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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/RedBloodCells.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Despite what you read on the web, having Rh negative\u003cbr>blood does not protect you from HIV infection.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dangerous rumor has been spreading across the web that people with Rh negative blood are resistant or even immune to getting AIDS. They’re not. This is the “everyone is an expert” ethos of the web at its worst. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I was clued into this rumor through my \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/index.php\">Ask a Geneticist\u003c/a> website. A few months ago I started to get a few questions about whether or not having Rh negative blood protects people from getting infected by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. I get occasional, random questions like these which I answer and then don’t give a second thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then I started to get more of these questions. And then I got one where someone asked me if being Rh negative was the same as having a \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=111\">CCR5 delta-32 mutation\u003c/a>. That woke me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having two copies of the delta-32 version of the CCR5 gene does give some protection from HIV infection. But it has nothing to do with being Rh negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being Rh negative has to do with red blood cells and CCR5 delta-32 with white blood cells. Not only that, but CCR5 and RhD are separate genes on separate chromosomes. (The RhD gene is the gene involved in being Rh negative.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly the questioner had put two and two together and came up with the answer that CCR5 delta-32 and being Rh negative were the same thing. Which is not the case. I decided to set out and try to find out where this rumor was coming from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=381\">here in a previous post about Rh negative blood\u003c/a>, I traced it down to a couple of things. One was the supposed mystique associated with being Rh negative. The other had to do with a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of four separate bits of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rumor probably isn’t that big a deal yet. It isn’t like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/health/july-dec09/polio_08-24.html\">polio vaccine one\u003c/a> in Nigeria that has caused a resurgence of polio there. Or the one about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\">vaccines in general being risky\u003c/a> which is at least part of the reason for the whooping cough epidemic here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the rumor that being Rh negative protects you from AIDS does take off, then people will get AIDS who otherwise might not have. Rh negative people who do risky things are as likely to get AIDS s anyone else. This is why I wanted to find out what was behind the rumor and try to nip it in the bud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the few people who read what I have written will trust me. I have no axe to grind here and really only care about the truth. Which, unfortunately, is not what a lot of people think about most scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, along with many other experts, used to be seen as impartial. This is no longer true. In fact, the “everyone has to be an expert” idea probably springs from this general mistrust of authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t trust scientists, then you are going to try to interpret the science yourself. That is hard enough that you may come to the wrong conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one answer might be to try to find or create a reliable source of science information. Some place where the scientists involved have no vested interest in the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This used to be universities and the government but that ended long ago. We obviously need something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe someone with way too much money like Google needs to set up a foundation where scientists can squash these rumors before they spread. The foundation would have to be independent and receive no outside funding and the scientists would have to work for no one else. This might be enough to give most of the public the confidence they need to trust the answers that come out of the foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having two copies of the delta-32 version of the CCR5 gene does give some protection from HIV infection. But it has nothing to do with being Rh negative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being Rh negative has to do with red blood cells and CCR5 delta-32 with white blood cells. Not only that, but CCR5 and RhD are separate genes on separate chromosomes. (The RhD gene is the gene involved in being Rh negative.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly the questioner had put two and two together and came up with the answer that CCR5 delta-32 and being Rh negative were the same thing. Which is not the case. I decided to set out and try to find out where this rumor was coming from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I talk about \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=381\">here in a previous post about Rh negative blood\u003c/a>, I traced it down to a couple of things. One was the supposed mystique associated with being Rh negative. The other had to do with a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of four separate bits of science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This rumor probably isn’t that big a deal yet. It isn’t like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/health/july-dec09/polio_08-24.html\">polio vaccine one\u003c/a> in Nigeria that has caused a resurgence of polio there. Or the one about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/13/health-officials-to-consider-tightening-vaccine-exemptions/\">vaccines in general being risky\u003c/a> which is at least part of the reason for the whooping cough epidemic here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if the rumor that being Rh negative protects you from AIDS does take off, then people will get AIDS who otherwise might not have. Rh negative people who do risky things are as likely to get AIDS s anyone else. This is why I wanted to find out what was behind the rumor and try to nip it in the bud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the few people who read what I have written will trust me. I have no axe to grind here and really only care about the truth. Which, unfortunately, is not what a lot of people think about most scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists, along with many other experts, used to be seen as impartial. This is no longer true. In fact, the “everyone has to be an expert” idea probably springs from this general mistrust of authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you don’t trust scientists, then you are going to try to interpret the science yourself. That is hard enough that you may come to the wrong conclusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So one answer might be to try to find or create a reliable source of science information. Some place where the scientists involved have no vested interest in the answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This used to be universities and the government but that ended long ago. We obviously need something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe someone with way too much money like Google needs to set up a foundation where scientists can squash these rumors before they spread. The foundation would have to be independent and receive no outside funding and the scientists would have to work for no one else. This might be enough to give most of the public the confidence they need to trust the answers that come out of the foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/whale-breach.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>All is not well in our national marine sanctuaries. This summer and fall there have been at least six ship strikes on whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, the Monterey Bay and near the Channel Island National Marine Sanctuaries. Image courtesy of Ed Estes.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t let our kids play on the freeway. We don’t let our friends drive drunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do we allow our cousins to cross an ocean superhighway and get killed by ships?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This season has been a highly productive year for krill in the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/welcome.html\">Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary \u003c/a>and whales are gathering by the hundreds. Each year, several thousand of the great whales gather here in our West Coast Sanctuaries and just off the San Francisco coastline to feed and fatten. Thousands of people are fortunate enough to see one of the most rare marine mammals, the blue whale. To see a blue whale, or any whale for that matter, is an experience beyond measure. As a naturalist, I am fortunate to experience the largest animal to ever have lived on the planet up close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\nThis year, we have seen blue whales every single trip out to the Farallones and scores of humpbacks feeding and breaching or just resting at the surface. Our last trip to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands--californias-galapagos\">Gulf of the Farallones\u003c/a> was no exception. Humpbacks gathered in cooperative feeding, concentrating the tiny shrimp into masses of red, before lunging through the mass for a big gulp of protein. One blue whale swam gently towards our idling vessel as the passengers on the Vessel Outer Limits marveled at the giant. I have seen perhaps a hundred blue whales, but I have never experienced one this close. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a> and Sanctuary rules require us to stay 100 yards from a whale, but they don’t tell the whales to stay 100 yards from us. Unthreatened, whales frequently swim very close to vessels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/whale-shipping.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Image courtesy of Ed Estes.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our trip, passengers from Iowa, Israel and San Francisco were thrilled at the abundance and diversity of life in our Sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all is not well in the Sanctuary. This summer and fall there have been at least six ship strikes on whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybay.noaa.gov\">Monterey Bay\u003c/a> and near the \u003ca href=\"http://channelislands.noaa.gov/\">Channel Island National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>. A fin whale was recently buried at Ocean Beach, the spine crumpled from a ship strike. In the Port of Oakland, the crew of a ship discovered a dead minke whale on the bulb at the bow of the ship. A blue whale was struck and found dead on the beach with a fetus last week. Another blue whale washed ashore to the north and two humpback whales were reported dead with propeller scars. While it is uncertain if ships caused the deaths or the whales were struck after death, in several cases there is no question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These accidents are occurring for a number of reasons: the convergence of whales feeding and ships entering and exiting one of North America’s busiest seaports. A new California regulation on air quality has lead to increased traffic in the east-west channel so that ships can switch to more polluting fuel outside of state waters, thereby bringing more traffic across the Sanctuary and closer to the islands. On Sunday, we viewed several ships from cargo vessels to supertankers, steaming along at twenty five knots mere miles from the Farallones and within a mile of feeding whales. It's not only the whales that are at risk. An oil spill or illegal discharge could conceivably wipe out pelagic bird populations gathering by the thousands to feed and breed in the Sanctuary. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Murre\">Common murres\u003c/a>, now on the rebound after a serious decline, are particularly at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We can draw a line around it- but it doesn’t mean it is protected.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe rely on our shipping for goods within the USA and between nations. Shipping is a huge industry in the San Francisco and Oakland Ports. We can’t do without the shipping, so what is the solution to avoid these continued ship strikes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one solution proposed by non-profits including a local non-profit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificenvironment.org/\">Pacific Environment\u003c/a>, to slow the passage of ships through the Sanctuary. The slower speeds will allow whales to move out of harm's way - out of the path of ships. The slower speeds will have an added benefit of reducing the cacophony of propeller and other white noise created by ships, noise which interferes with communication among whales and other marine mammals. Also, the lower speeds will increase fuel efficiency and reduce pollution in the Sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a no-brainer, but shipping companies are complaining of higher costs and slower delivery schedules. Yet reducing speeds from twenty five knots to ten knots in the Sanctuary would add approximately two hours to a voyage that takes days or weeks to traverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of one whale?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn the East Coast, the northern right whales also share the ocean with major shipping lanes, and that whale population has suffered greatly from ship strikes. In fact, the critically endangered northern right whales have been reduced so drastically that NOAA has implemented a whale monitoring and ship advisory system to notify mariners of the presence of whales. Ship captains are requested to divert course or slow down to ten knots in the presence of whales - yet the program is voluntary and incidents are still putting these whales at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is estimated that there may be one percent of the original blue whale populations remaining prior to industrial whaling. With less than half that in the northern hemisphere, we are arguably furthering this population towards extinction. Humpbacks, fin whales and blue whales are all endangered. Every single whale counts. The first solution would be to regulate a speed limit in the Sanctuary. The next would be to control traffic in the main shipping lanes to accommodate whales and even resort to a mandatory notification and routing plan for ships. To support the simple solution of reducing the speed of ships near whales and across the Gulf of the Farallones into the San Francisco Bay, we can contact our Sanctuary Superintendent Maria Brown (maria.brown@noaa.gov) and Western Regional Superintendent Bill Douros (william.douros@noaa.gov), and tell them that we are concerned about shipping interactions with whales. Help support our Sanctuaries leaders effort to protect our west coast whales, so that the Sanctuary truly is a sanctuary for whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"640\" height=\"385\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/qfNu54GBOHU?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"640\" height=\"385\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/qfNu54GBOHU?fs=1&hl=en_US\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/whale-shipping.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Image courtesy of Ed Estes.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On our trip, passengers from Iowa, Israel and San Francisco were thrilled at the abundance and diversity of life in our Sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all is not well in the Sanctuary. This summer and fall there have been at least six ship strikes on whales in the Gulf of the Farallones, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybay.noaa.gov\">Monterey Bay\u003c/a> and near the \u003ca href=\"http://channelislands.noaa.gov/\">Channel Island National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>. A fin whale was recently buried at Ocean Beach, the spine crumpled from a ship strike. In the Port of Oakland, the crew of a ship discovered a dead minke whale on the bulb at the bow of the ship. A blue whale was struck and found dead on the beach with a fetus last week. Another blue whale washed ashore to the north and two humpback whales were reported dead with propeller scars. While it is uncertain if ships caused the deaths or the whales were struck after death, in several cases there is no question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These accidents are occurring for a number of reasons: the convergence of whales feeding and ships entering and exiting one of North America’s busiest seaports. A new California regulation on air quality has lead to increased traffic in the east-west channel so that ships can switch to more polluting fuel outside of state waters, thereby bringing more traffic across the Sanctuary and closer to the islands. On Sunday, we viewed several ships from cargo vessels to supertankers, steaming along at twenty five knots mere miles from the Farallones and within a mile of feeding whales. It's not only the whales that are at risk. An oil spill or illegal discharge could conceivably wipe out pelagic bird populations gathering by the thousands to feed and breed in the Sanctuary. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Murre\">Common murres\u003c/a>, now on the rebound after a serious decline, are particularly at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>We can draw a line around it- but it doesn’t mean it is protected.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWe rely on our shipping for goods within the USA and between nations. Shipping is a huge industry in the San Francisco and Oakland Ports. We can’t do without the shipping, so what is the solution to avoid these continued ship strikes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one solution proposed by non-profits including a local non-profit, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacificenvironment.org/\">Pacific Environment\u003c/a>, to slow the passage of ships through the Sanctuary. The slower speeds will allow whales to move out of harm's way - out of the path of ships. The slower speeds will have an added benefit of reducing the cacophony of propeller and other white noise created by ships, noise which interferes with communication among whales and other marine mammals. Also, the lower speeds will increase fuel efficiency and reduce pollution in the Sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems like a no-brainer, but shipping companies are complaining of higher costs and slower delivery schedules. Yet reducing speeds from twenty five knots to ten knots in the Sanctuary would add approximately two hours to a voyage that takes days or weeks to traverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the value of one whale?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nOn the East Coast, the northern right whales also share the ocean with major shipping lanes, and that whale population has suffered greatly from ship strikes. In fact, the critically endangered northern right whales have been reduced so drastically that NOAA has implemented a whale monitoring and ship advisory system to notify mariners of the presence of whales. Ship captains are requested to divert course or slow down to ten knots in the presence of whales - yet the program is voluntary and incidents are still putting these whales at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is estimated that there may be one percent of the original blue whale populations remaining prior to industrial whaling. With less than half that in the northern hemisphere, we are arguably furthering this population towards extinction. Humpbacks, fin whales and blue whales are all endangered. Every single whale counts. The first solution would be to regulate a speed limit in the Sanctuary. The next would be to control traffic in the main shipping lanes to accommodate whales and even resort to a mandatory notification and routing plan for ships. To support the simple solution of reducing the speed of ships near whales and across the Gulf of the Farallones into the San Francisco Bay, we can contact our Sanctuary Superintendent Maria Brown (maria.brown@noaa.gov) and Western Regional Superintendent Bill Douros (william.douros@noaa.gov), and tell them that we are concerned about shipping interactions with whales. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/spider2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>European Garden Spider, Araneus diadematus.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Spiders seem to be everywhere this fall. There are dozens of spider webs on my deck; each morning, I destroy a new web as I leave the house. It seems like every time I go outside, I wipe spider silk from my face. And it’s not just my yard—several of my friends have noticed lots of spiders recently, too. I wondered if we’re experiencing a bumper year for spiders, so I asked a few arachnologist friends about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/~gillespi/Home.html\">Rosie Gillespie\u003c/a> and her grad student \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/~kiplingw/steve.html\">Steve Lew\u003c/a> identified my backyard spider as the European Garden Spider, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/pages/1194185\">\u003cem>Araneus diadematus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. It is really common here in the Bay Area, and can be easily identified by the white cross on its back. These spiders aren’t especially numerous this year, although their numbers have increased over the past few decades. Initially from Europe, as their common name suggests, this spider appeared in the Puget Sound region in the 1970s. By the mid-90s, they were firmly established in the Bay Area. \u003cem>Araneus diadematus\u003c/em> is an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species\">invasive species\u003c/a>, an organism that is not native to the area and has a detrimental effect on the native organisms or ecosystem. And, there are quite a few invasive spider species in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common invasive spider is \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygiella_x-notata\">\u003cem>Zygiella x-notata\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. They spin a very distinctive web—it looks as though a piece of the web is missing, as though someone has removed a single slice of pie. Other invasive spiders are actually displacing native spiders. For instance, the false widow, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatoda_grossa\">\u003cem>Steatoda grossa\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, is displacing the native black widow spider, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus\">\u003cem>Latrodectus hesperus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. (This may not be such a bad thing, as the false widow’s bite, while venomous, is not nearly as harmful to humans as the real thing.) Another California spider, \u003ca href=\"http://bugguide.net/node/view/372736/bgpage\">\u003cem>Theridion californicum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, is being displaced by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoplognatha_ovata\">\u003cem>Enoplognatha ovata\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which also hails from Europe. And, the native Funnel Weaver Spider, \u003ca href=\"http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/spiders/Hololena.htm\">\u003cem>Hololena spp.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, may be facing some competition from the invasive \u003cem>Badumna longinqua\u003c/em>, initially from Australia and New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly some of the spiders my friends and I are seeing are invasive. But, it is also the time of year when spiders build their webs. As my spider expert friend \u003ca href=\"http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/faculty/spagnaj/default.htm\">Joe Spagna\u003c/a> put it, spiders “do the Charlotte’s Web thing” in the fall—the females spin a big web, make an eggcase, and then die. The baby spiders hatch in the spring. If you’ve been out and about over the past few weeks, you’ve no doubt noticed Halloween decorations all over the place. Along with vampires and mummies, you’ve surely seen a spider web or two. Joe brought up a really interesting question: “for a long time, I've wondered if the prominence of big, hairy orbweavers in Halloween folklore and imagery was actually a recognition of what was going on in nature this time of year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe and I spent some time digging through the some literature on Halloween folklore, but we didn’t find anything that specifically links Halloween spider imagery to the seasonality of spider web-weaving. Halloween folklore buffs out there, please comment if you know of any connection!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Spiders seem to be everywhere this fall. There are dozens of spider webs on my deck; each morning, I destroy a new web as I leave the house. It seems like every time I go outside, I wipe spider silk from my face. And it’s not just my yard—several of my friends have noticed lots of spiders recently, too. I wondered if we’re experiencing a bumper year for spiders, so I asked a few arachnologist friends about it.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/spider2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>European Garden Spider, Araneus diadematus.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Spiders seem to be everywhere this fall. There are dozens of spider webs on my deck; each morning, I destroy a new web as I leave the house. It seems like every time I go outside, I wipe spider silk from my face. And it’s not just my yard—several of my friends have noticed lots of spiders recently, too. I wondered if we’re experiencing a bumper year for spiders, so I asked a few arachnologist friends about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UC Berkeley professor \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/~gillespi/Home.html\">Rosie Gillespie\u003c/a> and her grad student \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/~kiplingw/steve.html\">Steve Lew\u003c/a> identified my backyard spider as the European Garden Spider, \u003ca href=\"http://www.eol.org/pages/1194185\">\u003cem>Araneus diadematus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. It is really common here in the Bay Area, and can be easily identified by the white cross on its back. These spiders aren’t especially numerous this year, although their numbers have increased over the past few decades. Initially from Europe, as their common name suggests, this spider appeared in the Puget Sound region in the 1970s. By the mid-90s, they were firmly established in the Bay Area. \u003cem>Araneus diadematus\u003c/em> is an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species\">invasive species\u003c/a>, an organism that is not native to the area and has a detrimental effect on the native organisms or ecosystem. And, there are quite a few invasive spider species in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another common invasive spider is \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygiella_x-notata\">\u003cem>Zygiella x-notata\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. They spin a very distinctive web—it looks as though a piece of the web is missing, as though someone has removed a single slice of pie. Other invasive spiders are actually displacing native spiders. For instance, the false widow, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatoda_grossa\">\u003cem>Steatoda grossa\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, is displacing the native black widow spider, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latrodectus\">\u003cem>Latrodectus hesperus\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. (This may not be such a bad thing, as the false widow’s bite, while venomous, is not nearly as harmful to humans as the real thing.) Another California spider, \u003ca href=\"http://bugguide.net/node/view/372736/bgpage\">\u003cem>Theridion californicum\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, is being displaced by \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoplognatha_ovata\">\u003cem>Enoplognatha ovata\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, which also hails from Europe. And, the native Funnel Weaver Spider, \u003ca href=\"http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/spiders/Hololena.htm\">\u003cem>Hololena spp.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, may be facing some competition from the invasive \u003cem>Badumna longinqua\u003c/em>, initially from Australia and New Zealand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certainly some of the spiders my friends and I are seeing are invasive. But, it is also the time of year when spiders build their webs. As my spider expert friend \u003ca href=\"http://euphrates.wpunj.edu/faculty/spagnaj/default.htm\">Joe Spagna\u003c/a> put it, spiders “do the Charlotte’s Web thing” in the fall—the females spin a big web, make an eggcase, and then die. The baby spiders hatch in the spring. If you’ve been out and about over the past few weeks, you’ve no doubt noticed Halloween decorations all over the place. Along with vampires and mummies, you’ve surely seen a spider web or two. Joe brought up a really interesting question: “for a long time, I've wondered if the prominence of big, hairy orbweavers in Halloween folklore and imagery was actually a recognition of what was going on in nature this time of year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe and I spent some time digging through the some literature on Halloween folklore, but we didn’t find anything that specifically links Halloween spider imagery to the seasonality of spider web-weaving. Halloween folklore buffs out there, please comment if you know of any connection!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Producer's Notes for Science on the SPOT: Life on the Farallones",
"headTitle": "Producer’s Notes for Science on the SPOT: Life on the Farallones | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-life-on-the-farallones\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/WS116_Farallones_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The scientists on the Farallones live in the old lighthouse keepers’ houses, built in the late 1800’s.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Farallon Islands off the coast of California are a vital home to many birds and marine mammals. In fact, the islands boast the largest sea bird breeding colony in the contiguous United States and have one of the largest fur seal populations south of Alaska. They are hard to get to and once you are there, you may wonder why on earth you ever decided to come to these windswept, desert islands. “After you’ve been on the island for a while,” says PRBO Program Manager Russ Bradley, “it starts to sound like the gulls are saying your name.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chill of the fog and wind cut through you, the kelp flies swarm, the overpoweringly acrid smell of years-worth of bird guano wafts through the air and loud, incessant cackle of hundreds, even thousands of sea gulls, could drive even the hardiest of souls away from this desolate outcropping of granite in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The animals wouldn’t want it any other way. And neither would the researchers and biologists stationed at the Farallones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While only 27 miles off the coast of San Francisco, for the human inhabitants, life can also seem isolated and lonely. They have a very small neighborhood. Only two houses still stand on Southeast Farallon. Today the old lighthouse keepers’ houses, originally built in the late 1800’s, house the small team of researchers from \u003ca href=\"http://losfarallones.blogspot.com/\">PRBO Conservation Science\u003c/a>. A bit of Victorian civilization in an otherwise completely wild world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a rare privilege to be able to set foot on the Farallon Islands. As rugged as this place may seem, it is a fragile and extremely sensitive environment. As a National Wildlife Refuge, the area is strictly off limits to the public. Each year only a few dozen people are allowed to be hoisted onto South Farallon Island, and most, if not all, are there specifically to conduct scientific research. The humans there now tread lightly. QUEST was invited out to the islands to get an inside look at this living laboratory and meet some of the people doing important scientific research on such wide ranging topics as global climate change to highly specific studies on sea bird breeding rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each day on the Farallones might bring new surprises. To get an idea what they witnessed on the islands this week, researchers sent back a number of reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“October 12th was a fantastic day for whales around the islands – biologists noted the 3 resident Gray Whales, an incredible 15 endangered Blue Whales and 93 Humpback Whales! Even more amazing were the 265 Risso’s Dolphins, 20 Pacific White-sided Dolphins, 12 Northern Right Whale Dolphins, and 5 Dall’s Porpoises –All these marine mammals are attracted to the Gulf of the Farallones to feed on its bountiful food sources, particularly this year’s abundant supply of krill.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“October 5th – PRBO conducted a weekly island survey of the six species of pinniped on the Farallones. This entailed counting all the seals and sea lions from the lighthouse and walking around to the coves to find elephant seals and other species. This survey yielded 1,939 California Sea Lions, 40 Steller’s Sea Lions, 30 Harbor Seals, 81 Northern Fur Seals, and 116 Northern Elephant Seals. On 1-Oct, we conducted our first survey of at Indian Head Beach and counted 115 fur seal pups and over 160 adults and immature – this is a true success story for conservation on the Farallones!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“October 3rd – Landbird migration day! Dropping from the sky, an Evening Grosbeak flew down into the Lavaterra bushes. Although this species is not super-rare on the coast, here on the Farallones, this was the first Evening Grosbeak seen on the island since 1979! While observing the grosbeak, the biologists began spotting other birds such as a female Canada Warbler and an Ovenbird from the previous few days.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about what it is like to live and work on the Farallones, check out our QUEST Science on the SPOT story, “Life on the Farallones.” I also encourage you to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands--californias-galapagos\">explore the islands\u003c/a> further via QUEST, where we have stories on the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fur-seal-pup-rehab\">seals\u003c/a>, birds and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit\">sharks\u003c/a> – \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">on\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-marine-sanctuary-patrol-flight\">above\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/underwater-wilderness-creating-marine-protected-areas\">around\u003c/a> the islands, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/download/95/320a_FarallonesThemeGuide.pdf\">educational materials\u003c/a>, an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/visit-to-the-farallon-islands--audio-slideshow\">audio slide show\u003c/a>, an interactive multimedia \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/farallon-islands-interactive-map\">map\u003c/a>, and historic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-farallon-islands-history-timeline\">timeline\u003c/a>. Also, you can get more info from KQED’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/treasures/guide/farallones.html\"> Jean-Michel Cousteau’s Ocean Adventures website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-life-on-the-farallones\">Science on the SPOT: Life on the Farallones\u003c/a> page\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, this week a new film about the Farallon Islands opens at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/search.php?q=farallon\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park. SANCTUARY IN THE SEA: A GULF OF THE FARALLONES EXPERIENCE debuts Saturday, October 16. Discover the beauty, diversity and history of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, through the eyes of Ron Elliot, a former urchin diver turned wildlife videographer who has spent years in the underwater gardens beneath the waves around the Farallones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.698509 -123.003919\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-life-on-the-farallones\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/WS116_Farallones_300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The scientists on the Farallones live in the old lighthouse keepers’ houses, built in the late 1800’s.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The Farallon Islands off the coast of California are a vital home to many birds and marine mammals. In fact, the islands boast the largest sea bird breeding colony in the contiguous United States and have one of the largest fur seal populations south of Alaska. They are hard to get to and once you are there, you may wonder why on earth you ever decided to come to these windswept, desert islands. “After you’ve been on the island for a while,” says PRBO Program Manager Russ Bradley, “it starts to sound like the gulls are saying your name.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chill of the fog and wind cut through you, the kelp flies swarm, the overpoweringly acrid smell of years-worth of bird guano wafts through the air and loud, incessant cackle of hundreds, even thousands of sea gulls, could drive even the hardiest of souls away from this desolate outcropping of granite in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. The animals wouldn’t want it any other way. And neither would the researchers and biologists stationed at the Farallones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While only 27 miles off the coast of San Francisco, for the human inhabitants, life can also seem isolated and lonely. They have a very small neighborhood. Only two houses still stand on Southeast Farallon. Today the old lighthouse keepers’ houses, originally built in the late 1800’s, house the small team of researchers from \u003ca href=\"http://losfarallones.blogspot.com/\">PRBO Conservation Science\u003c/a>. A bit of Victorian civilization in an otherwise completely wild world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is a rare privilege to be able to set foot on the Farallon Islands. As rugged as this place may seem, it is a fragile and extremely sensitive environment. As a National Wildlife Refuge, the area is strictly off limits to the public. Each year only a few dozen people are allowed to be hoisted onto South Farallon Island, and most, if not all, are there specifically to conduct scientific research. The humans there now tread lightly. QUEST was invited out to the islands to get an inside look at this living laboratory and meet some of the people doing important scientific research on such wide ranging topics as global climate change to highly specific studies on sea bird breeding rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each day on the Farallones might bring new surprises. To get an idea what they witnessed on the islands this week, researchers sent back a number of reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“October 12th was a fantastic day for whales around the islands – biologists noted the 3 resident Gray Whales, an incredible 15 endangered Blue Whales and 93 Humpback Whales! Even more amazing were the 265 Risso’s Dolphins, 20 Pacific White-sided Dolphins, 12 Northern Right Whale Dolphins, and 5 Dall’s Porpoises –All these marine mammals are attracted to the Gulf of the Farallones to feed on its bountiful food sources, particularly this year’s abundant supply of krill.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“October 5th – PRBO conducted a weekly island survey of the six species of pinniped on the Farallones. This entailed counting all the seals and sea lions from the lighthouse and walking around to the coves to find elephant seals and other species. This survey yielded 1,939 California Sea Lions, 40 Steller’s Sea Lions, 30 Harbor Seals, 81 Northern Fur Seals, and 116 Northern Elephant Seals. On 1-Oct, we conducted our first survey of at Indian Head Beach and counted 115 fur seal pups and over 160 adults and immature – this is a true success story for conservation on the Farallones!”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“October 3rd – Landbird migration day! Dropping from the sky, an Evening Grosbeak flew down into the Lavaterra bushes. Although this species is not super-rare on the coast, here on the Farallones, this was the first Evening Grosbeak seen on the island since 1979! While observing the grosbeak, the biologists began spotting other birds such as a female Canada Warbler and an Ovenbird from the previous few days.” \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about what it is like to live and work on the Farallones, check out our QUEST Science on the SPOT story, “Life on the Farallones.” I also encourage you to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-farallon-islands--californias-galapagos\">explore the islands\u003c/a> further via QUEST, where we have stories on the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/fur-seal-pup-rehab\">seals\u003c/a>, birds and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-great-white-shark-meet-the-man-in-the-gray-suit\">sharks\u003c/a> – \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/journey-to-the-farallones\">on\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-marine-sanctuary-patrol-flight\">above\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/underwater-wilderness-creating-marine-protected-areas\">around\u003c/a> the islands, as well as \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/download/95/320a_FarallonesThemeGuide.pdf\">educational materials\u003c/a>, an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/visit-to-the-farallon-islands--audio-slideshow\">audio slide show\u003c/a>, an interactive multimedia \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/farallon-islands-interactive-map\">map\u003c/a>, and historic \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/slideshow/web-extra-farallon-islands-history-timeline\">timeline\u003c/a>. Also, you can get more info from KQED’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/treasures/guide/farallones.html\"> Jean-Michel Cousteau’s Ocean Adventures website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-life-on-the-farallones\">Science on the SPOT: Life on the Farallones\u003c/a> page\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, this week a new film about the Farallon Islands opens at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/search.php?q=farallon\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> in Golden Gate Park. SANCTUARY IN THE SEA: A GULF OF THE FARALLONES EXPERIENCE debuts Saturday, October 16. Discover the beauty, diversity and history of the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary, through the eyes of Ron Elliot, a former urchin diver turned wildlife videographer who has spent years in the underwater gardens beneath the waves around the Farallones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.698509 -123.003919\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/whale.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Around us at Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, blackfooted albatross dip and veer, blue whales spout and humpback whales breach and lunge feed.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past five days I have had the incredible experience of diving on a location few have ever had the opportunity: the \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\" rel=\"geolocation\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.0665921,-123.3677881&spn=1.0,1.0&q=38.0665921,-123.3677881%20(Cordell%20Bank%20National%20Marine%20Sanctuary)&t=h\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the four California \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"United States National Marine Sanctuary\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Marine_Sanctuary\">National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>, this undersea granite reef southwest of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Bodega Bay\" rel=\"geolocation\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.2736111111,-123.006111111&spn=0.1,0.1&q=38.2736111111,-123.006111111%20(Bodega%20Bay)&t=h\">Bodega Bay\u003c/a> is frequently washed by huge waves and howling northwest winds. Although it is only 22 miles from Bodega Bay, it feels as if it were a thousand miles from shore. Around us Blackfooted albatross dip and veer, \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Blue whale\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale\">blue whales\u003c/a> spout and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Humpback whale\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale\">humpback whales\u003c/a> breach and lunge feed. The deep green waters are a cornucopia of life and literally squirm with small fish and krill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below the deck of the \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\" rel=\"homepage\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov\">NOAA\u003c/a> vessel Fulmar rests the mysterious Cordell Bank, and video camera in hand I was able to assist the team of technical divers from Sanctuaries across the nation.\u003cbr>\nDiving the bank is well, unearthly. It feels like exploring the moon. First discovered by sailing vessel in 1869 by Edward Cordell, the weathered mountain of granite has been visited only a few times over the decades. The first to dive Cordell was an ad-hoc team of divers and adventurers known as the Cordell Expedition and lead by Dr. Bob Schmieder. Beginning in 1977, this team of intrepid divers made the drop and recorded sea life, sampled the biota and helped map the reef’s surface. This remarkable achievement has lead to important knowledge of the Cordell bank and was instrumental in forming the Sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/coral.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The deep green waters of Cordell Bank are a cornucopia of life.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several days, Bob and others from the original team have joined us, sharing their first hand perspectives, viewing video footage brought back by the team of divers from the \u003ca href=\"http://graysreef.noaa.gov/\">Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> (NMS), the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/10thunderbay/background/thunderbay/thunderbay.html\">Thunder Bay NMS\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://monitor.noaa.gov/\">Monitor NMS\u003c/a> and the regional Marine Heritage Office. Bob’s eyes shine and his hands grip the rail and you can feel how badly he wants to join the second team of divers as they plunge in to re-assess the health and make up of the reef system two hundred feet below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early divers marvel at the multiple bottles of tri -mix, oxygen and nitrox gases, as well as the sophisticated dive computers and dry suits. Despite the technical advantages, the modern team still has their work cut out for them. Diving into the limited visibility, the cold water and currents is still a challenge, but everyone onboard realizes what a feat it was to first dive the Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images brought back are extraordinary, and what strikes me most is that these veteran NOAA divers who have dived all over the world, experienced natural beauty and rare submarine artifacts of our maritime heritage are as blown away by the Cordell Bank as the original expeditioneers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The few specimens brought up are carefully handled by my colleagues at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">the California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> to describe, and with the originals from the Cordell Expeditions, will become part of the Academy collections. The Bank is covered with bright red Corynactis anemones, purple and red styaster corals, and white sponges. There is not an inch uncovered by life and over the sessile assembly swarms a cloud of rockfish, the juveniles so thick that they nearly black out the camera lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an ocean of change, from overfishing to acidification, the Cordell Bank is a repository of information and a savings account for future fish and invertebrate populations, as well as an assembly point for the krill and whales above. Being able to participate in and document this expedition, to be among these ocean explorers past and present, and to see the richness of ocean life has been one the highlights of my ocean life. We are so fortunate to have the richness and abundance of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Marine biology\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology\">marine life\u003c/a> so close to our shore, and have the wisdom to protect it. With the abundance of high definition footage I have collected, and the tales that have been told, I intend to share this experience with the world, so we can all appreciate the Cordell Bank and support our National Marine Sanctuaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Cordell Bank and other National Marine Sanctuaries, visit KQED's\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/treasures/guide/cordell-bank.html\"> Jean-Michel Cousteau's Ocean Adventures website\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/whale.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Around us at Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary, blackfooted albatross dip and veer, blue whales spout and humpback whales breach and lunge feed.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past five days I have had the incredible experience of diving on a location few have ever had the opportunity: the \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary\" rel=\"geolocation\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.0665921,-123.3677881&spn=1.0,1.0&q=38.0665921,-123.3677881%20(Cordell%20Bank%20National%20Marine%20Sanctuary)&t=h\">Cordell Bank\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the four California \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"United States National Marine Sanctuary\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Marine_Sanctuary\">National Marine Sanctuaries\u003c/a>, this undersea granite reef southwest of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Bodega Bay\" rel=\"geolocation\" href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=38.2736111111,-123.006111111&spn=0.1,0.1&q=38.2736111111,-123.006111111%20(Bodega%20Bay)&t=h\">Bodega Bay\u003c/a> is frequently washed by huge waves and howling northwest winds. Although it is only 22 miles from Bodega Bay, it feels as if it were a thousand miles from shore. Around us Blackfooted albatross dip and veer, \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Blue whale\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_whale\">blue whales\u003c/a> spout and \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Humpback whale\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale\">humpback whales\u003c/a> breach and lunge feed. The deep green waters are a cornucopia of life and literally squirm with small fish and krill. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below the deck of the \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\" rel=\"homepage\" href=\"http://www.noaa.gov\">NOAA\u003c/a> vessel Fulmar rests the mysterious Cordell Bank, and video camera in hand I was able to assist the team of technical divers from Sanctuaries across the nation.\u003cbr>\nDiving the bank is well, unearthly. It feels like exploring the moon. First discovered by sailing vessel in 1869 by Edward Cordell, the weathered mountain of granite has been visited only a few times over the decades. The first to dive Cordell was an ad-hoc team of divers and adventurers known as the Cordell Expedition and lead by Dr. Bob Schmieder. Beginning in 1977, this team of intrepid divers made the drop and recorded sea life, sampled the biota and helped map the reef’s surface. This remarkable achievement has lead to important knowledge of the Cordell bank and was instrumental in forming the Sanctuary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/coral.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The deep green waters of Cordell Bank are a cornucopia of life.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several days, Bob and others from the original team have joined us, sharing their first hand perspectives, viewing video footage brought back by the team of divers from the \u003ca href=\"http://graysreef.noaa.gov/\">Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> (NMS), the \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/10thunderbay/background/thunderbay/thunderbay.html\">Thunder Bay NMS\u003c/a>, the \u003ca href=\"http://monitor.noaa.gov/\">Monitor NMS\u003c/a> and the regional Marine Heritage Office. Bob’s eyes shine and his hands grip the rail and you can feel how badly he wants to join the second team of divers as they plunge in to re-assess the health and make up of the reef system two hundred feet below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The early divers marvel at the multiple bottles of tri -mix, oxygen and nitrox gases, as well as the sophisticated dive computers and dry suits. Despite the technical advantages, the modern team still has their work cut out for them. Diving into the limited visibility, the cold water and currents is still a challenge, but everyone onboard realizes what a feat it was to first dive the Bank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The images brought back are extraordinary, and what strikes me most is that these veteran NOAA divers who have dived all over the world, experienced natural beauty and rare submarine artifacts of our maritime heritage are as blown away by the Cordell Bank as the original expeditioneers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The few specimens brought up are carefully handled by my colleagues at \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">the California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> to describe, and with the originals from the Cordell Expeditions, will become part of the Academy collections. The Bank is covered with bright red Corynactis anemones, purple and red styaster corals, and white sponges. There is not an inch uncovered by life and over the sessile assembly swarms a cloud of rockfish, the juveniles so thick that they nearly black out the camera lens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an ocean of change, from overfishing to acidification, the Cordell Bank is a repository of information and a savings account for future fish and invertebrate populations, as well as an assembly point for the krill and whales above. Being able to participate in and document this expedition, to be among these ocean explorers past and present, and to see the richness of ocean life has been one the highlights of my ocean life. We are so fortunate to have the richness and abundance of \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Marine biology\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology\">marine life\u003c/a> so close to our shore, and have the wisdom to protect it. With the abundance of high definition footage I have collected, and the tales that have been told, I intend to share this experience with the world, so we can all appreciate the Cordell Bank and support our National Marine Sanctuaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about Cordell Bank and other National Marine Sanctuaries, visit KQED's\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kqed/oceanadventures/episodes/treasures/guide/cordell-bank.html\"> Jean-Michel Cousteau's Ocean Adventures website\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/cougar_dfg.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem> Mountain lion. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/\">California Department of Fish and Game\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>A few weeks ago, in the middle of the night, a mountain lion roamed the streets of Berkeley. The lion jumped fences, leaped through a school playground, and ran though several backyards. The Berkeley Police deemed the mountain lion a threat to public safety, and shot it in a resident’s driveway. When I first heard about this story, was surprised that the mountain lion was in such an urban area—and that it was shot rather than tranquilized and moved to a more suitable habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after a bit of research, I learned that tranquilization is never an option in situations like this—it takes up to 30 minutes for the tranquilizer to take effect, during which time the situation could turn much worse. Wardens with the California Department of Fish and Game don’t even carry tranquilizers; Berkeley Police sure don’t carry tranquilizers, either. And, Fish and Game does not relocate wild animals that display this kind of bold behavior, because they’re still too much of a threat. These policies make sense—and so does a mountain lion walking in streets of Berkeley, when you really think about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 50% of California is mountain lion habitat. Mountain lions can be found wherever there are deer, their main prey item. As we humans have built houses and highways, we’ve broken up the mountain lions’ habitat into fragmented patches. To move between patches of habitat, mountain lions have to cross our streets and highways. Mountain lions are territorial, and their territories tend not to overlap; these animals need a lot of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My friend Chris Wilmers, a professor at UC Santa Cruz, studies mountain lion movement and behavior. He catches mountain lions and fits them with GPS-accelerometer collars, which record their every movement. He’s learning how the lions move through the landscape. You can learn more about his \u003ca href=\"http://people.ucsc.edu/~cwilmers/\">research\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://bapp.org/\">Bay Area Puma Project\u003c/a>, in QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/tracking-urban-lions\">Tracking Urban Lions\u003c/a>. Chris’s research will show us which areas the mountain lions are using, and how we can connect these habitat fragments, so mountain lions can move safely from patch to patch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the plight of urban lions came close to home—or rather, close to work. I work at the Lawrence Hall of Science, in the hills above the UC Berkeley campus. I found out, via email, that three mountain lions, probably a mother and two juveniles, have been seen several times near the Lawrence Berkeley Lab, just down the slope from where I work. And, two dead deer and one dead goat found near the Lab’s buildings strongly suggest that the lions aren’t just taking an evening stroll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clearly, we coexist with mountain lions. Our habitat is their habitat. But there are things we can do to prevent encounters; fill your garden with plants that deer find distasteful, so mountain lions won’t be tempted to stalk their prey in your backyard. (See \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/hunting/deer/publications.html\">A Gardener’s Guide to Preventing Deer Damage\u003c/a>.) Don’t leave food outside for pets. Don’t leave pets outside, or run or bike alone, at dawn, dusk, or nighttime, when mountain lions hunt. And, if you do encounter a mountain lion, stand tall, make noise, and fight back. Find more info \u003ca href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/keepmewild/lion.html\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until Chris figures out where we should build wildlife corridors, I’ll be sure not to walk alone from my office to my car during darkling hours; one more reason not to work late!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/10/EmbryoDevelopment.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Dr. Edwards got his Nobel Prize for getting this to work in a Petri dish.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was given to Dr. Robert Edwards for his work on in vitro fertilization (IVF). Basically, he pioneered the fertilization of human eggs with sperm in a Petri dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>IVF has obviously had a huge impact on society. Millions of infertile couples have been able to have children. And families that have severe genetic diseases in their family tree have been able to have children without these diseases partly because of IVF. (Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis or \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=23\">PGD\u003c/a> is the other part of that equation.) IVF has also provided a steady supply of embryonic stem cells for research. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there have been some downsides as well. Millions of frozen embryos will eventually be thrown away. This is mass murder to people who believe these embryos are a life. And being able to select embryos without genetic disease opens up the possibility of selecting embryos for more troubling, trivial traits like gender or hair, skin, and eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush, though, the science itself might not seem to be all that Nobel-worthy. He put an egg and some sperm in a dish, let the sperm do their work and then put the embryo back into a mom. Sounds too simple for a Nobel Prize. But it wasn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting eggs is hard. And getting eggs that can be successfully fertilized in a lab is really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they first tried IVF, his research group found that the fertilized egg would divide once and that was that. Hardly the bouncing baby the infertile parents were hoping for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Dr. Edwards and his lab had to research how eggs develop in order to get eggs that could be successfully fertilized. Among other things, they learned in incredible detail the cascade of hormones required to get an egg ready for fertilization. It was collateral knowledge like this on the way to IVF that was a big part of why Dr. Edwards earned his Nobel Prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all it looks like the Nobel committee made a good choice in finally giving Dr. Edwards the Nobel Prize. Click \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine\">here \u003c/a>to see if you think this Nobel Prize stacks up to others in this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush, though, the science itself might not seem to be all that Nobel-worthy. He put an egg and some sperm in a dish, let the sperm do their work and then put the embryo back into a mom. Sounds too simple for a Nobel Prize. But it wasn’t. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting eggs is hard. And getting eggs that can be successfully fertilized in a lab is really hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they first tried IVF, his research group found that the fertilized egg would divide once and that was that. Hardly the bouncing baby the infertile parents were hoping for!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Dr. Edwards and his lab had to research how eggs develop in order to get eggs that could be successfully fertilized. Among other things, they learned in incredible detail the cascade of hormones required to get an egg ready for fertilization. It was collateral knowledge like this on the way to IVF that was a big part of why Dr. Edwards earned his Nobel Prize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All in all it looks like the Nobel committee made a good choice in finally giving Dr. Edwards the Nobel Prize. Click \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine\">here \u003c/a>to see if you think this Nobel Prize stacks up to others in this category.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/family.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Universal genetic testing may cause the break up of some families.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What became clear to me at a recent meeting I attended is that most everyone is going to have his or her DNA read in the near future. Another thing that became obvious is that scientists aren’t doing enough thinking about what impact this will have on society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a seemingly trivial example. In most scenarios I have seen, children‘s DNA is read as soon as they are born. This will definitely have some huge health benefits especially as we learn more and more about how our DNA works and what it means. But this will also have some big unintended consequences too.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents will know both their kids’ and their own DNA. From that it will be pretty easy for most anyone to piece together whether or not a child is related to them. In other words, if everyone knows their family’s DNA, then every family will automatically undergo a \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Parental testing\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_testing\">paternity test\u003c/a>. And if some statistics I have seen are true, then a whole lot of people are in for a nasty surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent numbers that I have seen are that something like 3-4% of fathers are unknowingly raising kids who are not their own*. Universal \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"DNA profiling\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling\">DNA testing\u003c/a> will undoubtedly spill the beans in these cases causing many families to break apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “misattributed paternity” is not an unknown problem today…genetic counselors deal with this sort of thing in their practice on occasion. Genetic counselors struggle with what to do with this collateral information and have the option of not revealing it to their patients. Withholding this information won’t be an option in a future where families know their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the not too distant future, up to one million dads in America will find out that little Susie or Jimmy isn’t theirs. Some will be able to deal with this but it will tear many families apart. This will obviously have a huge impact on society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be more subtle effects too. Both men and women will quickly figure out that paternity won’t ever be a secret any more. If you have an affair and have a child, you will be found out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will this knowledge work as a sort of moral police, preventing people from having affairs? (Probably not.) Will people be more careful about contraception? Will abortions increase to cover up affairs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, just knowing this little bit about our DNA will have profound effects on society. And I haven’t even talked about how medical care and the insurance industry might be restructured. Or how it will affect who you decide to have kids with. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This is the latest estimate I could find which is much less than the 10-30% number that med school students used to be taught. We won’t have an accurate number until more \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Genetic testing\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing\">genetic testing\u003c/a> of families is done.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/family.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Universal genetic testing may cause the break up of some families.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What became clear to me at a recent meeting I attended is that most everyone is going to have his or her DNA read in the near future. Another thing that became obvious is that scientists aren’t doing enough thinking about what impact this will have on society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s a seemingly trivial example. In most scenarios I have seen, children‘s DNA is read as soon as they are born. This will definitely have some huge health benefits especially as we learn more and more about how our DNA works and what it means. But this will also have some big unintended consequences too.\u003cbr>\n\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents will know both their kids’ and their own DNA. From that it will be pretty easy for most anyone to piece together whether or not a child is related to them. In other words, if everyone knows their family’s DNA, then every family will automatically undergo a \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Parental testing\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_testing\">paternity test\u003c/a>. And if some statistics I have seen are true, then a whole lot of people are in for a nasty surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most recent numbers that I have seen are that something like 3-4% of fathers are unknowingly raising kids who are not their own*. Universal \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"DNA profiling\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_profiling\">DNA testing\u003c/a> will undoubtedly spill the beans in these cases causing many families to break apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This “misattributed paternity” is not an unknown problem today…genetic counselors deal with this sort of thing in their practice on occasion. Genetic counselors struggle with what to do with this collateral information and have the option of not revealing it to their patients. Withholding this information won’t be an option in a future where families know their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So in the not too distant future, up to one million dads in America will find out that little Susie or Jimmy isn’t theirs. Some will be able to deal with this but it will tear many families apart. This will obviously have a huge impact on society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be more subtle effects too. Both men and women will quickly figure out that paternity won’t ever be a secret any more. If you have an affair and have a child, you will be found out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Will this knowledge work as a sort of moral police, preventing people from having affairs? (Probably not.) Will people be more careful about contraception? Will abortions increase to cover up affairs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you can see, just knowing this little bit about our DNA will have profound effects on society. And I haven’t even talked about how medical care and the insurance industry might be restructured. Or how it will affect who you decide to have kids with. Or…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>* This is the latest estimate I could find which is much less than the 10-30% number that med school students used to be taught. We won’t have an accurate number until more \u003ca class=\"zem_slink\" title=\"Genetic testing\" rel=\"wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing\">genetic testing\u003c/a> of families is done.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.767050 -122.391139\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_991170061_shuvo-roy-phd-1952.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>UCSF Bioengineer Shuvo Roy works on a model of an artificial, implantable kidney. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reported for \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/\">KQEDnews.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his lab at the Mission Bay campus of the University of California-San Francisco, Shuvo Roy is leading a project with nearly 40 scientists from across the nation to develop the world’s first artificial, implantable kidney. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you have kidney failure, the sickest of the sick tend to get on the transplant waiting list,” said Roy, an associate professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences at UCSF. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy is collaborating with scientists and biotech experts at ten other institutions, including the University of Michigan, the Cleveland Clinic and Case Western Reserve University. Drawing inspiration from Silicon Valley, the researchers have figured out how to take a room-sized dialysis machine and shrink it down to a cartridge the size of a coffee cup. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we are motivated to do,” said Roy, “is come up with a solution that will provide the benefits of a healthy kidney to the vast majority of patients that are on dialysis and who have a very low chance of ever getting a transplant kidney.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers have built the prototype of a device that can be implanted in patients and run without batteries or pumps. Their goal: have it in clinical trials in five to seven years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Healthy kidneys filter toxins from blood. Dialysis machines do the same thing, but require patients to sit, often for three hours or more, several times a week. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team’s artificial kidney filters blood using strips of silicon, etched with tiny pores. “We're applying state-of-the-art fabrication technologies used in making computer chips to achieve very precise features and dimensions at the nano-scale,\" said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By engineering super-thin silicon membranes at the microscopic scale, the scientists have done away with the need for pumps and large amounts of electricity used in traditional dialysis machines. Instead, the patient’s blood pressure is sufficient to pump the blood for filtration through the artificial kidney device. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_2_kidney_991182869_QKPUF-L.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientist manipulates pieces of silicon membrane in a petri dish. (Credit: UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really our contribution,” he said. “Because our silicon membranes don't require a lot of pressure for filtration, we can make them small enough and compact enough to fit inside the little cartridge.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roy and his team have tested the filtration component of their artificial kidney device on animal models, including rats and pigs. Right now, they’re working to scale it up for use on humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the National Kidney Foundation, roughly 11 percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from stage one or higher chronic kidney disease, including nearly a million adults in the Bay Area. But most people don’t even know they have kidney disease, which is diagnosed with a simple blood test, until it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Until kidney disease gets to stages four or five, it's a silent disease,” said Patty McCormac, a registered nurse and a program director for the San Francisco office of the National Kidney Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with End Stage Renal Disease, the last of five stages in chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys have ceased to work, must undergo dialysis. The only alternative is a kidney transplant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly every five minutes, all of the blood pumped from the heart is sent through the kidneys, which sit below the rib cage on either side of the spine. The five-inch organs filter the blood to remove toxins from drugs, for example, that are ingested and that build up from the daily metabolic activity of the liver and the muscles in the body. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also perform the crucial job of balancing water, salts, minerals and acid in the blood through hormones and other chemical messages which are relayed from other parts of the body to let the kidneys know whether to increase or decrease the amount of water, mineral salts or acid in the blood. Kidneys also help regulate blood pressure and spur the production of red blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some Bay Area kidney patients already are watching Roy’s research with the hope that one day it could change their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Anderson is a 60 year-old San Francisco resident who first started dialysis 11 years ago. After a four year wait, he received a kidney transplant in 2003, but the kidney failed in 2007. So he had to resume visits to the dialysis outpatient clinic at UCSF Mount Zion. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson found out about Roy’s research in August while talking with a friend of his who had read about it on the internet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The potential that this artificial kidney might be available in five years has changed my outlook,” he said. “It has given me a more disciplined participation in my own treatment -- a discipline with my diet, which is more likely to keep me around for those five years.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Anderson tolerates dialysis fairly well, many patients can experience fatigue, nausea and low blood pressure after the treatment. When Anderson started dialysis, he also suffered from hypertension, which along with diabetes, causes two-thirds of all cases of chronic kidney disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the U.S. Renal Data System, roughly 350,000 adults in the U.S. were on dialysis in 2007, including nearly 50,000 adults in California alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dialysis is also expensive. In 2007, Medicare spent on average more than $72,000 per patient on dialysis treatments. The cost of the artificial kidney, Roy said, would be comparable to two years of dialysis treatments and cheaper in the long run as expensive immunosuppressant drugs would not be needed to maintain it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the researchers are successful, dialysis patients would experience a greatly enhanced level of mobility and independence. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would potentially be like having your own little artificial kidney, so you'd be able to get up and walk around. It would revolutionize treatment. The dialysis machines we use today, you're basically sitting in a chair for four hours at a time,” said Dr. Lynda Frassetto, a kidney doctor and professor of medicine at UCSF. “We don't let you get up.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By using the tools of nanotechnology, some of which were developed at UC Berkeley, Roy and his team are able to cut shapes and precise patterns into silicon, much like electrical engineers do in designing a computer chip to carry out complex calculations and tasks. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here the silicon is tailored to be the right size and shape for blood filtration, so tiny pores - a few billionths of a meter in size - are cut into silicon wafers, the same material from which computer chips are made. The silicon wafers are then cut into strips and assembled into rows which act as filters, the first stage of Roy’s artificial kidney.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much like a real human kidney, the silicon filters take a portion of the patient’s blood and remove toxins from it, along with sugars, water and salts. The portion of the blood that is unfiltered returns to the body, eventually cycling back for filtration. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The filtered blood, or “filtrate”, then passes to a second compartment, the bioreactor, for additional processing. In the bioreactor, the filtrate passes over a bed of kidney cells, which could be cultured from the patient’s own kidneys or they could come from a donor. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As the filtrate flows over this bed of cells, the bed of cells senses how much salts and sugars the body needs and they reabsorb the salts, sugars and much of the water back into the body”, said Roy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/UCSF_Kidney_Model-pix.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Schematic image of the artificial implantable kidney device being developed at UCSF. Click \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/UCSF_kidney_large.jpg\">here\u003c/a> for a larger image. (Credit: Dr. Shuvo Roy, UCSF)\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the bed of kidney cells would help perform a job that the most advanced dialysis machine currently can’t do: maintain the critical balance between water, salts and other constituents of blood, which healthy kidneys do automatically. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the kidney cells may not come from the patient, they wouldn’t be rejected by the patient’s immune system - a problem that until now, has inhibited the development of an artificial, implantable kidney. This is because the silicon membrane on which they sit contains pores that are big enough to allow the filtered blood through where it mingles with the live kidney cells, but they’re too small for the body’s immune cells to pass through and attack them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if they can use this artificial kidney filter and they don’t need to give people anti-rejection medication, that's huge,” said Frassetto. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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