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"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/05/2010-05-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/radio4-29_renewables3002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-19164\" title=\"radio4-29_renewables300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/radio4-29_renewables3002.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>From KQED Public Radio, I'm Andrea Kissack. This week, KQED's science and environmental initiatives, QUEST and Climate Watch, begin an occasional series: 33 by 20: California's Clean Energy Countdown.\u003cbr>\nWith its wind and solar resources, the state is known as a hotbed of renewable energy. Driving that development is an ambitious goal: By the year 2020, utilities must generate one third of their electricity from renewable sources. But the road to clean energy is full of obstacles, which we will explore over the next several months. 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And you'd explain the whole thing to them and they'd just \"really?\" you know. Today, everyone knows exactly what you're talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: That's because renewable energy has taken center stage in the state, especially for one particular elected official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GOVERNOR ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER: When I took office the law, of course, required our utilities to deliver 20 percent of this renewable energy by the year 2017. And I said we can do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Three years ago, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger shortened the timeline --committing utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from renewables such as solar, geothermal, and wind, by the end of this year. It's an ambitious goal and now the question is: will we make it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JULIE FITCH: Uhh, probably not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Julie Fitch is the Energy Division Director for the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency overseeing the renewable goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FITCH: We'll get really close. We're projecting that by the end of this year, 2010, we'll be at about 18.5% and by 2011 that we'll be fully there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Thanks to a three-year grace period, utilities won't be penalized for being a year or two late. But it does put them behind. That's because last fall, the governor set an even more aggressive goal— 33% renewable by 2020. According to Fitch's agency, given our growing need for energy, it will require an unprecedented effort— at least a doubling of transmission lines and a doubling of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOM BOTTORFF: I think a lot of people have doubts about whether or not the utilities can do it. I'm in the camp that believes that it's feasible and doable and we're working very hard to make sure that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Tom Bottorff is a Senior Vice President at PG&E, one of the utilities responsible for getting all that renewable power on the grid. He says the company has signed more than 100 contracts with solar, wind and geothermal developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOTTORFF: But we're concerned whether all those projects that we've contracted with will actually come online. It's been a tough economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: In most cases, it's up to developers to find the financing to build solar and wind farms, which has been hard to come by since the economic downturn. They've had some help recently from the federal stimulus funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOTTORFF: That's been critical and we're very thankful that those opportunities are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Bottorff says the other challenge is California's complex permitting process. Since many solar and wind projects cover hundreds of acres in environmentally sensitive areas, developers must navigate local, state and federal agencies for permission to build, which can be a tricky process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MICHAEL PICKER: I would probably describe it as painful, torturous and highly complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Michael Picker is the Governor's Senior Advisor for Renewable Energy Facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PICKER: The reality is that each one of the projects that we permit this year will immediately become the largest in the world. People are having to learn how to actually manage these projects through the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Picker says the Governor's office is committed to speeding up the drawn-out permitting process, which will help put the 33% goal in reach. But even with the Governor's help, a number of major obstacles remain, like where to build new transmission lines and concerns about the impact of solar or wind farms on wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETER MILLER: What we're trying to do is extremely ambitious in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Peter Miller is a Senior Scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. He says California's renewable standards aren't just about energy. For one, they're key to reaching the state's landmark global warming goal to cut greenhouse gases emissions a quarter by 2020. Their significance also goes beyond state borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: California has always been a leader on energy and environmental efforts and this, the RPS program, is no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Over thirty states have renewable energy goals, though California's is one of the most aggressive. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2010/05/2010-05-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/radio4-29_renewables3002.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-19164\" title=\"radio4-29_renewables300\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/05/radio4-29_renewables3002.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>From KQED Public Radio, I'm Andrea Kissack. This week, KQED's science and environmental initiatives, QUEST and Climate Watch, begin an occasional series: 33 by 20: California's Clean Energy Countdown.\u003cbr>\nWith its wind and solar resources, the state is known as a hotbed of renewable energy. Driving that development is an ambitious goal: By the year 2020, utilities must generate one third of their electricity from renewable sources. But the road to clean energy is full of obstacles, which we will explore over the next several months. First, Lauren Sommer reports on how we got here and the chances of meeting our big green power goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LAUREN SOMMER: Thousands of wind turbines dot the rolling hills here at the Altamont Pass, just outside of Livermore. Thirty years ago, this was one of the places where California's renewable energy legacy began, when Larry Barr arrived with the first wind turbine, built in his neighbor's garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LARRY BARR: Back then, they were small enough that we had specially built trailer that we towed behind a van. You could load and entire wind turbine on it. And so we drove from Pennsylvania to California with this thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Altamont became one of the first large-scale wind farms in the country, but at the time, it wasn't exactly a mainstream idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BARR: You'd meet somebody and they'd ask you what you do for a living and you'd say, well I run a wind plant. What? And you'd explain the whole thing to them and they'd just \"really?\" you know. Today, everyone knows exactly what you're talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: That's because renewable energy has taken center stage in the state, especially for one particular elected official.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>GOVERNOR ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER: When I took office the law, of course, required our utilities to deliver 20 percent of this renewable energy by the year 2017. And I said we can do better than that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Three years ago, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger shortened the timeline --committing utilities to get 20 percent of their electricity from renewables such as solar, geothermal, and wind, by the end of this year. It's an ambitious goal and now the question is: will we make it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>JULIE FITCH: Uhh, probably not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Julie Fitch is the Energy Division Director for the California Public Utilities Commission, the agency overseeing the renewable goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>FITCH: We'll get really close. We're projecting that by the end of this year, 2010, we'll be at about 18.5% and by 2011 that we'll be fully there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Thanks to a three-year grace period, utilities won't be penalized for being a year or two late. But it does put them behind. That's because last fall, the governor set an even more aggressive goal— 33% renewable by 2020. According to Fitch's agency, given our growing need for energy, it will require an unprecedented effort— at least a doubling of transmission lines and a doubling of renewable energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TOM BOTTORFF: I think a lot of people have doubts about whether or not the utilities can do it. I'm in the camp that believes that it's feasible and doable and we're working very hard to make sure that happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Tom Bottorff is a Senior Vice President at PG&E, one of the utilities responsible for getting all that renewable power on the grid. He says the company has signed more than 100 contracts with solar, wind and geothermal developers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOTTORFF: But we're concerned whether all those projects that we've contracted with will actually come online. It's been a tough economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: In most cases, it's up to developers to find the financing to build solar and wind farms, which has been hard to come by since the economic downturn. They've had some help recently from the federal stimulus funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BOTTORFF: That's been critical and we're very thankful that those opportunities are available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Bottorff says the other challenge is California's complex permitting process. Since many solar and wind projects cover hundreds of acres in environmentally sensitive areas, developers must navigate local, state and federal agencies for permission to build, which can be a tricky process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MICHAEL PICKER: I would probably describe it as painful, torturous and highly complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Michael Picker is the Governor's Senior Advisor for Renewable Energy Facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PICKER: The reality is that each one of the projects that we permit this year will immediately become the largest in the world. People are having to learn how to actually manage these projects through the pipeline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Picker says the Governor's office is committed to speeding up the drawn-out permitting process, which will help put the 33% goal in reach. But even with the Governor's help, a number of major obstacles remain, like where to build new transmission lines and concerns about the impact of solar or wind farms on wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PETER MILLER: What we're trying to do is extremely ambitious in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Peter Miller is a Senior Scientist with the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. He says California's renewable standards aren't just about energy. For one, they're key to reaching the state's landmark global warming goal to cut greenhouse gases emissions a quarter by 2020. Their significance also goes beyond state borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MILLER: California has always been a leader on energy and environmental efforts and this, the RPS program, is no exception.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SOMMER: Over thirty states have renewable energy goals, though California's is one of the most aggressive. That means many states are watching how California's does— both its progress and its missteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For QUEST, I'm Lauren Sommer, KQED Radio News.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When people think of bird migration, most naturally think of water fowl. Ducks and geese seem to get a lot of attention in that regard. But many other species of birds migrate, from hummingbirds to bald eagles, ranging near and far to take advantage of better conditions for feeding and nesting. I always remember the swallows returning to Capistrano, mainly because I think of Bugs Bunny singing about it. According to tradition, each year the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjuancapistrano.net/swallows/\">little birds return religiously to Mission San Juan Capistrano on St. Joseph's Day\u003c/a>, March 19th, seen by some to be a miracle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we are discovering a lot more about the miracle of bird migration. And there is a lot to be learned and benefited by studying these birds. Using satellite, radio and acoustic tags, scientists are learning about the environmental triggers for the birds’ migration, and how they navigate. They’ve revealed some birds follow the sun and the stars; others rely on geography or internal magnetic compasses, while still others use multiple means of navigation. Some birds fly thousands of miles non-stop while others fly short distances, and with multiple rest periods. This is important information for conservationists, allowing them to map out the optimum areas for protection in order to provide needed habitat for migrating birds. In addition, through these careful studies, we are also learning how global climate change can and will effect bird migration. And, in turn, we are also learning how the world’s climate is changing. These studies may even have great health benefits, as scientists from USGS follow tagged birds’ movements on the flyways and learn more about the spread of avian flu throughout the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds are beautiful. They are beloved and cherished by many as symbols of the natural world. And because they travel the globe, they give us great insight into the big picture… if we choose to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the California coast, according to local lore, when the swallows returned to Capistrano, the flocks were so large they looked like rain clouds. Unfortunately, last year, only a few birds returned to the mission. Disappointed locals say it has been years since the swallows returned in great numbers. But there’s always hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe Mother Nature will respond if we give her a helping hand. So for now I’ll listen to Bugs crooning in my head:“All the mission bells will ring, The chapel choir will sing, The happiness you'll bring will live in my memory. When the swallows come back to Capistrano, that's the day I pray that you'll come back to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When people think of bird migration, most naturally think of water fowl. Ducks and geese seem to get a lot of attention in that regard. But many other species of birds migrate, from hummingbirds to bald eagles, ranging near and far to take advantage of better conditions for feeding and nesting. I always remember the swallows returning to Capistrano, mainly because I think of Bugs Bunny singing about it. According to tradition, each year the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanjuancapistrano.net/swallows/\">little birds return religiously to Mission San Juan Capistrano on St. Joseph's Day\u003c/a>, March 19th, seen by some to be a miracle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we are discovering a lot more about the miracle of bird migration. And there is a lot to be learned and benefited by studying these birds. Using satellite, radio and acoustic tags, scientists are learning about the environmental triggers for the birds’ migration, and how they navigate. They’ve revealed some birds follow the sun and the stars; others rely on geography or internal magnetic compasses, while still others use multiple means of navigation. Some birds fly thousands of miles non-stop while others fly short distances, and with multiple rest periods. This is important information for conservationists, allowing them to map out the optimum areas for protection in order to provide needed habitat for migrating birds. In addition, through these careful studies, we are also learning how global climate change can and will effect bird migration. And, in turn, we are also learning how the world’s climate is changing. These studies may even have great health benefits, as scientists from USGS follow tagged birds’ movements on the flyways and learn more about the spread of avian flu throughout the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Birds are beautiful. They are beloved and cherished by many as symbols of the natural world. And because they travel the globe, they give us great insight into the big picture… if we choose to pay attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the California coast, according to local lore, when the swallows returned to Capistrano, the flocks were so large they looked like rain clouds. Unfortunately, last year, only a few birds returned to the mission. Disappointed locals say it has been years since the swallows returned in great numbers. But there’s always hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I believe Mother Nature will respond if we give her a helping hand. So for now I’ll listen to Bugs crooning in my head:“All the mission bells will ring, The chapel choir will sing, The happiness you'll bring will live in my memory. When the swallows come back to Capistrano, that's the day I pray that you'll come back to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wetlands -- they are possibly the most diverse ecosystems on the plant, according to environmental scientists. In California, they house numerous fish species, including the California killifish, bay goby, striped bass, topsmelt and starry flounder. In addition, insects such as the salt marsh water boatman, wandering skipper, and numerous species of beetles and flies reside in this rich habitat. The state's coastal wetlands are also home to the infamous salt marsh harvest mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Generally speaking, these habitats are the marshes, sand beaches, mudflats and the shallow waters of our rivers and creeks whose soil is saturated with moisture either permanently or seasonally; such areas may also be covered partially or completely by shallow pools of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are also nature’s best defense against climate change and subsequent sea-level rise, because of two important functions they perform: they help reduce the concentrations of greenhouse gases through their ability to sink carbon; and store and regulate water. In other words, they act as sponges absorbing any overflow of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government came to understand how biologically productive wetlands are and in 1977 enacted the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/cwa/\">Clean Water Act\u003c/a>, the primary federal law in the US governing water pollution and limiting wetlands destruction. The law also created requirements that if a wetland had to be drained, developers at least had to offset the loss by creating artificial wetlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wetlands have historically been the victim of large-scale draining efforts for real estate development, flooding them for use as recreational lakes or agriculture. Ironically, wetlands absorb and protect the surrounding ecosystem from the polluted run-off coming from the agricultural lands that displaced them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2000, more than 300 wetland restoration projects have been commissioned, varying in size from the 0.7-acre large \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiawetlands.net/tracker/ba/view/1364\">12\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> Street Reconstruction Project in Alameda County\u003c/a> to more than 13,000 acres being restored as a part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.southbayrestoration.org/\">South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project\u003c/a> in San Mateo County. However, the collective size of the projects (58,889.5 acres across California) is dwarfed when you consider that the state has lost 95 percent of its wetland habitat in the past 125 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, it is estimated that by 1993 half of the Earth’s wetlands had been drained, according to a report published in the \u003cem>New Scientist\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below you’ll find a map detailing the restoration projects taking place in the San Francisco Bay Area that shows information of their size, location and construction status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&source=embed&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&output=embed\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>View \u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.000483a969c85c229b94f&ll=37.872685,-122.170715&spn=0.975635,1.645203&z=9&source=embed\">Wetland Restoration Projects--Northern California\u003c/a> in a larger map\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/18/the-changing-bay-interactive-google-map\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/ghost-fleet-on-the-move\">Listen to The Changing Bay\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.827184 -122.421682\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/pulgas-water-temple-area-exploration/?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, \"I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,\" a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Peninsula Watershed, managed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and opportunities to enjoy ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trailhead Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple is located about one-half mile south of the Cañada Road trailhead. To get there, take Interstate 280 to the Edgewood Road exit. Proceed west on Edgewood Road to Cañada Road, then north on Cañada Road approximately two miles to the temple.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hours and Parking\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple and its parking lot are open to the public on weekdays, Monday through Friday, 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM. That said, \u003cstrong>parking is limited to 30 minutes\u003c/strong> so if you wish to hike out from there, you'll probably want to have someone drop you off, ride your bike to the temple, or park at the intersection of Edgewood and La Cañada roads, about 1.7 miles down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parking lot is closed on weekends, except for permitted events. To obtain a permit for your wedding or group event, call the SFPUC at 650-872-5900.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The newly-opened portion of the SFPUC Peninsula Watershed’s Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail, accessible through guided tours, starts at Skyline Quarry on Highway 92 and extends northward to the watershed boundary at the Portola Ridge Gate, where it connects with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area trail system and the Sweeney Ridge section of the Bay Area Ridge Trail. For tour reservations, see trail.sfwater.org or call 650-652-3203.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The historic Sawyer Camp Trail-once a segment of the main route between San Francisco and Half Moon Bay-winds approximately six miles through SFPUC Watershed land from Crystal Springs Reservoir to San Andreas Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking the Peninsula Watershed: Gaining a new view on water and resource conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2523/3749874911_c53cc0ae7e.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Crystal Springs reservoir, a familiar sight from Interstate 280, has helped serve San Francisco’s water needs since it was dammed in the 1880s. The dam, made of interlocking concrete blocks, survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage. The four reservoirs of the Peninsula Watershed are in the valley created by the San Andreas fault.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It flows downhill for miles and miles until it reaches your tap. On its way, it passes towering fir forests, distinctive grasslands, and the habitat of many rare and endangered species. It's San Francisco's water, resting on the San Andreas fault, replenished constantly by the cycles of nature, and delivered to you via ingenious Civil War-era engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history and nature surrounding the San Francisco Peninsula Watershed make it much more than a pastiche of hillsides and reservoirs. The watershed, managed by the Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and unique opportunities to appreciate the complexity of providing 2.4 million people with a clean water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some trails follow the outlines of reservoirs; others lead to hillside hikes that provide wide-angle views of the watershed. The Sawyer Camp trail, one of the most heavily used in the Bay Area, skirts the edges of Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, via a six-mile accessible paved path. At the northern edge of PUC land is the Sweeny Ridge trail, managed by the national park service, a 600-foot climb to sweeping views and a favorite with mountain bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting the two areas we've explored here on the QUEST website lends a dual understanding of the watershed and its simultaneous protection from and integration into the surrounding metro area. The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail, in a carefully preserved area that includes old growth Douglas firs, demonstrates differing views of conservation measures taken over 15 decades. On the other side of interstate 280, a hike starting from the Pulgas Water Temple gives visitors a chance to ponder the enormity of the task of bringing water halfway across the state, downhill through the mountains, to a growing Bay Area population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>A stand of Monterey pines along the Fifiled-Cahill Ridge trail serve as a reminder of past conservation ethics, when ecologists deemed tree-planting as a most vital activity. Though they are from the nearby Monterey Bay region, these trees aren’t native to these more northern hills. They were likely planted in the 1930s, possibly to promote fog drip in the hopes that it would contribute to the reservoirs.\u003c/em> Running a 10-mile length through the area's many habitats, the Fifield-Cahill trail may be the watershed's most special excursion. It was closed to the public until 2003, and even now only parties of 20 or less are allowed, and must be accompanied by a trail guide. Why? It's all in the interest of preserving the habitat and resources here, and protecting the reservoirs from fire, erosion, and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make reservations to explore the trail on foot, bicycle or horse by visiting \u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org\">trail.sfwater.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail, hikers get views of all four of the watershed's reservoirs, as well as a vista of the city, old-growth forests, and a chance to glimpse some rare and endangered species. These reservoirs were the impetus for establishing a protected wilderness here 150 years ago, and they've been vital to the development of San Francisco. Their dams were all built between 1860 and 1880, and survived the 1906 earthquake, despite their locations along the San Andreas fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landscape here is perfect for catching rainfall. Coastal marine layers move on shore over the hillsides, dumping lots of rain into the rift valley. The area around Pilarcitos reservoir can sometimes receive four or five times the rainfall of the airport, which is only 5 miles away. On their own, the four reservoirs—Upper and Lower Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andreas—provides about ten percent of San Francisco's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pulgas Water Temple and Sheep Camp trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,” a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>So where does the rest of the city's vital H2O come from? The Pulgas Water Temple tells this part of the story, and a climb from the Temple to a nearby ridgetop affords broad brush views of the watershed, putting the whole water narrative together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco long ago outgrew its four reservoirs. In 1909, with memories of the '06 earthquake's unquenchable fires still vivid, the city of San Francisco purchased land in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park with the intention to dam the Tuolomie river. The next year, the city voted to build the dam and a 160-mile-long system to carry the water from the mountains to the San Andreas valley, and in 1913 Congress allowed the construction. The effort expended was enormous: $45 million dollars, twenty years of construction, a few deaths and a great deal of politics. In 1934, the first rush of Hetch Hetchy water flowed through the gravity-driven tunnel system, across the California's central valley. It swooshed through the base of the Pulgas Water Temple and into nearby Crystal Springs reservoir while San Franciscans cheered, and some conservationists frowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2668/4134114633_cc78c13947.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Signs at the start of the Sheep Camp trail let visitors know that this is protected land. \u003c/em>The ascension up Sheep Camp trail connects the Hetchy water to its final destination. Climbing to the ridge top east of 280, hikers pass through coastal oak scrub, until reaching the viewpoint. Here, you can see across the valley, taking in Crystal Springs reservoir and the pine and fir stands that the Fifield-Cahill trail passes through, Trekkers with a fondness for geology will appreciate this scene: the reservoir in view sits atop the San Andreas fault, meaning that a hiker here is standing on one tectonic plate and looking out at another, the distant hills moving southward, ever so slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see two tectonic plates isn't entirely uncommon in the Bay Area. But this vista brings together so much more: an illustration of how humans have made use of the valley created by these plate movements, and harnessed the landscape's natural slope and the resources in the mountains hundreds of miles east, all with the purpose of providing water—California's original gold—to the people who flock here for the very magic this set of hikes offers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1327110@N23\">Pulgas Water Temple Area photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/mto_main.cfm/MC_ID/20/MSC_ID/177/MTO_ID/308\">Pulgas Water Temple\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/pulgas-water-temple-area-exploration/?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, \"I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,\" a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Peninsula Watershed, managed by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and opportunities to enjoy ridge-top vistas of our watershed lands, reservoirs, the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Trailhead Locations\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple is located about one-half mile south of the Cañada Road trailhead. To get there, take Interstate 280 to the Edgewood Road exit. Proceed west on Edgewood Road to Cañada Road, then north on Cañada Road approximately two miles to the temple.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hours and Parking\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pulgas Water Temple and its parking lot are open to the public on weekdays, Monday through Friday, 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM. That said, \u003cstrong>parking is limited to 30 minutes\u003c/strong> so if you wish to hike out from there, you'll probably want to have someone drop you off, ride your bike to the temple, or park at the intersection of Edgewood and La Cañada roads, about 1.7 miles down the road.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The parking lot is closed on weekends, except for permitted events. To obtain a permit for your wedding or group event, call the SFPUC at 650-872-5900.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Nearby Open Space Attractions\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The newly-opened portion of the SFPUC Peninsula Watershed’s Fifield-Cahill Ridge Trail, accessible through guided tours, starts at Skyline Quarry on Highway 92 and extends northward to the watershed boundary at the Portola Ridge Gate, where it connects with the Golden Gate National Recreation Area trail system and the Sweeney Ridge section of the Bay Area Ridge Trail. For tour reservations, see trail.sfwater.org or call 650-652-3203.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The historic Sawyer Camp Trail-once a segment of the main route between San Francisco and Half Moon Bay-winds approximately six miles through SFPUC Watershed land from Crystal Springs Reservoir to San Andreas Lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to John Fournet and Betsy Lauppe Rhodes of the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Hiking the Peninsula Watershed: Gaining a new view on water and resource conservation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2523/3749874911_c53cc0ae7e.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Crystal Springs reservoir, a familiar sight from Interstate 280, has helped serve San Francisco’s water needs since it was dammed in the 1880s. The dam, made of interlocking concrete blocks, survived the 1906 earthquake with little damage. The four reservoirs of the Peninsula Watershed are in the valley created by the San Andreas fault.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It flows downhill for miles and miles until it reaches your tap. On its way, it passes towering fir forests, distinctive grasslands, and the habitat of many rare and endangered species. It's San Francisco's water, resting on the San Andreas fault, replenished constantly by the cycles of nature, and delivered to you via ingenious Civil War-era engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The history and nature surrounding the San Francisco Peninsula Watershed make it much more than a pastiche of hillsides and reservoirs. The watershed, managed by the Public Utilities Commission, is home to trails that offer access to remote wilderness, Northern California geology, and unique opportunities to appreciate the complexity of providing 2.4 million people with a clean water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some trails follow the outlines of reservoirs; others lead to hillside hikes that provide wide-angle views of the watershed. The Sawyer Camp trail, one of the most heavily used in the Bay Area, skirts the edges of Crystal Springs and San Andreas reservoirs, via a six-mile accessible paved path. At the northern edge of PUC land is the Sweeny Ridge trail, managed by the national park service, a 600-foot climb to sweeping views and a favorite with mountain bikers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visiting the two areas we've explored here on the QUEST website lends a dual understanding of the watershed and its simultaneous protection from and integration into the surrounding metro area. The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail, in a carefully preserved area that includes old growth Douglas firs, demonstrates differing views of conservation measures taken over 15 decades. On the other side of interstate 280, a hike starting from the Pulgas Water Temple gives visitors a chance to ponder the enormity of the task of bringing water halfway across the state, downhill through the mountains, to a growing Bay Area population.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Fifield-Cahill Ridge trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2569/3750665226_f3abefef74.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>A stand of Monterey pines along the Fifiled-Cahill Ridge trail serve as a reminder of past conservation ethics, when ecologists deemed tree-planting as a most vital activity. Though they are from the nearby Monterey Bay region, these trees aren’t native to these more northern hills. They were likely planted in the 1930s, possibly to promote fog drip in the hopes that it would contribute to the reservoirs.\u003c/em> Running a 10-mile length through the area's many habitats, the Fifield-Cahill trail may be the watershed's most special excursion. It was closed to the public until 2003, and even now only parties of 20 or less are allowed, and must be accompanied by a trail guide. Why? It's all in the interest of preserving the habitat and resources here, and protecting the reservoirs from fire, erosion, and pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can make reservations to explore the trail on foot, bicycle or horse by visiting \u003ca href=\"http://trail.sfwater.org\">trail.sfwater.org.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the trail, hikers get views of all four of the watershed's reservoirs, as well as a vista of the city, old-growth forests, and a chance to glimpse some rare and endangered species. These reservoirs were the impetus for establishing a protected wilderness here 150 years ago, and they've been vital to the development of San Francisco. Their dams were all built between 1860 and 1880, and survived the 1906 earthquake, despite their locations along the San Andreas fault line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The landscape here is perfect for catching rainfall. Coastal marine layers move on shore over the hillsides, dumping lots of rain into the rift valley. The area around Pilarcitos reservoir can sometimes receive four or five times the rainfall of the airport, which is only 5 miles away. On their own, the four reservoirs—Upper and Lower Crystal Springs, Pilarcitos, and San Andreas—provides about ten percent of San Francisco's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Pulgas Water Temple and Sheep Camp trail\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2605/4231850301_4fb21704e0.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The Pulgas Water Temple was built at the terminus of the Hetch Hetchy aqueduct as a monument to the new water system. It’s located within the watershed, just south of Crystal Springs reservoir. An inscription at the top reads, “I give waters in the wilderness and rivers in the desert, to give drink to my people,” a biblical quote from Isaiah. \u003c/em>So where does the rest of the city's vital H2O come from? The Pulgas Water Temple tells this part of the story, and a climb from the Temple to a nearby ridgetop affords broad brush views of the watershed, putting the whole water narrative together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco long ago outgrew its four reservoirs. In 1909, with memories of the '06 earthquake's unquenchable fires still vivid, the city of San Francisco purchased land in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park with the intention to dam the Tuolomie river. The next year, the city voted to build the dam and a 160-mile-long system to carry the water from the mountains to the San Andreas valley, and in 1913 Congress allowed the construction. The effort expended was enormous: $45 million dollars, twenty years of construction, a few deaths and a great deal of politics. In 1934, the first rush of Hetch Hetchy water flowed through the gravity-driven tunnel system, across the California's central valley. It swooshed through the base of the Pulgas Water Temple and into nearby Crystal Springs reservoir while San Franciscans cheered, and some conservationists frowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2668/4134114633_cc78c13947.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Signs at the start of the Sheep Camp trail let visitors know that this is protected land. \u003c/em>The ascension up Sheep Camp trail connects the Hetchy water to its final destination. Climbing to the ridge top east of 280, hikers pass through coastal oak scrub, until reaching the viewpoint. Here, you can see across the valley, taking in Crystal Springs reservoir and the pine and fir stands that the Fifield-Cahill trail passes through, Trekkers with a fondness for geology will appreciate this scene: the reservoir in view sits atop the San Andreas fault, meaning that a hiker here is standing on one tectonic plate and looking out at another, the distant hills moving southward, ever so slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being able to see two tectonic plates isn't entirely uncommon in the Bay Area. But this vista brings together so much more: an illustration of how humans have made use of the valley created by these plate movements, and harnessed the landscape's natural slope and the resources in the mountains hundreds of miles east, all with the purpose of providing water—California's original gold—to the people who flock here for the very magic this set of hikes offers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Join our \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/1327110@N23\">Pulgas Water Temple Area photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://sfwater.org/mto_main.cfm/MC_ID/20/MSC_ID/177/MTO_ID/308\">Pulgas Water Temple\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Climate Talks in Copenhagen: No Silver Bullet?",
"title": "Climate Talks in Copenhagen: No Silver Bullet?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_COP15.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Is spectacle Copenhagen's only lasting legacy?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSGEE5B409620091205?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/topNews+(News+/+US+/+Top+News)\">aquarium of drowning-delegate sea-level rise protesters\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/science/earth/15notebook.html?_r=2\">chicken flock of animal rights protesters\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/science/earth/17protest.html\">cocktail party of fur-coated protest protesters\u003c/a>, there will certainly have been a lot to see these past two weeks in Copenhagen during the latest United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Unfortunately, however, spectacle may be the talks’ only lasting legacy. Rainforest advocates and tropical countries alike may have won a small victory with a deal to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story.jsp?id=26912\">pay countries to keep their forests intact\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/18/science/earth/18climate.html?hp\">U.S.’s pledge to raise $100 billion\u003c/a> to help poor countries combat climate change is encouraging. Still, a binding resolution anywhere near the scope of the 1997 \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php\">Kyoto Protocol\u003c/a> seems a pipe dream as the talks come to a close by the 18th. It really makes you wish for the all-encompassing silver bullet solution that everybody can agree upon and painlessly enact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original silver bullet, of course, is exactly that: a bullet made of silver. An invaluable part of the standard monster-fighting arsenal, it can be used as needed against werewolves, vampires, and all manner of other ghouls. Ironically, however, society seems too sophisticated to accept even this original folkloric incarnation. Contrary to what you might remember from childhood, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(novel)\">Twilight’s\u003c/a> Edward says that vampires can only be killed by being shredded into pieces and burned. In Bram Stoker’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula\">Dracula\u003c/a> the protagonists decide that the only satisfactory way of killing one particular vampire is by driving a stake through its heart, followed by cutting off its head, followed by stuffing the dead mouth full of garlic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even if the silver bullet remains elusive, the alternative energy industry has no shortage of good ideas, many of which even come close to the ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear power is closer to a silver bullet than perhaps any other single technology. Cold war memories of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster\">Chernobyl\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island\">Three Mile Island\u003c/a> reactor failures have dramatically colored American opinion on nuclear energy, and there may be legitimate global concerns about China’s exploding reactor industry. Nevertheless, nuclear fuel contains more than a million times more energy than gasoline gram-for-gram, a statistic that is hard to ignore, particularly if the proper safety measures are taken. France took note of this and now derives as much as 40 percent of its energy needs from nuclear plants. This is at least partly the reason why France emits only about one fourth as much carbon dioxide per capita as does the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power may still need some breakthroughs in terms of cost and efficiency, but new ideas of plants are springing up all the time and there is no shortage of new ideas or research in the field. Gasoline alternatives such as ethanol suffer at present from the side effects of coming from food crops such as corn, but major efforts are underway at Berkeley and elsewhere to develop useful automobile fuels from plant material that would otherwise be wasted, such as corn stover. Research leading to more cost and energy efficient batteries (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/11/the-paper-battery-chase/\">see Jim Gunshinan’s recent post\u003c/a>) has the potential to revolutionize the automobile industry as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps I shouldn’t mince my words about cutting emissions. Even with technological advances it will be hard and painful and will rest upon a lot of belt-tightening. But technology can help, and perhaps make it slightly easier for the world’s leaders to commit to some new kind of binding resolution in future global talks. Here’s to the UNFCCC in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Between the aquarium of drowning-delegate sea-level rise protesters, the chicken flock of animal rights protesters, and the cocktail party of fur-coated protest protesters, there will certainly have been a lot to see these past two weeks in Copenhagen during the latest United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/blog_COP15.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Is spectacle Copenhagen's only lasting legacy?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSGEE5B409620091205?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+reuters/topNews+(News+/+US+/+Top+News)\">aquarium of drowning-delegate sea-level rise protesters\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/15/science/earth/15notebook.html?_r=2\">chicken flock of animal rights protesters\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/17/science/earth/17protest.html\">cocktail party of fur-coated protest protesters\u003c/a>, there will certainly have been a lot to see these past two weeks in Copenhagen during the latest United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Unfortunately, however, spectacle may be the talks’ only lasting legacy. Rainforest advocates and tropical countries alike may have won a small victory with a deal to \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story.jsp?id=26912\">pay countries to keep their forests intact\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/18/science/earth/18climate.html?hp\">U.S.’s pledge to raise $100 billion\u003c/a> to help poor countries combat climate change is encouraging. Still, a binding resolution anywhere near the scope of the 1997 \u003ca href=\"http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php\">Kyoto Protocol\u003c/a> seems a pipe dream as the talks come to a close by the 18th. It really makes you wish for the all-encompassing silver bullet solution that everybody can agree upon and painlessly enact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original silver bullet, of course, is exactly that: a bullet made of silver. An invaluable part of the standard monster-fighting arsenal, it can be used as needed against werewolves, vampires, and all manner of other ghouls. Ironically, however, society seems too sophisticated to accept even this original folkloric incarnation. Contrary to what you might remember from childhood, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(novel)\">Twilight’s\u003c/a> Edward says that vampires can only be killed by being shredded into pieces and burned. In Bram Stoker’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula\">Dracula\u003c/a> the protagonists decide that the only satisfactory way of killing one particular vampire is by driving a stake through its heart, followed by cutting off its head, followed by stuffing the dead mouth full of garlic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even if the silver bullet remains elusive, the alternative energy industry has no shortage of good ideas, many of which even come close to the ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nuclear power is closer to a silver bullet than perhaps any other single technology. Cold war memories of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster\">Chernobyl\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island\">Three Mile Island\u003c/a> reactor failures have dramatically colored American opinion on nuclear energy, and there may be legitimate global concerns about China’s exploding reactor industry. Nevertheless, nuclear fuel contains more than a million times more energy than gasoline gram-for-gram, a statistic that is hard to ignore, particularly if the proper safety measures are taken. France took note of this and now derives as much as 40 percent of its energy needs from nuclear plants. This is at least partly the reason why France emits only about one fourth as much carbon dioxide per capita as does the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Solar power may still need some breakthroughs in terms of cost and efficiency, but new ideas of plants are springing up all the time and there is no shortage of new ideas or research in the field. Gasoline alternatives such as ethanol suffer at present from the side effects of coming from food crops such as corn, but major efforts are underway at Berkeley and elsewhere to develop useful automobile fuels from plant material that would otherwise be wasted, such as corn stover. Research leading to more cost and energy efficient batteries (\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/11/the-paper-battery-chase/\">see Jim Gunshinan’s recent post\u003c/a>) has the potential to revolutionize the automobile industry as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps I shouldn’t mince my words about cutting emissions. Even with technological advances it will be hard and painful and will rest upon a lot of belt-tightening. But technology can help, and perhaps make it slightly easier for the world’s leaders to commit to some new kind of binding resolution in future global talks. Here’s to the UNFCCC in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scenes from the Pacific Garbage Patch",
"headTitle": "Scenes from the Pacific Garbage Patch | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-scenes-from-the-pacific-garbage-patch\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/pacific_gyre_slideshow300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Hundreds of plastic fragments taken from the Eastern Garbage Patch fill a Petri dish that is also crammed with insect-like water striders and blue copepods.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be sure to check out Lindsey’s \u003ca href=\"#slideshow\">photos of the patch on the slideshow below\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.linkedin.com/in/lindseyhoshaw\">Reporter Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> recently returned from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spot.us/stories/252-dissecting-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch\">trip to the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. She was the only journalist on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/\">scientific expedition \u003c/a> led by Charles Moore, who discovered the patch 12 years ago. QUEST reporter Amy Standen talked to Lindsey about her trip to the patch and what she found there.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me a little bit about your trip to the Pacific Gyre. How long did it take, and what was life like onboard?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about a week to reach the patch after we set sail from Honolulu, Hawaii. There were four other crew members besides myself: first mate Jeffery Ernst, Algalita director of research Gwen Lattin, University of North Carolina at Wilmington graduate student Bonnie Monteleone, scientist and director of UC Irvine’s Urban Water Resource Center Bill Cooper, and, of course, Captain Charles Moore, who discovered the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The living conditions were tight. We each had our own bunk and there was one common living area where we’d eat meals, work on our laptops, read, and generally unwind at the end of the day. The meals that Captain Moore cooked were definitely the highlight. We ate fresh Mahi Mahi and had fresh fruit and vegetables throughout most of the trip until we started running low at the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you describe what the plastic patch looks like, as you approach it in the boat? Is it something you can see from a distance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch is very difficult to describe because it’s not all stuck together. Imagine if you dumped a small wastebasket full of trash in an Olympic-size swimming pool. It wouldn’t all stay in one place and it might not all float. Most of the patch is made up of tiny plastic particles that are the size of grains of rice. It’s not something that you’d “see as you approach.” In a way, there’s no single feature to approach; the boundary of the garbage patch is hard to define because there is plastic throughout the Pacific. When you’re out on the bow sometimes you won’t see anything and other days you’ll see a rapid-fire succession of empty barrels, rope, buoys, plastic water bottles, and lots of unidentifiable plastic fragments. I’ve often been asked why you can’t see the patch from Google Earth and this is precisely why: The pieces are so tiny, water isn’t a fixed feature, and many of the fragments float beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe the moment you reached the gyre. What were your first impressions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually reaching the gyre was a little anti-climactic because we collected trash throughout the journey — not just when were in the highest accumulation zone. It’s not like driving from one state to another where you’d see the road signs and vegetation change. My impression overall was surprisingly tempered. It was strange to see toothbrushes and water bottles and a toilet seat floating in the middle of the ocean. But if you think about how much plastic we produce each year, it completely makes sense. If the average American produces over four pounds of trash a day, how can we be surprised that it’s ending up in the ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any single type of plastic that seems most prominent? (E.g. plastic bags, or fishing nets?) How much of the plastic is still recognizable as a specific product?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four most common items we saw were ropes, buoys, water bottles, and 55-gallon plastic barrels. Things like umbrella handles, toilet seats, toothbrushes, and light bulbs were much less common. There seem to be more identifiable objects if you’re measuring by weight but if you’re counting the number of plastic pieces then there are many more fragments than specific products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it get there? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe most of the plastic in the gyre is from the Pacific Rim, off the coasts of North America and Asia. Some is obviously from commercial fishing vessels; the rope, nets and buoys likely drifted away from fishing operations or may have been intentionally dumped. The question about plastic’s journey from a consumer to the patch is an interesting one. I would love to see a model of how this occurs or a report that charts the path of one piece of plastic from producer to consumer to the patch. Thus far I haven’t seen this and we can’t pick up a piece of plastic from the patch and say, “here’s how this got here.” That said, here’s a likely scenario: Someone on-the-go buys a water bottle and tosses it in the trash. The trashcan happens to be full and the water bottle falls onto the sidewalk. That night it rains and the water bottle goes into a storm drain that empties into the bay. From there it is slowly sucked out to sea and ends up in the North Pacific Gyre, which keeps everything swirling together in a giant whirlpool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there any known human health effects from eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins? And what kinds of toxins are we talking about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously there’s a precedent for this: We’ve been warned about the inherent dangers in eating tuna that contains mercury. If we are eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins, they may be leaking into our tissues but most table fish (the fish we eat) don’t come from the garbage patch. More research needs to be done on this subject. The types of toxins we’re talking about are DDT and PCBs, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Having seen the patch in person, does it seem feasible that the Pacific gyre (or any of the others) could ever be cleaned up? Any idea what the leading strategies might be? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am an eternal optimist, so while it would be extremely difficult to clean up, I still believe some sort of removal program may be possible. What may happen in 100 to 200 years is that we start to see this plastic as valuable once petroleum is no longer available. If rescuing the plastic becomes profitable then I could see people investing in large commercial vessels to try and clean it up. But right now I haven’t seem any clean-up endeavors that have convinced me they can remove an ocean’s worth of trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>… Or, does the focus seem to be more on understanding the patches so that we don’t keep adding to them? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four groups I know of who are studying the patch — the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Project Kaisei and the GP2 Project — the first two are devoted to research and the latter are l ways to clean up the mess. There’s so much that needs to be understood in this arena, I think research is the way to go at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyday citizens, our best bet is to do away with single-use disposable items like water bottles and take-out containers and plastic bags and coffee cups. I’ve started carrying around a mason jar, à la No Impact Man (http://noimpactman.typepad.com/), for coffee and restaurant leftovers. It’s just a matter of convincing ourselves that one hour of enjoyment with a disposable coffee cup is not worth a lifetime of plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tune in April 20, 2010 for a new QUEST TV story, Sea of Plastic. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-of-plastic\">listen now QUEST Radio’s story on the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Funds for Lindsey’s trip to the garbage patch were paid in part by \u003ca href=\"http://spot.us\">Spot.us\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.762611 -122.409719\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-scenes-from-the-pacific-garbage-patch\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/12/pacific_gyre_slideshow300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Hundreds of plastic fragments taken from the Eastern Garbage Patch fill a Petri dish that is also crammed with insect-like water striders and blue copepods.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Be sure to check out Lindsey’s \u003ca href=\"#slideshow\">photos of the patch on the slideshow below\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.linkedin.com/in/lindseyhoshaw\">Reporter Lindsey Hoshaw\u003c/a> recently returned from a \u003ca href=\"http://www.spot.us/stories/252-dissecting-the-great-pacific-garbage-patch\">trip to the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. She was the only journalist on a \u003ca href=\"http://www.algalita.org/\">scientific expedition \u003c/a> led by Charles Moore, who discovered the patch 12 years ago. QUEST reporter Amy Standen talked to Lindsey about her trip to the patch and what she found there.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tell me a little bit about your trip to the Pacific Gyre. How long did it take, and what was life like onboard?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took about a week to reach the patch after we set sail from Honolulu, Hawaii. There were four other crew members besides myself: first mate Jeffery Ernst, Algalita director of research Gwen Lattin, University of North Carolina at Wilmington graduate student Bonnie Monteleone, scientist and director of UC Irvine’s Urban Water Resource Center Bill Cooper, and, of course, Captain Charles Moore, who discovered the patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The living conditions were tight. We each had our own bunk and there was one common living area where we’d eat meals, work on our laptops, read, and generally unwind at the end of the day. The meals that Captain Moore cooked were definitely the highlight. We ate fresh Mahi Mahi and had fresh fruit and vegetables throughout most of the trip until we started running low at the end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you describe what the plastic patch looks like, as you approach it in the boat? Is it something you can see from a distance?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patch is very difficult to describe because it’s not all stuck together. Imagine if you dumped a small wastebasket full of trash in an Olympic-size swimming pool. It wouldn’t all stay in one place and it might not all float. Most of the patch is made up of tiny plastic particles that are the size of grains of rice. It’s not something that you’d “see as you approach.” In a way, there’s no single feature to approach; the boundary of the garbage patch is hard to define because there is plastic throughout the Pacific. When you’re out on the bow sometimes you won’t see anything and other days you’ll see a rapid-fire succession of empty barrels, rope, buoys, plastic water bottles, and lots of unidentifiable plastic fragments. I’ve often been asked why you can’t see the patch from Google Earth and this is precisely why: The pieces are so tiny, water isn’t a fixed feature, and many of the fragments float beneath the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Describe the moment you reached the gyre. What were your first impressions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually reaching the gyre was a little anti-climactic because we collected trash throughout the journey — not just when were in the highest accumulation zone. It’s not like driving from one state to another where you’d see the road signs and vegetation change. My impression overall was surprisingly tempered. It was strange to see toothbrushes and water bottles and a toilet seat floating in the middle of the ocean. But if you think about how much plastic we produce each year, it completely makes sense. If the average American produces over four pounds of trash a day, how can we be surprised that it’s ending up in the ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any single type of plastic that seems most prominent? (E.g. plastic bags, or fishing nets?) How much of the plastic is still recognizable as a specific product?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The four most common items we saw were ropes, buoys, water bottles, and 55-gallon plastic barrels. Things like umbrella handles, toilet seats, toothbrushes, and light bulbs were much less common. There seem to be more identifiable objects if you’re measuring by weight but if you’re counting the number of plastic pieces then there are many more fragments than specific products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it get there? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists believe most of the plastic in the gyre is from the Pacific Rim, off the coasts of North America and Asia. Some is obviously from commercial fishing vessels; the rope, nets and buoys likely drifted away from fishing operations or may have been intentionally dumped. The question about plastic’s journey from a consumer to the patch is an interesting one. I would love to see a model of how this occurs or a report that charts the path of one piece of plastic from producer to consumer to the patch. Thus far I haven’t seen this and we can’t pick up a piece of plastic from the patch and say, “here’s how this got here.” That said, here’s a likely scenario: Someone on-the-go buys a water bottle and tosses it in the trash. The trashcan happens to be full and the water bottle falls onto the sidewalk. That night it rains and the water bottle goes into a storm drain that empties into the bay. From there it is slowly sucked out to sea and ends up in the North Pacific Gyre, which keeps everything swirling together in a giant whirlpool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are there any known human health effects from eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins? And what kinds of toxins are we talking about?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obviously there’s a precedent for this: We’ve been warned about the inherent dangers in eating tuna that contains mercury. If we are eating large ocean fish with high concentrations of plastic-derived toxins, they may be leaking into our tissues but most table fish (the fish we eat) don’t come from the garbage patch. More research needs to be done on this subject. The types of toxins we’re talking about are DDT and PCBs, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Having seen the patch in person, does it seem feasible that the Pacific gyre (or any of the others) could ever be cleaned up? Any idea what the leading strategies might be? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I am an eternal optimist, so while it would be extremely difficult to clean up, I still believe some sort of removal program may be possible. What may happen in 100 to 200 years is that we start to see this plastic as valuable once petroleum is no longer available. If rescuing the plastic becomes profitable then I could see people investing in large commercial vessels to try and clean it up. But right now I haven’t seem any clean-up endeavors that have convinced me they can remove an ocean’s worth of trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>… Or, does the focus seem to be more on understanding the patches so that we don’t keep adding to them? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four groups I know of who are studying the patch — the Algalita Marine Research Foundation, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, Project Kaisei and the GP2 Project — the first two are devoted to research and the latter are l ways to clean up the mess. There’s so much that needs to be understood in this arena, I think research is the way to go at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For everyday citizens, our best bet is to do away with single-use disposable items like water bottles and take-out containers and plastic bags and coffee cups. I’ve started carrying around a mason jar, à la No Impact Man (http://noimpactman.typepad.com/), for coffee and restaurant leftovers. It’s just a matter of convincing ourselves that one hour of enjoyment with a disposable coffee cup is not worth a lifetime of plastic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tune in April 20, 2010 for a new QUEST TV story, Sea of Plastic. You can also \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-of-plastic\">listen now QUEST Radio’s story on the Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a> online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Funds for Lindsey’s trip to the garbage patch were paid in part by \u003ca href=\"http://spot.us\">Spot.us\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/angel-island-science-hike/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/angel_island_exploration300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of San Francisco Bay sits Angel Island State Park, offering spectacular views of the San Francisco skyline, the Marin Headlands and Mount Tamalpais. The island is also alive with history. Three thousand years ago the island was a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians. It was later a haven for Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala, a cattle ranch, and a U.S. Army post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1910 to 1940, the island processed hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China. During World War II, Japanese, and German POWs were held on the island, which was also used as a jumping-off point for American soldiers returning from the Pacific. In the '50s and '60s, the island was home to a Nike missile base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there is one automated active Coast Guard station - at Point Blunt - on the island (this area is off limits). Angel Island became a State Park in 1954.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 12, 2008, Angel Island was ravaged by a wildfire. In just 2 days, 303 acres went up in smoke. We're visiting the island a year later to see how the land is recovering and learn how the fire helped one scientist unearth a bit of the island's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting There\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Access to the Island is by private boat or public ferry from San Francisco, Tiburon and seasonal service from Oakland and Alameda. There is limited weekday ferry service to Angel Island during the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several ferries are available during the peak season to take you to Angel Island:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland/Alameda Ferry\u003cbr>San Francisco Ferry\u003cbr>415-773-1188\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.blueandgoldfleet.com/\">http://www.blueandgoldfleet.com/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angel Island-Tiburon Ferry\u003cbr>415-435-2131 \u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.angelislandferry.com\">www.angelislandferry.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tram Tours\u003cbr>415-897-0715\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.angelisland.com\">www.angelisland.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please be advised, Angel Island SP is one of the few California State Parks that does not accept the Annual Day Use Pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Operating Hours\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>High Season\u003cbr>8:00am to Sunset\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low Season\u003cbr>8:00am to Sunset\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More Information\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=468\">Angel Island State Park Home Page\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Breck Parkman, Senior State Archaeologist for California State Parks and Silvia Lange, Docent at Angel Island State Park for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Doll parts, broken bottles, and buttons: Archaeology of Angel Island after the fire of October, 2008\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While Angel Island has had few lifelong residents (human ones, anyway), there are plenty of folks who have spent long stretches of time there. From the time of the Civil War until World War II, there was a consistent presence of military men and their families stationed on the island, During their stays, these visitors managed to drop, discard, or leave behind many interesting traces of themselves. Senior State Archaeologist Breck Parkman has been sifting through artifacts on Angel Island for over 25 years, piecing together stories of the lives lived on this 700 acre patch of land in the middle of San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/breck_doll_leg300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The leg of a century-old ceramic doll recovered from a dump on Angel Island that was made visible by the Oct. 2008 fire. Photo: Breck Parkman\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 12, 2008, a fire that started in one of the island's campgrounds burned just under half of Angel Island's acreage. Fires, of course, can be very destructive. But for an archaeologist, they can also be magically revealing, burning off foliage that may have long covered objects and impacts left behind by previous visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, none of the historic buildings on Angel Island were lost. Instead, the fire burned away grasses and shrubs, exposing some features that archaeologists like Parkman had suspected were there, as well as uncovering some new surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Lay of the Land\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of the most readily visible findings were on the surface of Angel Island's landscape, bared and blackened after the fire. In an area on the southern side of island, long dubbed \"Alcatraz gardens,\" Parkman was surprised to find terraces and pipes that had been hidden for decades under the grassy groundcover. \"It was one of the more dramatic things we saw after the fire, because with the grass burned, you could actually see landform,\" he recounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/sylvia_moonscape_golds_rusts2-300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Vegetation burned to the ground in the area near East Garrison and other parts of the island, exposing landscapes that had previously been invisible. Photo: Silvia Lange\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12 or so acres that was used to grow food for staff and prisoners at Alcatraz Island (there was no suitable soil for growing food on \"The Rock.\") is hard to see now that the grass has returned. But after the fire, Parkman saw terrace after terrace, with water lines feeding them. \"You can see that this was a really flourishing garden for years that's now fallen into disrepair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/breck_bot300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>A beer bottle found hidden in some rocks along with several other bottles. The brewery imprinted on the glass closed in 1900, so the bottle is likely from the 1890s. Photo: Breck Parkman\u003c/em>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the newly bared surface of the island the fire also exposed several spots that had hidden collections of liquor bottles dating from the Spanish American war and World War II. Parkman sees these piles of bottles as an indication of boredom. Like the inmates at Alcatraz, enlisted men on Angel Island could feel very isolated, with their view of a twinkling city that they couldn't visit. \"I saw gross boredom in the archaeological record,\" he says. \"Men who spent years here felt like they were in prison.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit more mysterious is a stash of broken milk bottles revealed by the fire. Perhaps they held some alcohol smuggled onto the island? The story behind them will remain unknown for the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"The small things forgotten\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Parkman found an even bigger treasure trove of new objects when he began digging below the scarred surface of Angel Island. He's long suspected there was a military dump near Camp Reynolds (waypoint 2 on the map), but he'd been unable to find it, despite numerous searches. It was the first place he came after the fire, and to his delight, Parkman found the site littered with thousands of artifacts, including buttons, hardware from clocks, belt buckles and heaps of glass and ceramic shards. Spent military cartridges dated the site back to the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/breck_mop300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>A mother-of-pearl brooch from the late 19th century dump. Probably belonging to an officer's wife, it is some of the evidence of the family life of military men stationed on the island. Photo: Breck Parkman\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he'd worked on the island for decades, this was his first encounter with an abundance of items that demonstrated the presence of women and children: doll parts, miniature tea cups, a mother-of-pearl brooch. \"This is the first time I really saw gender in the archaeological record,\" he notes. \"There are artifacts that only children would use. The wives' artifacts were there, as well as things from the women who worked there, the house help.\" These items show that the dump was used by officers, and Parkman wonders whether the dump used by the enlisted men would look different, with bones from different cuts of meat, or shards from lower quality dishes. He won\"t be able to answer that question, though, until he finds where the enlisted men left their dregs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A dump is sort of like a hidden collection of knowledge,\" Parkman says. He quotes anthropology professor James Deetz, calling these objects \"the small things forgotten\" in early American life. It's in a dump where you find those remnants of everyday existence. \"As archaeologists, we're interested in the physical remains of culture,\" he says. \"I\"m looking at cultural landforms and artifacts that tell a story of how we've lived with this land.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, the fire allowed Parkman to locate 13 new archaeological sites on Angel Island. \"People say, 'What did you discover?' and I say I discovered bits and pieces. But that's really a no-brainer at a historic site after a fire. What's really interesting to me is that I've researched this island for years and I didn't know a lot of things I know now because of the fire.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/21804895@N00\">Angel Island photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Credits\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Video captured by Chris Bauer, audio & article by Robin Marks. Editing & photos by Craig Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photos provided by Breck Parkman & Silvia Lange. Additional images used by permission via Creative Commons from these flickr.com users: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jameshome/\">jameshome2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kevincollins/\">kevin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tomhilton/\">Tom Hilton\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/25736628@N07/\">orangeblacklove\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/Willivolt/\">Willivolt\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jesse/\">jesse_wagstaff\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/marymaddux/\">marymaddux6272\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/lydiat/\">lydiat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=468\">Angel Island State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23542\">Bio: Breck Parkman, Senior State Archaeologist\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=3482&id=100000209004235&l=e740e18b72\">Angel Island Archaeology - Post-Fire Survey Photo Gallery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.everytrail.com/guide/angel-island-science-hike/map?embed=true\" width=\"980\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This Exploration created in collaboration with the \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/explo_logo_black3.gif\" border=\"0\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/angel_island_exploration300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the middle of San Francisco Bay sits Angel Island State Park, offering spectacular views of the San Francisco skyline, the Marin Headlands and Mount Tamalpais. The island is also alive with history. Three thousand years ago the island was a fishing and hunting site for Coastal Miwok Indians. It was later a haven for Spanish explorer Juan Manuel de Ayala, a cattle ranch, and a U.S. Army post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1910 to 1940, the island processed hundreds of thousands of immigrants, the majority from China. During World War II, Japanese, and German POWs were held on the island, which was also used as a jumping-off point for American soldiers returning from the Pacific. In the '50s and '60s, the island was home to a Nike missile base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, there is one automated active Coast Guard station - at Point Blunt - on the island (this area is off limits). Angel Island became a State Park in 1954.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 12, 2008, Angel Island was ravaged by a wildfire. In just 2 days, 303 acres went up in smoke. We're visiting the island a year later to see how the land is recovering and learn how the fire helped one scientist unearth a bit of the island's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting There\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Access to the Island is by private boat or public ferry from San Francisco, Tiburon and seasonal service from Oakland and Alameda. There is limited weekday ferry service to Angel Island during the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several ferries are available during the peak season to take you to Angel Island:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oakland/Alameda Ferry\u003cbr>San Francisco Ferry\u003cbr>415-773-1188\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.blueandgoldfleet.com/\">http://www.blueandgoldfleet.com/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Angel Island-Tiburon Ferry\u003cbr>415-435-2131 \u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.angelislandferry.com\">www.angelislandferry.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tram Tours\u003cbr>415-897-0715\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.angelisland.com\">www.angelisland.com\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Please be advised, Angel Island SP is one of the few California State Parks that does not accept the Annual Day Use Pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Operating Hours\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>High Season\u003cbr>8:00am to Sunset\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low Season\u003cbr>8:00am to Sunset\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More Information\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=468\">Angel Island State Park Home Page\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Special thanks to Breck Parkman, Senior State Archaeologist for California State Parks and Silvia Lange, Docent at Angel Island State Park for assisting us on this project.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Doll parts, broken bottles, and buttons: Archaeology of Angel Island after the fire of October, 2008\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While Angel Island has had few lifelong residents (human ones, anyway), there are plenty of folks who have spent long stretches of time there. From the time of the Civil War until World War II, there was a consistent presence of military men and their families stationed on the island, During their stays, these visitors managed to drop, discard, or leave behind many interesting traces of themselves. Senior State Archaeologist Breck Parkman has been sifting through artifacts on Angel Island for over 25 years, piecing together stories of the lives lived on this 700 acre patch of land in the middle of San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/breck_doll_leg300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>The leg of a century-old ceramic doll recovered from a dump on Angel Island that was made visible by the Oct. 2008 fire. Photo: Breck Parkman\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 12, 2008, a fire that started in one of the island's campgrounds burned just under half of Angel Island's acreage. Fires, of course, can be very destructive. But for an archaeologist, they can also be magically revealing, burning off foliage that may have long covered objects and impacts left behind by previous visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, none of the historic buildings on Angel Island were lost. Instead, the fire burned away grasses and shrubs, exposing some features that archaeologists like Parkman had suspected were there, as well as uncovering some new surprises.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Lay of the Land\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Some of the most readily visible findings were on the surface of Angel Island's landscape, bared and blackened after the fire. In an area on the southern side of island, long dubbed \"Alcatraz gardens,\" Parkman was surprised to find terraces and pipes that had been hidden for decades under the grassy groundcover. \"It was one of the more dramatic things we saw after the fire, because with the grass burned, you could actually see landform,\" he recounts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/sylvia_moonscape_golds_rusts2-300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>Vegetation burned to the ground in the area near East Garrison and other parts of the island, exposing landscapes that had previously been invisible. Photo: Silvia Lange\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 12 or so acres that was used to grow food for staff and prisoners at Alcatraz Island (there was no suitable soil for growing food on \"The Rock.\") is hard to see now that the grass has returned. But after the fire, Parkman saw terrace after terrace, with water lines feeding them. \"You can see that this was a really flourishing garden for years that's now fallen into disrepair.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/breck_bot300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>A beer bottle found hidden in some rocks along with several other bottles. The brewery imprinted on the glass closed in 1900, so the bottle is likely from the 1890s. Photo: Breck Parkman\u003c/em>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the newly bared surface of the island the fire also exposed several spots that had hidden collections of liquor bottles dating from the Spanish American war and World War II. Parkman sees these piles of bottles as an indication of boredom. Like the inmates at Alcatraz, enlisted men on Angel Island could feel very isolated, with their view of a twinkling city that they couldn't visit. \"I saw gross boredom in the archaeological record,\" he says. \"Men who spent years here felt like they were in prison.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bit more mysterious is a stash of broken milk bottles revealed by the fire. Perhaps they held some alcohol smuggled onto the island? The story behind them will remain unknown for the moment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\"The small things forgotten\"\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Parkman found an even bigger treasure trove of new objects when he began digging below the scarred surface of Angel Island. He's long suspected there was a military dump near Camp Reynolds (waypoint 2 on the map), but he'd been unable to find it, despite numerous searches. It was the first place he came after the fire, and to his delight, Parkman found the site littered with thousands of artifacts, including buttons, hardware from clocks, belt buckles and heaps of glass and ceramic shards. Spent military cartridges dated the site back to the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/breck_mop300.jpg\">\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>A mother-of-pearl brooch from the late 19th century dump. Probably belonging to an officer's wife, it is some of the evidence of the family life of military men stationed on the island. Photo: Breck Parkman\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he'd worked on the island for decades, this was his first encounter with an abundance of items that demonstrated the presence of women and children: doll parts, miniature tea cups, a mother-of-pearl brooch. \"This is the first time I really saw gender in the archaeological record,\" he notes. \"There are artifacts that only children would use. The wives' artifacts were there, as well as things from the women who worked there, the house help.\" These items show that the dump was used by officers, and Parkman wonders whether the dump used by the enlisted men would look different, with bones from different cuts of meat, or shards from lower quality dishes. He won\"t be able to answer that question, though, until he finds where the enlisted men left their dregs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A dump is sort of like a hidden collection of knowledge,\" Parkman says. He quotes anthropology professor James Deetz, calling these objects \"the small things forgotten\" in early American life. It's in a dump where you find those remnants of everyday existence. \"As archaeologists, we're interested in the physical remains of culture,\" he says. \"I\"m looking at cultural landforms and artifacts that tell a story of how we've lived with this land.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all, the fire allowed Parkman to locate 13 new archaeological sites on Angel Island. \"People say, 'What did you discover?' and I say I discovered bits and pieces. But that's really a no-brainer at a historic site after a fire. What's really interesting to me is that I've researched this island for years and I didn't know a lot of things I know now because of the fire.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Visitor Photos\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Join the \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/groups/21804895@N00\">Angel Island photo group on Flickr\u003c/a> to share your photos of this amazing place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Credits\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Video captured by Chris Bauer, audio & article by Robin Marks. Editing & photos by Craig Rosa. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Photos provided by Breck Parkman & Silvia Lange. Additional images used by permission via Creative Commons from these flickr.com users: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jameshome/\">jameshome2\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/kevincollins/\">kevin\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tomhilton/\">Tom Hilton\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/25736628@N07/\">orangeblacklove\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/Willivolt/\">Willivolt\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/jesse/\">jesse_wagstaff\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/marymaddux/\">marymaddux6272\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/lydiat/\">lydiat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=468\">Angel Island State Park\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23542\">Bio: Breck Parkman, Senior State Archaeologist\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=3482&id=100000209004235&l=e740e18b72\">Angel Island Archaeology - Post-Fire Survey Photo Gallery\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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"imageURL": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Nav-News-Nov2026ElectionCoverage@2x-7bd4aad4.png",
"description": "Get informed in minutes with our Voter Guide for California’s November 3 election."
},
"podcasts-radio": {},
"video-tv": {},
"events": {},
"support": {}
}
}
}