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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. 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The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Sea-level rise is happening and more than 100 million people could be affected globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise-header1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Topographic image of the Bay Area and continental shelf and slope. The coastline during the peak of the last ice age was at the shelf edge near the Farrallon Islands.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before reading this post, make sure to check out QUEST’s video segment from last week about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/going-up-sea-level-rise-in-san-francisco-bay\">sea-level rise in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>, which provides a nice overview of the problem low-lying areas in the greater Bay Area will face in the coming decades. As good as it is, the QUEST piece is really just an introduction to the problem of current sea-level rise. Sea-level rise \u003ca href=\"http://www.ipcc.unibe.ch/publications/wg1-ar4/faq/wg1_faq-5.1.html\">is happening\u003c/a> and more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007EO090001.shtml\">100 million people could be affected\u003c/a> globally over the next century even under somewhat conservative projections. This is an tremendously complex problem that will require research across numerous scientific disciplines and creative problem-solving from engineers and urban planners. Like many of the posts I write for QUEST, I’d like to zoom out in terms of the timescales we are used to thinking about and share a little information about geologically recent sea-level changes in the Bay Area.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nOver the past few million years, the Earth has flipped back and forth about 20 times between periods of significant continental glaciation, or ice ages, and briefer periods of much less ice. The peak of the most recent ice age was approximately 18,000 years ago. During this time, referred to as the Last Glacial Maximum by Earth scientists, the continental ice sheets that covered much of \u003ca href=\"http://www.isgs.illinois.edu/maps-data-pub/publications/geonotes/geonote3.shtml\">northern North America\u003c/a> and northern Europe reached their largest extent in area. When such vast continental ice sheets grow they “borrow” water from the Earth’s water budget and, as a result, global sea level is lowered. Only 18,000 years ago sea level was 120 meters (400 ft) lower than it is at present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7790\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Ingram-LGM-map.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"590\" height=\"459\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map above is a simple sketch map of the paleogeography of the Bay Area at this time*. Think about this for a moment — if you were standing at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/visit/park-sites/lands-end.html\">Land’s End Park\u003c/a> on the northwest corner of San Francisco you would not be at the land’s end! The coast would be about 20 miles offshore of the current coast, just beyond the uplands that are now poking out as the Farallon Islands. What is now the Bay was a network of flat valleys with the ancestral Sacramento-San Joaquin River and tributary streams making their way through the narrow notch in the hills at Golden Gate. As temperatures warmed and the continental ice sheets began to melt sea level started to rise. That’s a simplified picture of what the landscape may have looked like at different stands of sea level, but what about the rate at which the sea rose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a nonprofit research institute based in Oakland, published a thoroughly researched and very readable \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/reports/sea_level_rise/\">report on sea-level rise and its impact on the California coast\u003c/a>, which is also featured in the QUEST report. Estimates of future sea-level rise as stated in their report are between 1.0 and 1.4 meters (40-55 inches) by the year 2100. To be conservative (and to simplify a bit) let’s assume this present rate of sea-level rise is 1 meter per 100 years. If we now look at a reconstruction of sea-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum we see the rise in sea level was not constant — depending on the rate of warming along with other factors the rate of rise varied. As you can see in the graph below the rate of rise slowed significantly about 8,000 years ago. From 18,000 years ago to 8,000 years ago sea-level rose approximately 100 meters (330 ft), which is an average rate of 1 meter per 100 years. In other words, the Earth will soon be experiencing a rate of sea-level rise it hasn’t experienced in several thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Post-Glacial_Sea_Level.png\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7791\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_curve-since-LGM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"359\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most important uncertainties regarding our understanding of current and near-term sea-level rise are magnitude and rate — that is, how much and how fast. By studying the relatively recent past (geologically speaking) we can learn something about the effects varying rates of sea-level rise might have on the Bay Area. For example, how did bayshore ecosystems respond to rapid sea-level rise thousands of years ago? How will tidal marsh ecosystems respond to slow versus rapid sea-level change? The map below from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/\">San Francisco Estuary Institute\u003c/a> shows the different types low-lying bay shoreline that will be affected by future sea-level rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7792\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/SL-rise_Bay-current.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"516\" height=\"671\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These environments, some of which are entirely human-made, will respond differently to sea-level rise. Further study of past environments and ecosystems and how they were affected by sea-level rise since the last ice age will play an important role in the broader goal to mitigate the consequences of a rising San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ff0000\">\u003cstrong>UPDATE (9/2/2010):\u003c/strong>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also check out \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ice-age-bay-area2\">this great video piece\u003c/a> from QUEST a couple years ago to help you visualize what the Bay Area landscape was like 20,000 years ago and the kinds of animals that lived here. Definitely worth a look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"color: #ffffff\">-\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* \u003cspan style=\"color: #808080\">\u003cem>Check out this fantastic slide show from UC Berkeley Earth scientist Lynn Ingram \u003ca href=\"http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/pdfs/ccow_Ingram.pdf\">here\u003c/a> (link opens a PDF). This is a great resource for learning more about the information scientists are collecting from the Bay’s sedimentary record to answer some of the questions I pose above.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Kepler Scientists Find New Planetary System",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/477859main_KeplerSinglePanelStill.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of exoplanets around a star. (credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers, led by NASA scientists in Mountain View, announced on Thursday the discovery of at least two Saturn-sized planets outside of our solar system orbiting the same Sun-like star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of these extra-solar planets or ‘exoplanets’ marks the first major discovery from the $600 million \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler\u003c/a> mission which launched in March 2009 on a quest to find planets similar to Earth in their composition and size that could possibly sustain life. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mission is designed to find several hundred such planets if they exist” said William Borucki, Principal Investigator of the Kepler science mission, based at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two new exoplanets which the astronomers named Kepler 9-b and Kepler- 9c – are 2,000 light years away in the Lyra constellation, and were found after analyzing seven months of data from 156,000 stars. Scientists believe the two planets are comprised of hydrogen and helium and are slightly less massive than Saturn, with the bigger of the two planets – Kepler-9b – orbiting the Kepler-9 star in 39 days, about twice as long as the orbit time for the other planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, a Swiss team found the first exoplanet passing in front of a star. Since then, there have been nearly 500 exoplanets discovered, though most of these have been large, Jupiter-sized planets that wouldn’t be capable of supporting life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These large exoplanets were found with ground-based telescopes but now missions like Kepler and the European Space Agency’s COROT mission, which launched in December 2006, add an additional tool for exoplanet discovery with space-based telescopes that are powerful enough and presumably close enough to detect smaller, Earth-sized exoplanets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mankind has been asking the question, ‘are there other planets out there, is there other life out there?’”, said Borucki. “In the next few years, we'll have answers to some of these questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help answer these questions, the Kepler spacecraft telescope is positioned 18 million miles from Earth, staring at hundreds of billions of stars. It can view more than 100,000 stars at a time that are a few hundred to a few thousand light years from the sun. A light year is roughly 6 trillion miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope instrument is more than three feet wide, armed with an array of light sensor detectors akin to those found in a digital camera, only more powerful. But instead of taking pictures of a star, it measures the temporary dips in brightness from a star when a planet transits, or passes in front of the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring these dips, how often they occur and how long it takes the planet to transit the star, scientists can confirm the existence of an exoplanet and how far it is from its star. By adding Kepler’s measurements to ground-based telescopes measuring the properties of stars, they can calculate the planet’s temperature, its mass and they can even infer the composition of the planet– whether it contains a rocky core or is mostly gas, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/476590main_TransitSignature_Mu10D0C0C.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Transit signature of a multi-planet system (credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said that it’s too soon to definitively confirm the existence of a third possible planet – about 1.5 times the radius of Earth – orbiting the Kepler-9 star. If it is confirmed, it would be the smallest exoplanet found to date transiting a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this small planet would still be too hot to exist in the ‘habitable zone’ where water and possibly life could exist, given its close, 1.6 day orbit around its star. Similarly, the surfaces of the two confirmed gas giant exoplanets are estimated to be more than 2300 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, by studying the orbits of the new exoplanets, scientists hope to uncover additional information, such as the formation and migration of planets as they gravitationally pull and tug at each other when orbiting the same star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the Kepler team announced they had identified more than 700 “candidate” exoplanets after the first 43 days of data collection, including six candidate planetary systems that appeared to contain more than one transiting planet in them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the challenge scientists have when identifying smaller exoplanets that transit in an orbit similar to Earth is that such transits occur only about once a year, compared to the more frequent, shorter transits associated generally with hotter, larger planets. So they need a sequence of four transits, typically, to get enough reliable data to confirm the existence of Earth-size planets, which is why the Kepler mission was designed to run for nearly four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already looking ahead to future missions which may be able to expand upon Kepler’s discoveries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are missions on the planning board that may be able to tell us what the atmospheres are like around these planets, do they have water in them, do they have C02 in them like our Earth’s atmosphere, do they have oxygen?”, Borucki said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A team of researchers, led by NASA scientists in Mountain View, announced on Thursday the discovery of at least two Saturn-sized planets outside of our solar system orbiting the same Sun-like star.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/477859main_KeplerSinglePanelStill.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Artist's rendering of exoplanets around a star. (credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team of researchers, led by NASA scientists in Mountain View, announced on Thursday the discovery of at least two Saturn-sized planets outside of our solar system orbiting the same Sun-like star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of these extra-solar planets or ‘exoplanets’ marks the first major discovery from the $600 million \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler\u003c/a> mission which launched in March 2009 on a quest to find planets similar to Earth in their composition and size that could possibly sustain life. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The mission is designed to find several hundred such planets if they exist” said William Borucki, Principal Investigator of the Kepler science mission, based at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two new exoplanets which the astronomers named Kepler 9-b and Kepler- 9c – are 2,000 light years away in the Lyra constellation, and were found after analyzing seven months of data from 156,000 stars. Scientists believe the two planets are comprised of hydrogen and helium and are slightly less massive than Saturn, with the bigger of the two planets – Kepler-9b – orbiting the Kepler-9 star in 39 days, about twice as long as the orbit time for the other planet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1995, a Swiss team found the first exoplanet passing in front of a star. Since then, there have been nearly 500 exoplanets discovered, though most of these have been large, Jupiter-sized planets that wouldn’t be capable of supporting life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These large exoplanets were found with ground-based telescopes but now missions like Kepler and the European Space Agency’s COROT mission, which launched in December 2006, add an additional tool for exoplanet discovery with space-based telescopes that are powerful enough and presumably close enough to detect smaller, Earth-sized exoplanets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Mankind has been asking the question, ‘are there other planets out there, is there other life out there?’”, said Borucki. “In the next few years, we'll have answers to some of these questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help answer these questions, the Kepler spacecraft telescope is positioned 18 million miles from Earth, staring at hundreds of billions of stars. It can view more than 100,000 stars at a time that are a few hundred to a few thousand light years from the sun. A light year is roughly 6 trillion miles. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The telescope instrument is more than three feet wide, armed with an array of light sensor detectors akin to those found in a digital camera, only more powerful. But instead of taking pictures of a star, it measures the temporary dips in brightness from a star when a planet transits, or passes in front of the star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By measuring these dips, how often they occur and how long it takes the planet to transit the star, scientists can confirm the existence of an exoplanet and how far it is from its star. By adding Kepler’s measurements to ground-based telescopes measuring the properties of stars, they can calculate the planet’s temperature, its mass and they can even infer the composition of the planet– whether it contains a rocky core or is mostly gas, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/476590main_TransitSignature_Mu10D0C0C.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Transit signature of a multi-planet system (credit: NASA)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists said that it’s too soon to definitively confirm the existence of a third possible planet – about 1.5 times the radius of Earth – orbiting the Kepler-9 star. If it is confirmed, it would be the smallest exoplanet found to date transiting a star. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this small planet would still be too hot to exist in the ‘habitable zone’ where water and possibly life could exist, given its close, 1.6 day orbit around its star. Similarly, the surfaces of the two confirmed gas giant exoplanets are estimated to be more than 2300 degrees Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, by studying the orbits of the new exoplanets, scientists hope to uncover additional information, such as the formation and migration of planets as they gravitationally pull and tug at each other when orbiting the same star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the Kepler team announced they had identified more than 700 “candidate” exoplanets after the first 43 days of data collection, including six candidate planetary systems that appeared to contain more than one transiting planet in them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the challenge scientists have when identifying smaller exoplanets that transit in an orbit similar to Earth is that such transits occur only about once a year, compared to the more frequent, shorter transits associated generally with hotter, larger planets. So they need a sequence of four transits, typically, to get enough reliable data to confirm the existence of Earth-size planets, which is why the Kepler mission was designed to run for nearly four years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are already looking ahead to future missions which may be able to expand upon Kepler’s discoveries. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are missions on the planning board that may be able to tell us what the atmospheres are like around these planets, do they have water in them, do they have C02 in them like our Earth’s atmosphere, do they have oxygen?”, Borucki said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Go Big Green: Stanford Lightens Its Carbon Load",
"headTitle": "Go Big Green: Stanford Lightens Its Carbon Load | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-044b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of Stanford’s campus, taken from Hoover Tower. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1888, when famed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted drafted his master plan for \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, he drew the academic buildings along an east-west axis to efficiently make use of heat and light from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 100 years later, a new generation of eco-centric builders and designers are embarking on a $250 million project to raise, retrofit and re-power buildings across the 8,000-acre campus, in the hopes of slashing Stanford’s greenhouse gas emissions to 20 percent below 1990 levels in just 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan tackles energy demand in existing and new buildings, while also laying the groundwork for a new energy supply loop that powers, heats and cools the 125 biggest buildings on the main campus. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the most far-reaching efforts in the nation for a major research university to make a total transformation of a complete campus energy system”, said Joe Stagner, a civil engineer who directs Stanford’s Department of Sustainability and Energy Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steep price tag, the university estimates that by going greener it will save be saving lots of green – $639 million by 2050 through lower utility bills and operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, which received preliminary approval by the Stanford Board of Trustees last fall, the energy savings are expected to build up with time. By 2050, the campus is projected to emit only 50 percent of the greenhouse gases it emitted in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a minimum, it doesn’t mean that we’re going to stop at 50 percent”, said Fahmida Ahmed, manager of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/index.php\">sustainability programs\u003c/a> at Stanford. She and Stagner wrote the new \u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/sites/sem.stanford.edu/files/documents/StanfordEnergyandClimatePlan_11-10.pdf\">energy and climate plan\u003c/a> that serves as the university’s sustainability roadmap and presented it to the Trustees in October 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Stanford has pursued recycling, composting and energy efficiency since the 1980s, until just a few years ago, it lacked a single, cohesive campaign to shrink the university’s carbon footprint – a task made more urgent by Stanford’s steady growth spurts. By 2025, two million square feet of new academic buildings and housing are expected to be built for 2,400 additional faculty, staff and students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole idea to attack greenhouse gases gained momentum in 2006 and 2007,” said Stagner. “University stakeholders, including faculty from the Woods Institute to members of Students for a Sustainable Stanford and faculty and even some alumni, all of them let the university’s leadership know that they wanted Stanford to be more sustainable”, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the campus generates 262,000 metric tons – nearly 580 million pounds – of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases each year through direct sources such as generating electricity each day at an aging campus power plant, and indirect sources such as airline trips and commuting miles driven by faculty and staff. If no new initiatives are undertaken, pursuing instead a “business-as-usual” level of energy consumption and energy generation, Stanford is expected to produce 325,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases by 2020 and nearly 400,000 metric tons by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner and his team realized early on that energy conservation improvements alone could not achieve substantial greenhouse gas reductions for a campus growing at such a fast clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to come up with a comprehensive energy model that includes energy demand on one side and energy supply on the other side to inform how to best prioritize our work, to see what had the best return, environmentally, and the best bang for our buck”, said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest environmental gains, his team discovered, would come from overhauling the campus’ natural gas-fired power plant which has operated for more than 20 years and accounts for nearly 90 percent of the campus’ greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Stanford is situated in a Mediterranean climate, many of its buildings need simultaneous cooling and heating. Currently, the cooling system pipes chilled water into buildings to cool them and also remove excess heat that builds up inside them. As the water extracts the unwanted heat from buildings, it warms and is piped back to the central energy facility where massive cooling towers exhaust the excess heat from the water into the atmosphere. The loop continues, with the water being re-chilled at the central energy facility and sent back out to the buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, heat and hot water are supplied to buildings in a separate loop. It uses steam, which is made as a byproduct of burning natural gas to generate electricity to power the buildings. The steam cools into hot water after it has been sent to the buildings, and then it is sent back to the central energy facility, where it is reheated and sent back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2008, during a year-long audit of the campus’ hour-by-hour energy use, Stagner experienced an ‘a-ha moment.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I took a look at the data and saw that the potential for reusing the waste heat to heat the campus was much larger than we had hoped for and got very excited about the possibilities,” said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner realized that nearly half of the campus’ heating needs can be met through bypassing the cooling towers and reusing most of the heat which would otherwise be exhausted into the air. This new scheme of heat recovery is being called “regeneration.” Through it, the campus will also cut its water use by nearly 20 percent since less water would be used by the cooling towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project won’t happen overnight, however. It will take five to 10 years, and university crews will have to dig up 10 miles of underground pipes that are currently designed to distribute steam – not hot water — to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all of that is finished, the campus will be able to burn less natural gas to make electricity and will instead be able to buy electricity from utilities or from direct suppliers using renewables like solar and wind to green up the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity will power up to five new multimillion-dollar “heat recovery chillers.” The machines will form the backbone of the new energy loop, where warm water that would have been sent to the cooling towers instead will now be sent for further reheating and piped back out as 170-degree water to provide heat and hot water to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of this year, Stagner will present to Stanford’s trustees an update of the heat recovery system and the broader energy and climate plan, which is receiving one last peer review to see if further greenhouse gas reductions are possible under it. But he and his team are already moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-006b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Stanford’s new heat exchange unit. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/heat_recovery\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Stanford_steamhot-water-conversion_b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Campus map showing the buildings where pipes carrying steam will need to be replaced by pipes carrying hot water. Photo and image copyright Stanford University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a patch of land behind Memorial Auditorium, for the past six months, workers have been installing a $750,000 heat exchange station next to Stanford’s new business school, the Knight Management Center, which will open later this year. The station is needed to convert the steam currently made by the campus power plant to hot water, which will then be distributed through new pipes snaking underground that will serve 12 new and existing buildings when it fires up next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other universities, including the University of Rochester in New York and Auburn University in Alabama, also have converted from steam to hot water to meet their heating needs, but not to the extent Stanford plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the engineering plans, Stanford also is working to change the behavior of its students, professors and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in an eco-minded area,” said Ahmed, whose office worked with students to create a \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/sustainable.stanford.edu/files/documents/SustainableLiving_at_Stanford_New.pdf\"> guide to sustainable living\u003c/a> that describes how to reduce water and electricity use and act sustainably beyond the dorms and dining halls. “But for conservation to be a part of daily experience there needs to be incentives that we relate to and feel encouraged about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Stanford program, for example, establishes an annual baseline of average kilowatt-hours used for an individual school or administrative unit based on past consumption trends. Then, it allows that school or unit to keep whatever money is saved if it falls under its budget for energy spending. In three years, the program yielded a three percent decrease in energy use and $830,000 for the energy-saving participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a penalty component was added, so now departments that go over their budgets are supposed to pay back to the university the cost of excess electricity they used. The Office of Sustainability wouldn’t reveal which departments were penalized, pointing out instead that “there are sometimes valid reasons for their energy usage going up” and that the budgets for electricity use “can and will be revised over time as a trend appears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an academic department isn’t responsible for its energy expenditures or budget, it is in the same position as a renter in an apartment who isn’t responsible for paying for the utilities. The renter has no incentive for energy efficiency or water efficiency. It’s just human nature,” said Stanley Young, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford junior Ishan Nath wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2009/11/09/editorial-extend-energy-incentives-to-student-residences/\">editorial last fall in \u003cem>The Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, calling for an expansion of the incentive program so students could pocket some of the cost savings from lower energy use in their dorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems that the double benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while saving money is something we should be taking advantage of in any place we can and I think it’s really important that Stanford is leading in this direction,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key part of the Stanford plan to reduce greenhouse emissions is to retrofit existing buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 200 buildings on campus that are larger than 20,000 square feet, roughly the size of a small supermarket. A 2004 study found that 12 buildings accounted for 33% of the campus’ electricity use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put together a new program to look at a single building in detail and go top to bottom and find energy savings opportunities,” said Scott Gould, a senior energy engineer with the Department of Sustainability and Energy Management who oversees the Whole Building Retrofit Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the campus approved $15 million in funding to retrofit these energy-intensive buildings, many of which contain research labs built in the 1960s, ‘70s and ‘80s. Some have annual energy bills of $2 million to $3 million each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two building retrofits are currently taking place, one at Gilbert Hall, which houses the biology department, and the other at the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. The fume hoods in them are being fitted with valves that can more efficiently regulate the flow and exhaust of air, so that instead of 10 air exchanges in an hour, there may only be six or eight. New valves also will control the total amount of air supplied to a room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a technology that wasn’t available in the ‘70s”, said Gould, whose job is compounded by the fact that the retrofit work needs to typically take place over short periods of time to minimize the impact to the still-active labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easier to design super-energy efficient buildings from the start than going back and retrofitting old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-026b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenest building on Stanford’s campus – and a model for future construction – is the Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Energy + Environment Building, known as “Y2E2.” Opened in 2008, the four-story, L-shaped building uses 38 percent less energy and 90 percent less total water than older buildings – the latter feat accomplished in part by using recycled water for flushing toilets and rainwater for irrigating landscaping. Four atriums funnel natural light through angled skylights, and they also serve as the building’s lungs, drawing in fresh air and circulating heated air through vents that open and close automatically throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-010b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A skylight inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-007b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Looking down the atrium inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford also has solar power demonstration projects at seven locations on campus but they generate enough power currently to meet only two percent of the campus’ energy needs. Ahmed acknowledged that solar power has the potential to meet 10 percent of the sunny campus’ energy needs, but the university is continuing to track progress on solar power technology before committing to its wider use on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, students seem pleased with the university’s level of planning and implementation around sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a period of tremendous uncertainty in what’s going to happen with California’s climate policy,” said Nath. “Without knowing that, it’s impossible to fairly plan for what type of renewable energy to use, and it’s difficult to compare the financing to see what’s the best decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ten Hoeve is president of the \u003ca href=\"http://inversion.stanford.edu/swep/drupal/\">Stanford Solar and Wind Energy Project\u003c/a>, a group run mostly by graduate students trying to promote renewable energy at Stanford. “I believe I speak for the group when I say that we are very pleased with the new climate and energy plan”, Ten Hoeve said, while complimenting its Office of Sustainability for being “open-minded” to opportunities to cut Stanford’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s plan focuses on more near-term energy supply and conservation steps to curb campus emissions, but doesn’t fund much renewable energy at the moment. A chart laying out the expected emissions savings as color-coded wedges from building retrofits, heat recovery and other initiatives, has a wedge that corresponds to emissions savings through electricity generated by renewable means, like solar, wind and geothermal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten Hoeve pointed out that the ‘green electricity’ wedge doesn’t kick in fully, however, until 2035. “If Stanford were to produce its own renewable energy, through a few well-sited local wind turbines for example, it would be great PR for the university at little to no cost, which is why we hope it will happen sooner than later”, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some students think that an array of solar panels, such as the one adorning the Y2E2 building, do more than just green the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to have them in places where people can see them and when they come to Stanford, they’ll say, ‘oh, maybe solar panels are developing enough to be used on a wide scale’”, said Nath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Eli Pollak, a member of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainability.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/index.php\">Students for a Sustainable Stanford\u003c/a>, said he’s impressed by the Stanford plan, but would have liked to have seen more students involved in drafting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In keeping with Stanford’s educational mission, it would have been beneficial for the administration to have drawn on the intellect of the students and the students could have gained real-world experience to address climate change and see how a large institution approaches climate change and energy planning,” Pollak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford isn’t alone in trying to improve energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/\">American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment\u003c/a> has recruited nearly 700 college and university presidents to cut more than 30 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually across their campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The niche that we were filling was helping people learn from each other,” said Paul Rowland, executive director of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, an organization that has created a tool to help universities and colleges that have signed the climate commitment measure and report their annual greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first university to have achieved carbon neutrality, Rowland said, is the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine, which it did in part by purchasing renewable energy credits to offset its greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford has declined to join the organization ever since 2006 when it was first asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Stanford commits to reductions it can meet. Committing to carbon neutrality without having the solutions at hand must have seemed not very authentic to the administration at the time,” said Ahmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s energy and climate plan also does not endorse the use of carbon offsets or renewable energy credits, citing in part their “regulatory uncertainty,” which suggests the university is more focused on projects campus officials can directly observe, control and monitor to track the progress on its emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chancellors of the 10 campuses that make up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/\">University of California\u003c/a> system have, however, signed onto the ACUPCC. The UC campuses have set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels by 2014 and to 1990 levels by 2020, while also eliminating all waste sent to landfills by 2020. After these targets have been met, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/documents/policy_sustain_prac.pdf\">UC sustainability policy \u003c/a>directs the campuses to pursue carbon neutrality “as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past five years, the UC system has saved $15 million by replacing aging lighting, heating and ventilation systems and expanding the monitoring and metering of campus buildings,” said Matthew St. Clair, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/\">UC sustainability efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Berkeley, energy efficiency projects such as changing leaky heating and cooling systems and installing more efficient lighting in its buildings, some of which are more than 100 years old, has cut the campus’ electricity use. At Tang Center, home to the university’s health services, an analysis revealed that the air circulation system was running 24 hours a day. So a new air circulation system was installed, saving the university each year enough electricity to power 46 single family homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC campuses are also exploring projects that will generate a total of 10 megawatts of on-site renewable energy by 2014. To date, three of them – Irvine, Merced and San Diego – have one-megawatt solar panel arrays installed at each of their campuses. The solar array at Merced spans nearly nine acres and provides the campus with nearly 20 percent of its annual energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public institution that includes a mission of public service, we need to demonstrate to the taxpayers and voters of California that we are being good citizens in reducing our environmental impact, cutting costs through efficient resource consumption and modeling sustainability leadership”, said St. Clair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s Stagner said he similarly feels that colleges and universities don’t need to wait for a blueprint from the government to start tackling climate change, adding that they have a responsibility to “to help create the scientific, human, cultural, and political solutions to it, and to educate tomorrow’s leaders so that they may continue to work on this challenge and advance civilization toward a sustainable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.427648 -122.166793\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new generation of eco-centric builders and designers are embarking on a $250 million project to raise, retrofit and re-power buildings across the 8,000-acre campus, in the hopes of slashing Stanford’s greenhouse gas emissions to 20 percent below 1990 levels in just 10 years.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-044b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of Stanford’s campus, taken from Hoover Tower. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1888, when famed landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted drafted his master plan for \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/\">Stanford University \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, he drew the academic buildings along an east-west axis to efficiently make use of heat and light from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than 100 years later, a new generation of eco-centric builders and designers are embarking on a $250 million project to raise, retrofit and re-power buildings across the 8,000-acre campus, in the hopes of slashing Stanford’s greenhouse gas emissions to 20 percent below 1990 levels in just 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan tackles energy demand in existing and new buildings, while also laying the groundwork for a new energy supply loop that powers, heats and cools the 125 biggest buildings on the main campus. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s one of the most far-reaching efforts in the nation for a major research university to make a total transformation of a complete campus energy system”, said Joe Stagner, a civil engineer who directs Stanford’s Department of Sustainability and Energy Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the steep price tag, the university estimates that by going greener it will save be saving lots of green – $639 million by 2050 through lower utility bills and operating costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the plan, which received preliminary approval by the Stanford Board of Trustees last fall, the energy savings are expected to build up with time. By 2050, the campus is projected to emit only 50 percent of the greenhouse gases it emitted in 1990.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And that’s a minimum, it doesn’t mean that we’re going to stop at 50 percent”, said Fahmida Ahmed, manager of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/index.php\">sustainability programs\u003c/a> at Stanford. She and Stagner wrote the new \u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/sites/sem.stanford.edu/files/documents/StanfordEnergyandClimatePlan_11-10.pdf\">energy and climate plan\u003c/a> that serves as the university’s sustainability roadmap and presented it to the Trustees in October 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Stanford has pursued recycling, composting and energy efficiency since the 1980s, until just a few years ago, it lacked a single, cohesive campaign to shrink the university’s carbon footprint – a task made more urgent by Stanford’s steady growth spurts. By 2025, two million square feet of new academic buildings and housing are expected to be built for 2,400 additional faculty, staff and students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole idea to attack greenhouse gases gained momentum in 2006 and 2007,” said Stagner. “University stakeholders, including faculty from the Woods Institute to members of Students for a Sustainable Stanford and faculty and even some alumni, all of them let the university’s leadership know that they wanted Stanford to be more sustainable”, he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On average, the campus generates 262,000 metric tons – nearly 580 million pounds – of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases each year through direct sources such as generating electricity each day at an aging campus power plant, and indirect sources such as airline trips and commuting miles driven by faculty and staff. If no new initiatives are undertaken, pursuing instead a “business-as-usual” level of energy consumption and energy generation, Stanford is expected to produce 325,000 metric tons of greenhouse gases by 2020 and nearly 400,000 metric tons by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner and his team realized early on that energy conservation improvements alone could not achieve substantial greenhouse gas reductions for a campus growing at such a fast clip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had to come up with a comprehensive energy model that includes energy demand on one side and energy supply on the other side to inform how to best prioritize our work, to see what had the best return, environmentally, and the best bang for our buck”, said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest environmental gains, his team discovered, would come from overhauling the campus’ natural gas-fired power plant which has operated for more than 20 years and accounts for nearly 90 percent of the campus’ greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since Stanford is situated in a Mediterranean climate, many of its buildings need simultaneous cooling and heating. Currently, the cooling system pipes chilled water into buildings to cool them and also remove excess heat that builds up inside them. As the water extracts the unwanted heat from buildings, it warms and is piped back to the central energy facility where massive cooling towers exhaust the excess heat from the water into the atmosphere. The loop continues, with the water being re-chilled at the central energy facility and sent back out to the buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conversely, heat and hot water are supplied to buildings in a separate loop. It uses steam, which is made as a byproduct of burning natural gas to generate electricity to power the buildings. The steam cools into hot water after it has been sent to the buildings, and then it is sent back to the central energy facility, where it is reheated and sent back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2008, during a year-long audit of the campus’ hour-by-hour energy use, Stagner experienced an ‘a-ha moment.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I took a look at the data and saw that the potential for reusing the waste heat to heat the campus was much larger than we had hoped for and got very excited about the possibilities,” said Stagner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stagner realized that nearly half of the campus’ heating needs can be met through bypassing the cooling towers and reusing most of the heat which would otherwise be exhausted into the air. This new scheme of heat recovery is being called “regeneration.” Through it, the campus will also cut its water use by nearly 20 percent since less water would be used by the cooling towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project won’t happen overnight, however. It will take five to 10 years, and university crews will have to dig up 10 miles of underground pipes that are currently designed to distribute steam – not hot water — to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When all of that is finished, the campus will be able to burn less natural gas to make electricity and will instead be able to buy electricity from utilities or from direct suppliers using renewables like solar and wind to green up the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The electricity will power up to five new multimillion-dollar “heat recovery chillers.” The machines will form the backbone of the new energy loop, where warm water that would have been sent to the cooling towers instead will now be sent for further reheating and piped back out as 170-degree water to provide heat and hot water to buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of this year, Stagner will present to Stanford’s trustees an update of the heat recovery system and the broader energy and climate plan, which is receiving one last peer review to see if further greenhouse gas reductions are possible under it. But he and his team are already moving forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-006b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Stanford’s new heat exchange unit. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://sustainablestanford.stanford.edu/heat_recovery\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/Stanford_steamhot-water-conversion_b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Campus map showing the buildings where pipes carrying steam will need to be replaced by pipes carrying hot water. Photo and image copyright Stanford University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a patch of land behind Memorial Auditorium, for the past six months, workers have been installing a $750,000 heat exchange station next to Stanford’s new business school, the Knight Management Center, which will open later this year. The station is needed to convert the steam currently made by the campus power plant to hot water, which will then be distributed through new pipes snaking underground that will serve 12 new and existing buildings when it fires up next summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other universities, including the University of Rochester in New York and Auburn University in Alabama, also have converted from steam to hot water to meet their heating needs, but not to the extent Stanford plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to the engineering plans, Stanford also is working to change the behavior of its students, professors and staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We live in an eco-minded area,” said Ahmed, whose office worked with students to create a \u003ca href=\"http://sustainable.stanford.edu/sites/sustainable.stanford.edu/files/documents/SustainableLiving_at_Stanford_New.pdf\"> guide to sustainable living\u003c/a> that describes how to reduce water and electricity use and act sustainably beyond the dorms and dining halls. “But for conservation to be a part of daily experience there needs to be incentives that we relate to and feel encouraged about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Stanford program, for example, establishes an annual baseline of average kilowatt-hours used for an individual school or administrative unit based on past consumption trends. Then, it allows that school or unit to keep whatever money is saved if it falls under its budget for energy spending. In three years, the program yielded a three percent decrease in energy use and $830,000 for the energy-saving participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, a penalty component was added, so now departments that go over their budgets are supposed to pay back to the university the cost of excess electricity they used. The Office of Sustainability wouldn’t reveal which departments were penalized, pointing out instead that “there are sometimes valid reasons for their energy usage going up” and that the budgets for electricity use “can and will be revised over time as a trend appears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If an academic department isn’t responsible for its energy expenditures or budget, it is in the same position as a renter in an apartment who isn’t responsible for paying for the utilities. The renter has no incentive for energy efficiency or water efficiency. It’s just human nature,” said Stanley Young, a spokesman for the California Air Resources Board, in Sacramento.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford junior Ishan Nath wrote an \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2009/11/09/editorial-extend-energy-incentives-to-student-residences/\">editorial last fall in \u003cem>The Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, calling for an expansion of the incentive program so students could pocket some of the cost savings from lower energy use in their dorms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems that the double benefit of reducing greenhouse gas emissions while saving money is something we should be taking advantage of in any place we can and I think it’s really important that Stanford is leading in this direction,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another key part of the Stanford plan to reduce greenhouse emissions is to retrofit existing buildings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are nearly 200 buildings on campus that are larger than 20,000 square feet, roughly the size of a small supermarket. A 2004 study found that 12 buildings accounted for 33% of the campus’ electricity use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We put together a new program to look at a single building in detail and go top to bottom and find energy savings opportunities,” said Scott Gould, a senior energy engineer with the Department of Sustainability and Energy Management who oversees the Whole Building Retrofit Program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, the campus approved $15 million in funding to retrofit these energy-intensive buildings, many of which contain research labs built in the 1960s, ‘70s and ‘80s. Some have annual energy bills of $2 million to $3 million each.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two building retrofits are currently taking place, one at Gilbert Hall, which houses the biology department, and the other at the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine. The fume hoods in them are being fitted with valves that can more efficiently regulate the flow and exhaust of air, so that instead of 10 air exchanges in an hour, there may only be six or eight. New valves also will control the total amount of air supplied to a room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a technology that wasn’t available in the ‘70s”, said Gould, whose job is compounded by the fact that the retrofit work needs to typically take place over short periods of time to minimize the impact to the still-active labs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easier to design super-energy efficient buildings from the start than going back and retrofitting old ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-026b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A view of the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The greenest building on Stanford’s campus – and a model for future construction – is the Jerry Yang and Akiko Yamazaki Energy + Environment Building, known as “Y2E2.” Opened in 2008, the four-story, L-shaped building uses 38 percent less energy and 90 percent less total water than older buildings – the latter feat accomplished in part by using recycled water for flushing toilets and rainwater for irrigating landscaping. Four atriums funnel natural light through angled skylights, and they also serve as the building’s lungs, drawing in fresh air and circulating heated air through vents that open and close automatically throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-010b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A skylight inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/GreenU_Stanford_-007b.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Looking down the atrium inside the Y2E2 building. Photo by Sheraz Sadiq\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford also has solar power demonstration projects at seven locations on campus but they generate enough power currently to meet only two percent of the campus’ energy needs. Ahmed acknowledged that solar power has the potential to meet 10 percent of the sunny campus’ energy needs, but the university is continuing to track progress on solar power technology before committing to its wider use on campus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, students seem pleased with the university’s level of planning and implementation around sustainability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a period of tremendous uncertainty in what’s going to happen with California’s climate policy,” said Nath. “Without knowing that, it’s impossible to fairly plan for what type of renewable energy to use, and it’s difficult to compare the financing to see what’s the best decision.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Ten Hoeve is president of the \u003ca href=\"http://inversion.stanford.edu/swep/drupal/\">Stanford Solar and Wind Energy Project\u003c/a>, a group run mostly by graduate students trying to promote renewable energy at Stanford. “I believe I speak for the group when I say that we are very pleased with the new climate and energy plan”, Ten Hoeve said, while complimenting its Office of Sustainability for being “open-minded” to opportunities to cut Stanford’s carbon load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s plan focuses on more near-term energy supply and conservation steps to curb campus emissions, but doesn’t fund much renewable energy at the moment. A chart laying out the expected emissions savings as color-coded wedges from building retrofits, heat recovery and other initiatives, has a wedge that corresponds to emissions savings through electricity generated by renewable means, like solar, wind and geothermal power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten Hoeve pointed out that the ‘green electricity’ wedge doesn’t kick in fully, however, until 2035. “If Stanford were to produce its own renewable energy, through a few well-sited local wind turbines for example, it would be great PR for the university at little to no cost, which is why we hope it will happen sooner than later”, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some students think that an array of solar panels, such as the one adorning the Y2E2 building, do more than just green the grid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important to have them in places where people can see them and when they come to Stanford, they’ll say, ‘oh, maybe solar panels are developing enough to be used on a wide scale’”, said Nath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Junior Eli Pollak, a member of \u003ca href=\"http://sustainability.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/index.php\">Students for a Sustainable Stanford\u003c/a>, said he’s impressed by the Stanford plan, but would have liked to have seen more students involved in drafting it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In keeping with Stanford’s educational mission, it would have been beneficial for the administration to have drawn on the intellect of the students and the students could have gained real-world experience to address climate change and see how a large institution approaches climate change and energy planning,” Pollak said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford isn’t alone in trying to improve energy efficiency and reduce its carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/\">American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment\u003c/a> has recruited nearly 700 college and university presidents to cut more than 30 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually across their campuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The niche that we were filling was helping people learn from each other,” said Paul Rowland, executive director of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education, an organization that has created a tool to help universities and colleges that have signed the climate commitment measure and report their annual greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first university to have achieved carbon neutrality, Rowland said, is the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine, which it did in part by purchasing renewable energy credits to offset its greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford has declined to join the organization ever since 2006 when it was first asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Stanford commits to reductions it can meet. Committing to carbon neutrality without having the solutions at hand must have seemed not very authentic to the administration at the time,” said Ahmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s energy and climate plan also does not endorse the use of carbon offsets or renewable energy credits, citing in part their “regulatory uncertainty,” which suggests the university is more focused on projects campus officials can directly observe, control and monitor to track the progress on its emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chancellors of the 10 campuses that make up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/\">University of California\u003c/a> system have, however, signed onto the ACUPCC. The UC campuses have set a goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 2000 levels by 2014 and to 1990 levels by 2020, while also eliminating all waste sent to landfills by 2020. After these targets have been met, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/documents/policy_sustain_prac.pdf\">UC sustainability policy \u003c/a>directs the campuses to pursue carbon neutrality “as soon as possible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past five years, the UC system has saved $15 million by replacing aging lighting, heating and ventilation systems and expanding the monitoring and metering of campus buildings,” said Matthew St. Clair, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/sustainability/\">UC sustainability efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Berkeley, energy efficiency projects such as changing leaky heating and cooling systems and installing more efficient lighting in its buildings, some of which are more than 100 years old, has cut the campus’ electricity use. At Tang Center, home to the university’s health services, an analysis revealed that the air circulation system was running 24 hours a day. So a new air circulation system was installed, saving the university each year enough electricity to power 46 single family homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC campuses are also exploring projects that will generate a total of 10 megawatts of on-site renewable energy by 2014. To date, three of them – Irvine, Merced and San Diego – have one-megawatt solar panel arrays installed at each of their campuses. The solar array at Merced spans nearly nine acres and provides the campus with nearly 20 percent of its annual energy needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a public institution that includes a mission of public service, we need to demonstrate to the taxpayers and voters of California that we are being good citizens in reducing our environmental impact, cutting costs through efficient resource consumption and modeling sustainability leadership”, said St. Clair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s Stagner said he similarly feels that colleges and universities don’t need to wait for a blueprint from the government to start tackling climate change, adding that they have a responsibility to “to help create the scientific, human, cultural, and political solutions to it, and to educate tomorrow’s leaders so that they may continue to work on this challenge and advance civilization toward a sustainable future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea is rising. This, in itself, is not news. The oceans of Earth have been slowly, steadily rising for hundreds of years. But it’s about to get a lot higher a lot faster, and millions of people - and billions of dollars of infrastructure - are suddenly finding themselves at risk for flooding, storm surge damage, and possible relocation. How could something that has been a known factor surprise us, unprepared?\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Sea Level Rise, the new poster child for climate change. There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were just starting research for this story, I attended the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayplanningcoalition.org/2010/dmc-2010-resource-guide/\">SF Bay Decision Maker’s Conference on Sea Level Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\nThere was one idea that permeated the entire day’s discussions:\n\u003cli>You can’t engineer for an unknown amount.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Developers are aware of sea level rise, but do not know how to approach the issue. “Tell how much it will rise, and by when, and we can plan for it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s just not that straightforward. The science behind the estimates seems to be uncertain, providing ranges from as little as 12 inches by 2050, to as much as 80 inches by 2100. There is a consensus that the rate of sea level rise has increased in conjunction with the rise of global surface temperatures. The point of uncertainty is what the rate of sea level rise will be in the future. In 2007, German scientist Stefan Rahmstorf developed an empirical method for predicting future sea level rise using the relationship between sea level rise and global mean surface temperature. His estimates of global sea level rise by 2100 range from 10 inches (50 cm) to 55 inches (140 cm) respectively. Research estimates done for the Governor of California state that sea level will increase between 12 and 17 inches (30 and 45 cm) by 2050 and between 20 and 55 inches (50 and 140 cm) by 2099.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most estimates show a wide range, depending on how much glaciers and ice caps melt over the next 90 years. The truth is that scientists don’t know how much other environmental factors will contribute to, or slow down, the rate of sea level rise. In addition, these are global estimates, which are averages and will not represent the exact numbers for specific locations. How much the sea level rises here in San Francisco Bay will not look the same as it will in Bangladesh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one thing scientists do agree on, however, is that sea level rise up to 2 meters (78 inches) is not out of the question, but certainly a high estimate. \"Although increases of up to two metres this century can't be ruled out, this does not mean that they are inevitable or even likely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so we return to the question, “What should we do about it?” The truth is, we just aren’t sure yet. What we \u003cem>do\u003c/em> know are the factors that contribute to the acceleration of sea level rise. Most scientists will tell you that, before we can fix the problem, we first need to stop the cause. Otherwise, we’ll never get ahead our heads (and our buildings!) above the water line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Gleick, President of the \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a> in Oakland, tells us “the good news is that there’s a lot that we could if we’re smart enough to do it in advance. There are a lot of things that we could do to reduce the risks of climate change and sea level rise around the Bay. The first thing we need to do is reduce the severity of climate change. And that’s an issue of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, that’s got to be done at the national level. We’re doing a little bit of it at the California level. It needs to be done at the global level. But whether or not the politicians get their act together and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we’re still going to have to deal with some sea level rise. That’s built into the gases we’ve already put into the atmosphere…But where we get to at the end of the century is going to depend on actions that California or the United States or ultimately the whole globe takes to reduce the rate of greenhouse gas emissions, to reduce the rate of climate change. If we don’t get our act together, if we don’t do things to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we’re gonna reach a meter of sea level rise or more by the end of the century. And it’s gonna be growing even faster than it is now. But if for some reason we’re able to get a handle on emissions and the world is able to come together, we could slow that rate enormously, and limit the rate of sea level rise to hopefully only a few tens of centimeters. I don't think we’ll be that lucky, but that’s a possibility.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea is rising. This, in itself, is not news. The oceans of Earth have been slowly, steadily rising for hundreds of years. But it’s about to get a lot higher a lot faster, and millions of people - and billions of dollars of infrastructure - are suddenly finding themselves at risk for flooding, storm surge damage, and possible relocation. How could something that has been a known factor surprise us, unprepared?\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meet Sea Level Rise, the new poster child for climate change. There is no question that sea levels have been steadily rising, and will continue to rise at an increased rate in the future. So the real question is not, “Will it rise?” but, \"How MUCH will it rise, and what can we do about it?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we were just starting research for this story, I attended the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayplanningcoalition.org/2010/dmc-2010-resource-guide/\">SF Bay Decision Maker’s Conference on Sea Level Change\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\nThere was one idea that permeated the entire day’s discussions:\n\u003cli>You can’t engineer for an unknown amount.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Developers are aware of sea level rise, but do not know how to approach the issue. “Tell how much it will rise, and by when, and we can plan for it.”\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Of course, it’s just not that straightforward. The science behind the estimates seems to be uncertain, providing ranges from as little as 12 inches by 2050, to as much as 80 inches by 2100. There is a consensus that the rate of sea level rise has increased in conjunction with the rise of global surface temperatures. The point of uncertainty is what the rate of sea level rise will be in the future. In 2007, German scientist Stefan Rahmstorf developed an empirical method for predicting future sea level rise using the relationship between sea level rise and global mean surface temperature. His estimates of global sea level rise by 2100 range from 10 inches (50 cm) to 55 inches (140 cm) respectively. Research estimates done for the Governor of California state that sea level will increase between 12 and 17 inches (30 and 45 cm) by 2050 and between 20 and 55 inches (50 and 140 cm) by 2099.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/08/2010-08-09-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/4-41indian_3001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-19168\" title=\"4-41indian_300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/4-41indian_3001.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>Over the last few weeks, we've been following California's push to produce a third of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. It's estimated that more than ten percent of the potential for clean energy in the US sits on land owned by Indian tribes. Some of these tribes are wondering whether green energy projects might be the casinos of the 21st century. But as Amy Standen reports the idea faces some tough obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Casino Sound]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMY STANDEN: The day the Golden Acorn casino opened, in August of 2001, Monique LaChappa stood right here, near the sliding glass doors, and watched as members of her tribe came in for their first look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MONIQUE LACHAPPA: I just watched everyone come in and I just... just the look on the tribal members faces that day... It was so exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: The casino changed everything for the Campo Kumeyaay Nation, a small tribe of 329 people living in the desert mountains 60 miles east of San Diego. It bought a fire department, educational programs, jobs. But one modest casino-- especially in a slow economy-- isn't enough to sustain this community, where unemployment is almost 50 percent. LaChappa-- who serves as tribal chairwoman-- and others here have set their sights on a very different kind of project-- one that sets the Campo apart from any other tribe in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Wind turbine sound]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Here, along a rocky spine of the Laguna Mountains is the only utility-scale wind farm on tribal land in the country, built in 2005. There are two dozen turbines, each 4 stories tall, supplying energy to 35,000 homes in San Diego County. Their huge blades sweep the sky with the steady whoosh of a heartbeat.\u003cbr>\nThis project-- called Kumeyaay 1-- is an enormous source of pride for the Campo people, in part because it makes use of a resource that until recently, didn't seem to offer a lot of options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LACHAPPA: Look where we're located. We're out here in the middle of nowhere. It makes it difficult for anybody who wants to be able to do more for their family, or send their kids to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: But income from this wind farm is limited... because the Campo don't own this project. Instead, they lease the land to a private company. The Campo are in negotiations to build a second wind project, three times the size of this one. This time, they plan to go in as co-owners, partnering with the Chicago-based private energy firm Invenergy and San Diego Gas and Electric. Ownership is a tough deal to strike -- one that's eluded other Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIKE CONNOLLY: This has killed a lot of deals on Indian country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Mike Connolly-- solidly built, with wire frame glasses and a gray ponytail-- is a former Campo tribal council member. He runs a consultancy firm that helps tribes get involved with renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CONNOLLY Because the tribes want to have ownership. But when they do the numbers, the see that ownership is just not economically viable. So they end up not doing it, rather than doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: The primary problem, he says, has to do with the special legal status that tribes occupy: Tribes are sovereign nations, which means they can't take advantage of federal tax credits for renewable energy. And those can cut the price of a large wind project in half. Connolly says the lack of credits, of capital, combined with all the red tape surrounding tribal development threatens to leave American Indians out of the green economy. And that, he says, would be a terrible shame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CONNOLLY: Especially when you think of the fact that Indian reservations are some of the poorest places in the country. I mean, there's this debate over double digit unemployment, we have reservations that have gone 4 or 5 decades of unemployment that's over 60 percent. And here you have an opportunity to build economies in Indian countries and to create a base that that's sustainable type of development that can go on and on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: On to places like the Morongo reservation, west of Palm Springs, where a grassy hillside rises behind the administration building. DeAnna Meetze would like to see this plot of land covered in solar panels, but she's been frustrated by some of the same tax hurdles the Campo face. Meetze says the history of tribes in this country has left other, subtler obstacles, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DEANNA MEETZE: With tribes inherently, there's a level of distrust among anyone who comes from the outside in. And you have to make sure you're dealing with someone of integrity, and that they're not there to take advantage of you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Those obstacles will subside over time, she says, especially if the federal government helps level the playing field. That process has begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PRESIDENT OBAMA: Too often, you face unique hurdles to developing these renewable resources...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: President Obama, speaking before the Tribal Nations Conference last November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PRESIDENT OBAMA: We're securing tribal access to financing and thanks to the recovery act (FADE UNDER) for energy development...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Over the last two years, the pot of federal aid for Indian energy development has doubled to about $7 million a year. Tribes are also eligible for stimulus grants. And a new federal bill called the Indian Energy Promotion and Parity Act, would take the biggest step: making tribes eligible for the tax credits. The question is whether that bill will suffer the same fate as other energy legislation... so far, stalled out in Congress. For QUEST, I'm Amy Standen, KQED News.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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Their huge blades sweep the sky with the steady whoosh of a heartbeat.\u003cbr>\nThis project-- called Kumeyaay 1-- is an enormous source of pride for the Campo people, in part because it makes use of a resource that until recently, didn't seem to offer a lot of options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LACHAPPA: Look where we're located. We're out here in the middle of nowhere. It makes it difficult for anybody who wants to be able to do more for their family, or send their kids to college.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: But income from this wind farm is limited... because the Campo don't own this project. Instead, they lease the land to a private company. The Campo are in negotiations to build a second wind project, three times the size of this one. This time, they plan to go in as co-owners, partnering with the Chicago-based private energy firm Invenergy and San Diego Gas and Electric. Ownership is a tough deal to strike -- one that's eluded other Indian tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIKE CONNOLLY: This has killed a lot of deals on Indian country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Mike Connolly-- solidly built, with wire frame glasses and a gray ponytail-- is a former Campo tribal council member. He runs a consultancy firm that helps tribes get involved with renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CONNOLLY Because the tribes want to have ownership. But when they do the numbers, the see that ownership is just not economically viable. So they end up not doing it, rather than doing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: The primary problem, he says, has to do with the special legal status that tribes occupy: Tribes are sovereign nations, which means they can't take advantage of federal tax credits for renewable energy. And those can cut the price of a large wind project in half. Connolly says the lack of credits, of capital, combined with all the red tape surrounding tribal development threatens to leave American Indians out of the green economy. And that, he says, would be a terrible shame.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CONNOLLY: Especially when you think of the fact that Indian reservations are some of the poorest places in the country. I mean, there's this debate over double digit unemployment, we have reservations that have gone 4 or 5 decades of unemployment that's over 60 percent. And here you have an opportunity to build economies in Indian countries and to create a base that that's sustainable type of development that can go on and on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: On to places like the Morongo reservation, west of Palm Springs, where a grassy hillside rises behind the administration building. DeAnna Meetze would like to see this plot of land covered in solar panels, but she's been frustrated by some of the same tax hurdles the Campo face. Meetze says the history of tribes in this country has left other, subtler obstacles, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DEANNA MEETZE: With tribes inherently, there's a level of distrust among anyone who comes from the outside in. And you have to make sure you're dealing with someone of integrity, and that they're not there to take advantage of you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Those obstacles will subside over time, she says, especially if the federal government helps level the playing field. That process has begun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PRESIDENT OBAMA: Too often, you face unique hurdles to developing these renewable resources...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: President Obama, speaking before the Tribal Nations Conference last November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PRESIDENT OBAMA: We're securing tribal access to financing and thanks to the recovery act (FADE UNDER) for energy development...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>STANDEN: Over the last two years, the pot of federal aid for Indian energy development has doubled to about $7 million a year. Tribes are also eligible for stimulus grants. And a new federal bill called the Indian Energy Promotion and Parity Act, would take the biggest step: making tribes eligible for the tax credits. The question is whether that bill will suffer the same fate as other energy legislation... so far, stalled out in Congress. For QUEST, I'm Amy Standen, KQED News.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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Some critics say it's just not possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of our ongoing series \"33 by 20,\" Climate Watch Senior Edtor Craig Miller begins a two-part look at one company's plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[SOUND: car approaching]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Chances are you will never even pass through Panoche Valley...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[SOUND: car passing]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>...a flat triangle of short-grass and scrub, hidden amidst the coast ranges northwest of Fresno. But the valley hasn't escaped everyone's notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIKE PETERSON: I'm Michael Peterson, and I am the CEO of Solargen Energy...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: To Mike Peterson, Panoche Valley is an oasis between the dust of the Central Valley and the fog of California's coast; a kind of solar Shangri-La, which he says has 90% of the solar potential of the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETERSON: It makes all the difference in the world...because it's how much sun you're capturing and turning into electricity and that's your revenue source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Another part of the valley's allure: a line of transmission towers already marches straight through it, carrying electrons to the densely populated Monterey Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETERSON: When we had an engineer come who'd built a lot of different solar around, he came...we, we took him down to the property. And his comment was, wow. God made this to be a solar farm (LAUGHS).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: And so with that bit of second-hand Devine guidance, Peterson has been stitching together land deals to create one of the nation's biggest solar power arrays of its kind, in Panoche Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>REB MONACO: We're on the radar, so to speak, for solar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's Reb Monaco, supervisor of San Benito County whose district includes the Valley. He sees another kind of \"solar potential\" there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MONACO: And it's unique, I guess, the surrounding counties don't have the amount of sunlight that our county has. So that asset, from my perspective as a county supervisor, we need to market that asset as effectively as we can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Monaco says he hasn't decided how he'll vote when supervisors are called on to approve the project. But with unemployment stuck at more than 20% in his county and Solargen promising jobs-mostly during the six-year construction phase-the project has his attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MONACO: Any job is significant in this day and age, I think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Solargen has marked of a site that would have solar panels on the equivalent of about 4700 [more than 4,000) football fields. Another 12,000 acres or so is what developers call \"mitigation land.\" The company is wending its way through the permitting process, which includes a $1.3 million environmental impact report administered by the county but paid for by Solargen's investors. And from this perspective, the valley may be less oasis than minefield. MIKE WESTPHAL: Actually, we call it a reservoir of endangered species. MILLER: Mike Westphal is an ecologist for the Bureau of Land Management, whose property surrounds the intended Solargen site. WESTPHAL: Everything that seems to have been in the larger San Joaquin Valley seems to still be here. MILLER: That includes about a half-dozen protected species, from foot-long lizards to San Joaquin kit fox. For weeks now a platoon of biologists have been combing the valley floor for signs of endangered or threatened critters, so that Solargen can produce a mitigation plan under California's environmental laws. Westphal is skeptical that this will go quickly. WESTPHAL: Even in projects that only have one of these species, you generally see an environmental review process going on for years before anything happens. The obstacles are huge to getting development here, I don't see a shovel hitting the ground here for years at a minimum. MILLER: But in order to get federal stimulus dollars up front, Mike Peterson will need to break ground here by the end of this year. PETERSON: I actually remember when I came home, and went into the kitchen and I said to my wife, I said, you know, I thought everybody wanted solar. (LAUGHS) MILLER: Not everybody, it would seem. RON GARTHWAITE: This specific one, yes, we don't want it to be here. We're fighting it. [SOUND: Bleating calf]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Ron Garthwaite runs the Claravale organic dairy farm in the valley. He stands at the intersection where two well-intended goals are colliding in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GARTHWAITE: Even if you're pro solar power, it's just--yeah, when you're taking a place that has agricultural value and natural value and turning it into a solar power plant, it just doesn't make any sense, no.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BLM's Westphal puts it succinctly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>WESTPHAL: It's like an irresistible force hitting an immovable object.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Caught in the middle are more than 200 wind and solar energy projects currently under review in California. 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But the valley hasn't escaped everyone's notice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MIKE PETERSON: I'm Michael Peterson, and I am the CEO of Solargen Energy...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: To Mike Peterson, Panoche Valley is an oasis between the dust of the Central Valley and the fog of California's coast; a kind of solar Shangri-La, which he says has 90% of the solar potential of the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETERSON: It makes all the difference in the world...because it's how much sun you're capturing and turning into electricity and that's your revenue source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: Another part of the valley's allure: a line of transmission towers already marches straight through it, carrying electrons to the densely populated Monterey Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETERSON: When we had an engineer come who'd built a lot of different solar around, he came...we, we took him down to the property. And his comment was, wow. 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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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