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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/budongo.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Amy Gotliffe talks to the Snare Removal Team at the Budongo\u003cbr>\nSnare Removal Project. The Oakland Zoo has supported them\u003cbr>\nsince 1991.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When you think of a zoo, what comes to mind? Animals in habitats? Children? Goat petting? Have you ever thought of zoos as supporters of wildlife conservation in the field?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>It is time you did.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoos are actually one of the biggest supporters of field conservation for habitats and animals. In fact, as I write this on my laptop, I am looking around a giant conference room jammed with people from all over the world, representing zoological institutions, conservation organizations, NGOS, donor organizations and superstar field biologists. The bi-annual \u003ca href=\"http://www.houstonzoo.org/zacc/\">ZACC Conference (Zoos Committing to Conservation)\u003c/a> is a way for zoos to connect with, partner with and support the wild cousins of their captive population. As we wait for the final speaker to present, the room is buzzing with inspired ideas and concrete plan-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoos and aquariums support conservation in a variety of ways, big and small. They raise and donate financial support, send medical, educational and operational supplies to projects, raise awareness through lectures, classes and publications, donate expertise by sending vets and other staff to project sites and sell indigenous wares in their gift shops. They band together with other zoos in their ecosystem to work on local conservation issues, breed and release species and provide medical attention to local wildlife. They also exercise their most valuable resource, education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are many admirable conservation organizations around the world, but zoos have a unique advantage: they welcome 175 million people through their gates each year. These families or individuals, on a nice, affordable day out, can be exposed to conservation messages at a variety of levels. In fact, zoos were ranked among the top most trusted messengers of wildlife conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Awed by a view of an African elephant walking an expansive habitat, moved by the gaze of a chimpanzee studying their expression, amazed by the magnificent coat of a tiger playing in water, a person cannot help but be opened by these individual beings. In this open state of mind, an encounter with a docent, teacher, presentation or educational signage about conservation issues and solutions, can lead a visitor down a path from knowledge and compassion to action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last presentation of the afternoon, a rhino project, has just spoken and has ended by thanking the zoos of the audience, stating that much of their funding comes from the generosity and care of zoos. This has been the closing sentiments of most presenters. As we have reached a critical time in the history of conserving wildlife, now is the time for all of us to care and take action. It is fortunate that most zoos do just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Oakland Zoo is proud of our commitment to support local, national and international field conservation. Check \u003ca title=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/\" href=\"http://www.oaklandzoo.org/\">www.oaklandzoo.org\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/amateurintraining.jpg\">\u003c/span>When I think of an amateur biologist, I imagine a bird watcher. Or perhaps someone investigating a stream or counting fish. What I don't think of is people tinkering with life in their garages. And yet some folks are doing just that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The AP ran a story the other day about \u003ca href=\"http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081225/ap_on_sc/do_it_yourself_dna\">people working with DNA in their garages\u003c/a> (or apartments). For example, a woman in San Francisco is trying to engineer yogurt bacteria that will glow green in the presence of melamine. This is the chemical that was found in baby formula and pet food from China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea would be that you (or some governmental agency) could check your yogurt with a UV light before you ate it. If it glowed green, then the yogurt was contaminated with melamine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These glowing bacteria could help a lot of people avoid melamine poisoning (as long as people could get past the fact that they'd be eating a GMO!). But do we really want people doing this kind of biology at home?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this sort of thing would be very difficult to stop. People can go to science fair project sites and get all the information they need to jury rig a lot of the equipment to do these kinds of experiments. They can also search the web or take a class at their local community college and learn most everything they need to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the technology to do this kind of stuff is so straightforward that we do something similar here at The Tech. We let visitors put a gene in bacteria that causes the bacteria to glow green only in the presence of a special sugar called arabinose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So unless we put up massive resources to shut down these labs (a \"War on Amateur Labs\"), people are going to be able to do this stuff if they want to. To me, the two big questions are:\u003c/p>\n\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Will anything useful come out of these labs?\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>Will something dangerous be released onto an unsuspecting public?\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Odds are that nothing too useful will come out of these labs. Sure the melamine bacterium could be useful (it is actually very similar to the outlawed glowing goldfish designed to detect pollutants in the water). But it would be very hard to bring to market. Two potential problems are getting people to eat a GMO and proving to the FDA that it is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One good thing that might come out of this sort of thing is to make biology more accessible and maybe more exciting too. People might think of and do projects for fun that, as a necessary part of accomplishing their goal, will increase their understanding of molecular biology. In other words, they might be more willing to learn this stuff for something fun they thought of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I can imagine some dangers too. What if someone decides to come up with an anthrax vaccine and makes a dangerous bug that gets loose? Or who knows what else?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There probably isn't a big risk in something like this happening but biology is different than coming up with a new computer program or light bulb in your garage. Biology uses live things that can make copies of themselves and spread pretty far pretty quickly. Traditional labs have controls in place to keep these sorts of things from happening. These unregulated labs may or may not be that careful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A group in Boston that promotes do-it-yourself biology:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://diybio.org/\">http://diybio.org/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How to make some molecular biology lab equipment at home \u003ca href=\"http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/\">http://www.scq.ubc.ca/the-macgyver-project-genomic-dna-extraction-and-gel-electrophoresis-experiments-using-everyday-materials/\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/tracking-urban-lions\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/radio3-14_urbanlions300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Credit: Felidae Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's amazing that such large animals can live so near to urban areas and remain unseen – particularly since these animals inspire such fear and alarm whenever there is a reported sighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.ucdavis.edu/search/news_detail.lasso?id=6838\" target=\"_blank\">UC Davis study\u003c/a> in Southern California, researchers found that humans and cougars live in close proximity to each other and often cover the same territory. And in Pacific Grove, near Monterey, cougars have been seen by police officers late at night on city streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"http://www.pineconearchive.com/080919PCfp.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">one unique incident\u003c/a> in the Big Sur area, south of Monterey, a woman thought her dog was chewing something under her bed late one night. She shooed the animal out, smacked it on the rear end, and made it leave her bedroom – only to see a full-grown cougar stare back at her from her doorway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These incidents are extremely rare. According to the California Department of Fish and Game, there have only been 14 mountain lion attacks in the past century. Most people don't see mountain lions. And in fact, wildlife officials say, almost all of the reported sightings of cougars are actually something else – dogs, bobcats, even deer. There was a report last year of a jogger in the Palo Alto hills being knocked over by a cougar, but \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/show_story.php?id=8737\" target=\"_blank\">that report\u003c/a> was likely fabricated. Humans might have a chance to spot a mountain lion only around dawn and dusk, officials say, and usually in remote areas at those times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After California banned mountain lion hunting in 1990, the population doubled and possibly even tripled, according to state wildlife experts. But now, they say, those numbers have leveled off. Mountain lions are often killed by wildlife agencies when the big cats stray into urban areas. And many cougars die when they're hit by cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the population remains relatively constant, at an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 animals in California. And that's because of their ability to remain almost invisible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lion hunters and researchers say that sometimes, even when a lion has been treed, even when the dogs are barking and other people are pointing to where the animal is, it can be hard to spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why they’re called the stealth predator. Now, researchers in the mountains above Silicon Valley are using new technology to learn more about these elusive animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/tracking-urban-lions\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/tracking-urban-lions\">Tracking Urban Lions\u003c/a> story online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.018264 -122.15982\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After California banned mountain lion hunting in 1990, the population doubled and possibly even tripled, according to state wildlife experts. But now, they say, those numbers have leveled off. Mountain lions are often killed by wildlife agencies when the big cats stray into urban areas. And many cougars die when they're hit by cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the population remains relatively constant, at an estimated 4,000 to 6,000 animals in California. And that's because of their ability to remain almost invisible to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain lion hunters and researchers say that sometimes, even when a lion has been treed, even when the dogs are barking and other people are pointing to where the animal is, it can be hard to spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why they’re called the stealth predator. Now, researchers in the mountains above Silicon Valley are using new technology to learn more about these elusive animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/tracking-urban-lions\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/tracking-urban-lions\">Tracking Urban Lions\u003c/a> story online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.018264 -122.15982\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/cyanobacteria.jpg\">\u003cem>This photomicrograph shows Cyanobacteria (green) found\u003cbr>in a common pond. Image source: \u003ca href=\"http://flickr.com/photos/w_lanier/\">Wayne Lanier\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/12/22/those-marvelous-mitochondria/\">Last blog\u003c/a> I talked about mitochondria. These are the parts of a cell that ultimately turn our food into energy. They also have a very interesting past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A billion years ago or so, mitochondria were free living bacteria. Then our ancestors hijacked them and now they do our bidding. And mitochondria aren't the only cells that got hijacked. So did the chloroplast’s ancestors. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chloroplasts are the part of a plant cell that turns sunshine into sugar. Every green plant that we’ve looked at has them. And chloroplasts were almost certainly once free living cyanobacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both mitochondria and chloroplasts still have many bacterial qualities including having their own DNA. But they don't have a lot of their old DNA left. Most of it has migrated to where the rest of our DNA is kept—the nucleus. Or at least that's the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do scientists have any proof that DNA can move in a cell from compartment to compartment? As a matter of fact they do. At least with the chloroplast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used their ability to put DNA specifically into a chloroplast or mitochondrion to design an experiment to look for cells where DNA had migrated. What they did was put some DNA into a chloroplast that could only be read in the nucleus. (Remember, chloroplasts and mitochondria are different enough that nuclear DNA doesn't work there and vice versa.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA they put in made the plant resistant to a poison IF the DNA could be read. One way the plant could survive was if the DNA they put in the chloroplast ended up moving from there to the nucleus. And it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it was pretty common in their experiment. The DNA moved in something like 1 in 16,000 pollen cells. A rate like this suggests that, for example, different cells on the same leaf might have different amounts of chloroplast DNA in their nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So DNA can move from the chloroplast to the nucleus. And probably from the mitochondrion to the nucleus too. The evidence is less direct for this but there is plenty of DNA in the nuclei of lots of different plants and animals that looks very mitochondrion-like. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all fits in with our understanding that DNA is not as stable as a lot of people think. DNA changes between generations and within an organism. Chromosomes can get rearranged, genes copied or deleted, small DNA changes can happen and who knows what else. And these changes are a big part of the motor that drives evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used their ability to put DNA specifically into a chloroplast or mitochondrion to design an experiment to look for cells where DNA had migrated. What they did was put some DNA into a chloroplast that could only be read in the nucleus. (Remember, chloroplasts and mitochondria are different enough that nuclear DNA doesn't work there and vice versa.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA they put in made the plant resistant to a poison IF the DNA could be read. One way the plant could survive was if the DNA they put in the chloroplast ended up moving from there to the nucleus. And it did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, it was pretty common in their experiment. The DNA moved in something like 1 in 16,000 pollen cells. A rate like this suggests that, for example, different cells on the same leaf might have different amounts of chloroplast DNA in their nuclei.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So DNA can move from the chloroplast to the nucleus. And probably from the mitochondrion to the nucleus too. The evidence is less direct for this but there is plenty of DNA in the nuclei of lots of different plants and animals that looks very mitochondrion-like. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all fits in with our understanding that DNA is not as stable as a lot of people think. DNA changes between generations and within an organism. Chromosomes can get rearranged, genes copied or deleted, small DNA changes can happen and who knows what else. And these changes are a big part of the motor that drives evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/mga.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Sea anemone and clownfish, ants and the acacia tree; in the natural world, there are many symbiotic relationships, those in which two species benefit from each other. Humans, it seems, are rarely part of such a partnership, so it was all the sweeter to believe I had discovered one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I knew that my fall journey to Uganda and Rwanda would include a grand finale of hiking into the Virungas Mountains and encountering the rare (only 700 left) Mountain Gorilla. I knew it was going to be incredible to see such endangered and magnificent creatures close up. I knew the hike through mud and thistles would be challenging. I knew what to wear. I \u003cem>thought\u003c/em> I knew it all, but was quite unprepared for what I witnessed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Entering the Virungas Park headquarters after a hectic boarder crossing and rain threatening to dampen our experience, our group of 20 felt incredible relief to arrive in the care of our guides, who greeted us with smiles and hot coffee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the men spoke of Group 22, the gorillas we were to visit, it was clear this was more than a job to them and that these gorillas were not simply their livelihood. One of the guides had known a particular gorilla for over 10 years. They worried about their well being, about \u003cem>the poaching and human born disease\u003c/em> (www.mgvp.org) that threatened them, and about how they were doing within their group. They were their family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a rather magical three hour journey through bamboo and mud, we met up with the trackers and left everything besides ourselves and our cameras in a pile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let us meet our cousins,\" the guides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We climbed over a ridge... and there they were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/mgb.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Now for the part I was unprepared for: the gorillas were\u003cem> willing\u003c/em> to let us into their bamboo forest homes, \u003cem>willing\u003c/em> to let us to gaze at their long-eyelashed females and infants with tiny human-like feet, \u003cem>willing\u003c/em> to hear us giggle at the antics of their juveniles and quietly gasp at the sheer size and gentle power of their silverback. It was astounding what they allowed, and it seemed their allowance was part of a contract agreed upon long ago, to be part of a mutually beneficial partnership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon first seeing the silverback, the guides gave a greeting: a long grunting huff-growl which seemed to say, \"Hello. It is us. You know us and trust us. We are here for our one-hour allotted visit with 8 friends. They mean you no harm. You are the boss.\" The silverback made a small grunt at them that seemed to say, \"Fine. Just be cool.\" Each time any gorilla in the group got too close to us, the grunting huff-growl was given to the silverback. They were communicating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we began our blissed-out descent, one more grunt from the silverback seemed to say, \"Thank you for protecting us and our habitat. Now your time is up. We will see you tomorrow, if that is what it takes. Good Day, Sirs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A symbiotic relationship? Let's just say yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Let us meet our cousins,\" the guides said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We climbed over a ridge... and there they were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/mgb.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>Now for the part I was unprepared for: the gorillas were\u003cem> willing\u003c/em> to let us into their bamboo forest homes, \u003cem>willing\u003c/em> to let us to gaze at their long-eyelashed females and infants with tiny human-like feet, \u003cem>willing\u003c/em> to hear us giggle at the antics of their juveniles and quietly gasp at the sheer size and gentle power of their silverback. It was astounding what they allowed, and it seemed their allowance was part of a contract agreed upon long ago, to be part of a mutually beneficial partnership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Upon first seeing the silverback, the guides gave a greeting: a long grunting huff-growl which seemed to say, \"Hello. It is us. You know us and trust us. We are here for our one-hour allotted visit with 8 friends. They mean you no harm. You are the boss.\" The silverback made a small grunt at them that seemed to say, \"Fine. Just be cool.\" Each time any gorilla in the group got too close to us, the grunting huff-growl was given to the silverback. They were communicating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we began our blissed-out descent, one more grunt from the silverback seemed to say, \"Thank you for protecting us and our habitat. Now your time is up. We will see you tomorrow, if that is what it takes. Good Day, Sirs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A symbiotic relationship? Let's just say yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7772 -122.166595\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/nc.jpg\">\u003c/span>On the public floor of the California Academy of Sciences is a direct tie into research and resources of many a variety and color. The Naturalist Center is located on the third floor adjacent to the exit from the planetarium. It is an often overlooked treasure. The Center offers a wide range of resources and services to individuals interested in learning more about the natural world. Academy visitors can walk in during open hours, explore the library, conduct research, and connect with staff members as well as other visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academy visitors can also ask questions about Academy exhibits or natural history. One day, when I was working in the Naturalist Center, a woman asked if squirrels eat bark and if so are they particularly fond of citrus bark? With a bit of research, we found out that some California-native squirrels indeed do eat bark and are fond of citrus trees. Below are some of the questions asked recently in the naturalist center, their corresponding answers as well as links to relevant fact sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why is the green iguana orange? What do you feed it? (Visitor)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: According to an Academy aquarium biologists, when males reach sexual maturity their coloring will turn orange. It's more hormonal than dietary, however diet can slightly influence color. The Academy has a male that is roughly three years old. He was rescued from a flea market as a baby in very poor condition. He is fed primarily greens (dandelion, collard, arugula) and small amounts of green beans, sweet potato, yellow squash, mango, berries, banana, papaya, cactus, and flowers along with a vitamin/calcium supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What is a hyrax?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: A hyrax is related to the manatee and dugong and is the closest living relative of the elephant. More information is given on hyraxes in this fact sheet: \u003ca title=\"http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/hyrax\" href=\"http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/hyrax\">www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/hyrax\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What is the wattage of the lights that are above the rainforest dome?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: The electrician in the Academy noted that they are 1000 and 2000 watt bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How much does the roof weigh?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: It weighs between 2.7 and 2.8 million pounds not including the steel and concrete. More specific information is given on the Living Roof Fact Sheet: \u003ca title=\"http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2007/living_roof_fact_sheet.php\" href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2007/living_roof_fact_sheet.php\">http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2007/living_roof_fact_sheet.php\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How many African Penguins are in an average colony?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: The number varies greatly and there is no true average. There are colonies with as few as 240 breeding pairs and one that was as high as 55,000 at one time. African penguin numbers have declined worldwide at an alarming rate in recent years. Decline in numbers is due to threats that range from oil spills to feral cats. Food availability and prime breeding territory are major factors in colony size as well. Today, there are an estimated 50,000 total breeding pairs worldwide. More information is given on African penguins in this fact sheet: \u003ca title=\"http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/opencms/opencms/Richards_Homepage/My_Research/AfricanPenguin.html\" href=\"http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/opencms/opencms/Richards_Homepage/My_Research/AfricanPenguin.html\">http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/opencms/opencms/Richards_Homepage/My_Research/AfricanPenguin.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2009/01/nc.jpg\">\u003c/span>On the public floor of the California Academy of Sciences is a direct tie into research and resources of many a variety and color. The Naturalist Center is located on the third floor adjacent to the exit from the planetarium. It is an often overlooked treasure. The Center offers a wide range of resources and services to individuals interested in learning more about the natural world. Academy visitors can walk in during open hours, explore the library, conduct research, and connect with staff members as well as other visitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academy visitors can also ask questions about Academy exhibits or natural history. One day, when I was working in the Naturalist Center, a woman asked if squirrels eat bark and if so are they particularly fond of citrus bark? With a bit of research, we found out that some California-native squirrels indeed do eat bark and are fond of citrus trees. Below are some of the questions asked recently in the naturalist center, their corresponding answers as well as links to relevant fact sheets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Why is the green iguana orange? What do you feed it? (Visitor)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: According to an Academy aquarium biologists, when males reach sexual maturity their coloring will turn orange. It's more hormonal than dietary, however diet can slightly influence color. The Academy has a male that is roughly three years old. He was rescued from a flea market as a baby in very poor condition. He is fed primarily greens (dandelion, collard, arugula) and small amounts of green beans, sweet potato, yellow squash, mango, berries, banana, papaya, cactus, and flowers along with a vitamin/calcium supplement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What is a hyrax?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: A hyrax is related to the manatee and dugong and is the closest living relative of the elephant. More information is given on hyraxes in this fact sheet: \u003ca title=\"http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/hyrax\" href=\"http://www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/hyrax\">www.awf.org/content/wildlife/detail/hyrax\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: What is the wattage of the lights that are above the rainforest dome?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: The electrician in the Academy noted that they are 1000 and 2000 watt bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How much does the roof weigh?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: It weighs between 2.7 and 2.8 million pounds not including the steel and concrete. More specific information is given on the Living Roof Fact Sheet: \u003ca title=\"http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2007/living_roof_fact_sheet.php\" href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2007/living_roof_fact_sheet.php\">http://www.calacademy.org/newsroom/releases/2007/living_roof_fact_sheet.php\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: How many African Penguins are in an average colony?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A: The number varies greatly and there is no true average. There are colonies with as few as 240 breeding pairs and one that was as high as 55,000 at one time. African penguin numbers have declined worldwide at an alarming rate in recent years. Decline in numbers is due to threats that range from oil spills to feral cats. Food availability and prime breeding territory are major factors in colony size as well. Today, there are an estimated 50,000 total breeding pairs worldwide. More information is given on African penguins in this fact sheet: \u003ca title=\"http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/opencms/opencms/Richards_Homepage/My_Research/AfricanPenguin.html\" href=\"http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/opencms/opencms/Richards_Homepage/My_Research/AfricanPenguin.html\">http://combine.cs.bris.ac.uk/opencms/opencms/Richards_Homepage/My_Research/AfricanPenguin.html\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/mito.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This former free living bacterium now supplies our cells their energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Current theories hold that life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. About a billion years ago, a single celled beast engulfed and absorbed another single celled creature. We are all descended from that hijacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hijacked cell has over time become the mitochondrion. This organelle is responsible for making our energy. But it still has the marks of having once been a free living bacterium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, mitochondria still have remnants of their old DNA. There isn’t much there in human mitochondria but there is enough to still get us into trouble. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=90\">A big part of aging\u003c/a> might be due to damage to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=165\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a> (mtDNA). Some genetic diseases are also caused by mutations in mtDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA in mitochondria is also much more like bacterial DNA compared to the rest of our DNA. In fact, the mitochondrion has its own bacteria-like machinery for reading its DNA. This means that mitochondria can’t read the genes in our nucleus and vice versa. Mitochondria are so similar to bacteria that some antibiotics can damage them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it was once free living, the mitochondrion doesn’t have a lot of its original DNA left. Over time, most of our mitochondrion’s original genes have traveled to the nucleus. These genes now work in the nucleus to make most of a mitochondrion’s proteins which are then transported back to the mitochondrion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all these years, human mtDNA is now only around 16,000 bases long and has only 37 genes left. This is a far cry from even the simplest of bacteria, Mycoplasma genitalium, with its 582,970 bases and 521 genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are not unique in having mitochondria. Every plant, animal, and fungus cell in the world that has been looked at has mitochondria. But the DNA in these mitochondria is all wildly different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size of mtDNA can range from just 6000 base pairs all the way up to 2 million base pairs. Sometimes the mtDNA is a circle like ours. Sometimes it is spread out over lots of little circles. Sometimes it is one long, linear piece of DNA. Sometimes it is lots and lots of little pieces of linear DNA. And sometimes it is too weird to describe in a short blog like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria from different species also have different numbers of genes. Some species have mitochondria with nearly 100 genes. While others have as few as 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to 2000 mitochondria/cell, evolution has had a free hand in tinkering with mtDNA. If a mutation or change in mtDNA causes a problem, that mitochondrion simply goes away. If there is some advantage to the new DNA structure, it is free to sweep through and take over. It is amazing what evolution has done to this bacterium!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, evolution has made the mitochondrion a shell of what it once was. But we could argue that it is one of the most successful beasts ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has gone from humble bacterium to being part of every eukaryote in the world. If humans die out, mitochondria will still be around somewhere else. Mitochondria will outlive us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information on mitochondrial genomes: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/mito.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This former free living bacterium now supplies our cells their energy.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Current theories hold that life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. About a billion years ago, a single celled beast engulfed and absorbed another single celled creature. We are all descended from that hijacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hijacked cell has over time become the mitochondrion. This organelle is responsible for making our energy. But it still has the marks of having once been a free living bacterium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, mitochondria still have remnants of their old DNA. There isn’t much there in human mitochondria but there is enough to still get us into trouble. \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=90\">A big part of aging\u003c/a> might be due to damage to this \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=165\">mitochondrial DNA\u003c/a> (mtDNA). Some genetic diseases are also caused by mutations in mtDNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA in mitochondria is also much more like bacterial DNA compared to the rest of our DNA. In fact, the mitochondrion has its own bacteria-like machinery for reading its DNA. This means that mitochondria can’t read the genes in our nucleus and vice versa. Mitochondria are so similar to bacteria that some antibiotics can damage them too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though it was once free living, the mitochondrion doesn’t have a lot of its original DNA left. Over time, most of our mitochondrion’s original genes have traveled to the nucleus. These genes now work in the nucleus to make most of a mitochondrion’s proteins which are then transported back to the mitochondrion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After all these years, human mtDNA is now only around 16,000 bases long and has only 37 genes left. This is a far cry from even the simplest of bacteria, Mycoplasma genitalium, with its 582,970 bases and 521 genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans are not unique in having mitochondria. Every plant, animal, and fungus cell in the world that has been looked at has mitochondria. But the DNA in these mitochondria is all wildly different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The size of mtDNA can range from just 6000 base pairs all the way up to 2 million base pairs. Sometimes the mtDNA is a circle like ours. Sometimes it is spread out over lots of little circles. Sometimes it is one long, linear piece of DNA. Sometimes it is lots and lots of little pieces of linear DNA. And sometimes it is too weird to describe in a short blog like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitochondria from different species also have different numbers of genes. Some species have mitochondria with nearly 100 genes. While others have as few as 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With up to 2000 mitochondria/cell, evolution has had a free hand in tinkering with mtDNA. If a mutation or change in mtDNA causes a problem, that mitochondrion simply goes away. If there is some advantage to the new DNA structure, it is free to sweep through and take over. It is amazing what evolution has done to this bacterium!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, evolution has made the mitochondrion a shell of what it once was. But we could argue that it is one of the most successful beasts ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has gone from humble bacterium to being part of every eukaryote in the world. If humans die out, mitochondria will still be around somewhere else. Mitochondria will outlive us all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More information on mitochondrial genomes: \u003ca href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2003.10.012\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/usmc_marathon.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Should their ACTN3 gene version exclude some of these folks\u003cbr>\nfrom marathons? Photo by Monica Darby.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Should I sign Johnny up for football or cross country running? Let me take a quick look at his ACTN3 gene to find out.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This scenario is not as far fetched as it sounds. A genetic test is available that claims to be able to help parents predict what sports their kids will be good at. The idea is that the parents can then funnel their kids into the sports at which they are most likely to succeed. How scary is that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I said, the test looks at the ACTN3 gene. Some work has been done that shows that elite athletes with one version are good at sports like football or sprinting. And that elite athletes with another version are good at sports like marathons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this gene is just one of many involved in determining how good someone will be at a certain sport. One of the key researchers who identified this gene has written that it can only really account for \u003ca href=\"http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2008/11/the_actn3_sports_gene_test_wha.php\">2-3% of muscle variation in the general population\u003c/a>. In other words, it is just one of many factors involved in making a star athlete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this genetic test might be able to distinguish an Olympic athlete from one who doesn't quite make the team. But how many kids does this really apply to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if a genetic test could tell everything about a person's muscles, I would still think it is awful to restrict a child's choices of sports based on that sort of genetic test. Let me give you a hypothetical for why I find this sort of testing so troubling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that instead of this test, there is a reliable one that will accurately predict someone's height*. Let's say a family has the test done on their son and they find that he will grow to be 5'3\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family steers the boy away from basketball because height is so important in that game. If this actually happened, then the NBA may never have had former pro \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/gen101/variation/bogues/\">Mugsy Bogues\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A genetic test that looks at a single trait to determine a person's future is dangerous. Should someone not be introduced into a sport because of their genes? Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A genetic test for height won't look at determination. Or speed or ball handling or all of the other traits that made Mugsy such a great player for 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ACTN3 gene test doesn't look at lots of other important traits too. In fact, it won't predict whether your child will be a super athlete or necessarily even good at football vs. a marathon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if a test were developed that looked at all of these traits, should parents use it to control the sports their kids can play? What about their child's interests? Should Mugsy's parents have taken the basketball away from him even though he obviously loved the game?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just let the kids play! Genes are not destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*This sort of test is a long way off. Scientists only recently found the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=60\">first \"height\" gene\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/12/usmc_marathon.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Should their ACTN3 gene version exclude some of these folks\u003cbr>\nfrom marathons? Photo by Monica Darby.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cstrong>Should I sign Johnny up for football or cross country running? Let me take a quick look at his ACTN3 gene to find out.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This scenario is not as far fetched as it sounds. A genetic test is available that claims to be able to help parents predict what sports their kids will be good at. The idea is that the parents can then funnel their kids into the sports at which they are most likely to succeed. How scary is that!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I said, the test looks at the ACTN3 gene. Some work has been done that shows that elite athletes with one version are good at sports like football or sprinting. And that elite athletes with another version are good at sports like marathons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this gene is just one of many involved in determining how good someone will be at a certain sport. One of the key researchers who identified this gene has written that it can only really account for \u003ca href=\"http://scienceblogs.com/geneticfuture/2008/11/the_actn3_sports_gene_test_wha.php\">2-3% of muscle variation in the general population\u003c/a>. In other words, it is just one of many factors involved in making a star athlete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So this genetic test might be able to distinguish an Olympic athlete from one who doesn't quite make the team. But how many kids does this really apply to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if a genetic test could tell everything about a person's muscles, I would still think it is awful to restrict a child's choices of sports based on that sort of genetic test. Let me give you a hypothetical for why I find this sort of testing so troubling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine that instead of this test, there is a reliable one that will accurately predict someone's height*. Let's say a family has the test done on their son and they find that he will grow to be 5'3\".\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family steers the boy away from basketball because height is so important in that game. If this actually happened, then the NBA may never have had former pro \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/gen101/variation/bogues/\">Mugsy Bogues\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A genetic test that looks at a single trait to determine a person's future is dangerous. Should someone not be introduced into a sport because of their genes? Really?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A genetic test for height won't look at determination. Or speed or ball handling or all of the other traits that made Mugsy such a great player for 16 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ACTN3 gene test doesn't look at lots of other important traits too. In fact, it won't predict whether your child will be a super athlete or necessarily even good at football vs. a marathon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if a test were developed that looked at all of these traits, should parents use it to control the sports their kids can play? What about their child's interests? Should Mugsy's parents have taken the basketball away from him even though he obviously loved the game?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just let the kids play! Genes are not destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*This sort of test is a long way off. Scientists only recently found the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=60\">first \"height\" gene\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/blog_turkey.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Turkey cannot be the only culprit of induced drowsiness after\u003cbr>\na Thanksgiving meal.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>With the proximity to Thanksgiving, I thought it would be fun to shed some science on the holiday and turkey is a great specimen to study. It is a commonly held assumption that eating copious amounts of turkey, which contain the amino acid \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan\">Tryptophan,\u003c/a> will trigger the drowsiness felt after a large Thanksgiving meal. However, is this assumption true and if so how is Tryptophan the culprit?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tryptophan is an essential amino acid. An essential amino acid is one that our bodies cannot synthesize, so it must come from food or supplements. Tryptophan is not only a building block in protein biosynthesis in our body but also a biochemical precursor for synthesizing Serotonin, Melatonin and Niacin. Both Serotonin and Melatonin are factors in inducing drowsiness and sleep. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that facilitates emotions including desire, body temperature, sleep, appetite and metabolism. Serotonin can also be converted into Melatonin, which further regulates sleep, maintaining the circadian rhythms of several biological functions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The foods that contain Tryptophan are usually protein-based and include chocolate, oats, milk, yogurt, cottage cheese, red meat, poultry, fish, eggs, along with specific nuts and certain fruits. However, turkey contains the same amount of Tryptophan of other meats. Most meats contain .25 grams of Tryptophan per 100 grams of food while dried egg whites contain 1 gram of Tryptophan per 100 grams of food. Turkey cannot be the only culprit of induced drowsiness after a Thanksgiving meal. If this was indeed true, people would be drowsy after any normal meal containing meat as the levels of Tryptophan are equivalent. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other two denominators with the Thanksgiving meal are high carbohydrates and fat. An average Thanksgiving meal can have 3000 calories and 239 grams of fat. In comparison, \u003ca href=\"http://www.fao.org/\">United Nations FAO\u003c/a> says the average American consumed 3770 calories per day in 2001-2003. It has been shown in studies in both animals and humans that a meal high in carbohydrates and fat triggers Insulin. Insulin them stimulates the uptake of large neutral branched-chain amino acids, known as LNAA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tryptophan does not fall into the LNAA family and thus the ratio of Tryptophan to LNAA in the blood stream increases when Insulin is released into the blood stream. Less competition for transporters in the blood stream results in the uptake of Tryptophan across the blood-brain barrier and the synthesis of Serotonin and Melatonin. This in turn creates the lethargy and drowsiness common after the Thanksgiving meal. Therefore it is not turkey alone that ends in a nap after Thanksgiving dinner. It is a collaborative process. Without the intake of carbohydrates dressed up as rolls, sweet potatoes, mashed potatoes, stuffing and pumpkin pie, the Tryptophan in the iconic Thanksgiving turkey would have too much competition for synthesis. Insulin clears away the competition and in turn isolates Tryptophan in the blood stream enabling it to be readily synthesized. The whole meal is responsible for the drowsiness. The next question that could be posed is this the body’s way to have us slow down to aid digestion?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7697 -122.466\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>I love my dog. For the past ten years, through thick and thin, Brodie has been my happy sidekick, trusted confidant, eager hiking partner and beloved friend. Most of all the kid makes me laugh. He is, I am prone to say, \"a glorious twit!\" And even though he is getting up in years he can still out-swim, out-surf and out-dig any dog on the beach. I am fat with the tales and wagging tails of our adventures and misadventures. He was the chaperone when my wife and I had our first date. And if I had my way he would have been the ring-bearer at our wedding. My daughter's first word was \"Bro-die!\" And it swells my heart each morning when he pads into her room, and she sleepily exclaims \"Woof-woof.\" He is simply a valued and integral part of my family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As special as my relationship with Brodie is to me, I know it's not unique. Many of us know the startling joy of being woken up by a wet nose or a slobbery lick on the cheek early Sunday morning. Everyone who knows and loves dogs will happily tell you about their favorite pooch. The Quest team has Bailey and Carrot and Skinny and Shadow and Bro. We talk about them as we would talk about our children. And even though I haven't met all of the Quest pups, I know them through their favorite people. And that brings me to Quest TV Producer Amy Miller's wonderful German Shepherd dog, Pierre. Pierre was battling cancer as we went into production on this story. Then sadly, by the time we completed this Quest episode, Pierre had been laid to rest. It was a heartbreaking blow to our friend and colleague. And I think all of us felt and understood her loss. Therefore, it is for Pierre that I dedicated this story and now think fondly of all our canine friends past, present and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our time with them is sweet but painfully short. Enjoy every walk, every game of fetch at the park, every romp on the beach and every quiet moment with them curled up under your feet. Put up with their occasional mischievous misdeeds- the drinking out of toilets, getting into the garbage or chewing up your slippers. Remember, they're all good dogs. Smile and scratch them behind the ears. All they give is love and that is all they desire back... that and maybe a little treat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\"> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/hiv_image.jpg\">\u003cem>People with the delta 32 version of the CCR5 gene are more\u003cbr>\nresistant to HIV infection.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Doctors \u003ca href=\"http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hwlpMzO2z0voECw2T4MfOPkOEXNAD94DSGLG0\">announced in Berlin\u003c/a> that a man who received a bone marrow transplant for leukemia was now also free of his HIV infection. Looks like this patient's luck is finally turning around!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both leukemia and AIDS are diseases of the blood. Bone marrow transplants cure leukemia by permanently replacing the patient's blood with the donor's. This eliminates the cancerous blood cells and so cures the cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \"side effect\" of a bone marrow transplant is that the patient's blood cells now have donor's DNA. This sometimes makes for \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=208\">problems at crime scenes\u003c/a> (and interesting CSI episodes). But here the doctor used it to the patient's advantage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known for a long time that people with two copies of a certain version of the CCR5 gene, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=13\">delta 32 version\u003c/a>, are much more resistant to HIV. Their AIDS symptoms also tend to progress much more slowly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the doctors reasoned that if the patient were going to receive a bone marrow transplant anyway, why not give him one from a donor with two copies of delta 32? And that’s just what the doctors did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 20 months later, there is no sign of the patient’s leukemia. And no sign of HIV either. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'll still need to wait and see if this result holds up. But even if it does, this cure isn't for everyone. It is expensive and very risky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1 in 4 patients dies from bone marrow transplants. I'm no M.D., but I would guess that patients at the later stages of AIDS would do even more poorly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the result does hold up, then maybe scientists can figure out how to do something similar without the bone marrow transplant. Maybe they can find a medicine that can shut down the CCR5 gene and so get the same effects as the delta 32 version. Another possibility is gene therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea would be to change the patient's CCR5 gene into the delta 32 version. This would be really hard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=260\">Gene therapy\u003c/a> is pretty good at adding a working gene to a cell. It is not very good at changing a patient's gene. This means it would not be easy to turn a CCR5 gene into the delta 32 version in a patient's bone marrow cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But maybe there is another way. The CCR5 gene is not the only way to be resistant to HIV. Another way is by having \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=38\">extra copies of the CCL3L1 gene\u003c/a>. Perhaps scientists could add extra copies of this gene to a patient's bone marrow cells and help at least slow down HIV. This seems doable with gene therapy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.332 -121.903\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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