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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/scitable.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Finally a reliable scientific resource on the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A really interesting project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable\">Scitable\u003c/a> recently came to my attention. This site is sponsored by the same folks who publish \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/\">Scientific American\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a>, and many other scientific journals and magazines. It is intended to provide students, teachers, professors and the public with easy to read, understandable materials about science. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a quick look, it looks like a great website for advanced high school students, undergraduate and graduate students, scientists, and the well educated. If this is you, take a look \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable\">here\u003c/a> and let me know what you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an email interview I did with the guy who runs the site, Vikram Savkar. It focuses on what Scitable offers and some ways to heal our ailing science education system. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/VAsmall.jpg\" align=\"right\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many of our readers will not have heard of Scitable before. Can you please give a brief history of the group and what you hope to accomplish.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scitable is an open, high quality science teaching and learning site from Nature Publishing Group, publishers of Nature, Scientific American, and a number of other science journals and magazines. We launched Scitable because we feel strongly that inspiring and enabling today’s students to immerse themselves in science is crucial for the future of the planet. Without dedicated scientific researchers, or at least a science-literate population, we won’t be able to make the progress we need as a global community on sustainability, food security, diseases, and so on. Our goal is to make access to very high quality science education information and compelling scientific experiences a common denominator for students regardless of their socioeconomic or geographic background.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you please tell our readers who the sources are for the information on your site and how often information is updated? Do you see it as a more reliable source for people compared to what else is out there on the web (e.g. Wikipedia)?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We actively commission the pieces you see on the site from leading scientists, faculty, or science journalists, depending on the subject matter, and every piece is put through a formal review by other experts in the field. The result is that the information is high quality: current, carefully thought through, scientifically accurate, and designed explicitly for use by teachers and students. We update our pieces on average once a month . . . often when a member of the community points out a topic they think we should have covered but didn’t; we’ll route the opinion to our reviewers and if everyone agrees, we will update the article. Yes, our intention is very much for Scitable to be a marriage of the reliability and quality of information that we’re all familiar with from journals and formal publications with the ease of discovery of use that’s characteristic of sites like Wikipedia.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your favorite feature of Scitable? Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I sometimes use the search box in the People area of Scitable to figure out whether we have any student or faculty users from far-flung parts of the world . . . and usually find that we do. (Mauritius: yes. Swaziland: no. We’ll have to work on that.) We’re really trying to create a kind of global classroom – a place where students from any part of the world can collaborate with researchers, teachers, and fellow students who are interested in the same subject but potentially thousands of miles away.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Can you tell us a little bit about the resources that are available for the public, students, and/or teachers at your site? How easy is it for these people to access and use these resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The heart of Scitable is the extensive (and growing) content library. We have more than 600 readings in genetics, cell biology, and ecology right now, and we’re adding more across the life and physical sciences this year. We have mini-textbooks in the life sciences as well as on special topics like scientific communication and career planning. And our learning paths allow students to progress through “hot” issues like biotechnology at their own pace. We also have a strong set of classroom tools, which teachers can use to run private online research spaces for their students. In just five or ten minutes, a teacher can create a customized reading list (using content from Scitable or from anywhere on the web) and enroll students in discussions, news feeds, and so on. All of this is free. The bulk of the content doesn’t require registration; people do have to register to build or join a classroom or take a learning path. Overall, it’s really easy for people to learn through the site . . . our users are growing rapidly every month, and they come from all walks of life: students, teachers, researchers, parents, veterinarians (yes, I’ve noticed a lot of these!), genetic counselors, and more.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you see as the primary problem with science education today? If you had a magic wand and could fix science education, what would you do? Would it differ between K-12 and undergraduate education?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I don’t think there is a primary problem, I think that the overall quality of science education is driven by the convergence of a lot of factors: Do parents encourage kids to tinker with nature and science? Are there enough well trained science teachers, and are they incentivized to stay at tough schools? How widely available are good lab equipment and other learning materials? How successful are college instructors at reminding students of the “magic” behind the memorization? If I had a magic wand, I would wave it at all of these. If I had to pick one . . . that’s tough . . . I would probably work on ensuring that there are highly qualified teachers (which means not only understanding science but having a solid background in teaching methods) in all schools, including and particularly under resourced ones. But, really, the key point for me is that there isn’t just one thing to focus on, we must take a holistic approach.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who is the primary audience for Scitable? K-12 students, K-12 educators, undergraduates, the general public, graduate students, etc.?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The audience in formal education ranges from advanced high school classes to junior/senior level undergraduate classes . . . we have a broad set of content in the site, so there is much there for everyone within that range. The audience among the general public seems to be encouragingly varied, there are so many different kinds of people whom I have seen find their way to the site. People really do instinctively get excited by science; when we provide a way for them to easily find good answers to their questions, they will take advantage of it.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you see Scitable as a resource for that day in the not too distant future when everyone knows their own DNA sequence? Are there any resources available and accessible for the average person at your site? Or is it mostly focused right now on aspiring or actual scientists?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>There are many resources for the average person, and we plan to publish more. A good example is our growing collection of Spotlights, which are essentially “home pages” for topics like Alternative Energy and Acoustic Pollution, intended specifically to help general learners go beyond the newspaper headlines and learn the actual science behind hot-button issues. I don’t see us ever helping people to make medical judgments of any kind, but I do see us helping a broad set of citizens to understand something substantial about the fields of research that can lead to a vastly improved quality of life for all of us. And to vote in ways that help make this future a reality.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/18/the-wild-wild-web/\">A previous blog on the difficulties of finding good scientific information on the web.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/scitable.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Finally a reliable scientific resource on the web.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A really interesting project called \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable\">Scitable\u003c/a> recently came to my attention. This site is sponsored by the same folks who publish \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/\">Scientific American\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/\">Nature\u003c/a>, and many other scientific journals and magazines. It is intended to provide students, teachers, professors and the public with easy to read, understandable materials about science. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a quick look, it looks like a great website for advanced high school students, undergraduate and graduate students, scientists, and the well educated. If this is you, take a look \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/scitable\">here\u003c/a> and let me know what you think.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below is an email interview I did with the guy who runs the site, Vikram Savkar. It focuses on what Scitable offers and some ways to heal our ailing science education system. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/VAsmall.jpg\" align=\"right\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Many of our readers will not have heard of Scitable before. Can you please give a brief history of the group and what you hope to accomplish.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scitable is an open, high quality science teaching and learning site from Nature Publishing Group, publishers of Nature, Scientific American, and a number of other science journals and magazines. We launched Scitable because we feel strongly that inspiring and enabling today’s students to immerse themselves in science is crucial for the future of the planet. Without dedicated scientific researchers, or at least a science-literate population, we won’t be able to make the progress we need as a global community on sustainability, food security, diseases, and so on. Our goal is to make access to very high quality science education information and compelling scientific experiences a common denominator for students regardless of their socioeconomic or geographic background.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you please tell our readers who the sources are for the information on your site and how often information is updated? Do you see it as a more reliable source for people compared to what else is out there on the web (e.g. Wikipedia)?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>We actively commission the pieces you see on the site from leading scientists, faculty, or science journalists, depending on the subject matter, and every piece is put through a formal review by other experts in the field. The result is that the information is high quality: current, carefully thought through, scientifically accurate, and designed explicitly for use by teachers and students. We update our pieces on average once a month . . . often when a member of the community points out a topic they think we should have covered but didn’t; we’ll route the opinion to our reviewers and if everyone agrees, we will update the article. Yes, our intention is very much for Scitable to be a marriage of the reliability and quality of information that we’re all familiar with from journals and formal publications with the ease of discovery of use that’s characteristic of sites like Wikipedia.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is your favorite feature of Scitable? Why?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I sometimes use the search box in the People area of Scitable to figure out whether we have any student or faculty users from far-flung parts of the world . . . and usually find that we do. (Mauritius: yes. Swaziland: no. We’ll have to work on that.) We’re really trying to create a kind of global classroom – a place where students from any part of the world can collaborate with researchers, teachers, and fellow students who are interested in the same subject but potentially thousands of miles away.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Can you tell us a little bit about the resources that are available for the public, students, and/or teachers at your site? How easy is it for these people to access and use these resources?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The heart of Scitable is the extensive (and growing) content library. We have more than 600 readings in genetics, cell biology, and ecology right now, and we’re adding more across the life and physical sciences this year. We have mini-textbooks in the life sciences as well as on special topics like scientific communication and career planning. And our learning paths allow students to progress through “hot” issues like biotechnology at their own pace. We also have a strong set of classroom tools, which teachers can use to run private online research spaces for their students. In just five or ten minutes, a teacher can create a customized reading list (using content from Scitable or from anywhere on the web) and enroll students in discussions, news feeds, and so on. All of this is free. The bulk of the content doesn’t require registration; people do have to register to build or join a classroom or take a learning path. Overall, it’s really easy for people to learn through the site . . . our users are growing rapidly every month, and they come from all walks of life: students, teachers, researchers, parents, veterinarians (yes, I’ve noticed a lot of these!), genetic counselors, and more.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you see as the primary problem with science education today? If you had a magic wand and could fix science education, what would you do? Would it differ between K-12 and undergraduate education?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>I don’t think there is a primary problem, I think that the overall quality of science education is driven by the convergence of a lot of factors: Do parents encourage kids to tinker with nature and science? Are there enough well trained science teachers, and are they incentivized to stay at tough schools? How widely available are good lab equipment and other learning materials? How successful are college instructors at reminding students of the “magic” behind the memorization? If I had a magic wand, I would wave it at all of these. If I had to pick one . . . that’s tough . . . I would probably work on ensuring that there are highly qualified teachers (which means not only understanding science but having a solid background in teaching methods) in all schools, including and particularly under resourced ones. But, really, the key point for me is that there isn’t just one thing to focus on, we must take a holistic approach.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Who is the primary audience for Scitable? K-12 students, K-12 educators, undergraduates, the general public, graduate students, etc.?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The audience in formal education ranges from advanced high school classes to junior/senior level undergraduate classes . . . we have a broad set of content in the site, so there is much there for everyone within that range. The audience among the general public seems to be encouragingly varied, there are so many different kinds of people whom I have seen find their way to the site. People really do instinctively get excited by science; when we provide a way for them to easily find good answers to their questions, they will take advantage of it.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you see Scitable as a resource for that day in the not too distant future when everyone knows their own DNA sequence? Are there any resources available and accessible for the average person at your site? Or is it mostly focused right now on aspiring or actual scientists?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>There are many resources for the average person, and we plan to publish more. A good example is our growing collection of Spotlights, which are essentially “home pages” for topics like Alternative Energy and Acoustic Pollution, intended specifically to help general learners go beyond the newspaper headlines and learn the actual science behind hot-button issues. I don’t see us ever helping people to make medical judgments of any kind, but I do see us helping a broad set of citizens to understand something substantial about the fields of research that can lead to a vastly improved quality of life for all of us. And to vote in ways that help make this future a reality.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/18/the-wild-wild-web/\">A previous blog on the difficulties of finding good scientific information on the web.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment",
"title": "Sudden Oak Death Plus Wildfire: A Natural Experiment",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurAfter1.jpg\">\u003cem>Wildfire ripped through this area of forest, which was infested with Sudden Oak Death. Does infestation with SOD make wildfires burn with more intensity? Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Oregon to Big Sur, potentially millions of trees have been killed by \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/\">Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>, or SOD. In 2006 and 2007, researchers from UC Davis set up a large-scale study in the coastal forests near Big Sur to examine the spread of the disease and its impact on forest dynamics. The area was one of the first to be affected by SOD. Members of the Rizzo Lab at UC Davis had established 280 plots across the region, carefully counting and measuring each tree and checking for SOD infection. Then, in June 2008, the Basin Complex Fire ripped through Big Sur, burning over 95,000 hectares of forest. By the time the fire was contained, over a month after it began, one third of the team’s plots were crisp and blackened.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the fire burned, news media and firefighters assumed that areas of the forest infested with SOD would burn more intensely—all the dead oak trees would fuel the fire. But the natural experiment created by the overlap of the Basin Complex Fire and the UC Davis study allowed researchers to test whether SOD did in fact make wildfire worse. Their study will soon be published in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/applications.htm\">Ecological Applications\u003c/a>; a preprint of their paper is available \u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0419.1\">here\u003c/a>. What they found was not what the news media or the firefighters predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/BigSurBefore1.jpg\">\u003cem>Andrew Molera State Park, the same plot as the top photo, before the Basin Complex Fire. Photo: Kerri Frangioso.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Invasion of the water molds\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSudden Oak Death came to California in the 1990s, probably on the leaves of a rhododendron shipped in for the nursery industry. The disease is caused by a \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oomycete\">water mold\u003c/a>, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.suddenoakdeath.org/about-sudden-oak-death/pathogen\">\u003cem>Phytophthora ramorum\u003c/em>.\u003c/a> It can spread short distances in splashes of water, and can potentially travel longer distances when water is blown about in storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not all trees that are infected with the pathogen will die. Some species, like California Bay Laurel, do just fine. But California Bay is like Typhoid Mary—it serves as a host to the pathogen and allows it to spread to other, more susceptible species. The pathogen is fatal to tanoak and several species of oak trees. These species develop cankers on their trunks, which bleed out a thick, red liquid. Slowly, the bark around the entire circumference of the tree is affected; all tissue above this girdle dies, leading to the death of the tree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A natural experiment\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn 2008, Margaret Metz had just begun a new post-doc in Dave Rizzo’s lab. She was to work on the Big Sur project and analyze the data from the 280 plots to understand SOD impacts in the region. Her colleagues had spent months setting up the plots for their SOD study. They knew the size and location of every tree, whether it was standing upright and healthy (or newly infested with SOD), or whether it was dead and decomposing on the ground. When Metz found out her study site was burning, she was devastated. All that hard work—and all those trees—was going up in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the dismay was short-lived. The team had a perfect pre-fire dataset. They just needed to census the plots after the fire, to get a rare comparison of the severity of fire in areas with and without SOD. This was an experiment they didn’t intend on doing—but drought and a dry lightning strike had made it possible. Dave Rizzo was able to quickly procure funding for the researchers to re-census the plots. “You could never do a controlled burn on that scale,” says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where there’s SOD, there’s more intense fire?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nNews articles about the Basin Complex fire linked SOD to fire intensity, and firefighters reported that fires were burning more fiercely in areas with evidence of SOD. So when Metz and her colleagues analyzed their data, they thought they’d see that fires were more severe in plots infested with SOD. But that is not what they found. Their data showed that plots with and without SOD showed no difference in fire severity. They quantified fire severity using something called the Composite Burn Index. It takes into account the effects of fire on the ground, as well as in the shrubs and trees. Composite Burn Index did not differ between plots infested with SOD and plots without SOD. The popular assumption, that SOD makes wildfires burn more intensely, was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/db_ls_Tanoak_BigSurHwy11.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Dead tanoak along the Big Sur Highway. Photo: Karl Buermeyer, COMTF.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/span>However, Metz and the team could dig deeper into their data. From their pre-fire data, they knew whether SOD had infested the plots recently, or whether SOD had been there for some time. It can take several years for a tree to die from SOD. When trees are first infected with SOD and die, their leaves turn dry and brown, and they remain on the tree for a year or more. Later, the branches fall to the ground, and eventually the whole trunk falls over. The fuel created by newly infected trees and trees that have been infected for several years is quite different. Metz and her colleagues found that in plots that were newly infested, plots with more dead biomass (or fuel) burned more intensely. In plots that were infested some time ago, the amount of biomass was not related to the intensity of the fire. They suspect that crisp brown leaves on newly infected trees allow the fire to burn high in the canopy. In plots infested long ago, the dead trees are on the ground; in this case, the fire damages the soil and the tree roots, which makes slopes vulnerable to erosion from mudslides. The conventional wisdom about SOD and fire was not quite right, but there was some truth to it—it just depends on when the forest was infested with SOD. Newly infested forests burn with more intensity than un-infested forests or forests that were infested some time ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Future forests\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt has been almost three years since the Basin Complex Fire burned up Metz’s plots. Now, she and her colleagues are looking to see how the forest recovers—from the fire, and from SOD. Maia Beh, a grad student in the Rizzo Lab, found that of the plots that had SOD in the pre-fire surveys, only 20% still have it today. They’re not sure whether it’s because of the fire, or because there have been two years of drought. The pathogen, P. ramorum, is dependent on water, and doesn’t do well in drought conditions. They’re looking at plots that did not burn up in the fire to see whether the decline in the pathogen is due to drought, fire, or some combination of the two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the incidence of the pathogen has declined on land, it is still present in almost all the watersheds in the area. And, last year we had late rains, extending through spring into the early summer. Late rains with warm temperatures create conditions that are ideal for the pathogen, says Metz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With continued careful sampling of those 280 plots—and maybe a few more unintended natural experiments—Metz and her colleagues will learn how forests recover from both fire and SOD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Learn more about SOD\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTo prevent the spread of the pathogen \u003cem>P. ramorum\u003c/em>, take steps make sure it isn’t hitchhiking on your boots. Clean your boots into the buckets of diluted bleach that you might find at trailheads, or spray your boots down with Lysol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take part in a \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/english/sodblitz.php\">SOD-blitz\u003c/a>, a \u003ca href=\"http://scienceforcitizens.net/\">citizen science\u003c/a> project. Learn more about SOD and help figure out where the pathogen has spread, with UC Berkeley plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnr.berkeley.edu/garbelotto/\">Matteo Garbolotto\u003c/a>. You can see Garbolotto on the QUEST video \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/plant-plague-sudden-oak-death\">Plant Plague: Sudden Oak Death\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Soldiers1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Can genetics help them be all they can be?\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/jason/hundred.pdf\">report\u003c/a> commissioned by the Department of Defense recommends that everyone in the military eventually get their DNA sequenced. The idea is that scientists can use this treasure trove of information to quickly learn a lot about which bits of DNA lead to which traits or diseases. The military brass would then use this information to better care for soldiers and to make a more effective fighting force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, maybe they will be able to find people who are more prone to suffer from post traumatic stress disorder. These folks could then be kept away from the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or maybe they can find soldiers who are more likely to be resistant to certain diseases. These folks would be the ones sent to regions where those diseases are common. And so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course they will also find out many other things that may be more useful to society (and the soldier’s personal lives) like which bits of DNA predispose someone to diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc. And which bits make someone more likely to be tall, strong, have dark hair or green eyes or anything else the scientists can measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This obviously has the potential for good but it still feels a bit creepy to me. Especially if the military misuses or abuses the information it gets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone (including the military) has to be careful not to over interpret the data. Just because a piece of DNA correlates with a lower risk of PTSD, that does not mean it is the only piece of DNA that does. It may just be one of many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can imagine people who are at a higher risk for PTSD being moved to the front lines because an incomplete understanding of their DNA made them look like they were at a lower risk. These kinds of mistakes would be bad for the soldier and may eventually cost us a war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There also needs to be some kind of oversight to prevent outright abuse by military officials who do not understand the limitations of our DNA knowledge. We need to make sure they don’t do what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/4-18-01.cfm\">railroad company did\u003c/a> a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001 railroad workers brought a suit against BNSF railroad. The suit alleges that the company secretly tested 125 workers for a DNA snippet that increases someone’s risk for developing carpal tunnel syndrome. The story was that BNSF wanted to be able to deny worker’s compensation for any of these workers that developed carpal tunnel syndrome because they had a pre-existing condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides being against the law, this was also just plain stupid on the part of the railroad. They did not understand that the DNA snippet was not really predictive and that it was one of many genetic factors that can lead to an increased risk. They basically tried to figure out what the elephant looked like from just its tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The military may also use genetics to exclude some people from jobs they’d like to do or from the military entirely. I am not sure we will ever know DNA well enough to justify this sort of thing but at the very least we need to be sure that the generals understand what we can and can’t learn from our DNA. And that we update the military head honchos constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the cost of reading our DNA drops to $1000 or less, we’ll all eventually be getting our DNA sequenced. And if the military follows the report’s recommendations, then the military will be testing the waters of our genetic pool. We can all learn from the mistakes they make along the way. I just hope the learning process doesn’t endanger any of our soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/history/090429-military-experiment-1.html\">The 10 Most Outrageous Military Experiments\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course they will also find out many other things that may be more useful to society (and the soldier’s personal lives) like which bits of DNA predispose someone to diabetes, cancer, heart disease, etc. And which bits make someone more likely to be tall, strong, have dark hair or green eyes or anything else the scientists can measure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This obviously has the potential for good but it still feels a bit creepy to me. Especially if the military misuses or abuses the information it gets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone (including the military) has to be careful not to over interpret the data. Just because a piece of DNA correlates with a lower risk of PTSD, that does not mean it is the only piece of DNA that does. It may just be one of many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you can imagine people who are at a higher risk for PTSD being moved to the front lines because an incomplete understanding of their DNA made them look like they were at a lower risk. These kinds of mistakes would be bad for the soldier and may eventually cost us a war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There also needs to be some kind of oversight to prevent outright abuse by military officials who do not understand the limitations of our DNA knowledge. We need to make sure they don’t do what a \u003ca href=\"http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/4-18-01.cfm\">railroad company did\u003c/a> a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2001 railroad workers brought a suit against BNSF railroad. The suit alleges that the company secretly tested 125 workers for a DNA snippet that increases someone’s risk for developing carpal tunnel syndrome. The story was that BNSF wanted to be able to deny worker’s compensation for any of these workers that developed carpal tunnel syndrome because they had a pre-existing condition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides being against the law, this was also just plain stupid on the part of the railroad. They did not understand that the DNA snippet was not really predictive and that it was one of many genetic factors that can lead to an increased risk. They basically tried to figure out what the elephant looked like from just its tail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The military may also use genetics to exclude some people from jobs they’d like to do or from the military entirely. I am not sure we will ever know DNA well enough to justify this sort of thing but at the very least we need to be sure that the generals understand what we can and can’t learn from our DNA. And that we update the military head honchos constantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the cost of reading our DNA drops to $1000 or less, we’ll all eventually be getting our DNA sequenced. And if the military follows the report’s recommendations, then the military will be testing the waters of our genetic pool. We can all learn from the mistakes they make along the way. I just hope the learning process doesn’t endanger any of our soldiers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.livescience.com/history/090429-military-experiment-1.html\">The 10 Most Outrageous Military Experiments\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/oilrig1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/oilrig1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"oilrig\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-11789\">\u003c/a>You can always tell a Goleta surfer by the back smear on the deck of their board. As a kid we were used to tar balls off Carpenteria and a bottle of mineral oil and cotton balls were standard equipment for tarry soles after walks on the beach. Natural seeps have been recorded since the Conquistadores, and although the seeps might have been exacerbated by the oil rigs offshore, it was a way of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when the oil derrick blew off the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Santa_Barbara_oil_spill\">Santa Barbara Coastline in 1969\u003c/a>. Suddenly everything changed. The thick slicks surged shoreward, the beaches closed and the seabirds scattered like dead tar babies on the sand. The rich bird rookeries and marine mammals of the Channel Islands offshore suffered greatly. The loss of tourism hit the region hard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the remaining oil rigs remain as icons off the Santa Barbara Coastline, the constant sludge and thin brown haze reminding us of the costs of offshore drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These islands are now part of the National Marine Sanctuary system but remain exposed to the threat of another large oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for a domestic disaster has been underscored by the Gulf spill. Until the BP Gulf crisis reminded the nation that these accidents can be catastrophic, oil exploration off the Northern Coastline had been under consideration by the Obama Administration. Some prudent political backpedaling quickly shelved that idea, but there is an underlying movement to drill the reserves off the Mendocino and Sonoma coast, as well as expand exploration in Santa Barbara Santa Monica and La Jolla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sanctuaries Expansion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLast month \u003ca href=\"http://woolsey.house.gov/\">Representative Lynn Woolsey \u003c/a>renewed her push to expand the marine sanctuaries and thus permanently ban offshore oil drilling off much of the North Coast. Oil drilling is expressly prohibited in marine sanctuaries, but commercial fishing is allowed. Drilling is currently banned off the coast until 2017, but sanctuary status would make that permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the Monterey, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank Marine \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> protect almost 8,000 square miles of ocean. The Woolsey proposal would expand the sanctuaries up to Point Arena in Mendocino County to permanently protect this important region from oil exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the head of the oil industry's most powerful trade group challenged the Obama administration's decisions last year to preclude oil and gas leases off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released by the American Petroleum Institute estimates that there are 10.5 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves on the Pacific coast. It calls on Congress and the White House to “re-examine and reconsider limits” on drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Outer Continental Shelf off of Northern California is only estimated to hold 5% of the technically recoverable undiscovered oil reserves that are already available for leasing in the Gulf of Mexico. If all these reserves were recovered, it would only amount to about 100 days of US oil consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Major Upwelling Zone\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the Northern coast is so abundant with marine life is the phenomena called upwelling,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Point Arena upwelling occurs at the edge of the Continental Shelf. Cold, nutrient rich water from the deep sea rises, creating plankton blooms which in turn feed fish, birds and whales. This nutrient rich current is carried south along the Sonoma and Marin coastlines creating an abundance of rockfish, crabs and other commercial species. Although less than 1 % of the ocean, over half of fisheries occurs in upwelling regions such as the one north of the Cordell Bank. This natural conveyor belt supports sea life and the lives of fishermen in our communities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, commercial fishery landings in Crescent City, Eureka and Fort Bragg totaled $39.8 million dollars. Across California, commercial fishing and associated businesses accounted for almost $10 billion in sales, $5 billion in income and almost 200,000 jobs in 2006. Roughly 1.5 million recreational anglers took 4.5 million fishing trips that year, supporting over 20,000 jobs and accounting for almost $4 billion in sales and $2 billion in value-added services. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this upwelling zone form catastrophic damage will protect more than fish: it will protect jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sanctuary Bill Will Protect Fishing\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20110105/articles/110109771http://\">Woolsey has called for bipartisan support of the sanctuary measure\u003c/a>, saying it would “help the economy by preserving jobs in the fishing industry and creating new ones in the tourist industry.” It will also protect the sensitive upwelling regions so vital for fish and fishermen. If the area does become a sanctuary, fishing will still be permitted. Fishing advocates like the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen supports the Sanctuary Expansion idea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this source of nutrients and larvae will protect fisheries at the source. Pollution from offshore platforms, the risk of invasive species being introduced by oil rigs brought from overseas, harmful effects of seismic air guns used for exploration, and the possible catastrophic damage from an oil spill are too great of a risk to fisheries and to the nearby National Marine Sanctuaries for the minimal economic benefits of drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar upwelling zone south of Point Conception rows of oil derricks line the Santa Barbara Channel. Forty years after the spill, ships ply back and forth, flares burn in the night sky and a thin film covers the water. A few miles beyond, the Channel Islands break the horizon, an invisible line dividing the Sanctuary from the oil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf can happen here. The question is will we allow it or will we act to protect our natural resources and our jobs from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sanctuary expansion would be a legacy for our coastline, and ensure future generations the enjoyment of fish and all marine life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/oilrig1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/oilrig1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"oilrig\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-11789\">\u003c/a>You can always tell a Goleta surfer by the back smear on the deck of their board. As a kid we were used to tar balls off Carpenteria and a bottle of mineral oil and cotton balls were standard equipment for tarry soles after walks on the beach. Natural seeps have been recorded since the Conquistadores, and although the seeps might have been exacerbated by the oil rigs offshore, it was a way of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I remember when the oil derrick blew off the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Santa_Barbara_oil_spill\">Santa Barbara Coastline in 1969\u003c/a>. Suddenly everything changed. The thick slicks surged shoreward, the beaches closed and the seabirds scattered like dead tar babies on the sand. The rich bird rookeries and marine mammals of the Channel Islands offshore suffered greatly. The loss of tourism hit the region hard. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the remaining oil rigs remain as icons off the Santa Barbara Coastline, the constant sludge and thin brown haze reminding us of the costs of offshore drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These islands are now part of the National Marine Sanctuary system but remain exposed to the threat of another large oil spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The potential for a domestic disaster has been underscored by the Gulf spill. Until the BP Gulf crisis reminded the nation that these accidents can be catastrophic, oil exploration off the Northern Coastline had been under consideration by the Obama Administration. Some prudent political backpedaling quickly shelved that idea, but there is an underlying movement to drill the reserves off the Mendocino and Sonoma coast, as well as expand exploration in Santa Barbara Santa Monica and La Jolla.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sanctuaries Expansion\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLast month \u003ca href=\"http://woolsey.house.gov/\">Representative Lynn Woolsey \u003c/a>renewed her push to expand the marine sanctuaries and thus permanently ban offshore oil drilling off much of the North Coast. Oil drilling is expressly prohibited in marine sanctuaries, but commercial fishing is allowed. Drilling is currently banned off the coast until 2017, but sanctuary status would make that permanent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently the Monterey, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank Marine \u003ca href=\"http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/\">sanctuaries\u003c/a> protect almost 8,000 square miles of ocean. The Woolsey proposal would expand the sanctuaries up to Point Arena in Mendocino County to permanently protect this important region from oil exploration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the head of the oil industry's most powerful trade group challenged the Obama administration's decisions last year to preclude oil and gas leases off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and the eastern Gulf of Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report released by the American Petroleum Institute estimates that there are 10.5 billion barrels of untapped oil reserves on the Pacific coast. It calls on Congress and the White House to “re-examine and reconsider limits” on drilling. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Outer Continental Shelf off of Northern California is only estimated to hold 5% of the technically recoverable undiscovered oil reserves that are already available for leasing in the Gulf of Mexico. If all these reserves were recovered, it would only amount to about 100 days of US oil consumption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Major Upwelling Zone\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe reason the Northern coast is so abundant with marine life is the phenomena called upwelling,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Point Arena upwelling occurs at the edge of the Continental Shelf. Cold, nutrient rich water from the deep sea rises, creating plankton blooms which in turn feed fish, birds and whales. This nutrient rich current is carried south along the Sonoma and Marin coastlines creating an abundance of rockfish, crabs and other commercial species. Although less than 1 % of the ocean, over half of fisheries occurs in upwelling regions such as the one north of the Cordell Bank. This natural conveyor belt supports sea life and the lives of fishermen in our communities. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2006, commercial fishery landings in Crescent City, Eureka and Fort Bragg totaled $39.8 million dollars. Across California, commercial fishing and associated businesses accounted for almost $10 billion in sales, $5 billion in income and almost 200,000 jobs in 2006. Roughly 1.5 million recreational anglers took 4.5 million fishing trips that year, supporting over 20,000 jobs and accounting for almost $4 billion in sales and $2 billion in value-added services. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this upwelling zone form catastrophic damage will protect more than fish: it will protect jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sanctuary Bill Will Protect Fishing\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/article/20110105/articles/110109771http://\">Woolsey has called for bipartisan support of the sanctuary measure\u003c/a>, saying it would “help the economy by preserving jobs in the fishing industry and creating new ones in the tourist industry.” It will also protect the sensitive upwelling regions so vital for fish and fishermen. If the area does become a sanctuary, fishing will still be permitted. Fishing advocates like the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen supports the Sanctuary Expansion idea. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Protecting this source of nutrients and larvae will protect fisheries at the source. Pollution from offshore platforms, the risk of invasive species being introduced by oil rigs brought from overseas, harmful effects of seismic air guns used for exploration, and the possible catastrophic damage from an oil spill are too great of a risk to fisheries and to the nearby National Marine Sanctuaries for the minimal economic benefits of drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a similar upwelling zone south of Point Conception rows of oil derricks line the Santa Barbara Channel. Forty years after the spill, ships ply back and forth, flares burn in the night sky and a thin film covers the water. A few miles beyond, the Channel Islands break the horizon, an invisible line dividing the Sanctuary from the oil. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gulf can happen here. The question is will we allow it or will we act to protect our natural resources and our jobs from harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sanctuary expansion would be a legacy for our coastline, and ensure future generations the enjoyment of fish and all marine life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "It's Gray Whale Season!",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\"><img src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/big-whale1.jpg\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gray whale near Pacific Grove. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tclifton/\">Tom Clifton\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/graywhl.htm\">gray whale\u003c/a> season. As you gaze out across the Pacific, you may see one. These whales are gray in color (hence their name), and are dotted with white markings—scars from parasitic barnacles that attached themselves to the whales’ skin, and then fell off. As they dive, you won’t see a dorsal fin—gray whales don’t have them—but you might see a series of bumps that extend from the middle of the back towards the tail. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray whales we see this time of year are traveling from the Bering and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea\">Chukghi\u003c/a> seas, their summer feeding grounds, to Baja, where they mate and give birth to their calves. \u003c!--more-->These are some big babies—they’re about 4.5 meters (15 feet) long and weigh up to 1,500 pounds! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, gray whales had a wide distribution. There were four populations: the Eastern North Pacific population that we see migrating along our coast, a Western North Pacific population along the coast of Asia, and two populations in the North Atlantic. The Eastern North Atlantic population, along the coast of Europe, went extinct in the 5th century. The Western North Atlantic population, along the east coast of North America, went extinct in the 18th century because of whaling. Today, the North Pacific population close to Asia is critically endangered, with fewer than 200 individuals. The North Pacific population along our coast is doing well, with over 20,000 individuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past summer, a gray whale was \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18883-stray-grey-whale-navigates-the-northwest-passage.html\">spotted in the Mediterranean\u003c/a>—first near Israel, and then near Spain. The Mediterranean may have been a breeding ground for grey whales, before whales in this region died out. It is thought that this lone whale crossed from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage\">Northwest Passage\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, the Northwest Passage has been, well, impassable, clogged with sea ice and impossible to navigate. But because of global warming, the sea ice is melting. In the summertime, it is possible for ships to move through the Northwest Passage, opening a \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/arctic-shipping-gets-boring/\">new trade route through the Arctic\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opening of the Northwest Passage to trade is controversial; countries debate over who controls this new waterway, and the presence of container ships, with their loud noises and polluting fuels, could adversely affect Arctic wildlife. Ships can do major physical damage to whales, as QUEST blogger David McGuire pointed out in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/20/when-a-sanctuary-is-no-longer-a-sanctuary/\">this blog post\u003c/a>. And engine noise travels far underwater, which can interfere with whale communication. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/wildlife/marine/sonar.asp\">Sonar’s effects on marine mammals\u003c/a> can be even worse. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on gray whales, check out this Jean-Michel Cousteau Ocean Adventures \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMFznXz-Uh4\">video\u003c/a>. And find out where you can see gray whales yourself, with this list of \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/web-only-articles/whale-resources/\">gray whale resources\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"center\"><img src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/big-whale1.jpg\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gray whale near Pacific Grove. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tclifton/\">Tom Clifton\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/graywhl.htm\">gray whale\u003c/a> season. As you gaze out across the Pacific, you may see one. These whales are gray in color (hence their name), and are dotted with white markings—scars from parasitic barnacles that attached themselves to the whales’ skin, and then fell off. As they dive, you won’t see a dorsal fin—gray whales don’t have them—but you might see a series of bumps that extend from the middle of the back towards the tail. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gray whales we see this time of year are traveling from the Bering and \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea\">Chukghi\u003c/a> seas, their summer feeding grounds, to Baja, where they mate and give birth to their calves. \u003c!--more-->These are some big babies—they’re about 4.5 meters (15 feet) long and weigh up to 1,500 pounds! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, gray whales had a wide distribution. There were four populations: the Eastern North Pacific population that we see migrating along our coast, a Western North Pacific population along the coast of Asia, and two populations in the North Atlantic. The Eastern North Atlantic population, along the coast of Europe, went extinct in the 5th century. The Western North Atlantic population, along the east coast of North America, went extinct in the 18th century because of whaling. Today, the North Pacific population close to Asia is critically endangered, with fewer than 200 individuals. The North Pacific population along our coast is doing well, with over 20,000 individuals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past summer, a gray whale was \u003ca href=\"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18883-stray-grey-whale-navigates-the-northwest-passage.html\">spotted in the Mediterranean\u003c/a>—first near Israel, and then near Spain. The Mediterranean may have been a breeding ground for grey whales, before whales in this region died out. It is thought that this lone whale crossed from the Pacific to the Atlantic via the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Passage\">Northwest Passage\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For centuries, the Northwest Passage has been, well, impassable, clogged with sea ice and impossible to navigate. But because of global warming, the sea ice is melting. In the summertime, it is possible for ships to move through the Northwest Passage, opening a \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/16/arctic-shipping-gets-boring/\">new trade route through the Arctic\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The opening of the Northwest Passage to trade is controversial; countries debate over who controls this new waterway, and the presence of container ships, with their loud noises and polluting fuels, could adversely affect Arctic wildlife. Ships can do major physical damage to whales, as QUEST blogger David McGuire pointed out in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/10/20/when-a-sanctuary-is-no-longer-a-sanctuary/\">this blog post\u003c/a>. And engine noise travels far underwater, which can interfere with whale communication. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/wildlife/marine/sonar.asp\">Sonar’s effects on marine mammals\u003c/a> can be even worse. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more on gray whales, check out this Jean-Michel Cousteau Ocean Adventures \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMFznXz-Uh4\">video\u003c/a>. And find out where you can see gray whales yourself, with this list of \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/web-only-articles/whale-resources/\">gray whale resources\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/\">Bay Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "15 Months Later, Rediscovered San Francisco Plant Thrives | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-restoring-san-franciscos-lost-manzanita\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/ws204_manzanita300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Young plants of the Arctostaphylos franciscana, or Franciscan manzanita, once thought to be extinct in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In October 2009, a botanist on his way home from work spotted a low-lying, 18-foot-long shrub at a construction site near the Golden Gate Bridge. The plant, a Franciscan manzanita, was a miracle of survival – a species thought to have been extinct in the wild for almost 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant became visible after construction crews removed taller vegetation from a rocky outcropping just south of the toll plaza near Doyle Drive. Botanist Daniel Gluesenkamp’s rediscovery of one of the rarest plants in the world made headlines across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one thought to look in the middle of a center divider of a freeway. But there it was,” said Don Mahoney, curator at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. “I doubt if there’s another one ever going to be found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras and public attention have long since gone away. But 15 months later, biologists and gardeners have been quietly and painstakingly working from the single surviving wild specimen to reestablish a population of the species that a century ago was found cascading down rocky outcroppings in San Francisco’s hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’ve already started to see significant success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Doyle Drive Franciscan manzanita, as the plant uncovered in 2009 is referred to, was moved about a mile away from the construction site, to an undisclosed location in the Presidio, to protect it from thieves and curious onlookers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0589-Don-Mahoney-holds300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Don Mahoney holds one of the nearly 170 Franciscan manzanitas that the San Francisco Botanical Garden has grown from the one found in 2009.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>During the move, some branches were trimmed off so it would fit on a crane, said Mahoney. The cuttings were divided among six institutions: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeplants.org/\">the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\">Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/native-plant-nurseries/sites/presidio-nursery.html\">Presidio’s own native plants nursery\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfloranursery.com/\">Cal Flora\u003c/a>, a commercial nursery in Sonoma County specializing in manzanitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together they have grown 424 plants genetically identical to the one found in the Doyle Drive construction site, said Betty Young, director of nurseries for the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, who is coordinating the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 170 of these young plants live in pots in a sunny area of the San Francisco Botanical Garden’s nursery, and now have roots and tiny flower buds that will bloom in the spring. From the one have come many, and with them, hope for restoring some of the Bay Area’s original wild character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each one is ready to be a 14-foot across plant,” said Mahoney, “if we can just find enough spots in San Francisco to plant them all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to establish populations of the Franciscan manzanita in the wild. To do so, experts must first find places where the plant is likely to thrive. The challenge is to find open spaces with the type of rocks where Franciscan manzanita likes to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Franciscana-manzanita-cascades300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Franciscan manzanita cascades over a bluff at San Francisco’s Laurel Hill cemetery in 1938. Courtesy of Alice Q. Howard.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The plant grew on serpentinite and green stone rock, which occur commonly in earthquake zones. San Francisco is crisscrossed by these rocks, said Michael Chassé, a geography graduate student at San Francisco State University and a natural resources management specialist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>, who is writing his thesis on the Franciscan manzanita. Places like the former \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/mint_facilities/?action=SF_facilities\">Mint building at the top of Market Street\u003c/a>, are believed to have had Franciscan manzanita growing on serpentinite, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most such rocky formations now have buildings on top of them – this loss of habitat is what led the Franciscan to extinction in the early 1940s. Chassé is looking for patches of open space at least one acre in size where the rocks are still present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has identified and started to visit about 10 possible San Francisco locations in the Presidio, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdavidson.org/\">Mt. Davidson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28San_Francisco,_California%29\">Twin Peaks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://starrkingopenspace.org/\">Starr King Openspace\u003c/a>. The sites are, for the most part, protected either by San Francisco Recreation and Parks or the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But open space alone isn’t enough to create a healthy population of Franciscan manzanitas, said Chassé.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about reintroducing a plant, you want the widest genetic diversity,” he said. “You don’t want to just plant individuals from one plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When plants are able to cross-pollinate with plants that are of their same species but have a different genetic makeup, they’re more likely to produce seeds that will allow the plants to reproduce spontaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 424 Franciscan plants grown by the botanical gardens come from the one found near Doyle Drive by Gluesenkamp, director of habitat protection and restoration for Audubon Canyon Ranch, in Marin County. This means that the plants are like genetically identical siblings of each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, though, suitable mates are available. These are plants that botanists saved in the 1930s before the Franciscan manzanita disappeared in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0552-Manzanitas-bark300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanitas are recognizable by their reddish bark.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last known location where Franciscan grew was San Francisco’s old Laurel Hill cemetery, where the city’s Laurel Heights neighborhood now stands. The land where San Francisco’s cemeteries operated became so valuable that in the 1930s the city passed an ordinance to prevent burials, with the intention of closing them down, said Chassé. By 1940, Laurel Hill cemetery had been bulldozed and the last of the wild Franciscan was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But botanists had collected samples and planted them in local botanical gardens like the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park. Franciscan manzanitas were also planted at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and others, where they can be seen in their collections today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chassé said he doesn’t know how many Franciscan plants with different genetic makeups exist in these gardens. Genetic testing – which is complicated, expensive and time-consuming – hasn’t been conducted. So he is visiting botanical gardens, talking to curators like Mahoney and combing documents to try to figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are there 20, or two or three?” he said. “The records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0584-Manzanita-berries300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanita berries are called bear berries because bears like them. People can eat them too. They’re sour.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Distinctive for their reddish bark and white and pink bell-shaped flowers, botanists consider manzanitas to be California’s iconic plant. Some 50 species are distributed throughout the state, each adapted to a particular ecosystem, from the coast to the High Sierra, said Mahoney. The Franciscan is one of two manzanita species that grew only in San Francisco, thriving in its foggy climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Spanish, manzanita means “little apple.” The plant’s tiny, apple-shaped fruit are edible, and Native-Americans used them as a staple in the winter and spring, said Mahoney. But as buildings spread across San Francisco’s landscape, the city’s two unique species of manzanitas were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the difficulties of reestablishing a population of rare plants in the wild is illustrated by the story of the other manzanita found exclusively in San Francisco. The Raven’s manzanita, a low-lying shrub like the Franciscan, was also believed to have gone extinct in the wild until it was rediscovered in 1952, also in the Presidio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the Franciscan, a single plant of Raven’s manzanita exists in the wild, in an undisclosed location in the Presidio. But unlike the Franciscan, no other specimens of Raven’s manzanita were salvaged. So it has been near impossible for botanists to get the plant to produce seed from which a plant will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0085-The-Ravens-manzanita300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Raven’s manzanita faces a harder time than the Franciscan manzanita. Only one individual exists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has had some success, said curator Holly Forbes. It is the only botanical garden that has produced seeds from the Raven’s manzanita. But in order to get the seeds to actually germinate and grow into a plant, a volunteer at the garden had to try 32 different methods, said Forbes. (The two methods that worked involved either refrigerating them, or soaking the seeds in liquid smoke, an infusion produced from smoke passed through water.) The garden has since managed to get 15 Raven’s manzanitas to grow from seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to get new genes that might give it an advantage for surviving in the wild,” said Forbes. Even though the seeds came from plants that are genetically identical to each other, some genetic recombination does happen during the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more genetic material to work with, botanists expect the Franciscan manzanita to have an easier time than its relative, and are excited at the prospect of trying to recreate part of San Francisco’s native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look at remaining natural habitats as the original skin of the Earth. And there’s very little of that left in San Francisco,” said Mahoney. “And to actually find one of the anchor and key plants that originally existed in San Francisco and to be able to save it meant a lot to anybody who works with plants and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.7659715 -122.4664658\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Fifteen months after a native plant thought to be extinct was rediscovered in San Francisco, local botanists have succeeded in growing it and are making plans to plant it out in the wild.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-restoring-san-franciscos-lost-manzanita\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/ws204_manzanita300-2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Young plants of the Arctostaphylos franciscana, or Franciscan manzanita, once thought to be extinct in the wild.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>In October 2009, a botanist on his way home from work spotted a low-lying, 18-foot-long shrub at a construction site near the Golden Gate Bridge. The plant, a Franciscan manzanita, was a miracle of survival – a species thought to have been extinct in the wild for almost 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plant became visible after construction crews removed taller vegetation from a rocky outcropping just south of the toll plaza near Doyle Drive. Botanist Daniel Gluesenkamp’s rediscovery of one of the rarest plants in the world made headlines across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No one thought to look in the middle of a center divider of a freeway. But there it was,” said Don Mahoney, curator at the San Francisco Botanical Garden. “I doubt if there’s another one ever going to be found.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cameras and public attention have long since gone away. But 15 months later, biologists and gardeners have been quietly and painstakingly working from the single surviving wild specimen to reestablish a population of the species that a century ago was found cascading down rocky outcroppings in San Francisco’s hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they’ve already started to see significant success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Doyle Drive Franciscan manzanita, as the plant uncovered in 2009 is referred to, was moved about a mile away from the construction site, to an undisclosed location in the Presidio, to protect it from thieves and curious onlookers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0589-Don-Mahoney-holds300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Don Mahoney holds one of the nearly 170 Franciscan manzanitas that the San Francisco Botanical Garden has grown from the one found in 2009.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>During the move, some branches were trimmed off so it would fit on a crane, said Mahoney. The cuttings were divided among six institutions: the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfbotanicalgarden.org/\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley\u003c/a>; \u003ca href=\"http://www.nativeplants.org/\">the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.ucsc.edu/\">Arboretum at the University of California, Santa Cruz\u003c/a>; the \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/native-plant-nurseries/sites/presidio-nursery.html\">Presidio’s own native plants nursery\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.calfloranursery.com/\">Cal Flora\u003c/a>, a commercial nursery in Sonoma County specializing in manzanitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Together they have grown 424 plants genetically identical to the one found in the Doyle Drive construction site, said Betty Young, director of nurseries for the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, who is coordinating the effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Close to 170 of these young plants live in pots in a sunny area of the San Francisco Botanical Garden’s nursery, and now have roots and tiny flower buds that will bloom in the spring. From the one have come many, and with them, hope for restoring some of the Bay Area’s original wild character.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Each one is ready to be a 14-foot across plant,” said Mahoney, “if we can just find enough spots in San Francisco to plant them all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ultimate goal is to establish populations of the Franciscan manzanita in the wild. To do so, experts must first find places where the plant is likely to thrive. The challenge is to find open spaces with the type of rocks where Franciscan manzanita likes to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/Franciscana-manzanita-cascades300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>A Franciscan manzanita cascades over a bluff at San Francisco’s Laurel Hill cemetery in 1938. Courtesy of Alice Q. Howard.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The plant grew on serpentinite and green stone rock, which occur commonly in earthquake zones. San Francisco is crisscrossed by these rocks, said Michael Chassé, a geography graduate student at San Francisco State University and a natural resources management specialist at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a>, who is writing his thesis on the Franciscan manzanita. Places like the former \u003ca href=\"http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/mint_facilities/?action=SF_facilities\">Mint building at the top of Market Street\u003c/a>, are believed to have had Franciscan manzanita growing on serpentinite, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most such rocky formations now have buildings on top of them – this loss of habitat is what led the Franciscan to extinction in the early 1940s. Chassé is looking for patches of open space at least one acre in size where the rocks are still present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has identified and started to visit about 10 possible San Francisco locations in the Presidio, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mtdavidson.org/\">Mt. Davidson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_Park\">McLaren Park\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Peaks_%28San_Francisco,_California%29\">Twin Peaks\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://starrkingopenspace.org/\">Starr King Openspace\u003c/a>. The sites are, for the most part, protected either by San Francisco Recreation and Parks or the National Park Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But open space alone isn’t enough to create a healthy population of Franciscan manzanitas, said Chassé.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think about reintroducing a plant, you want the widest genetic diversity,” he said. “You don’t want to just plant individuals from one plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When plants are able to cross-pollinate with plants that are of their same species but have a different genetic makeup, they’re more likely to produce seeds that will allow the plants to reproduce spontaneously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All 424 Franciscan plants grown by the botanical gardens come from the one found near Doyle Drive by Gluesenkamp, director of habitat protection and restoration for Audubon Canyon Ranch, in Marin County. This means that the plants are like genetically identical siblings of each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, though, suitable mates are available. These are plants that botanists saved in the 1930s before the Franciscan manzanita disappeared in the wild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0552-Manzanitas-bark300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanitas are recognizable by their reddish bark.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The last known location where Franciscan grew was San Francisco’s old Laurel Hill cemetery, where the city’s Laurel Heights neighborhood now stands. The land where San Francisco’s cemeteries operated became so valuable that in the 1930s the city passed an ordinance to prevent burials, with the intention of closing them down, said Chassé. By 1940, Laurel Hill cemetery had been bulldozed and the last of the wild Franciscan was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But botanists had collected samples and planted them in local botanical gardens like the Regional Parks Botanic Garden in Berkeley’s Tilden Park. Franciscan manzanitas were also planted at the San Francisco Botanical Garden, the University of California Botanical Garden in Berkeley and others, where they can be seen in their collections today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chassé said he doesn’t know how many Franciscan plants with different genetic makeups exist in these gardens. Genetic testing – which is complicated, expensive and time-consuming – hasn’t been conducted. So he is visiting botanical gardens, talking to curators like Mahoney and combing documents to try to figure it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are there 20, or two or three?” he said. “The records are unclear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0584-Manzanita-berries300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Manzanita berries are called bear berries because bears like them. People can eat them too. They’re sour.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Distinctive for their reddish bark and white and pink bell-shaped flowers, botanists consider manzanitas to be California’s iconic plant. Some 50 species are distributed throughout the state, each adapted to a particular ecosystem, from the coast to the High Sierra, said Mahoney. The Franciscan is one of two manzanita species that grew only in San Francisco, thriving in its foggy climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Spanish, manzanita means “little apple.” The plant’s tiny, apple-shaped fruit are edible, and Native-Americans used them as a staple in the winter and spring, said Mahoney. But as buildings spread across San Francisco’s landscape, the city’s two unique species of manzanitas were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the difficulties of reestablishing a population of rare plants in the wild is illustrated by the story of the other manzanita found exclusively in San Francisco. The Raven’s manzanita, a low-lying shrub like the Franciscan, was also believed to have gone extinct in the wild until it was rediscovered in 1952, also in the Presidio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just like the Franciscan, a single plant of Raven’s manzanita exists in the wild, in an undisclosed location in the Presidio. But unlike the Franciscan, no other specimens of Raven’s manzanita were salvaged. So it has been near impossible for botanists to get the plant to produce seed from which a plant will grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DSC_0085-The-Ravens-manzanita300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Raven’s manzanita faces a harder time than the Franciscan manzanita. Only one individual exists.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>The University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley has had some success, said curator Holly Forbes. It is the only botanical garden that has produced seeds from the Raven’s manzanita. But in order to get the seeds to actually germinate and grow into a plant, a volunteer at the garden had to try 32 different methods, said Forbes. (The two methods that worked involved either refrigerating them, or soaking the seeds in liquid smoke, an infusion produced from smoke passed through water.) The garden has since managed to get 15 Raven’s manzanitas to grow from seed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to get new genes that might give it an advantage for surviving in the wild,” said Forbes. Even though the seeds came from plants that are genetically identical to each other, some genetic recombination does happen during the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more genetic material to work with, botanists expect the Franciscan manzanita to have an easier time than its relative, and are excited at the prospect of trying to recreate part of San Francisco’s native landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I look at remaining natural habitats as the original skin of the Earth. And there’s very little of that left in San Francisco,” said Mahoney. “And to actually find one of the anchor and key plants that originally existed in San Francisco and to be able to save it meant a lot to anybody who works with plants and the environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total the team has created eight different games that allow players to interact with paramecia (the single-celled organisms used in numerous biology experiments). In one of the games, paramecia move around a small fluid chamber. A camera collects images of the paramecia moving around and sends the images to a video screen that has a game board of a soccer field superimposed on the image. A microprocessor tracks the movements of the paramecia and keeps score as the paramecia \"kick\" the virtual ball around with their movements in the chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Biotic Pinball, the player injects a chemical into the fluid at calculated moments, causing the paramecia to swim in one direction or another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're worried about the effects these games may have on single-celled organisms, Riedel-Kruse assures that these organisms have neither a brain nor any ability to feel pain, so they are not causing any harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riedel-Kruse tells the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2011/january/biotic-video-games-011211.html\">Stanford University News\u003c/a>:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"We hope that by playing games involving biology of a scale too small to see with the naked eye, people will realize how amazing these processes are and they'll get curious and want to know more...the applications we can envision so far are on the one hand educational, for people to learn about biology, but we are also thinking perhaps we could have people running real experiments as they play these games.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: left\">To learn more about the biotic games being developed, check out this \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2Ux4pQH7KY&feature=youtu.be&a\" target=\"_blank\">video\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/DenisovaCave1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Our newest relatives hailed from around this cave in Siberia.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, scientists found a fossil of a humanoid finger in the Denisova Cave in Siberia. The finger was probably from someone (or something) that had been running around Siberia forty thousand years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, the scientists would have been stuck until they found additional fossils to build up a more complete skeleton. Once they had the skeleton, they could then compare it to other fossils and figure out how it related to modern humans. Of course this might never happen—it would be totally dependent on finding more fossils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than waiting around, these scientists decided to bring in a geneticist. Nowadays geneticists can sometimes read every base of a fossilized beast’s DNA. In other words, they can read its whole genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When geneticists did this, \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">they found\u003c/a> that the finger did not come from a modern human or a Neanderthal. This Denisovan (as scientists named it) probably came from a previously unknown relative that was more closely related to Neanderthals than humans. And surprisingly, their legacy lives on in some modern humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By comparing the DNA of the Denisovan and various modern ethnic groups, scientists could see Denisovan DNA in modern Melanesians. Apparently the ancestors of Melanesians and Denisovans had babies before the Denisovans went extinct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data suggest that Denisovans might have contributed up to 4-5% of their DNA to modern Melanesians. Add the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">1-2% Neanderthal DNA\u003c/a> found in non-Africans and you get up to 7% of Melanesian DNA coming from nonhuman sources. And that is just based on the two extinct species whose DNA we’ve been able to read so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who knows how much DNA of other ethnic groups comes from relatives whose DNA we haven’t looked at yet. I bet someone is taking a good hard look at various groups’ DNA to see if they can answer this question without having to figure out more fossil DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This all points to an exciting new twist to paleontology…the ability to look at DNA from fossils and to compare that DNA to modern humans and any other close relatives whose DNA has been sequenced. This new avenue of research should provide extra information that scientists didn’t have before and allow them to figure some things out with just a single finger bone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003cparam name=\"movie\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/co62imB4Xvk?fs=1&hl=en_US\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cembed src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/co62imB4Xvk?fs=1&hl=en_US\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" width=\"425\" height=\"344\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>BBC story on the find.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/buckwheat21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Mount Diablo buckwheat, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in 2005. Photo: Scott Hein / \u003ca href=\"http://www.savemountdiablo.org/home.htm\">Save Mount Diablo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/07/new-original-science-video-series-from-quest-science-on-the-spot/\">Science on the SPOT\u003c/a> video will feature the \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2010/the-presidios-miracle-manzanita\">Franciscan manzanita\u003c/a>, a plant thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in San Francisco’s Presidio in 2009. The Franciscan manzanita (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos franciscana\u003c/em>) is not the only California plant deemed extinct and then rediscovered. My friend Mike Park, a grad student in Integrative Biology at Berkeley, rediscovered the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/05/24_buckwheat.shtml\">Mount Diablo buckwheat\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Eriogonum truncatum\u003c/em>) while hiking in Mount Diablo State Park in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike was able to identify the plant thanks to its pale pink flowers, which were in full bloom; the species hadn’t been seen since 1936.\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php\">Eight additional California plant species\u003c/a>, listed as extinct in 1994, have since been re-found, including the fantastically-named Ventura marsh milk-vetch (\u003cem>Astragalus pycnostachyus\u003c/em> var. \u003cem>lanosissimus\u003c/em>), the northern adder's-tongue (\u003cem>Ophioglossum pusillum\u003c/em>), and the water howellia (\u003cem>Howellia aquatilis\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to determine whether a species is truly extinct. The difference between exceedingly rare and really extinct can rest on the lives of just a few individuals. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">The California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> (CNPS) keeps track of plants that are likely extinct in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/\">Online Inventory of Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants of California\u003c/a>. The list of plants thought to be extinct tells the story of land use change in California over the past 150 years. For each of the 29 plants, the possible reasons for extinction are listed: urbanization, conversion of river banks to agricultural areas, wetland modification, mining. Plants with distributions that were confined to the Channel Islands seem particularly vulnerable to extinction. For some plants, like the lost thistle (\u003cem>Cirsium praeteriens\u003c/em>), it isn’t clear whether they were California species that went extinct soon after they were first described, or recently introduced European plants that failed to establish in the New World. Many plants on the list, like the hairless popcorn flower (\u003cem>Plagiobothrys glaber\u003c/em>), may still be out there in small numbers, but we just don’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out whether the plants on the extinct list are really alive and blooming (and whether the plants on the rare list should be shifted to the extinct list), CNPS has started the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/treasurehunt/\">Rare Plant Treasure Hunt\u003c/a>. They match amateur plant hunters with experienced botanists, and provide detailed maps of priority areas and info on plant identification. This is a great project for school clubs, scout groups, and anyone interested in doing some botanizing. And they’re particularly interested in recruiting people with GIS skills (geocaching enthusiasts, that’s you!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just because a plant hasn’t been seen in decades doesn’t mean it’s gone forever. It might be growing at your feet; you just need to know what to look for.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/buckwheat21.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The Mount Diablo buckwheat, thought to be extinct, was rediscovered in 2005. Photo: Scott Hein / \u003ca href=\"http://www.savemountdiablo.org/home.htm\">Save Mount Diablo\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This week, QUEST’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/04/07/new-original-science-video-series-from-quest-science-on-the-spot/\">Science on the SPOT\u003c/a> video will feature the \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/apr-jun-2010/the-presidios-miracle-manzanita\">Franciscan manzanita\u003c/a>, a plant thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in San Francisco’s Presidio in 2009. The Franciscan manzanita (\u003cem>Arctostaphylos franciscana\u003c/em>) is not the only California plant deemed extinct and then rediscovered. My friend Mike Park, a grad student in Integrative Biology at Berkeley, rediscovered the \u003ca href=\"http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/05/24_buckwheat.shtml\">Mount Diablo buckwheat\u003c/a> (\u003cem>Eriogonum truncatum\u003c/em>) while hiking in Mount Diablo State Park in 2005.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mike was able to identify the plant thanks to its pale pink flowers, which were in full bloom; the species hadn’t been seen since 1936.\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/cnps/rareplants/ranking.php\">Eight additional California plant species\u003c/a>, listed as extinct in 1994, have since been re-found, including the fantastically-named Ventura marsh milk-vetch (\u003cem>Astragalus pycnostachyus\u003c/em> var. \u003cem>lanosissimus\u003c/em>), the northern adder's-tongue (\u003cem>Ophioglossum pusillum\u003c/em>), and the water howellia (\u003cem>Howellia aquatilis\u003c/em>).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be hard to determine whether a species is truly extinct. The difference between exceedingly rare and really extinct can rest on the lives of just a few individuals. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnps.org/\">The California Native Plant Society\u003c/a> (CNPS) keeps track of plants that are likely extinct in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rareplants.cnps.org/\">Online Inventory of Rare, Threatened and Endangered Plants of California\u003c/a>. The list of plants thought to be extinct tells the story of land use change in California over the past 150 years. For each of the 29 plants, the possible reasons for extinction are listed: urbanization, conversion of river banks to agricultural areas, wetland modification, mining. Plants with distributions that were confined to the Channel Islands seem particularly vulnerable to extinction. For some plants, like the lost thistle (\u003cem>Cirsium praeteriens\u003c/em>), it isn’t clear whether they were California species that went extinct soon after they were first described, or recently introduced European plants that failed to establish in the New World. Many plants on the list, like the hairless popcorn flower (\u003cem>Plagiobothrys glaber\u003c/em>), may still be out there in small numbers, but we just don’t know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/PHD1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>A Ph.D. does not guarantee a job.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This title is usually part of a snarky reference to the value of a degree. A B.S. is what it sounds like, an M.S. is more of the same stuff and a Ph.D is the same stuff piled higher and deeper. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here though I am referring more to how people with doctorate degrees are piling up while waiting for their dream (or any research) job. This is at the back of my mind most days since I work with graduate students. But what brought it to the front was a recent article called \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/node/17723223?story_id=17723223\">The Disposable Academic\u003c/a> in \u003ca href=\"http://www.economist.com/\">The Economist\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I recommend this article for anyone who wants to understand the road a Ph.D. must travel. For science, you first go to graduate school where you spend 4-7 (or more) years working on an independent research project. It is here you learn how to do research. A great benefit is that you are paid to go to grad school. Not a whole lot but you don't end up in debt. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this you go on to do what is supposed to be an apprenticeship called postdoctoral work (\"a postdoc\"). You are paid a bit more and spend 3-6 (or more) years further honing your research skills. Then you are ready to get a job. Except there aren't as many as there used to be. Which is why postdocs have become a low paid holding pattern for many Ph.D.s while they apply for a job. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There aren’t enough research jobs out there because of how the system is set up. There is an incentive to have as many graduate students and postdocs being trained as possible since they are cheap and do most of the research. The result is that a single professor puts out many Ph.D.s over his or her career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This didn’t matter a few decades ago when the U.S. government was increasing funding to create lots of research positions. But now we have plenty of these positions and so don’t need to create many new ones. Which means there are lots of Ph.D.s going for just a few research jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this wouldn’t be as big a deal if people going to graduate school were told this upfront or they received training in something besides research while they were in graduate school. But most of them don’t receive either. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research training has stayed the same partly because of inertia and partly because it works well for the nation, universities and professors. The nation needs a ready supply of scientists and professors and universities appreciate the cheap and productive labor. But it is no longer working well for graduate students and postdocs. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what can be done? There are a few possibilities...these are three I thought of off the top of my head. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1) Increase government funding for science. Most research positions are funded by the federal government so more money equals more research positions. I of course love this one but in an environment of belt tightening this is unlikely to fly even if the nation needs the scientists. (It should be mentioned that we aren't talking TARP money here...a few extra billion could go a long way.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2) Restrict the number of graduate students. Since research positions aren't increasing, we could simply train fewer students. This is sort of like what happens with med school. The big downside is that most research gets done by graduate students and postdocs. Fewer of each of these means less productive American science, fewer Nobel Prizes, etc. This one would obviously be a hard sell. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>3) Make graduate school about more than research training. Right now the entire focus is on becoming a great researcher. This is useful if someone is going on to a research career although even then it isn't perfect. As a professor, a scientist needs to know how to write grants, manage people, write scientific articles, manage money, etc. Graduate students and postdocs receive very little training in these skills. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the situation gets worse for non-research careers. Students and postdocs receive almost no training for these sorts of jobs or even guidance about where to get training after they get their degree. It might be worth thinking about updating graduate school for our new reality by providing training for other possible careers. I have tried to do a bit of this at Stanford with the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/outreach/tech.html\">Stanford at The Tech\u003c/a> program and the NSF is really pushing for a change with its \u003ca href=\"http://www.gk12.org/\">GK-12 program\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whatever happens, at the very least we need to be upfront with graduates considering a career in research science. Tell them that the odds are against them getting an elite academic research position. In fact, they'll need hard work, to choose the right supervisor and a bit of luck to land any academic research position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Mistletoe grows on the branch of an oak tree in Briones Regional Park. Photo: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/mistletoe1.jpg\">kqedquest\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Have you been hanging out under the mistletoe at holiday parties, hoping for a kiss? Well, that mistletoe is more than a Christmas kissing custom. It’s a parasite that can harm trees—and a potential treatment for cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.hastingsreserve.org/OakStory/Mistletoe2.html\">Mistletoe\u003c/a> lives on the branches of trees, and is a hemi-parasite; it produces some of its own food (it has green, photosynthetic leaves), but it gets nutrients and water from its host plant (its roots tap into the host plant, rather than the soil). If the mistletoe grows big enough, they can do some damage. Large mistletoe plants can weigh down tree branches and make them more likely to break off during a storm. If there are many mistletoe plants in a single tree, they can stunt the tree’s growth, make it more susceptible to disease, and even kill it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more--> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are several species of mistletoe living in California. Pacific mistletoe, \u003cem>Phoradendron villosum\u003c/em>, lives in the western US, and is a parasite on oak trees. European mistletoe, \u003cem>Viscum album\u003c/em>, parasitizes a wide range of species, including apple trees and maples. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe is spread from tree to tree by birds. They eat the white berries and spread the sticky seeds with their beaks or in their excrement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite its parasitic tendencies, mistletoe has long been thought to have healing powers. In Greek legends and druid folklore, mistletoe was used to treat disease. And since the 1920s, scientists have been investigating mistletoe extract as potential cancer drug.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several laboratory studies have shown that mistletoe extract can kill cancer cells—though other studies have shown that the extract has no effect. It seems that mistletoe growing on different types of trees (like apple, pine, oak, or elm) may have different medicinal properties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mistletoe extract seems to boost the immune system, by increasing the production and activity of white blood cells. (Don’t try this at home—mistletoe can be poisonous.) Several clinical trials, mostly in Europe, have tested mistletoe extract as a form of adjuvant therapy—a treatment that is given to cancer patients after their primary treatment, to decrease the risk that cancer will return. Patients were treated with mistletoe extract (injected under the skin), along with radiation and chemotherapy. Patience who received the mistletoe extract fared better than their counterparts who did not receive it. Additional studies are underway: check out the National Cancer Institute’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cam/mistletoe/patient/28.cdr#top\">Questions and Answers About Mistletoe\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While you’re standing awkwardly under the mistletoe at your next cocktail party, you can wait quietly for that special someone, or you can strike up a conversation about mistletoe’s medicinal properties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Related posts:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/exploration/briones-regional-park-exploration\">Briones Regional Park Exploration\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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