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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/sourdoughstripe3002.jpg\">\u003cem>Freshly baked sourdough bread by Eduardo Morrell of Morrell’s Bread\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One Saturday morning last summer, my husband and I stopped by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ecologycenter.org/bfm/\">Berkeley Farmers’ Market\u003c/a> to buy some seasonal produce. After filling our bags with fresh vegetables, we decided to try a loaf of bread from \u003ca href=\"http://web.me.com/eduardomorell/morellsbread/\">Morrell’s Bread\u003c/a>. I can’t recall what type of bread we ended up choosing, but we both remember that it was the best loaf of bread we’d ever had. So as I began to research this story, I tracked down Eduardo to learn more about his wonderful bread – and eventually profiled him in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-secrets-of-sourdough\">Science on the SPOT: Secrets of Sourdough\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all really started when I received my master’s degree in filmmaking at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfai.edu/\">San Francisco Art Institute\u003c/a>,” says Eduardo. “And through the Art Institute, I knew plenty of artists and stuff that were doing residencies at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.headlands.org/index.asp?flashok=true\">Headlands Center for the Arts\u003c/a>. I would go up to visit them every now and then to check out their studios…I had worked in restaurants to make money even while I was at the school…And at one point, the Headlands ended up hiring a new chef, \u003ca href=\"http://www.siennese.com/~prentice/about.php\">Jessica Prentice\u003c/a>, a very good friend of mine who now [helps to run] \u003ca href=\"http://www.threestonehearth.com/\">Three Stone Hearth\u003c/a>…And I went and volunteered one day at their open studios. And lo and behold, there’s the brick oven and there was a French baker there who was using the brick oven: Laurent, who was leasing the space and baking bread. Both [were] really kind of were my first two culinary inspirations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eduardo observed Laurent as he worked and began to develop an understanding and appreciation for how to mix and ferment doughs. He then left California for a year to work as an assistant for former Duke University professor and author \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/21/books/21price.html?pagewanted=1\">Reynolds Price\u003c/a> and baked bread for Mr. Reynolds on a weekly basis. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Reynolds was always happy to wake up and have the smell of fresh bread in the house…It was kind of fun, and that’s really where I started to develop this kind of the interest in the science of it more. I started a sourdough culture in North Carolina, I brought this one from California, and I would bake at different times and see if the one from California was changing…When you’re baking on small scale like that, that’s when I really started doing all my R&D, you know, for eventually what would become \u003ca href=\"http://web.me.com/eduardomorell/morellsbread/\">Morrell’s Bread\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon Eduardo’s return, both Jessica and Laurent had departed to begin other ventures, so he made the suggestion to the Headlands Center For the Arts to lease the kitchen so he could bake his bread. 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So there’s very little pollution that happens when you have a single fire happening in this big, open area.” Eduardo also feels that, “both gas-fired ovens and wood-fired ovens produce excellent bread. I think it’s a question of what your personal preference is and how you want to be perceived as a baker and how you want to be a baker. And so I really like the whole preciousness aspect of it, and it reminded me a lot of my career as a filmmaker in that I really liked working with film. I didn’t like working with video. I felt that film was precious…And I think it’s a similar process with baking bread.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.829785 -122.522535\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/512px-Teepause1.jpg\">\u003cem>The Water Processing Method.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are some traditions I have around writing. First off, in my apartment I have my write or do nothing chair. The only two things I am allowed to do in it are write or do nothing. It is where I am sitting right now as I am type this. The second tradition is classical musical in the background; this is especially helpful for long bouts of writing requiring more focus. The third is a pot of tea. The third tradition is problematic late at night, as then I don’t sleep due to the caffeine. Which made me ponder an alternative and how it is derived – how is tea decaffeinated?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Real tea comes from the leaves from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.learn-about-tea.com/camellia-sinensis.html\">Camellia sinesis or Camellia assamica plant \u003c/a>. These leaves naturally contain caffeine in varying amounts. Black teas are the most strongly caffeinated while white teas contain the least amount of caffeine. At night, one could drink herbal tea but these are not actually genuine teas. They are just herbal tinctures derived from other plants. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One could enjoy an actual cup of decaffeinated tea by pouring out the first cup and re-steeping. This works best with loose-leaf tea; about 80% of the caffeine in tea is released in the first thirty seconds of steeping. Pouring out the first batch steeped and then adding more hot water will get rid of the majority of caffeine while maintaining the flavor of the tea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the water method of decaffeination. There are \u003ca href=\"http://recipes.howstuffworks.com/question480.htm\">three other methods\u003c/a> used for decaffeination:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methylene chloride processing – in this process Methylene chloride is used as a solvent. Molecules of caffeine bond to the molecules of Methylene chloride. This processing can be done directly in a bath of Methylene chloride or indirectly by extracting the caffeine in a water bath. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethyl acetate processing – Ethyl acetate is a naturally occurring chemical in most fruits. Caffeine molecules bond to Ethyl acetate and caffeine can be removed either directly or indirectly using Ethyl acetate as the solvent. Products coined as “Naturally decaffeinated” are usually decaffeinated using this method. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide processing – In this process, water softened materials are “pressure cooked” with the gas. At high pressures, CO2 sublimates and acts as both a gas and a liquid. As a solvent, the non-polar molecules will attract the smaller caffeine molecules. Since the flavor molecules are larger they remain intact. This process retains the flavor of the tea better than the other two solvent methods. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all these methods some caffeine will remain but it drastically reduced. Federal regulations in the US mandate that labeled decaffeinated products must not contain more the 2.5% caffeine. So what happens to all the caffeine that is taken out in processing? It is put into other products. Soft drinks are primarily caffeinated from the caffeine taken out from decaffeination. So that soft drink might include the caffeine from tea leaves or coffee beans. So by choosing decaffeinated tea tonight, that caffeine was repurposed in another caffeine beverage! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon1HR-22.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Scanning electron microscope image of the arsenic-loving bacteria GFAJ-1. (Credit: AAAS/Science) \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area biochemist has found a new strain of bacteria living in the briny shores of Mono Lake that can eat and thrive on arsenic, a substance highly toxic to most organisms. The discovery may lead to a significant shift in how scientists search for extraterrestrial life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All life that we know of requires carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus,” said Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the lead author of the study and a NASA Astrobiology Research Fellow in residence at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. “We discovered an organism that can substitute one element for another,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those six major elements comprise the building blocks of key components of living cells, such as DNA, RNA and proteins – the molecular switches which power the cells and instruct them to perform tasks critical for cellular growth and survival. Researchers know of no other microbe that can consume arsenic let alone substitute it for phosphorus, thereby expanding the definition of what constitutes life on Earth and elsewhere in the universe. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As someone who regularly gives lectures in which I state, ‘every living thing uses phosphorus to build its DNA’, the idea that I’m sitting here today discussing the possibility that that’s not true is quite shocking,” said James Elser, a professor at Arizona State University who participated in a NASA teleconference convened today to discuss the findings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of the arsenic-loving microbe also “opens new doors” to explore what life may look like in other reaches of the solar system, on environments such as Mars or the moons of Jupiter and Saturn that have previously been thought to be too cold and harsh to support life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon4HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Felicia Wolfe-Simon of the NASA Ames Research Center and USGS collects samples from a sediment core extracted from the shores of Mono Lake in eastern California. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still don’t know everything there is to know about what might make a habitable environment on another planet or a satellite of another planet,” said Pamela Conrad, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Perhaps arsenic is not an essential component for habitability or life but it may be one that can be tolerated and it opens our perspective to try and understand what other potential components may be tolerated or perhaps even essential that we presently haven’t thought of,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper describing the finding appears in this week’s edition of the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2010/12/01/science.1197258\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the embargo on the paper was lifted on Thursday, a flurry of speculation was set off earlier in the week that NASA had discovered proof of alien life, fueled by an ambiguous press release issued by NASA on Monday which trumpeted “an astrobiology finding that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life.” In fact, the embargo was lifted roughly two hours earlier than planned because reports of the finding, some of them erroneous, were already beginning to appear online in publications like \u003cem>The Huffington Post\u003c/em> and the \u003cem>Guardian\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of NASA’s Thursday teleconference, Mary Voytek, director of the Astrobiology Program at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. responded to a question from a \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> journalist about the disappointment felt by its readers that in fact, NASA would not be pulling E.T out of a hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what I would say is that while being able to announce the discovery of an extra-terrestrial would be an incredible announcement, from our perspective, this is a phenomenal finding. It will require some paragraphs in textbooks to be rewritten,” said Voytek. “It will fundamentally change how we define life and how we look for it, maybe we’ll be able to find E.T. now because we’ve got more information about what we might be looking for,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team, led by Wolfe-Simon, discovered the new strain of bacteria, GFAJ-1, in muddy sediment cores extracted from the shores of Mono Lake, located in eastern California, near the Sierra Nevada mountains. The 70 square-mile inland lake is highly salty and alkaline with high concentrations of naturally-occurring arsenic. It has been separated from freshwater for 50 years and teems with brine shrimp and algae. It also serves as a major stop-over point for migratory birds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfe-Simon chose to investigate how GFAJ-1 responded to arsenic because of the toxic compound’s chemical similarity to phosphorus. She pointed out that arsenic lies just below phosphorus on the periodic table and that their atoms are roughly the same in size. But arsenic is highly toxic to most living organisms because it disrupts metabolic pathways in the cells which take up arsenic readily, given its chemical similarity to phosphorus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Wolfe-Simon took the muddy samples containing the bacteria and grew them in petri dishes in a watery solution containing sugar and high levels of arsenic, while reducing the amount of phosphate salt the bacteria were fed. Eventually, the bacteria were fed only a diet of arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grew and it thrived, and this was amazing. Nothing should have grown,” said Simon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just six days, the bacteria multiplied twenty-fold as it wolfed down the arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon and her colleagues used radiolabeled arsenate, a form of arsenic, to track the movement of arsenic inside the bacteria. With the aid of additional laboratory techniques, they found that the bacteria’s cellular machinery of lipids, proteins, even its DNA, were now made up of arsenic. So the bacteria were able to fully substitute phosphorus, which provides the chemical backbone of DNA, for arsenic and still function and grow just fine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon7HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Mono Lake, located in eastern California, next to the Sierra Nevada mountains, is highly saline and has high concentrations of arsenic. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that some microbes can breathe arsenic, but what we've found is a microbe doing something new -- building parts of itself out of arsenic,\" said Wolfe-Simon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to Professor Elser at Arizona State University, the discovery of a microbe that thrives on arsenic may have value beyond the lab and academic papers. Elser mused on the possibility of using GFAJ-1 to clean up naturally-occurring arsenic, which can pollute groundwater and lead to failure of organs such as the kidneys and liver if ingested. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the burgeoning field of biofuels, the next generation of which include algae. But algae and other plants being cultivated for renewable fuels require phosphorus to grow. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what if someone was clever enough to be able to develop a bioenergy creature, a microorganism, based on this metabolism that doesn’t need phosphorus, so you don’t need to drain the fertilizer supply in order to solve the bioenergy problem,” said Elser. “It’s pretty exciting to think about the possibility of organisms that may be able to live without phosphorous,” he added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Felisa Wolfe-Simon, the discovery of the arsenic-loving bacteria is an important milestone in astrobiology, a discipline which combines chemistry, astronomy, biology and other sciences to understand the evolution of life and the future of life – on Earth and beyond. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve cracked open the door to what’s possible for life elsewhere in the universe and that’s profound and to understand how life has formed and where life is going,” she said. “And what else might we find, what else might we want to look for?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.52119957659491 -122.0086669921875\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As someone who regularly gives lectures in which I state, ‘every living thing uses phosphorus to build its DNA’, the idea that I’m sitting here today discussing the possibility that that’s not true is quite shocking,” said James Elser, a professor at Arizona State University who participated in a NASA teleconference convened today to discuss the findings. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery of the arsenic-loving microbe also “opens new doors” to explore what life may look like in other reaches of the solar system, on environments such as Mars or the moons of Jupiter and Saturn that have previously been thought to be too cold and harsh to support life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon4HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Felicia Wolfe-Simon of the NASA Ames Research Center and USGS collects samples from a sediment core extracted from the shores of Mono Lake in eastern California. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We still don’t know everything there is to know about what might make a habitable environment on another planet or a satellite of another planet,” said Pamela Conrad, an astrobiologist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Perhaps arsenic is not an essential component for habitability or life but it may be one that can be tolerated and it opens our perspective to try and understand what other potential components may be tolerated or perhaps even essential that we presently haven’t thought of,” she added. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A paper describing the finding appears in this week’s edition of the journal \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2010/12/01/science.1197258\">Science Express\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But before the embargo on the paper was lifted on Thursday, a flurry of speculation was set off earlier in the week that NASA had discovered proof of alien life, fueled by an ambiguous press release issued by NASA on Monday which trumpeted “an astrobiology finding that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life.” In fact, the embargo was lifted roughly two hours earlier than planned because reports of the finding, some of them erroneous, were already beginning to appear online in publications like \u003cem>The Huffington Post\u003c/em> and the \u003cem>Guardian\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the end of NASA’s Thursday teleconference, Mary Voytek, director of the Astrobiology Program at NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C. responded to a question from a \u003cem>USA Today\u003c/em> journalist about the disappointment felt by its readers that in fact, NASA would not be pulling E.T out of a hat. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess what I would say is that while being able to announce the discovery of an extra-terrestrial would be an incredible announcement, from our perspective, this is a phenomenal finding. It will require some paragraphs in textbooks to be rewritten,” said Voytek. “It will fundamentally change how we define life and how we look for it, maybe we’ll be able to find E.T. now because we’ve got more information about what we might be looking for,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team, led by Wolfe-Simon, discovered the new strain of bacteria, GFAJ-1, in muddy sediment cores extracted from the shores of Mono Lake, located in eastern California, near the Sierra Nevada mountains. The 70 square-mile inland lake is highly salty and alkaline with high concentrations of naturally-occurring arsenic. It has been separated from freshwater for 50 years and teems with brine shrimp and algae. It also serves as a major stop-over point for migratory birds. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wolfe-Simon chose to investigate how GFAJ-1 responded to arsenic because of the toxic compound’s chemical similarity to phosphorus. She pointed out that arsenic lies just below phosphorus on the periodic table and that their atoms are roughly the same in size. But arsenic is highly toxic to most living organisms because it disrupts metabolic pathways in the cells which take up arsenic readily, given its chemical similarity to phosphorus. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Wolfe-Simon took the muddy samples containing the bacteria and grew them in petri dishes in a watery solution containing sugar and high levels of arsenic, while reducing the amount of phosphate salt the bacteria were fed. Eventually, the bacteria were fed only a diet of arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It grew and it thrived, and this was amazing. Nothing should have grown,” said Simon. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In just six days, the bacteria multiplied twenty-fold as it wolfed down the arsenic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon and her colleagues used radiolabeled arsenate, a form of arsenic, to track the movement of arsenic inside the bacteria. With the aid of additional laboratory techniques, they found that the bacteria’s cellular machinery of lipids, proteins, even its DNA, were now made up of arsenic. So the bacteria were able to fully substitute phosphorus, which provides the chemical backbone of DNA, for arsenic and still function and grow just fine. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/AAAS-Science_wolfesimon7HR-21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Mono Lake, located in eastern California, next to the Sierra Nevada mountains, is highly saline and has high concentrations of arsenic. (Credit: Henry Bortman)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We know that some microbes can breathe arsenic, but what we've found is a microbe doing something new -- building parts of itself out of arsenic,\" said Wolfe-Simon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to Professor Elser at Arizona State University, the discovery of a microbe that thrives on arsenic may have value beyond the lab and academic papers. Elser mused on the possibility of using GFAJ-1 to clean up naturally-occurring arsenic, which can pollute groundwater and lead to failure of organs such as the kidneys and liver if ingested. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the burgeoning field of biofuels, the next generation of which include algae. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\"><a title='By User:Nino Barbieri [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], from Wikimedia Commons' href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cimg alt=\"By User:Nino Barbieri [<a href="www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5">CC-BY-SA-2.5</a>], <a href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg'>from Wikimedia Commons</a>\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">\u003c/a>\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" alt=\"- Pumpkins -\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cem>By User: Nino Barbieri [\u003ca href=\"http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5\">CC-BY-SA-2.5\u003c/a>], \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">from Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I come from a family of chefs; I love to cook and during Thanksgiving I am happiest in the kitchen. I can be in a kitchen for hours on end amongst knifes, produce, herbs and sauces in the midst of creation. It usually takes me the whole day to create a meal my family can consume in fifteen minutes flat. But since I cook, they end up doing the dishes so it works out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past several years, I’ve focused on really healthy meals and have become much more interested in the nutritional impact of food. The average Thanksgiving dinner has a whopping 3500 calories; it would take about 7 hours of moderate biking to burn off the whole meal. I skip the sweeter version of sweet potatoes. I serve baked rosemary sweet potato fries; I’ve also tried ginger and lime infused butternut squash soup, cabbage steamed with apples and tomatoes, polenta with herbs and a trio of mushrooms instead of stuffing and pumpkin pudding instead of the pie. For the past several years, I have also brined my turkey and then used the leftovers to make turkey stock and turkey soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of my favorite recipes have come from a medical focused cookbook called SuperFoods RX by Dr. Stephen J. Pratt & Kathy Matthews. This book outlines the health benefits of fourteen powerhouse foods that aid in health and longevity in life. Four prominent Thanksgiving food items make the list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Turkey\u003c/strong> – Turkey is in itself is a lean source of protein, but it also packs nutrients like Riboflavin, Niacin, Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12. Eating turkey is good for your heart and also lowers the risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumpkin\u003c/strong> – This fruit is part of the gourd family (the same family that incorporates melons) and is very high in fiber and low in calories. It has a great deal of nutrients like potassium, pantothenic acid, magnesium, and vitamins C and E. It also has high concentrations of digestable carotenoids specifically alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Carotenoids are linked to decreasing the risk of many cancers and women who have the highest dietary concentrations of cartenoids also have the lowest risk of breast cancer. These nutrients also lower the risk of heart disease as well as the risk for cataracts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweet Potatoes\u003c/strong> - The sweet potato is a sidekick to pumpkin and has many of the same nutrients and health benefits.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCranberries\u003c/strong> - Cranberries are a sidekick and cousins to Blueberries; both Cranberries and Blueberries are native to North America. These small berries have very high levels of antioxidant phytonutrients. Phytonutrients have been shown to aid in body cells communicating efficiently even aiding aging brain cells from further degeneration, preventing cellular level mutations, and fighting the onslaught of cancer cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of my recipes and health insights have come from this book. I have a very dog-eared and tattered copy of it on my kitchen shelf. To find more about these superfoods and the rest of the list go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.superfoodsrx.com\">Superfoods RX website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\"><a title='By User:Nino Barbieri [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], from Wikimedia Commons' href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cimg alt=\"By User:Nino Barbieri [<a href="www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5">CC-BY-SA-2.5</a>], <a href='http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg'>from Wikimedia Commons</a>\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">\u003c/a>\u003cimg alt=\"\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\" title=\"Pumpkins\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"256\" height=\"171\">'>\u003cimg width=\"300\" alt=\"- Pumpkins -\" src=\"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Pumpkins_-.jpg/256px--_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">\u003cem>By User: Nino Barbieri [\u003ca href=\"http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5\">CC-BY-SA-2.5\u003c/a>], \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:-_Pumpkins_-.jpg\">from Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I come from a family of chefs; I love to cook and during Thanksgiving I am happiest in the kitchen. I can be in a kitchen for hours on end amongst knifes, produce, herbs and sauces in the midst of creation. It usually takes me the whole day to create a meal my family can consume in fifteen minutes flat. But since I cook, they end up doing the dishes so it works out!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past several years, I’ve focused on really healthy meals and have become much more interested in the nutritional impact of food. The average Thanksgiving dinner has a whopping 3500 calories; it would take about 7 hours of moderate biking to burn off the whole meal. I skip the sweeter version of sweet potatoes. I serve baked rosemary sweet potato fries; I’ve also tried ginger and lime infused butternut squash soup, cabbage steamed with apples and tomatoes, polenta with herbs and a trio of mushrooms instead of stuffing and pumpkin pudding instead of the pie. For the past several years, I have also brined my turkey and then used the leftovers to make turkey stock and turkey soup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of my favorite recipes have come from a medical focused cookbook called SuperFoods RX by Dr. Stephen J. Pratt & Kathy Matthews. This book outlines the health benefits of fourteen powerhouse foods that aid in health and longevity in life. Four prominent Thanksgiving food items make the list:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Turkey\u003c/strong> – Turkey is in itself is a lean source of protein, but it also packs nutrients like Riboflavin, Niacin, Iron, Selenium, Zinc, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12. Eating turkey is good for your heart and also lowers the risk for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pumpkin\u003c/strong> – This fruit is part of the gourd family (the same family that incorporates melons) and is very high in fiber and low in calories. It has a great deal of nutrients like potassium, pantothenic acid, magnesium, and vitamins C and E. It also has high concentrations of digestable carotenoids specifically alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Carotenoids are linked to decreasing the risk of many cancers and women who have the highest dietary concentrations of cartenoids also have the lowest risk of breast cancer. These nutrients also lower the risk of heart disease as well as the risk for cataracts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sweet Potatoes\u003c/strong> - The sweet potato is a sidekick to pumpkin and has many of the same nutrients and health benefits.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\nCranberries\u003c/strong> - Cranberries are a sidekick and cousins to Blueberries; both Cranberries and Blueberries are native to North America. These small berries have very high levels of antioxidant phytonutrients. Phytonutrients have been shown to aid in body cells communicating efficiently even aiding aging brain cells from further degeneration, preventing cellular level mutations, and fighting the onslaught of cancer cells. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of my recipes and health insights have come from this book. I have a very dog-eared and tattered copy of it on my kitchen shelf. To find more about these superfoods and the rest of the list go to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.superfoodsrx.com\">Superfoods RX website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/usascience.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The USA Science and Engineering Festival's mission was to “re-invigorate the interest of our nation’s youth in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) by producing and presenting the most compelling, exciting, educational and entertaining science gatherings in the United States”.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past weekend, I was on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. with a notebook and a very good pair of walking shoes. I spent the weekend exploring the inaugural expo of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/mission\">USA Science and Engineering Festival\u003c/a>. The festival’s mission was to “re-invigorate the interest of our nation’s youth in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) by producing and presenting the most compelling, exciting, educational and entertaining science gatherings in the United States”. It was a great weekend that re-invigorated my passion for science and presenting it to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Expo encompassed booths from groups around the United States, robotic stations sponsored by Lockheed Martin, mobile museums and medical vans and a variety of stage performances in celebration of science, technology, math and engineering. Booths were spread out over the National Mall in front of the capital as well as the Wilson and Freedom Plazas in downtown DC. There was so much variety of interests, issues and fields represented that I learned about a range of subjects from dark matter to biomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were a few things that I took away from the experience. First off, low-tech is still a tried and true way to convey science. Kids were crowded around the booths that offered a hands-on approach. One station showed the make up of the universe with marbles and it worked great. Another booth conveyed physics by showing how much weight a boat could withstand and still float. Those booths with TV screens and a media approach just didn’t hold attention if the kids but those that had an experiment to work on were packed. The one exception was the robotic stations. Kids were driving robots in arenas playing soccer and were engrossed in the activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Expo also gave me a renewed respect for higher learning institutions. Across the board, some of the best science conveyed was coming out from University science departments and student run science clubs. They did a fantastic job. I was also pleasantly surprised to see so much content directed towards girls and women in the sciences. Overall, I was really inspired by the Expo and more importantly all the kids and family that were engaged throughout the weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the swag items I got at the Expo was a button that said “I am a Scientific American” which seemed to sum up my experience at the Expo; I felt truly inspired about the huge numbers of groups that came together to share about science. In the Fall of 2011, UCSF will be presenting an inaugural \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefestivals.org/component/festival/festival/viewfestival/bay-area-science-festival\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> in our locale. I can’t wait to see how the festival materializes and conveys the rich science and technology we have right here in the San Francisco Bay Area. I hope there will be a button that reads “I am a Scientific San Franciscan”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/usascience.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The USA Science and Engineering Festival's mission was to “re-invigorate the interest of our nation’s youth in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) by producing and presenting the most compelling, exciting, educational and entertaining science gatherings in the United States”.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past weekend, I was on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. with a notebook and a very good pair of walking shoes. I spent the weekend exploring the inaugural expo of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.usasciencefestival.org/about/mission\">USA Science and Engineering Festival\u003c/a>. The festival’s mission was to “re-invigorate the interest of our nation’s youth in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) by producing and presenting the most compelling, exciting, educational and entertaining science gatherings in the United States”. It was a great weekend that re-invigorated my passion for science and presenting it to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Expo encompassed booths from groups around the United States, robotic stations sponsored by Lockheed Martin, mobile museums and medical vans and a variety of stage performances in celebration of science, technology, math and engineering. Booths were spread out over the National Mall in front of the capital as well as the Wilson and Freedom Plazas in downtown DC. There was so much variety of interests, issues and fields represented that I learned about a range of subjects from dark matter to biomes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were a few things that I took away from the experience. First off, low-tech is still a tried and true way to convey science. Kids were crowded around the booths that offered a hands-on approach. One station showed the make up of the universe with marbles and it worked great. Another booth conveyed physics by showing how much weight a boat could withstand and still float. Those booths with TV screens and a media approach just didn’t hold attention if the kids but those that had an experiment to work on were packed. The one exception was the robotic stations. Kids were driving robots in arenas playing soccer and were engrossed in the activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Expo also gave me a renewed respect for higher learning institutions. Across the board, some of the best science conveyed was coming out from University science departments and student run science clubs. They did a fantastic job. I was also pleasantly surprised to see so much content directed towards girls and women in the sciences. Overall, I was really inspired by the Expo and more importantly all the kids and family that were engaged throughout the weekend. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the swag items I got at the Expo was a button that said “I am a Scientific American” which seemed to sum up my experience at the Expo; I felt truly inspired about the huge numbers of groups that came together to share about science. In the Fall of 2011, UCSF will be presenting an inaugural \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencefestivals.org/component/festival/festival/viewfestival/bay-area-science-festival\">Bay Area Science Festival\u003c/a> in our locale. I can’t wait to see how the festival materializes and conveys the rich science and technology we have right here in the San Francisco Bay Area. I hope there will be a button that reads “I am a Scientific San Franciscan”.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Scientists Work on New Artificial Kidney",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano--the-art-of-kate-nichols\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/suspension300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> These glass capillaries contain liquid solutions of silver nanoprisms synthesized by artist Kate Nichols. Image courtesy of Kate Nichols.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally inspired by the work of Northern Renaissance painters, one could also describe artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">Kate Nichols\u003c/a> as a “Renaissance” artist herself. Nichols applies a wide variety of skills and media to her creations, most recently with her pieces that incorporate her experimentation with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nanotechnology-takes-off\">nanotechnology\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols was fascinated with the rich, bright hues of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpho\">Morpho butterfly\u003c/a>, and sought to replicate those vivid colors in her work. Through research, she learned that the butterfly wings’ brilliant blue color arose through \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15D.html\">structural color\u003c/a>, and that nanotechnology could help her obtain this vibrant palette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After writing an e-mail to scientist Paul Alivisatos and expressing her interest in nanotechnology, he enthusiastically supported her endeavors (Alivisatos is also a photographer) and Nichols became the first artist-in-residence at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/pagrp/\">Paul Alivisatos Group \u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in the laboratory setting didn’t come naturally to her as she had no background or formal training in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I spent the first part of my experience in the laboratory reading scientific papers that would describe specific procedures. And I would get so frustrated that I couldn’t achieve the same results. It takes a lot of practice to be able to be up and running in a material science chemistry lab,” says Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time and through the guidance of her colleagues, Nichols learned to synthesize nanosilver particles to create the beautiful colors she uses in her \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">work\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-color-by-nano--the-art-of-kate-nichols\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/suspension300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> These glass capillaries contain liquid solutions of silver nanoprisms synthesized by artist Kate Nichols. Image courtesy of Kate Nichols.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Originally inspired by the work of Northern Renaissance painters, one could also describe artist \u003ca href=\"http://www.katenicholsstudio.com/\">Kate Nichols\u003c/a> as a “Renaissance” artist herself. Nichols applies a wide variety of skills and media to her creations, most recently with her pieces that incorporate her experimentation with \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/nanotechnology-takes-off\">nanotechnology\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols was fascinated with the rich, bright hues of the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpho\">Morpho butterfly\u003c/a>, and sought to replicate those vivid colors in her work. Through research, she learned that the butterfly wings’ brilliant blue color arose through \u003ca href=\"http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/15D.html\">structural color\u003c/a>, and that nanotechnology could help her obtain this vibrant palette.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After writing an e-mail to scientist Paul Alivisatos and expressing her interest in nanotechnology, he enthusiastically supported her endeavors (Alivisatos is also a photographer) and Nichols became the first artist-in-residence at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/pagrp/\">Paul Alivisatos Group \u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working in the laboratory setting didn’t come naturally to her as she had no background or formal training in science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
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