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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We're excited to present our second \u003cem>Your Videos on QUEST\u003c/em> segment featuring an excerpt of the short video by Dan Griffin of GG Films, \"Ocean Babies on Acid\". For several years now, QUEST has been producing \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/your-photos-on-quest-bryant-austin/\">Your Photos on QUEST\u003c/a>\u003c/em> segments wherein we feature the still images of Bay Area photographers who shoot nature, environment and science photos. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season, we wanted to expand that idea to include films and videos on similar topics. The thinking is, we here on QUEST are never at a loss for story topics about science here in the Bay Area. There must be a bunch of other media makers telling these kinds of stories so let's get some different perspectives from the community. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24170\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-Palumbi_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i Palumbi_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24170\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford marine biologist, Stephen Palumbi\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>QUEST folks have long been fans of the video work that \u003ca href=\"http://ggfilms.com/\">Dan Griffin/ GG Films\u003c/a> has been doing with Stanford marine biologist, \u003ca href=\"http://palumbi.stanford.edu/\">Stephen Palumbi\u003c/a>. Together they create \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs\">\"Microdocs\"\u003c/a> which they define as \"short attention span science video.\" Their videos are usually 2-3 minutes long and feature one specific aspect of marine ecosystem sustainability. Microdocs topics focus largely on coral reef health, sustainability and diversity- subjects that have required them to travel to such remote tropical locations as American Samoa, The Bahamas, Fiji and Micronesia. Ahh, the price that we pay for our art...\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24165\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/508i-urchin-large-beaker_640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"508i urchin large beaker_640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24165\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Purple sea urchin in beaker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Ocean Babies on Acid\" focuses on an experiment that Stephen Palumbi and UC Davis marine biologist \u003ca href=\"http://bml.ucdavis.edu/research/faculty/eric-sanford/\">Eric Sanford\u003c/a> are doing to study the effects of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/acidic-seas/\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> on sea urchin larvae off the California and Oregon coasts. One of their goals is to find out if the increased acidity caused in part by increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere makes it difficult for marine species to grow their shells. The study is unique in that they're not only studying the external aspects of these creatures but also delving into how ocean acidification may effect the animals on a genetic level. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can watch the full-length video on the Microdocs site here:\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.stanford.edu/group/microdocs/index.html\">Ocean Babies on Acid\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23409\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/medical-meditation/at-the-feet-of-an-ancient-master/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23409\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/At-the-Feet-of-an-Ancient-Master-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"At the Feet of an Ancient Master \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23409\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Feet of an Ancient Master by Premasagar\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have the pleasure of attending \u003ca href=\"http://www.booksmith.com/nightcircus\">Bookswap\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://\">Booksmith\u003c/a> every other month. Its a meet and greet of the literary sort where we all introduce our favorite book, talk and then swap. At the end of each Bookswap, the Booksmith staff brings out advanced copies of books for guests to peruse. One cover caught my attention the last time I went – \u003cem>Transcendence\u003c/em> by \u003ca href=\"http://normanrosenthal.com/\">Norman E. Rosenthal. M.D.\u003c/a> – a book highlighting Transcendental Meditation from a medical viewpoint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Rosenthal is a reputable doctor with a twenty-year tenure at the National Institute of Mental Health; he also pioneered the study of seasonal affect disorder (SAD) and wrote about the study in his former book \u003cem>Winter Blues\u003c/em>. He now a clinical professor of psychiatry at Georgetown Medical School and also a seasoned meditator. In this book, he elucidates the practice of transcendental meditation -TM and highlights how it can greatly reduce symptoms of stress, depression, ADHD, impulsiveness, addiction, anxiety, and post traumatic syndrome. He draws from personal accounts spanning environments and conditions, as well as articles detailing clinical research from over 340 peer-reviewed trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transcendental Meditation has been the most studied form of meditation. It’s a non-religious meditation consisting of sitting comfortably for twenty minutes with your eyes closed, twice a day while focusing the mind’s eye on a mantra or nonverbal sound to attain a deep state of attentive relaxation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that brain waves achieve coherence during meditation; “which is an area of growing interest among neuroscientists. All the different parts of the brain generate waves in several frequencies. These brain waves are said to be coherent when waves of a given frequency from different parts of the brain are in step with one another…It correlates with high levels of intelligence and competence…To produce a train of thought or execute an action, all the cells have to function as a unit, just as soldiers in battle need to advance in a coordinated way” (Rosenthal, pgs. 21-22).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, TM emanates a deep sense of relaxation that given practice permeates the rest of the day. In our stressful and packed world, it is a vacation from stress twice a day when noise and stress can drift away. Rosenthal explains in \u003cem>Transcendence\u003c/em> that in today’s world we are living more often in the “sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which governs (among other things) an alarm function, the ‘fight-or-flight response’ … the parasympathetic system…relaxes you” (Rosenthal pg 57). This means that anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disease and other maladies have their touchstone in an overrun SNS that create hormones, while in the short term get the body out of harm’s way, in the long run damage the body. Meditation, gets people out of this stressful situation by deep relaxation as both systems cannot be triggered at the same time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While reading this book, I decided to do my own experiment and start this form of mediation. For the past couple of weeks, I have been meditating twice a day for 10 to 15 minutes, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. I was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder and often struggle with anxiety and distraction. I have weaned off medication for ADD but I still rely heavily on both exercise and Yerba Mate tea to help me focus at work. I have been so much more focused, relaxed and happy these last two weeks. I noticed that instead of responding to a situation with anxiety, I could just make a choice and follow through with little disruption. Even in two weeks, I have noticed a significant improvement in the quality of my life and a reduced stress load. I plan on continuing the practice as I see very little to no side effects and a much better quality of life which was also the clear message I got from reading \u003ca href=\"http://\">\u003cem>Transcendence\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23409\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/01/medical-meditation/at-the-feet-of-an-ancient-master/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-23409\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/At-the-Feet-of-an-Ancient-Master-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"At the Feet of an Ancient Master \" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-23409\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the Feet of an Ancient Master by Premasagar\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I have the pleasure of attending \u003ca href=\"http://www.booksmith.com/nightcircus\">Bookswap\u003c/a> at the \u003ca href=\"http://\">Booksmith\u003c/a> every other month. Its a meet and greet of the literary sort where we all introduce our favorite book, talk and then swap. At the end of each Bookswap, the Booksmith staff brings out advanced copies of books for guests to peruse. One cover caught my attention the last time I went – \u003cem>Transcendence\u003c/em> by \u003ca href=\"http://normanrosenthal.com/\">Norman E. Rosenthal. M.D.\u003c/a> – a book highlighting Transcendental Meditation from a medical viewpoint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Rosenthal is a reputable doctor with a twenty-year tenure at the National Institute of Mental Health; he also pioneered the study of seasonal affect disorder (SAD) and wrote about the study in his former book \u003cem>Winter Blues\u003c/em>. He now a clinical professor of psychiatry at Georgetown Medical School and also a seasoned meditator. In this book, he elucidates the practice of transcendental meditation -TM and highlights how it can greatly reduce symptoms of stress, depression, ADHD, impulsiveness, addiction, anxiety, and post traumatic syndrome. He draws from personal accounts spanning environments and conditions, as well as articles detailing clinical research from over 340 peer-reviewed trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transcendental Meditation has been the most studied form of meditation. It’s a non-religious meditation consisting of sitting comfortably for twenty minutes with your eyes closed, twice a day while focusing the mind’s eye on a mantra or nonverbal sound to attain a deep state of attentive relaxation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies have shown that brain waves achieve coherence during meditation; “which is an area of growing interest among neuroscientists. All the different parts of the brain generate waves in several frequencies. These brain waves are said to be coherent when waves of a given frequency from different parts of the brain are in step with one another…It correlates with high levels of intelligence and competence…To produce a train of thought or execute an action, all the cells have to function as a unit, just as soldiers in battle need to advance in a coordinated way” (Rosenthal, pgs. 21-22).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, TM emanates a deep sense of relaxation that given practice permeates the rest of the day. In our stressful and packed world, it is a vacation from stress twice a day when noise and stress can drift away. Rosenthal explains in \u003cem>Transcendence\u003c/em> that in today’s world we are living more often in the “sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which governs (among other things) an alarm function, the ‘fight-or-flight response’ … the parasympathetic system…relaxes you” (Rosenthal pg 57). This means that anxiety, depression, cardiovascular disease and other maladies have their touchstone in an overrun SNS that create hormones, while in the short term get the body out of harm’s way, in the long run damage the body. Meditation, gets people out of this stressful situation by deep relaxation as both systems cannot be triggered at the same time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Herbicides: Help or Harm?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20815\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20815\" title=\"herbicides\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/herbicides-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Applying herbicides to crops helps increase yield—but at a cost. Photo: tpmartins.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Recent \u003ca href=\"http://ksjtracker.mit.edu/2011/07/15/lots-of-small-ink-then-nytimes-dupont-is-in-hot-water-with-landscapers-new-lawn-herbicide-mows-down-trees/\">headlines\u003c/a> have brought to light some of herbicides’ unintended effects. The herbicide Imprelis, primarily used on golf courses and the like, has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/15/science/earth/15herbicide.html?_r=1\">linked to the death of conifers\u003c/a> throughout the east and the midwest. The safety of the widely used herbicide Roundup has also been called into question. Herbicides can provide farmers and gardeners with advantages over unwanted weeds—but they also come with drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When DuPont first introduced the herbicide Imprelis in 2010, it was seen as a pretty environmentally friendly option. It is really effective at preventing the growth of weeds like dandelions and ivy. It affects plants’ hormone receptors, and it works at low concentrations. Unlike other herbicides, hot temperatures or rainfall just after application do not make Imprelis ineffective—a benefit for lawn care professionals, who otherwise have to time the application of herbicides according to the weather report. But Imprelis doesn’t bind to the soil and can leach into groundwater, two reasons why the state of New York has not approved it. (California has not approved it either.) Because of these characteristics, the herbicide being taken up by nearby trees through their root systems. As a result, conifers’ needles turn brown, and some trees die. The chemicals in Imprelis stick around in the grass clippings, creating \u003ca href=\"http://www.motherearthnews.com/grow-it/imprelis-killer-compost-zb0z11zrog.aspx\">killer compost\u003c/a> that should go to the landfill rather than the compost bin or mulch pile. We haven’t heard the end of the story of Imprelis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We will likely also hear more about Roundup, a big player manufactured by Monsanto. This \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/roundup-scientists-birth-defects_n_883578.html\">story\u003c/a> in the Huffington Post describes several studies that indicate that the herbicide causes birth defects. Roundup and other similar herbicides contain glyphosate, which causes reproductive problems in adult animals and birth defects in animals’ offspring. Organisms like rabbits can be exposed when herbicides are applied and when they eat the plants that have been treated. Lab studies have shown that exposure to glyphosate results in malformations in frog and chicken embryos. And, lab studies show that Roundup also poses problems for human embryonic and placental cells. Herbicides that contain glyphosate are hugely popular, because they’re so effective. In the last year for which data are available, 2006-2007, the US agricultural industry applied 180 to 185 million pounds of glyphosate. From 2005 to 2007, non-agricultural use added another 8 to 11 million pounds to the ecosystem. This chemical is increasingly ingrained in the US agricultural system: farmers purchase genetically modified seeds that are resistant to Roundup (such as Roundup Ready Soybeans), and then spray Roundup on the crops. These methods allow for much higher crop yields than organic agriculture, and are cost-effective for big farms. Without the advantages that herbicides provide, farms cannot compete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eradicating weeds is a challenge, and herbicides are a big part of fighting that battle. We have a complex relationship with weeds—check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/201107156\">great conversation about weeds\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefriday.com/\">Science Friday\u003c/a> last week. Herbicides give us some key advantages over unwanted weeds. These advantages come with drawbacks. The two herbicides under question are primarily used by industry—lawn care professionals and big ag farmers—rather than individuals. But the average citizen uses herbicides on his or her home lawn, too. Do you use herbicides? Why or why not?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/RebeccaJohnson-0151.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dr. Rebecca Johnson is a systematic biologist and studies the evolution of color in sea slugs at the California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the slow paced world of marine sea slugs, a sedentary defense can be the difference between eating and being eaten. With shelled armor, stealthy camouflage or chemical warfare, defense strategies are not only fascinating, but are a potential source of novel cancer and cardiac therapies. Of the 3,000 species of nudibranchs, or “naked-gilled” slugs, many display beautiful, vivid color patterns. These colors warn predators that the slugs are toxic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Post-doctoral researcher at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, Dr. Rebecca Johnson studies the evolution of color patterning in these brazen beauties. Her specialty lies within a family of 300 species called the \u003ca href=\"http://spineless.ucsd.edu/Research_chromo.html\">chromodorid nudibranchs\u003c/a>, which mainly live in shallow tropic waters worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Risbecia-tyroni3_Stephen-Chidls_blog1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Chromodorid nudibranch (Risbecia tyroni) Photo credit: Stephen Childs\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most nudibranchs take something from their prey to use as their own chemical defense. For example, the chromodorid nudibranchs selectively feed on sponges and steal toxic chemicals from the sponge originally intended to keep animals from living and growing on the sponge. The slugs redistribute those chemicals throughout their tissues to use for defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Species that eat sea anemones and other cnidarians can capture the stinging cells from their prey and store them in their tissues. The aeolid nudibranchs store these stinging cells in cerata, which are long finger-like projections that line the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group of slugs that are closely related to nudibranchs, called sacoglossans, steal chloroplasts from algae prey. Instead of stealing for defense, these slugs steal for energy. They redistribute the chloroplasts throughout their tissues and can actually keep the chloroplasts photosynthesizing. These animals are essentially crawling plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Johnson has been named one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2010/johnson_award.php\">16 Rubenstein Fellows\u003c/a> by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life \u003c/a>(EOL). “I am honored and excited to be a Rubenstein Fellow,” says Johnson. “With this award, I will use the Encyclopedia of Life as a platform with which to consolidate and organize historical data, new research findings, and information on chromodorid nudibranchs that is only found in the scientific literature, libraries, natural history museums, and scattered across the web. As a fellow, I look forward to sharing the beauty of these animals with a larger audience and to making scientific information about them more widely available.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to working as postdoctoral researcher at the Academy, Johnson also works with the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/rockyshore/\"> to train tide pool naturalists at Duxbury Reef\u003c/a>—a marine protected area in Marin County—and contributes to the Academy’s exhibits and education programs, including a recent display on the Farallon Islands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"disqusTitle": "The Search for Alcoholism's Miracle Drug",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/spirits300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>By one estimate, there are 10 million alcoholics in the US. Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg\">Ralf Roletschek \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph McHugh is an artist who lives in San Francisco. Like his father before him, Joe had always been a drinker. But recently, it started to pick up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sort of got out of control,” he says. “It wasn’t starting at five o’clock, it was starting at noon, when I’d have a couple shots and so forth.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was having blackouts, he says. He remembered nothing, but people would tell him stories of what he’d done. “Like what?” I ask him. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t want to even mention, ok?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What brought McHugh \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanfrancisco.va.gov/\">VA Medical Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco was a heart attack. It literally terrified him into sobriety. He's been dry a month now, slogging through recovery with other men whose lives have also become simply untenable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-13-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug\">The Search for Alcoholism's Miracle Drug\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>McHugh’s story is a familiar one to doctors who treat alcoholism, like Peter Banys, Director of Substance Abuse Programs at the VA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's always a crisis,” Banys says. “And it can be a marital crisis, a family crisis, or job termination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcoholism is a very treatable disease, says Banys. 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They’re just wired differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s proven to be a useful insight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that we have to make clear is that alcoholism is almost certainly not a single disease or disorder. I believe that in the near future, we will be talking about “the alcoholisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact of these “alcoholisms” means that researchers are now targeting specific kinds aspects of brain chemistry that might be involved in alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard Fields directs Human Clinical Research at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.galloresearch.org/\">Gallo Center in Emeryville,\u003c/a> an institute devoted to alcoholism and addiction, affiliated with The University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What interests him is something familiar to many of us: Impulsivity. Different people are impulsive to different degrees, just like rats, and other animals. From an evolutionary standpoint, this makes sense. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want someone who would throw themselves on the hand grenade and save the lives of other people,” says Fields. “The same people who wind up in prison might be completely different in a battlefield situation. They might be the heroes.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in regular life, impulsivity can be a dangerous trait to have, says Fields. “If you score high for impulsivity, you are at greater risk to actually become an abuser or an addict. There’s no question about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields says that in some people, impulsivity \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160646\">can be traced back\u003c/a> to a specific gene. If you have it, you’re more likely to be impulsive. And it turns out, there is already a drug on the market that targets a function of this gene. It’s called tolcapone, and it’s prescribed to people with Parkinson’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what Fields aims to find out is whether tolcapone might actually make people less impulsive. And if that’s true, whether it can help people limit their drinking. \u003ca href=\"http://clinicaltrialsfeeds.org/clinical-trials/show/NCT01158950\">This research\u003c/a> is now in human clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, even if the drug works for some people, it won’t work for everyone. The fact that there are “alcoholisms,” as Peter Banys put it, means that there may never be a single miracle drug. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whatever the future holds, the goal of treatment will always look more or less the same: More people like Joseph McHugh, who have made the life-changing decision to get and stay sober. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh says it’s hard to know what things will be like, once he’s out of rehab and back with his family. But he’s optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of glad that everything is where it is now. Because it is a change. It’s a necessary change.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7813092 -122.5032109\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/spirits300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>By one estimate, there are 10 million alcoholics in the US. Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spirituosen-im-supermarkt.jpg\">Ralf Roletschek \u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joseph McHugh is an artist who lives in San Francisco. Like his father before him, Joe had always been a drinker. But recently, it started to pick up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It sort of got out of control,” he says. “It wasn’t starting at five o’clock, it was starting at noon, when I’d have a couple shots and so forth.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was having blackouts, he says. He remembered nothing, but people would tell him stories of what he’d done. “Like what?” I ask him. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things I don’t want to even mention, ok?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What brought McHugh \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanfrancisco.va.gov/\">VA Medical Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco was a heart attack. It literally terrified him into sobriety. He's been dry a month now, slogging through recovery with other men whose lives have also become simply untenable. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-13-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-search-for-alcoholisms-miracle-drug\">The Search for Alcoholism's Miracle Drug\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>McHugh’s story is a familiar one to doctors who treat alcoholism, like Peter Banys, Director of Substance Abuse Programs at the VA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It's always a crisis,” Banys says. “And it can be a marital crisis, a family crisis, or job termination.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alcoholism is a very treatable disease, says Banys. Because of all the recent research, people like McHugh have more options than ever, including AA, therapy, and medication, which can be effective in preventing relapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, there are some challenges. First of all, the meds are a tough sell, Banys says. He says his patients often think of their alcoholism as a moral weakness. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things we hear a lot,” he says, “is I don’t want to depend on a drug. They’ve been depending on a drug for 25 years, they don’t want to depend on ours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem is that drugs that once seemed promising have often fallen short. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take \u003ca href=\"http://www.drugs.com/pro/naltrexone.html\">Naltrexone\u003c/a>, which was approved in 1995. Naltrexone blocks the brain’s opioid receptors, which make alcohol feel good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the great hope,” says Banys. “It kind of crumbled in our hands.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On many people, Natrexone has no effect all. They’re just wired differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s proven to be a useful insight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the things that we have to make clear is that alcoholism is almost certainly not a single disease or disorder. I believe that in the near future, we will be talking about “the alcoholisms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact of these “alcoholisms” means that researchers are now targeting specific kinds aspects of brain chemistry that might be involved in alcoholism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Howard Fields directs Human Clinical Research at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.galloresearch.org/\">Gallo Center in Emeryville,\u003c/a> an institute devoted to alcoholism and addiction, affiliated with The University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What interests him is something familiar to many of us: Impulsivity. Different people are impulsive to different degrees, just like rats, and other animals. From an evolutionary standpoint, this makes sense. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want someone who would throw themselves on the hand grenade and save the lives of other people,” says Fields. “The same people who wind up in prison might be completely different in a battlefield situation. They might be the heroes.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in regular life, impulsivity can be a dangerous trait to have, says Fields. “If you score high for impulsivity, you are at greater risk to actually become an abuser or an addict. There’s no question about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fields says that in some people, impulsivity \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18160646\">can be traced back\u003c/a> to a specific gene. If you have it, you’re more likely to be impulsive. And it turns out, there is already a drug on the market that targets a function of this gene. It’s called tolcapone, and it’s prescribed to people with Parkinson’s disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what Fields aims to find out is whether tolcapone might actually make people less impulsive. And if that’s true, whether it can help people limit their drinking. \u003ca href=\"http://clinicaltrialsfeeds.org/clinical-trials/show/NCT01158950\">This research\u003c/a> is now in human clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, even if the drug works for some people, it won’t work for everyone. The fact that there are “alcoholisms,” as Peter Banys put it, means that there may never be a single miracle drug. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But whatever the future holds, the goal of treatment will always look more or less the same: More people like Joseph McHugh, who have made the life-changing decision to get and stay sober. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McHugh says it’s hard to know what things will be like, once he’s out of rehab and back with his family. But he’s optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of glad that everything is where it is now. Because it is a change. It’s a necessary change.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7813092 -122.5032109\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mole300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The nose of the star-nosed mole is much more sensitive than the human hand. Credit: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain is the most common reason for trips to the doctor's office. So it makes sense that pain treatment is a huge part of our healthcare system, costing more than 100 billion dollars a year. But how exactly pain works is still a mystery in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any normal 9-year-old, Maddie Burkhardt was playing outside with her friends last summer, racing around in a pedal go-cart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And my foot slipped and it went under the go-cart. Like it got bent backwards,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie broke a bone in her foot. So, her mom, Danielle, took her to see a podiatrist, who put her in a series of casts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And every time he took the cast off, he said 'ok, you should feel much better now.' And she was just like 'no, it's killing me,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weeks went by, it became clear that Maddie's pain wasn't normal. \"She would not allow anything to touch her foot at all. And we didn't really know what was going on,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-06-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-pain\">The Science of Pain \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Even a light touch, like the wind blowing, was incredibly painful. \"It felt like there was knives in my foot. Like a big elephant smashing on your foot or something,\" says Maddie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie was diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004456/\">complex regional pain syndrome\u003c/a> and ended up in a special treatment program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpch.org/index.html\">Lucile Packard Children's Hospital\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Krane, who heads the program, says \"most of the time, pain is the signal that there's a problem and it's a useful sensation to have and a protective one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, our body's warning system goes haywire, like in Maddie's case. Nerve cells send out pain signals even when there's no reason to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a terrible pain problem,\" says Dr. Krane. \"And it's one that we really don't understand the origins of. And because we understand so little about it, our therapy of it is also very rudimentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krane says Maddie, like most patients, went through a slew of treatments, like physical therapy and pain medication. It took months to recover. \"I can't exactly run really yet, but I can walk faster and I can play with my friends and do a lot more,\" Maddie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, doctors rely on opiates like morphine to control pain. But those drugs aren't very targeted. The challenge is that pain is very difficult to study. \"There's other things and other processes in the body which are measurable in some objective fashion: heart rate, blood pressure, temperature. But how do you measure pain?\" asks Dr. Krane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking to Nature for Solutions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab at the University of California-Berkeley, Diana Bautista has the same questions about pain. \"Many people are trying to figure out how to do this. And we decided to look to nature to solve this problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista is an assistant professor of biology at the University of California-Berkeley. She's peering into a large plastic tub filled with dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Mole41.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A star-nosed mole at UC Berkeley. Photo: Kristin Gerhold, Bautista Lab.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, if you look here in the corner of the dirt, you can see that there's a star-nosed mole. Pretty interesting looking, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star-nosed moles have a very unique look. Their large pink nose has 22 finger-like tentacles that they use to feel for food in the dark tunnels where the live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't see, that you need special high-speed video to see, is that they're actually tapping very rapidly the surface,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to our fingertips, the mole's star has 10 times more nerve cells. \"It's much more sensitive than the human hand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lack of sensitivity in human skin makes it difficult to study pain, because our nerve endings are so spread out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have about 20 different kinds of nerve cells. Some detect pain, some detect light touch. Others detect hot and cold. \"And so it's very difficult to study one in isolation or to separate the pain cells from the light touch cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the star-nosed mole comes in. Its star is densely packed with light touch cells, but not a lot of pain cells. So Bautista says, studying tissue samples of the mole's star can reveal the differences between nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How does one cell feel the prick of the pin and the other feel the feather? We don't know what happens in those nerve endings,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista says knowing what happens in normal nerves can tell a lot about when nerves don't work normally – like when diabetes patients experience numbness or cancer patients have hypersensitivity. That comes down to the biochemistry inside the cells. For that, Bautista is also studying another organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peppers Targeting Nerve Cells\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper\">Szechuan peppers\u003c/a> that are from the Chinese prickly ash,\" Bautista says, handing me the peppercorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chew them a little bit in the front of your mouth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I chew, my tongue becomes slightly numb. \"It feels like a little buzzing, tingling sensation,\" says Baustista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peppercorns aren't hot, but they do have chemicals that are working on my sense of touch. \"We know that they target special receptors and cause those nerves to be excited just as if somebody was tickling your tongue,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a trick that humans could copy. \"By indentifying the molecular mechanisms, we could really go in and design better drugs and come up with better therapies and alternatives for treating conditions like chronic pain,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista hopes the research will lead to more targeted pain drugs, so patients like Maddie Burkhardt will have an easier recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Check out the star-nosed mole in action:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"480\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/6m0PMcXK6XA?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8754404 -122.2455364\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/mole300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The nose of the star-nosed mole is much more sensitive than the human hand. Credit: Dr. Ken Catania, Vanderbilt University\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pain is the most common reason for trips to the doctor's office. So it makes sense that pain treatment is a huge part of our healthcare system, costing more than 100 billion dollars a year. But how exactly pain works is still a mystery in many ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any normal 9-year-old, Maddie Burkhardt was playing outside with her friends last summer, racing around in a pedal go-cart. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And my foot slipped and it went under the go-cart. Like it got bent backwards,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie broke a bone in her foot. So, her mom, Danielle, took her to see a podiatrist, who put her in a series of casts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And every time he took the cast off, he said 'ok, you should feel much better now.' And she was just like 'no, it's killing me,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the weeks went by, it became clear that Maddie's pain wasn't normal. \"She would not allow anything to touch her foot at all. And we didn't really know what was going on,\" says Danielle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/06/2011-06-06-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-pain\">The Science of Pain \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Even a light touch, like the wind blowing, was incredibly painful. \"It felt like there was knives in my foot. Like a big elephant smashing on your foot or something,\" says Maddie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maddie was diagnosed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004456/\">complex regional pain syndrome\u003c/a> and ended up in a special treatment program at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lpch.org/index.html\">Lucile Packard Children's Hospital\u003c/a> in Palo Alto.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Krane, who heads the program, says \"most of the time, pain is the signal that there's a problem and it's a useful sensation to have and a protective one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But sometimes, our body's warning system goes haywire, like in Maddie's case. Nerve cells send out pain signals even when there's no reason to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a terrible pain problem,\" says Dr. Krane. \"And it's one that we really don't understand the origins of. And because we understand so little about it, our therapy of it is also very rudimentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krane says Maddie, like most patients, went through a slew of treatments, like physical therapy and pain medication. It took months to recover. \"I can't exactly run really yet, but I can walk faster and I can play with my friends and do a lot more,\" Maddie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the most part, doctors rely on opiates like morphine to control pain. But those drugs aren't very targeted. The challenge is that pain is very difficult to study. \"There's other things and other processes in the body which are measurable in some objective fashion: heart rate, blood pressure, temperature. But how do you measure pain?\" asks Dr. Krane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Looking to Nature for Solutions\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a lab at the University of California-Berkeley, Diana Bautista has the same questions about pain. \"Many people are trying to figure out how to do this. And we decided to look to nature to solve this problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista is an assistant professor of biology at the University of California-Berkeley. She's peering into a large plastic tub filled with dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/Mole41.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A star-nosed mole at UC Berkeley. Photo: Kristin Gerhold, Bautista Lab.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, if you look here in the corner of the dirt, you can see that there's a star-nosed mole. Pretty interesting looking, right?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Star-nosed moles have a very unique look. Their large pink nose has 22 finger-like tentacles that they use to feel for food in the dark tunnels where the live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't see, that you need special high-speed video to see, is that they're actually tapping very rapidly the surface,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to our fingertips, the mole's star has 10 times more nerve cells. \"It's much more sensitive than the human hand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lack of sensitivity in human skin makes it difficult to study pain, because our nerve endings are so spread out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also have about 20 different kinds of nerve cells. Some detect pain, some detect light touch. Others detect hot and cold. \"And so it's very difficult to study one in isolation or to separate the pain cells from the light touch cells.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's where the star-nosed mole comes in. Its star is densely packed with light touch cells, but not a lot of pain cells. So Bautista says, studying tissue samples of the mole's star can reveal the differences between nerve cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"How does one cell feel the prick of the pin and the other feel the feather? We don't know what happens in those nerve endings,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista says knowing what happens in normal nerves can tell a lot about when nerves don't work normally – like when diabetes patients experience numbness or cancer patients have hypersensitivity. That comes down to the biochemistry inside the cells. For that, Bautista is also studying another organism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Peppers Targeting Nerve Cells\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_pepper\">Szechuan peppers\u003c/a> that are from the Chinese prickly ash,\" Bautista says, handing me the peppercorns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chew them a little bit in the front of your mouth.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I chew, my tongue becomes slightly numb. \"It feels like a little buzzing, tingling sensation,\" says Baustista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peppercorns aren't hot, but they do have chemicals that are working on my sense of touch. \"We know that they target special receptors and cause those nerves to be excited just as if somebody was tickling your tongue,\" says Bautista.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's a trick that humans could copy. \"By indentifying the molecular mechanisms, we could really go in and design better drugs and come up with better therapies and alternatives for treating conditions like chronic pain,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bautista hopes the research will lead to more targeted pain drugs, so patients like Maddie Burkhardt will have an easier recovery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Check out the star-nosed mole in action:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"480\" height=\"390\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/6m0PMcXK6XA?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8754404 -122.2455364\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-13954\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/plastic3002.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have a plastic bottle on my desk. It once contained the cola beverage I really should stop drinking. I go through at least one of these each day, a habit cut down from a former 6-pack-a-day deluge. I know the cola isn’t good for me, but now I’m thinking the plastic bottle is even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I have something else on my desk: a pamphlet compiled by Peter Bryant of UC Irvine titled, “What’s Wrong with Plastic Water Bottles?” Did you know that each year, “144 BILLION beverage containers end up in U.S. landfills, roads, streams and parks?” Laid end-to-end, according to Bryant, those containers would “encircle the Earth 720 times, or reach to the Moon and back 38 times.” In the United States, only 10 to 12% of plastic bottles are recycled. That waste is truly astronomical. And keep in mind that it takes at least 1000 years for those plastic bottles to break down in the landfill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most plastic bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. That’s a petroleum product. “4% of the world’s oil production is used as “feedstock” for plastic,” according to Bryant, “and another 4% provides the energy to transform it into plastic.” And of course then there’s the fuel needed to transport it to market. San Francisco has some of the cleanest, freshest water in the world coming out of the taps. Yet it wouldn’t take you long to find someone walking down the street with a bottle of water that came from France or Fiji at 1000 times the price of the water coming from the kitchen faucet. Why?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No doubt \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/future-history-plastic-water-bottles\">anthropologists of the future\u003c/a> will be scratching their heads wondering why we paid for and wasted so much resources on something we already had pumped into our own homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now due to our \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/23/the-breakdown-of-plastic/\">addiction to disposable plastic\u003c/a>, something even more sinister is happening in the ocean. In the middle of the Pacific is a circulating place known as the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/sea-of-plastic\">North Pacific Gyre. \u003c/a> This vast area, reportedly twice the size of Texas, contains 6 times more plastic than plankton and is now more commonly called the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plastic-in-the-pacific\">Pacific Garbage Patch\u003c/a>. And this is a expanding environmental problem. \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/paper-or-plastic\">Plastic bags\u003c/a>, bottles, buckets, rope, toys, trash and everything in between is making its way down rivers and streams, from storm drains and beaches, to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLgh9h2ePYw\">center of the ocean.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthresource.org/campaigns/capp/capp-overview.html\">many reasons\u003c/a> why we should kick the habit of disposable plastics. But that probably isn’t going to happen soon. So in the mean time we should get better at \u003ca href=\"http://www.howtoons.com/?page_id=1385\">reusing\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-economics-of-household-recycling\">recycling\u003c/a>. As we showed in this QUEST Lab, plastic can be easily changed and modified to be used over and over again. It’s incumbent upon us to make sure this resource isn’t just wasted, thrown away or worse, becomes more of an environmental hazard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m looking at you, soda bottle on my desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/chemistry-by-smell\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/chemistry3002.jpg\" alt=\"chemistry\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Photo Credit: Greg O'Connell\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, when Hoby Wedler was considering what kind of graduate degree to pursue, he gave himself two choices: the thing he really loved, which was chemistry. Or, the thing he liked, history, which seemed practical. 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And apparently vision was the only way to observe things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-23-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/chemistry-by-smell\">Chemistry By Smell\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>What Wedler realized is that, with a little help, he could do chemistry. In fact, he’s starting a PhD program in theoretical organic chemistry at U.C. Davis this Fall. 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The act guaranteed disabled kids a place in mainstream public school classrooms, and required districts to provide aides and other resources to help students complete the work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in reality, it’s meant that a lot of blind kids don’t get the specialized help they need, especially in science class, says Mary Willows, a teacher, blind since high school, who came to volunteer at the camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the first time some of these people have ever touched a test tube or a pipette, or any of that,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When labs take place in regular classrooms, says Willows, blind kids often end up being the note takers, or just sitting the whole thing out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody else gets to participate, and you just sit. That erodes confidence. That erodes self esteem. And eventually, you just give up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This issue of passivity, of giving up, is a very real threat for blind people, a group where unemployment hovers near 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 17-year old Mary Church, who lives in Hollister, this camp was one of the few times in her life she’d spent in a group composed almost entirely of blind people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I’m really surprised that they haven’t called me crybaby yet, because I have broken down about school this weekend so many times,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living in a small town, the only blind kid in her class, Church says school is a constant struggle. Textbooks aren’t available in Braille when she needs them. Teachers routinely give her homework assignments that, as a blind person, she can’t do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when people try to help her, sometimes their efforts end up making her feel even more isolated. 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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
},
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
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