says you will make your money back with Cree’s 60-watt replacement bulb in under two years; “After that you would save $149 in energy and bulbs over its life when compared with an incandescent.” How many light bulbs do you have in your home? You do the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the light quality, you ask? For a long time the knock against CFLs and LEDs was that they simply can’t compete with the warm, bright glow from incandescents. We conducted a little field test to see how the bulbs compare:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XvLc6VlpI8?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could you see a difference? From my perspective the light quality was pretty much the same. And I suppose that’s the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: switching to LED bulbs is a no-brainer if you’re looking to reduce your energy consumption and your utility bill. \u003ca href=\"http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/the-best-led-lightbulb-is-the-cree-warm-white/\">Most\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/technology/personaltech/cheaper-led-bulbs-make-it-easier-to-switch-lights.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">reviewers\u003c/a> highlight \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/Cree-9-5-Watt-60W-A19-Warm-White-2700K-LED-Light-Bulb-1-Pack-BA19-08027OMF-12DE26-1U110/203991774#.UZ6i_-uzo8s\">Cree’s bulbs\u003c/a> for its price and light quality. But there are other options on the market, that \u003ca href=\"http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Insignia%26%23153%3B---800-Lumen,-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb,-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White/6238358.p?id=1218725181682&skuId=6238358&ci_src=11138&AID=10474050&PID=6149596&SID=1esrwnfs4v0k7&URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestbuy.com%2Fsite%2FInsignia%2526%2523153%253B---800-Lumen%2C-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb%2C-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White%2F6238358.p%3Fid%3D1218725181682%26skuId%3D6238358%26ci_src%3D11138&ref=39&CJPID=6149596&loc=01\">span the price \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B007RKVT4C/?tag=thewire06-20\">light range\u003c/a> so shop around and choose an LED bulb that works best for you.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Paying less for more: how energy-efficient LED bulbs outshine the competition while saving you money.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-55695\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/FeaturedImage-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"FeaturedImage\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you heard? Incandescent light bulbs are \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZik9qwSyHE&list=PLtECghye06-m4JOEiy1KA2k-PvxpfCEPh\">dead\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ok, maybe not dead. More like endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Threat: LED light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the Federal government \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=6&ved=0CGIQFjAF&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energystar.gov%2Fia%2Fproducts%2Flighting%2Fcfls%2Fdownloads%2FEISA_Backgrounder_FINAL_4-11_EPA.pdf&ei=35-aUbeQOJPg8AT654DwDw&usg=AFQjCNHucXRwUJvDsxQ5e1ZDzyjPsg9DcQ&sig2=82EASe-w6mlhGL_u794smg&bvm=bv.46751780,d.eWU\">passed a law\u003c/a> mandating a gradual transition to more energy-efficient light bulbs. Manufacturers have already phased out 75 and 100-watt bulbs. And next January will be lights out for the old 40 and 60-watt energy hogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_57210\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 221px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-57210 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Bulb-comparison2-221x253.jpg\" alt=\"Bulb comparison2\" width=\"221\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>Click to enlarge. Courtesy EnergyStar.gov\u003c/em>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Turns out the light bulb Thomas Edison invented over 130 years ago is incredibly inefficient. It’s internal filament wire is basically a heat source that gives off light. Not bad for the 1880s, but considering \u003ca href=\"http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=99&t=3\">17% of the country’s total electricity consumption\u003c/a> now goes to lighting our homes and businesses, we have an opportunity to reduce our energy footprint by relying on newer, more efficient options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While CFLs – those swirly looking, Compact Fluorescent Lights – are certainly more energy-efficient than incandescents, disposing them has always been an issue. CFLs contain mercury, a toxic metal, and must be properly recycled when they burn out. And if they fall and break in your home, well, the EPA has a long list of \u003ca href=\"http://www2.epa.gov/cfl/cleaning-broken-cfl\">cleanup precautions\u003c/a>, including turning off your central air so the toxins don’t spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The real bright spot in the lighting aisle comes from LED bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days LEDs can be found everywhere – flashlights, cell phones, \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailyjournal.net/view/story/5b5ad8a32d334ca9b4ab4ce55d058bd0/CA--Efficient-Street-Lights/\">street lamps \u003c/a>- \u003cem>except\u003c/em> the light fixtures in our homes. Why? Because up until now they were simply too expensive for most consumers. But that’s about to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-52009\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/8cree8-208x253.jpg\" alt=\"8cree8\" width=\"146\" height=\"177\">\u003c/a>This year Durham, North Carolina-based Cree introduced a $10, 40-watt replacement LED light bulb and a 60-watt replacement model that sells for $13. Both bulbs look and feel like incandescent bulbs, only better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before you write off the LEDs because of the steep price tag, consider this: their 60-watt replacement bulb is designed to last for over 22 years. That’s \u003cem>years\u003c/em>. This translates into an estimated annual energy cost of $1.14. By comparison, a standard 60-watt incandescent bulb will burn out in about 11 months and add $7 to your annual energy bill. \u003ca href=\"http://news.consumerreports.org/home/2013/03/early-testing-of-low-cost-leds-show-promising-results.html\">Consumer Reports\u003c/a> crunched the numbers and says you will make your money back with Cree’s 60-watt replacement bulb in under two years; “After that you would save $149 in energy and bulbs over its life when compared with an incandescent.” How many light bulbs do you have in your home? You do the math.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about the light quality, you ask? For a long time the knock against CFLs and LEDs was that they simply can’t compete with the warm, bright glow from incandescents. We conducted a little field test to see how the bulbs compare:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XvLc6VlpI8?feature=player_detailpage\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could you see a difference? From my perspective the light quality was pretty much the same. And I suppose that’s the point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: switching to LED bulbs is a no-brainer if you’re looking to reduce your energy consumption and your utility bill. \u003ca href=\"http://thewirecutter.com/reviews/the-best-led-lightbulb-is-the-cree-warm-white/\">Most\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/21/technology/personaltech/cheaper-led-bulbs-make-it-easier-to-switch-lights.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&\">reviewers\u003c/a> highlight \u003ca href=\"http://www.homedepot.com/p/Cree-9-5-Watt-60W-A19-Warm-White-2700K-LED-Light-Bulb-1-Pack-BA19-08027OMF-12DE26-1U110/203991774#.UZ6i_-uzo8s\">Cree’s bulbs\u003c/a> for its price and light quality. But there are other options on the market, that \u003ca href=\"http://www.bestbuy.com/site/Insignia%26%23153%3B---800-Lumen,-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb,-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White/6238358.p?id=1218725181682&skuId=6238358&ci_src=11138&AID=10474050&PID=6149596&SID=1esrwnfs4v0k7&URL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestbuy.com%2Fsite%2FInsignia%2526%2523153%253B---800-Lumen%2C-13-Watt-Dimmable-LED-Light-Bulb%2C-60-Watt-Equivalent---Warm-White%2F6238358.p%3Fid%3D1218725181682%26skuId%3D6238358%26ci_src%3D11138&ref=39&CJPID=6149596&loc=01\">span the price \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/B007RKVT4C/?tag=thewire06-20\">light range\u003c/a> so shop around and choose an LED bulb that works best for you.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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},
"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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