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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48080\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 481px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/photo5-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48080\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48080 \" title=\"Christmas Bird Count volunteer bird watchers, Alameda\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo51-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"481\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volunteer bird watchers on alert to identify and count all bird species in our area. Photo by Robert Embry\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientific research isn’t always fun it can be a \"walk in the park\" when it involves bird watching. When the alarm went off at “O’dark thirty” last Sunday, I had to dig deep to find the enthusiasm to get out of bed. It has been more than 20 years since I last participated in the annual \u003ca title=\"Christmas Bird Count, Golden Gate Audubon Society\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a> (CBC). Held every winter, the count is one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world. Last year, the 112\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> count, covered 2,248 count areas: 410 “count circles” in Canada, 1,739 in the USA, and 99 in Latin America, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. A total of 63,227 volunteer observers were out for the day of the count last year in their respective areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our morning in Alameda started with a congenial, if sleepy gathering of about 30 volunteer bird watchers at our local CBC coordinator’s house. We were broken into 3 teams to cover different areas of Alameda. Two CBC veterans ably led my team. We had a mix of experienced and novice bird watchers and a very specific territory to cover. Our leaders, Marilyn and Inge, had scouted the area a few days prior and knew the best route and timing. We walked first through the cool, wooded park, listening for the quiet calling of birds in the trees. “\u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/id\">Downy woodpecker\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-crowned_kinglet/id\" target=\"_blank\">Ruby-crowned kinglet\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bushtit/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bushtit\u003c/a> flock!” was called out for our recorder to note the species and number present, many without an actual bird in sight. Good birders can rely on the different bird vocalizations to identify the bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked our way to the pond, filled with 100 coots, then onto the beach. There the sheer numbers of overwintering shorebirds at first overwhelmed us. Trying to divide the shifting multitudes into species and get an accurate count tested our skills. “Who wants to count the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Western Sandpipers\u003c/a>? Are there any \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Least Sandpipers\u003c/a> in the bunch?” our leaders asked. “How ‘bout the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/dunlin/id\" target=\"_blank\">Dunlin\u003c/a>? Looks like thousands of them!” With the expert birders in our midst, we were able to see some very special birds from the beach: \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mew_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Mew Gulls\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bonapartes_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bonaparte’s Gull\u003c/a>. We even had a surprise appearance as a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id\" target=\"_blank\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> swooped low over the shorebirds then flew on, empty-taloned, to perch on a sailboat mast for our viewing pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48073\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/falco_peregrinus_-morro_rock_morro_bay_california_usa_-flying-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48073\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48073\" title=\"Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock,_Morro_Bay,_California,_USA_-flying-8\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock_Morro_Bay_California_USA_-flying-8-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peregrine Falcon was sighted and added to our list. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, our three groups reconvened to review and compile our lists over some lunch. The “diehard” birders then went out after lunch to look for any expected birds that weren’t seen in the morning. Then groups from all over Oakland and Alameda converged for a celebratory dinner together. Another CBC done! You can find out more about how the data is useful to scientists at the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/winnerslosers-in-oaklands-christmas-bird-count/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you missed the CBC this year, you still have a chance to contribute to the scientific knowledge of local birds. The annual \u003ca title=\"Great Backyard Bird Count, Audubon website\" href=\"http://birds.audubon.org/great-backyard-bird-count\" target=\"_blank\">“Great Backyard Bird Count”\u003c/a> project is February 15-18, 2013 and you don’t even have to leave home to participate! You’re welcome to join the East Bay Regional Parks naturalists to learn more about our local birds on one of their \u003ca title=\"East Bay Regional Parks website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities\" target=\"_blank\">free bird watching\u003c/a> programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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It has been more than 20 years since I last participated in the annual \u003ca title=\"Christmas Bird Count, Golden Gate Audubon Society\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/birding-resources/christmas-bird-counts/\" target=\"_blank\">Audubon Christmas Bird Count\u003c/a> (CBC). Held every winter, the count is one of the largest and longest-running “Citizen Science” projects in the world. Last year, the 112\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> count, covered 2,248 count areas: 410 “count circles” in Canada, 1,739 in the USA, and 99 in Latin America, Caribbean, and Pacific Islands. A total of 63,227 volunteer observers were out for the day of the count last year in their respective areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our morning in Alameda started with a congenial, if sleepy gathering of about 30 volunteer bird watchers at our local CBC coordinator’s house. We were broken into 3 teams to cover different areas of Alameda. Two CBC veterans ably led my team. We had a mix of experienced and novice bird watchers and a very specific territory to cover. Our leaders, Marilyn and Inge, had scouted the area a few days prior and knew the best route and timing. We walked first through the cool, wooded park, listening for the quiet calling of birds in the trees. “\u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Downy_Woodpecker/id\">Downy woodpecker\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/ruby-crowned_kinglet/id\" target=\"_blank\">Ruby-crowned kinglet\u003c/a>! \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/bushtit/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bushtit\u003c/a> flock!” was called out for our recorder to note the species and number present, many without an actual bird in sight. Good birders can rely on the different bird vocalizations to identify the bird.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We worked our way to the pond, filled with 100 coots, then onto the beach. There the sheer numbers of overwintering shorebirds at first overwhelmed us. Trying to divide the shifting multitudes into species and get an accurate count tested our skills. “Who wants to count the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Western_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Western Sandpipers\u003c/a>? Are there any \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Least_Sandpiper/id\" target=\"_blank\">Least Sandpipers\u003c/a> in the bunch?” our leaders asked. “How ‘bout the \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/dunlin/id\" target=\"_blank\">Dunlin\u003c/a>? Looks like thousands of them!” With the expert birders in our midst, we were able to see some very special birds from the beach: \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Mew_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Mew Gulls\u003c/a> and a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Bonapartes_Gull/id\" target=\"_blank\">Bonaparte’s Gull\u003c/a>. We even had a surprise appearance as a \u003ca title=\"All About Birds, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Peregrine_Falcon/id\" target=\"_blank\">Peregrine Falcon\u003c/a> swooped low over the shorebirds then flew on, empty-taloned, to perch on a sailboat mast for our viewing pleasure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48073\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/21/birdwatching-for-science-and-fun/falco_peregrinus_-morro_rock_morro_bay_california_usa_-flying-8/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-48073\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48073\" title=\"Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock,_Morro_Bay,_California,_USA_-flying-8\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/Falco_peregrinus_-Morro_Rock_Morro_Bay_California_USA_-flying-8-253x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Peregrine Falcon was sighted and added to our list. Photo by Mike Baird, Wikimedia Commons\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Four hours later, our three groups reconvened to review and compile our lists over some lunch. The “diehard” birders then went out after lunch to look for any expected birds that weren’t seen in the morning. Then groups from all over Oakland and Alameda converged for a celebratory dinner together. Another CBC done! You can find out more about how the data is useful to scientists at the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate Audubon website\" href=\"http://www.goldengateaudubon.org/blog-posts/winnerslosers-in-oaklands-christmas-bird-count/\" target=\"_blank\">Golden Gate Audubon\u003c/a> website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you missed the CBC this year, you still have a chance to contribute to the scientific knowledge of local birds. 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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?",
"title": "Can Earth Survive Without Scientist-Citizens?",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last summer, a group of top scientists warned that our penchant for growth and consumption may be pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point. The days when scientists could share their results with just their colleagues are over, says NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco. It's time for scientists to help solve our \"wicked problems.\"",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47829\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/arctic-fox-pup-feature/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47829\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47829\" title=\"arctic fox pup feature\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/arctic-fox-pup-feature-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) pup in the Pribilof Islands, St. Paul Island, off the coast of mainland Alaska in the Bering Sea. Juvenile mortality can reach 90% (from starvation and predation) during their first year when lemming abundance is low. Climate change threatens arctic fox survival by reducing the snow depth that lemmings depend on for shelter and insulation. (Image: Mike Boylan/USFWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When scientists start giving talks called \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/sciencenow/2012/12/is-earth-fked-agu-scientist-asks.html?rss=1\">“Is Earth F***ed?”\u003c/a>, it’s safe to say we’ve entered a new era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, at the largest annual gathering of earth and space scientists in the world, geophysicist Brad Werner caused quite a stir with his decidedly unscholarly framing of the question on everyone’s mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner’s talk at the American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco was inspired, he said, by friends who were \"quite depressed” about earth’s future and our inability to “respond appropriately.” (His talk starts at 25 minutes.) To get a sense of what might change our trajectory toward planetary disaster, Werner, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://complex-systems.ucsd.edu/\">Complex Systems Laboratory\u003c/a> at UC San Diego, modeled interactions between human social processes and environmental systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His model predicts that a capitalist culture, operating with few restraints to maximize short-term gains, prevents us from taking the longer view needed to prevent environmental destruction. Simulations show that unfettered economies will quickly burn through natural resources. Factoring in regulation, which constrains but doesn’t change the dominant economic culture, simply delays the damage. The only thing that might tip the balance toward a sustainable future, Werner says, is resistance, if people push back against the status quo. But he hasn’t run the simulations to test this idea yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Werner urged his colleagues to start thinking about sustainability as a geophysical problem and to lend their expertise to studying the complex dynamics of human-environmental interactions: “It’s not something that we can just leave for the social scientists or the humanities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47863\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 622px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/greenland-slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47863\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-47863\" title=\"greenland slide arctic report card NOAA, 2012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/greenland-slide-622x360.jpg\" alt=\"arctic report card NOAA, 2012, greenland\" width=\"622\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A rare, nearly ice-sheet-wide melt was recorded by satellites for the first time in 2012. The melt season was the longest it has been since satellite observations began in 1979. Melting ice contributes to sea level rise through direct, mass loss, and melt water can lubricate the underside of glaciers and accelerate glacier flow, further contributing to sea level rise. Surface melt changes the shape of ice and snow crystals, making them less reflective. (Source: Arctic Report Card, 2012, NOAA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But is that enough? If we’re really pushing earth toward an irreversible tipping point, as a group of \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/blog/archives/3011\">top scientists warned last summer\u003c/a>, should scientists be doing more than research? Do scientists have a responsibility to step outside the academy and do whatever they can to set us on a more sustainable trajectory?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jane Lubchenco says yes. Just a half hour before Werner laid out his somber predictions for our future, \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/lubchenco.html\">Lubchenco\u003c/a>, under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, revealed the findings of her agency’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/\">Arctic Report Card \u003c/a>at an AGU \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAKZXxjHXsM\">press conference.\u003c/a> Noting that dramatic physical changes—including record low snow and sea ice levels and unprecedented ice sheet surface melting—are triggering biological changes such as less productivity at the bottom of the food chain, Lubchenco showed just how bleak things have already become. (See video below.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, she traveled across the bay to \u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2012/12/10/jane-lubchenco-wicked-problems/\">tell her academic colleagues at UC Berkeley\u003c/a> what they can do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a longstanding (if mostly unspoken) tradition, scientists often look askance at colleagues who spend time engaging the public and government officials in science, thinking they do so at the expense of good science. Lubchenco believes that type of thinking is a luxury we can ill afford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laying out the litany of “wicked problems” we face—climate change, loss of biodiversity, ocean acidification, and freshwater depletion to name just a few—Lubchenco urged scientists to move beyond simply documenting environmental destruction to creating solutions. “That means engaging with society and thinking differently about what our roles as scientists are,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47832\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/12/can-earth-survive-without-scientist-citizens/janelubchenco/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47832\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47832\" title=\"jane lubchenco\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/janelubchenco-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"Jane Lubchenco NOAA administrator\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NOAA Administrator Jane Lubchenco tells academic researchers at UC Berkeley that in the face of \"wicked problems\" like climate change and biodiversity loss they no longer have the luxury of just doing science they think is cool. (Photo: Barry Bergman)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We scientists, whether we’re wearing government hats or academic hats, have a responsibility to society in exchange for public funding,” she said. That means not just “doing things we think are cool but really wrestling with some of these big problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old divisions between basic science and applied science no longer describes the world we live in, Lubchenco says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most researchers think their work is over when they share the knowledge they gain with their colleagues in meetings and peer-reviewed journals. But that’s just a first step, in Lubchenco's view. She urged her Berkeley audience to share what they’ve learned with the public, policymakers, and decision makers and to make the effort to understand how they can design studies to make sure their research makes a difference. They need to think about how their research can guide public officials’ approaches to regulating and managing ecosystems, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Lubchenco, it’s all part of being a responsible human being. It's incumbent upon scientists, she said, “to renew our social contract in light of the environmental challenges that face us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If enough scientists take her advice, maybe, one day, we’ll be able to answer “no” to Werner's question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cobject width=\"560\" height=\"315\" classid=\"d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000\" codebase=\"http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=6,0,40,0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowFullScreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cparam name=\"allowscriptaccess\" value=\"always\">\u003cparam name=\"src\" value=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\">\u003cparam name=\"allowfullscreen\" value=\"true\">\u003cembed width=\"560\" height=\"315\" type=\"application/x-shockwave-flash\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/v/O5h02Yc6lfA?version=3&hl=en_US&rel=0\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowscriptaccess=\"always\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/object>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>From the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to killer whales, bicycles to cheese — it’s been another year of diverse storytelling from the KQED Science and Environment team. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 stories shared on our website (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed in 2012. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" title=\"suigetsutop\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The most popular story featured on our website was written by our geology blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Alden\u003c/a>; it describes a core of sediment from a Japanese lake that’s a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/why-killer-whales-don%E2%80%99t-eat-people-where-science-and-legend-meet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Killer Whales Don’t Eat People: Where Science and Legend Meet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog.jpg\" title=\"killerwhale\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\"> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s clear that in the wild, orcas seem to have a pretty universal rule: don’t attack humans. The reason would appear to be both biological and cultural. Read more from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ethanmorris/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethan Morris\u003c/a> of KCTS, our partner station in Seattle.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mosquito.jpg\" title=\"mosquitoes\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this perennially popular blog post, The Oakland Zoo’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-gotliffe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Gotliffe\u003c/a> shares some interesting facts and fables about why mosquitoes buzz in our ears — especially when we’re trying to sleep at night.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s Deadlocked Delta: Interactive Map\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deltamap2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-37979\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a> created a rich, multimedia series that chronicles the history and issues surrounding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/DeltaHEStudy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute – Aquatic Science Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West, Stanford University\u003c/a>, their interactive maps take an in-depth look at the region that’s the heart of California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%E2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/\">In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2.jpg\" title=\"eugeniescott\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liza Gross\u003c/a> generated a lot of discussion with her interview with Eugenie Scott, the longtime director of Oakland’s National Center for Science Education. Scott shared her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/16/rumors-and-truth-in-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" title=\"laketahoe\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This past summer, scuba divers in Lake Tahoe found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well-preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes writer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a> uneasy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-of-riding-a-bicycle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science of Riding a Bicycle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Their basic design hasn’t changed much, but scientists still don’t fully understand the forces that allow humans to balance atop a bicycle. QUEST producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gabriela-quiros/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gabriela Quirós\u003c/a> visited Davis – a city that loves its bicycles – to take a look at a research bike and explore a collection of antique bicycles. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/space-shuttle-endeavour-makes-a-bay-area-victory-lap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Shuttle Endeavour Makes a Bay Area Victory Lap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/92krJJyEPGM\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Endeavour flyover made a striking appearance in the Bay Area in late September. Piggybacked to a 747, the shuttle flew at a low altitude of 1500 feet over several local cities. KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amystanden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Standen\u003c/a> covered the flight and Interactive Producer Jenny Oh created a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Storify presentation\u003c/a> that collected residents’ reactions from all over the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/21/open-source-science-on-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Source Science on the Internet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/DnWocYKqvhw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about the Open Science movement and how science discoveries can spread across the Web in this post by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laura-khalil/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Khalil\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to killer whales, bicycles to cheese — it’s been another year of diverse storytelling from the KQED Science and Environment team. Here’s a round-up of the top 10 stories shared on our website (based on page views) that you’ve enjoyed in 2012. Please let us know what other stories you’ve enjoyed in the comments section below and if there’s anything you’d like to see in the coming season!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/18/a-new-radiocarbon-yardstick-from-japan/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A New Radiocarbon Yardstick from Japan\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/10/suigetsutop.jpg\" title=\"suigetsutop\" class=\"alignnone\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The most popular story featured on our website was written by our geology blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Andrew Alden\u003c/a>; it describes a core of sediment from a Japanese lake that’s a Rosetta Stone for ice-age climate research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/20/why-killer-whales-don%E2%80%99t-eat-people-where-science-and-legend-meet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Killer Whales Don’t Eat People: Where Science and Legend Meet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/MarqueeImage-KCTS-WhyKillerWhalesDontEatPeopleBlog.jpg\" title=\"killerwhale\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\"> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>It’s clear that in the wild, orcas seem to have a pretty universal rule: don’t attack humans. The reason would appear to be both biological and cultural. Read more from \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/ethanmorris/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethan Morris\u003c/a> of KCTS, our partner station in Seattle.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2007/07/05/why-mosquitoes-buzz-in-peoples-ears/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Why Do Mosquitoes Buzz in People’s Ears?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/blog_mosquito.jpg\" title=\"mosquitoes\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>In this perennially popular blog post, The Oakland Zoo’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amy-gotliffe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Gotliffe\u003c/a> shares some interesting facts and fables about why mosquitoes buzz in our ears — especially when we’re trying to sleep at night.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/delta-map/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s Deadlocked Delta: Interactive Map\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Deltamap2\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-37979\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/Deltamap2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laurensommer/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lauren Sommer\u003c/a> created a rich, multimedia series that chronicles the history and issues surrounding the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Working with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/DeltaHEStudy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco Estuary Institute – Aquatic Science Center\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://west.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bill Lane Center for the American West, Stanford University\u003c/a>, their interactive maps take an in-depth look at the region that’s the heart of California’s water supply. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/22/in-defense-of-science-an-interview-with-ncse%E2%80%99s-eugenie-scott/\">In Defense of Science: An Interview with NCSE’s Eugenie Scott\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/08/genie2.jpg\" title=\"eugeniescott\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/lizagross/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Liza Gross\u003c/a> generated a lot of discussion with her interview with Eugenie Scott, the longtime director of Oakland’s National Center for Science Education. Scott shared her thoughts on the challenges of communicating science in a climate of denial.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/16/rumors-and-truth-in-lake-tahoe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rumors and Truth in Lake Tahoe\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/08/Lake-Tahoe.jpg\" title=\"laketahoe\" class=\"alignleft\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This past summer, scuba divers in Lake Tahoe found the body of a man who had drowned in the lake 17 years ago. Still in its wetsuit, the body was very well-preserved. Because the water in this high alpine lake is so cold, decomposition is very slow. This fact has spawned rumors, the most famous of which involves Jacques Cousteau and still makes writer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a> uneasy.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/the-science-of-riding-a-bicycle/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Science of Riding a Bicycle\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Their basic design hasn’t changed much, but scientists still don’t fully understand the forces that allow humans to balance atop a bicycle. QUEST producer \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/gabriela-quiros/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gabriela Quirós\u003c/a> visited Davis – a city that loves its bicycles – to take a look at a research bike and explore a collection of antique bicycles. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/space-shuttle-endeavour-makes-a-bay-area-victory-lap/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Shuttle Endeavour Makes a Bay Area Victory Lap\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/92krJJyEPGM\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Endeavour flyover made a striking appearance in the Bay Area in late September. Piggybacked to a 747, the shuttle flew at a low altitude of 1500 feet over several local cities. KQED Science radio reporter \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/amystanden/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amy Standen\u003c/a> covered the flight and Interactive Producer Jenny Oh created a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennyoh/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Storify presentation\u003c/a> that collected residents’ reactions from all over the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/06/21/open-source-science-on-the-internet/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Source Science on the Internet\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/DnWocYKqvhw\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about the Open Science movement and how science discoveries can spread across the Web in this post by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/laura-khalil/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laura Khalil\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/ladybugs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47666\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47666\" title=\"ladybugs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/ladybugs1-e1354765956495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs gather in the Oakland Hills to spend the winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time for the annual convergence of ladybugs in our East Bay redwoods. Every winter the jewel-like insects gather by the hundreds and even thousands. The Convergent Lady Beetle, one of our natives, is found here and throughout North America. On warm days, they crawl and fly around sunny clearings in the forest. Cold and rainy days cause them to hunker down in red drifts on fence posts, tree trunks and under leaves. Here’s a short documentary about our \u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST video, Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">local ladybugs in Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47665\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/photo4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47665\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47665\" title=\"Ladybug Convergence\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo4-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs get active on warm days in winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One surprising fact about ladybugs is that they can’t fly when the temperature drops below 55 degrees F. So when they migrate, when the temperature drops -- so do they. (This would make an excellent cartoon.) Unlike migratory birds, the beetles don’t gather to migrate in large masses. Yet somehow, large groups end up in the same places year after year. If you’ve ever been curious to how their wings work, check out this \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Takes Flight, YouTube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XXwrEjvHBi0\" target=\"_blank\">super slow motion film\u003c/a> of a ladybug taking flight. Some groups head for the Sierra to spend the winter in rocky crevices, then migrate to the farm fields of the Central Valley for mating and feeding. For being so small, they cover a lot of territory. One of their sterling qualities is that both the adult beetles and larva eat large quantities of aphids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get involved with the \u003ca title=\"Lost Ladybug Project, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.lostladybug.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Ladybug project from Cornell University\u003c/a> and help document ladybug species. Non-native ladybugs were introduced from Asia and Europe in the late 1950's and ‘60s. That’s about the time one of the native species, the nine-spot ladybug, began to decline. That was also a time of heavy pesticide use, including DDT. Hmmm, are there some possible correlations here? Participate in the Lost Ladybug project by taking photos of ladybugs around your yard or neighborhood and submit them to the study. There’s a handy field guide to help you identify them and instructions for how to photograph and submit your findings. You can also help beneficial insects like our ladybugs and our planet by avoiding pesticides in your yard and garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, get outdoors! Even in winter, there’s plenty to enjoy in our local outdoor spaces and \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> is wonderful, rain or shine. Let me know in the comments about other places you find groups of ladybugs or any other ladybug species you find!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47666\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/ladybugs-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47666\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47666\" title=\"ladybugs\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/ladybugs1-e1354765956495.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs gather in the Oakland Hills to spend the winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s time for the annual convergence of ladybugs in our East Bay redwoods. Every winter the jewel-like insects gather by the hundreds and even thousands. The Convergent Lady Beetle, one of our natives, is found here and throughout North America. On warm days, they crawl and fly around sunny clearings in the forest. Cold and rainy days cause them to hunker down in red drifts on fence posts, tree trunks and under leaves. Here’s a short documentary about our \u003ca title=\"KQED QUEST video, Ladybug Pajama Party\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/ladybug-pajama-party/\" target=\"_blank\">local ladybugs in Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a>, Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47665\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/07/ladybug-ladybug-fly-away-home/photo4/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47665\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47665\" title=\"Ladybug Convergence\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/photo4-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ladybugs get active on warm days in winter. Photo by Sara Fetterly\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One surprising fact about ladybugs is that they can’t fly when the temperature drops below 55 degrees F. So when they migrate, when the temperature drops -- so do they. (This would make an excellent cartoon.) Unlike migratory birds, the beetles don’t gather to migrate in large masses. Yet somehow, large groups end up in the same places year after year. If you’ve ever been curious to how their wings work, check out this \u003ca title=\"Ladybug Takes Flight, YouTube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=XXwrEjvHBi0\" target=\"_blank\">super slow motion film\u003c/a> of a ladybug taking flight. Some groups head for the Sierra to spend the winter in rocky crevices, then migrate to the farm fields of the Central Valley for mating and feeding. For being so small, they cover a lot of territory. One of their sterling qualities is that both the adult beetles and larva eat large quantities of aphids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get involved with the \u003ca title=\"Lost Ladybug Project, Cornell website\" href=\"http://www.lostladybug.org/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Lost Ladybug project from Cornell University\u003c/a> and help document ladybug species. Non-native ladybugs were introduced from Asia and Europe in the late 1950's and ‘60s. That’s about the time one of the native species, the nine-spot ladybug, began to decline. That was also a time of heavy pesticide use, including DDT. Hmmm, are there some possible correlations here? Participate in the Lost Ladybug project by taking photos of ladybugs around your yard or neighborhood and submit them to the study. There’s a handy field guide to help you identify them and instructions for how to photograph and submit your findings. You can also help beneficial insects like our ladybugs and our planet by avoiding pesticides in your yard and garden. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, get outdoors! Even in winter, there’s plenty to enjoy in our local outdoor spaces and \u003ca title=\"Redwood Regional Park, EBRPD\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/redwood\" target=\"_blank\">Redwood Regional Park\u003c/a> is wonderful, rain or shine. Let me know in the comments about other places you find groups of ladybugs or any other ladybug species you find!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Flame Retardants, Redux: From Toxic Couches to Buildings",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47457\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/dancingflames-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47457\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DancingFlames.quest_-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"flame\" title=\"Dancing flames\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47457\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California's flammability standard, which has led to the use of toxic flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products, may finally change under the direction of Gov. Jerry Brown. (Photo: Oscar/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking before a roomful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcerp.org/2012mtg/\">breast cancer researchers and activists\u003c/a> in San Francisco earlier this month, Arlene Blum revealed her latest plan to get toxic chemicals out of our homes. “We want to change the international building code,” she said, “so you can have more fire safety in buildings without flame retardants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” she acknowledged, with characteristic understatement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For close to six years, Blum, a biophysical chemist, visiting scholar at UC Berkeley and executive director of Berkeley’s Green Science Policy Institute, has worked with state Senator Mark Leno to get cancer-causing chemicals out of consumer products. Leno, who also spoke to the group, lamented the folly of pouring potentially dangerous chemicals into consumer products given the lack of data showing a fire safety benefit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2007, Leno has tried four different approaches to reduce exposures to flame retardants. Not one bill passed the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why is this industry so engaged in defeating every one of our efforts?” he asked. “They’re making billions and billions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. demand for flame retardants is \u003ca href=\"http://www.giiresearch.com/press/6786.shtml\">increasing 4.6% a year\u003c/a> to a projected 938 million pounds by 2016, according to market research released in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the best-selling flame retardants, produced in the range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp202-c5.pdf\">10-50 million pounds a year\u003c/a>, is chlorinated Tris—a chemical that Blum and fellow Berkeley researcher Bruce Ames flagged as a carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. It’s the most commonly used flame retardant in furniture. As a resident of California, your couch probably has a little tag saying it complies with TB117—which means it contains about a pound of chlorinated Tris. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/leno/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47464\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/leno-364x360.jpg\" alt=\"state senator mark leno\" title=\"senator mark leno\" width=\"364\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47464\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Senator Mark Leno spoke about his efforts to get toxic flame retardants out of consumer products at the annual meeting of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in San Francisco this month. The chemical industry fought hard to defeat his legislation for a simple reason, he said: Greed. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303471d?prevSearch=couches&searchHistoryKey=\">new study released this week\u003c/a>, Blum and her colleagues found flame retardants in 85% of 102 couches they tested. The team analyzed couch samples purchased before and after California phased out the flame retardant formula known as Penta to find out which alternatives manufacturers turned to. Of samples bought before 2005, nearly 40% contained Penta and a quarter had chlorinated Tris. After the Penta phaseout, more than half the samples contained chlorinated Tris, and close to 20% had a little-studied replacement called Firemaster 550.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ehp.1205597.pdf\">Recent research\u003c/a> links Penta to decreased fertility, lower birth weight and cognitive deficits in children. Chlorinated Tris is a suspected human carcinogen and researchers haven’t had time to study the health effects of Firemaster 550. Since most people tend to keep big ticket items like couches for 20 years or more, there’s no telling how many home have Penta-treated furniture. Based on Blum’s recent research, most of us probably have Tris-treated couches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do our couches have a pound of cancer-causing chemicals that build up in our dust—and our bodies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may have heard by now, in 1975 California implemented TB117, which requires foam inside your couch to resist a very small flame for 12 seconds. But the first thing to burn when a cigarette or candle drops on your couch isn’t the foam, it's the fabric. As fabric burns, it generates a large flame, which in turn ignites the foam, which burns within a few seconds. When fire burns without flame retardants, it releases carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of flame retardants, fires release far more soot, smoke and carbon monoxide—which is what kills you in a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB117 doesn’t increase fire safety, Blum says. It just increases our exposure to toxic chemicals. And flame retardants are showing up in products that aren’t even listed in the standard. Sleep mats aren’t subject to the standard, yet one study found that all the sleep mats in 20 nursery schools in the East Bay contained flame retardants. Most of the foam products in America, including mattress pads and pillows, use flame retardants to comply with TB117, even though it’s not required. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum believes that Gov. Jerry Brown, who directed state agencies to revise the standard in June, is determined to achieve fire safety without toxic chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a safer furniture standard within reach, she’s set her sights on an even bigger problem: foam plastic insulation in buildings. The Uniform Building Code, which regulates foam plastic insulation in walls, requires a 15-minute thermal barrier (typically gypsum wallboard) to protect them from the heat of a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time you hit the insulation, you’ve had a raging fire in your house for 15 minutes,” Blum says. “Having flame retardants in the insulation just makes the fire more toxic.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame retardants used in building insulation are turning up in the environment, household dust and human body fluids at increasing levels, Blum and her colleagues report in a new study released this week. Studies link the compounds to endocrine disruption, neurological and developmental toxicity and the potential to cause cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a recovering housing market, construction is driving most of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-flame-retardant-demand-to-reach-938-million-pounds-in-2016-growing-46-annually-172172821.html\">growth in the flame retardant market\u003c/a> and accounts for the greatest share of sales. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, many green builders use flame-retardant-treated plastic insulation to boost energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these flammability standards—which increase our exposure to toxic chemicals without increasing fire safety—went into effect in the 1970s, “perhaps not with malice aforethought,” Blum says. “But now’s the time to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Last June, Gov. Jerry Brown directed state agencies to change California's flammability standard to ensure fire safety without dousing furniture and other foam products with toxic chemicals. Now activists are focusing on an even bigger market for flame retardants: foam insulation in buildings.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47457\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 637px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/dancingflames-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47457\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/DancingFlames.quest_-637x360.jpg\" alt=\"flame\" title=\"Dancing flames\" width=\"637\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47457\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California's flammability standard, which has led to the use of toxic flame retardants in a wide range of consumer products, may finally change under the direction of Gov. Jerry Brown. (Photo: Oscar/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Speaking before a roomful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcerp.org/2012mtg/\">breast cancer researchers and activists\u003c/a> in San Francisco earlier this month, Arlene Blum revealed her latest plan to get toxic chemicals out of our homes. “We want to change the international building code,” she said, “so you can have more fire safety in buildings without flame retardants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be challenging,” she acknowledged, with characteristic understatement. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For close to six years, Blum, a biophysical chemist, visiting scholar at UC Berkeley and executive director of Berkeley’s Green Science Policy Institute, has worked with state Senator Mark Leno to get cancer-causing chemicals out of consumer products. Leno, who also spoke to the group, lamented the folly of pouring potentially dangerous chemicals into consumer products given the lack of data showing a fire safety benefit. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2007, Leno has tried four different approaches to reduce exposures to flame retardants. Not one bill passed the Legislature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why is this industry so engaged in defeating every one of our efforts?” he asked. “They’re making billions and billions of dollars.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. demand for flame retardants is \u003ca href=\"http://www.giiresearch.com/press/6786.shtml\">increasing 4.6% a year\u003c/a> to a projected 938 million pounds by 2016, according to market research released in October. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the best-selling flame retardants, produced in the range of \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp202-c5.pdf\">10-50 million pounds a year\u003c/a>, is chlorinated Tris—a chemical that Blum and fellow Berkeley researcher Bruce Ames flagged as a carcinogen nearly 35 years ago. It’s the most commonly used flame retardant in furniture. As a resident of California, your couch probably has a little tag saying it complies with TB117—which means it contains about a pound of chlorinated Tris. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47464\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 364px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/28/flame-retardants-redux-from-toxic-couches-to-buildings/leno/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47464\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/leno-364x360.jpg\" alt=\"state senator mark leno\" title=\"senator mark leno\" width=\"364\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47464\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">State Senator Mark Leno spoke about his efforts to get toxic flame retardants out of consumer products at the annual meeting of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program in San Francisco this month. The chemical industry fought hard to defeat his legislation for a simple reason, he said: Greed. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es303471d?prevSearch=couches&searchHistoryKey=\">new study released this week\u003c/a>, Blum and her colleagues found flame retardants in 85% of 102 couches they tested. The team analyzed couch samples purchased before and after California phased out the flame retardant formula known as Penta to find out which alternatives manufacturers turned to. Of samples bought before 2005, nearly 40% contained Penta and a quarter had chlorinated Tris. After the Penta phaseout, more than half the samples contained chlorinated Tris, and close to 20% had a little-studied replacement called Firemaster 550.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ehp.1205597.pdf\">Recent research\u003c/a> links Penta to decreased fertility, lower birth weight and cognitive deficits in children. Chlorinated Tris is a suspected human carcinogen and researchers haven’t had time to study the health effects of Firemaster 550. Since most people tend to keep big ticket items like couches for 20 years or more, there’s no telling how many home have Penta-treated furniture. Based on Blum’s recent research, most of us probably have Tris-treated couches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why do our couches have a pound of cancer-causing chemicals that build up in our dust—and our bodies?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you may have heard by now, in 1975 California implemented TB117, which requires foam inside your couch to resist a very small flame for 12 seconds. But the first thing to burn when a cigarette or candle drops on your couch isn’t the foam, it's the fabric. As fabric burns, it generates a large flame, which in turn ignites the foam, which burns within a few seconds. When fire burns without flame retardants, it releases carbon dioxide and water. In the presence of flame retardants, fires release far more soot, smoke and carbon monoxide—which is what kills you in a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TB117 doesn’t increase fire safety, Blum says. It just increases our exposure to toxic chemicals. And flame retardants are showing up in products that aren’t even listed in the standard. Sleep mats aren’t subject to the standard, yet one study found that all the sleep mats in 20 nursery schools in the East Bay contained flame retardants. Most of the foam products in America, including mattress pads and pillows, use flame retardants to comply with TB117, even though it’s not required. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blum believes that Gov. Jerry Brown, who directed state agencies to revise the standard in June, is determined to achieve fire safety without toxic chemicals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a safer furniture standard within reach, she’s set her sights on an even bigger problem: foam plastic insulation in buildings. The Uniform Building Code, which regulates foam plastic insulation in walls, requires a 15-minute thermal barrier (typically gypsum wallboard) to protect them from the heat of a fire. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the time you hit the insulation, you’ve had a raging fire in your house for 15 minutes,” Blum says. “Having flame retardants in the insulation just makes the fire more toxic.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flame retardants used in building insulation are turning up in the environment, household dust and human body fluids at increasing levels, Blum and her colleagues report in a new study released this week. Studies link the compounds to endocrine disruption, neurological and developmental toxicity and the potential to cause cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to a recovering housing market, construction is driving most of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-flame-retardant-demand-to-reach-938-million-pounds-in-2016-growing-46-annually-172172821.html\">growth in the flame retardant market\u003c/a> and accounts for the greatest share of sales. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ironically, many green builders use flame-retardant-treated plastic insulation to boost energy efficiency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All these flammability standards—which increase our exposure to toxic chemicals without increasing fire safety—went into effect in the 1970s, “perhaps not with malice aforethought,” Blum says. “But now’s the time to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Thanksgiving Ode to Dungeness Crab and the Bay",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"crab boat, HMB\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying Dungeness Crabs at Pillar Point Pier. Photo by John Matejczyk.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay plays an important role in the lifecycle of the delicious \u003ca title=\"Dungeness Crab ID, Dept. of Fish and Game\" href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/dungeness_crab.asp\">Dungeness crabs\u003c/a> that abound this time of year! Found from Baja north to Alaska, they’ve been commercially harvested since the mid-1800s around the bay. When we buy crabs from the boats at Pillar Point near Half Moon Bay, I think about the journey these crabs have made up to this point. Many have likely spent the early portion of their lives in our bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, offshore in the Pacific Ocean, females shed their old shells with a new, soft shell already formed under the old one. This is the only time crabs can grow. The males can only mate with females who are in the “soft shell” state. After mating, the female carries her egg mass of around 1.5 million eggs pressed against her abdomen under her tail flap until the young hatch in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once hatched, the microscopic larvae are on their own, taken where the currents carry them. The young go through a series of seven changes that includes molting and growing. Many are eaten in these early stages, siphoned in by any plankton-eating animals in the ocean. Crab larvae can reportedly travel, unharmed, in the bells and tentacles of jellyfish –- something Pixar could use in their next animated ocean movie. Young crabs that survive settle to the bottom of the ocean. Some then migrate through the Golden Gate to spend the next year in the protected habitats of the bay. Studies have shown that crabs that grow in the bay are larger than same-aged crabs in the Pacific due to the bay's warmer water and abundance of food. They're found mostly in the Central Bay and San Pablo Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47361\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/23/a-thanksgiving-ode-to-dungeness-crab-and-the-bay/crab-atlantic-green/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47361\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47361\" title=\"Crab, Atlantic Green\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Crab-Atlantic-Green-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive Atlantic Green Shorecrabs eat Dungeness of same size or smaller. Photo by Victoria Baird.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After about a year, spent scurrying around oyster beds, eel grass, mud flats and the rare sandy beach, the young crabs are ready to migrate back out to the cold, deep waters outside the Golden Gate. The importance of their time in the bay influences the success of their local population. They’ve had years when the population dropped too low to allow many to be caught. In the 1970s, studies by the Department of Fish and Game were done to determine what caused their extreme low numbers, which began in the ‘60s. Pollution was thought to be a problem. Today non-native predators like the invasive \u003ca title=\"Atlantic Green Shore Crab, ID\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/greencrab.shtml#.UKxsTIXyvPE\">Atlantic Green Shore Crab\u003c/a>, unintentionally introduced to the bay in 1989, may be contributing to lower numbers of the native crustaceans. Atlantic Greens can predate on Dungeness that are the same size as themselves or smaller. Keeping the bay clean and controlling unintended introductions of species are both important steps to ensuring we have a healthy crab fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stop by the \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a> to see local intertidal and bay life on display. You can watch our aquarium feeding program every weekend from 3-3:30pm and enjoy the great diversity of life found in our bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47360\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"crab boat, HMB\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/crab-boat-2-e1353531503747-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buying Dungeness Crabs at Pillar Point Pier. Photo by John Matejczyk.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay plays an important role in the lifecycle of the delicious \u003ca title=\"Dungeness Crab ID, Dept. of Fish and Game\" href=\"http://www.dfg.ca.gov/marine/dungeness_crab.asp\">Dungeness crabs\u003c/a> that abound this time of year! Found from Baja north to Alaska, they’ve been commercially harvested since the mid-1800s around the bay. When we buy crabs from the boats at Pillar Point near Half Moon Bay, I think about the journey these crabs have made up to this point. Many have likely spent the early portion of their lives in our bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring, offshore in the Pacific Ocean, females shed their old shells with a new, soft shell already formed under the old one. This is the only time crabs can grow. The males can only mate with females who are in the “soft shell” state. After mating, the female carries her egg mass of around 1.5 million eggs pressed against her abdomen under her tail flap until the young hatch in December or January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once hatched, the microscopic larvae are on their own, taken where the currents carry them. The young go through a series of seven changes that includes molting and growing. Many are eaten in these early stages, siphoned in by any plankton-eating animals in the ocean. Crab larvae can reportedly travel, unharmed, in the bells and tentacles of jellyfish –- something Pixar could use in their next animated ocean movie. Young crabs that survive settle to the bottom of the ocean. Some then migrate through the Golden Gate to spend the next year in the protected habitats of the bay. Studies have shown that crabs that grow in the bay are larger than same-aged crabs in the Pacific due to the bay's warmer water and abundance of food. They're found mostly in the Central Bay and San Pablo Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47361\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/23/a-thanksgiving-ode-to-dungeness-crab-and-the-bay/crab-atlantic-green/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47361\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47361\" title=\"Crab, Atlantic Green\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Crab-Atlantic-Green-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Invasive Atlantic Green Shorecrabs eat Dungeness of same size or smaller. Photo by Victoria Baird.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After about a year, spent scurrying around oyster beds, eel grass, mud flats and the rare sandy beach, the young crabs are ready to migrate back out to the cold, deep waters outside the Golden Gate. The importance of their time in the bay influences the success of their local population. They’ve had years when the population dropped too low to allow many to be caught. In the 1970s, studies by the Department of Fish and Game were done to determine what caused their extreme low numbers, which began in the ‘60s. Pollution was thought to be a problem. Today non-native predators like the invasive \u003ca title=\"Atlantic Green Shore Crab, ID\" href=\"http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/greencrab.shtml#.UKxsTIXyvPE\">Atlantic Green Shore Crab\u003c/a>, unintentionally introduced to the bay in 1989, may be contributing to lower numbers of the native crustaceans. Atlantic Greens can predate on Dungeness that are the same size as themselves or smaller. Keeping the bay clean and controlling unintended introductions of species are both important steps to ensuring we have a healthy crab fishery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stop by the \u003ca title=\"Crab Cove Visitor Center, EBRPD website\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/vc/crab_cove\">Crab Cove Visitor Center\u003c/a> to see local intertidal and bay life on display. You can watch our aquarium feeding program every weekend from 3-3:30pm and enjoy the great diversity of life found in our bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published July 13, 2012\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you're a scientist, trying to cure brain cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing you’d probably want to be sure of is that the samples you’re working with actually came from a brain tumor, and not some other kind of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a simple problem to solve, but it’s been nagging scientists for years, causing the waste of precious research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osamu Tetsu and Janyaporn Phuchareon learned that lesson the hard way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tetsu and Phuchareon are scientists at the University of California San Francisco’s Department of Head and Neck Surgery. They work in a lab, studying an obscure cancer of the salivary gland called \u003cem>salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"Bingo!\" (Or not.)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers working on more common cancers may have dozens of cell lines to work with. But since salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma is relatively rare, Tetsu and Phuchareon had only six cell lines to experiment on, each of which could, theoretically, be traced back to a different patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, they noticed something that surprised them: Almost all the cell samples they were working with contained a virus. It was HPV virus, which you may have \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccine.html\">heard of\u003c/a> because it can cause cervical cancer. To Tetsu, this looked like a breakthrough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought maybe the HPV infection is the cause of this disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they thought, maybe the HPV virus doesn’t only, potentially, cause cervical cancer, maybe it can cause salivary gland cancer too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very excited, says Phuchareon. We thought “Bingo! We might have something!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they took a closer look. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent the cell line samples in for DNA testing. When the results came in, they learned those cells they’d been working with had nothing to do with a salivary tumor. Four of them came from a cervical tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40932\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HeLa_ATCC_crop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40932\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The famously vigorous HeLa cell is such a common contaminant of other cell lines that many laboratories refuse to work with it. (Image courtesy of ATCC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These were HeLa cells, descendants of the infamously vigorous cervical cancer cell line that was the subject of the 2010 bestseller \u003cem>The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news was no better for the other two cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, says Tetsu, didn’t show any DNA fingerprint at all. “That means this cell line is not human,” he says. They suspect both cell lines had become contaminated with mice cells somewhere along the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A silver lining\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six months of work, down the drain. But Phuchareon looks on the bright side. “It was bittersweet,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least they found out before any major work had been done. They published \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006040\">a paper\u003c/a> on their findings in a scientific journal, and have been able to warn other scientists who work on the same cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s important to have scientists know that this is a problem,” Phuchareon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem stems from the fact that, under a microscope, many cancer cells look the same. And since cell lines used in cancer research are anonymous, often shared informally between labs, the only way to definitively know where they came from is with DNA \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/Services/STRProfilingService/tabid/1794/Default.aspx\">analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis is inexpensive, about $50 a sample. It’s the same technique used in crime labs. But not every scientist does it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The steep price to science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one 2010 case, three cell lines being used to research esophageal cancer all turned out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100114162243.htm\">come from other cancers\u003c/a>. Scientists had been working with these cells for years. They'd gotten major federal grants to do it, published more than 100 papers, even run clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cell banks have estimated that as many as a third of their cell lines have been misidentified. These cell lines have been sent to labs around the world, for basic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the results still hold. Misidentification is not a death knell for all experiments. But in many cases, cell misidentification can undermine research and waste millions of dollars, says Roland Nardone, a professor emeritus of biology at Catholic University in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Money has been diverted away from useful experiments to meaningless experiments,” says Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A legacy of whistleblowers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Particularly frustrating to him is the fact that scientists have known about this problem for more than half a century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the earliest scientists to call attention to it was a Bay Area researcher named Walter Nelson-Rees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cultured man, as well as a very good biologist,” recalls Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees was co-director of the Oakland-based Cell Culture Laboratory of the School of Public Health, funded by the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1960s, he began running tests on commonly used cancer cell lines, to see how many were contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gertrude Buehring -- today, a professor of virology at UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health -- worked down the hall from Nelson-Rees. She says every day, there was news of more contaminated cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just one after another,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the cell samples had been contaminated by HeLa. But not all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some were interspecies contaminated, so that a human cell line actually turned out to be a mouse cell line,” she says. [Some lines that were supposedly] derived from a female turned out to be derived from a male.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A career-ending discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson Rees's discovery -- that hundreds of cell lines had been misidentified -- did not win him any friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues, says Buehring, “didn’t want to believe him. They fought him verbally at conferences. He was called a self-appointed vigilante and a lot of other names. One person even volunteered to send him a one way ticket to distant corners of the earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nardone says, at least initially, Nelson-Rees relished the fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pugnacious,” says Nardone. “He recognized that he was going to be in a battlefield and he was ready for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, over time, the abuse took its toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He seemed visibly upset that people couldn’t appreciate the service that he was doing,” says Buehring. “They were more worried about their own reputation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees’s findings may ultimately have cost him his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without any explanation,” says Nardone, “his funds for support of his laboratory got smaller and smaller and he saw the handwriting on the wall and decided that was enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees became an art dealer. He \u003ca href=\"http://universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/walteranthonynelson-rees.html\">died\u003c/a> in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The search for regulation\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Nardone decided to devote his retirement to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpacultures.org.uk/services/celllineidentityverification/NardoneOpenletter.jsp\">the problem\u003c/a> that Nelson-Rees had publicized. He joined a workgroup, led by the Virginia-based research nonprofit ATCC, to come up with a standard, one that all researchers could work by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standards, which came out this year, outline the correct way to authenticate cell lines, so that researchers can compare results from lab to lab. ATCC also maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/MisidentifiedCellLines/tabid/683/Default.aspx\">a list\u003c/a> of misidentified cell lines on its website. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ATCC’s Liz Kerrigan says the challenge has been getting scientific institutions to adopt the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly to most members of the workgroup, there has been resistance to addressing or even acknowledging the problem,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few influential science journals now require that scientists authenticate cells before they’ll publish their results. But Nardone and Kerrigan believe that’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, says Nardone, would be to get the big funding institutions, particularly the National Institutes of Health, to demand that anyone who applies for funding for cell-culture research authenticate their cell lines initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, get the cells checked out before the money’s spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The NIH steps back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the NIH said doing this would be, quote, “impractical,” and that it trusts researchers to do the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerrigan and Nardone believe that the costs of misidentified cell lines call for greater oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences of widespread misidentification of cell lines is immeasurable, really,” says Kerrigan. “In addition to the waste of millions of dollars, there’s time, intellectual resources. And then people lose confidence in published work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re hopeful stronger policies will soon emerge.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published July 13, 2012\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine you're a scientist, trying to cure brain cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing you’d probably want to be sure of is that the samples you’re working with actually came from a brain tumor, and not some other kind of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This sounds like a simple problem to solve, but it’s been nagging scientists for years, causing the waste of precious research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Osamu Tetsu and Janyaporn Phuchareon learned that lesson the hard way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tetsu and Phuchareon are scientists at the University of California San Francisco’s Department of Head and Neck Surgery. They work in a lab, studying an obscure cancer of the salivary gland called \u003cem>salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma\u003c/em>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\"Bingo!\" (Or not.)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers working on more common cancers may have dozens of cell lines to work with. But since salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma is relatively rare, Tetsu and Phuchareon had only six cell lines to experiment on, each of which could, theoretically, be traced back to a different patient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day, they noticed something that surprised them: Almost all the cell samples they were working with contained a virus. It was HPV virus, which you may have \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/vaccine.html\">heard of\u003c/a> because it can cause cervical cancer. To Tetsu, this looked like a breakthrough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought maybe the HPV infection is the cause of this disease,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, they thought, maybe the HPV virus doesn’t only, potentially, cause cervical cancer, maybe it can cause salivary gland cancer too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were very excited, says Phuchareon. We thought “Bingo! We might have something!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they took a closer look. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They sent the cell line samples in for DNA testing. When the results came in, they learned those cells they’d been working with had nothing to do with a salivary tumor. Four of them came from a cervical tumor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_40932\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/07/HeLa_ATCC_crop-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"HeLa_ATCC_crop\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-40932\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The famously vigorous HeLa cell is such a common contaminant of other cell lines that many laboratories refuse to work with it. (Image courtesy of ATCC) \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These were HeLa cells, descendants of the infamously vigorous cervical cancer cell line that was the subject of the 2010 bestseller \u003cem>The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news was no better for the other two cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them, says Tetsu, didn’t show any DNA fingerprint at all. “That means this cell line is not human,” he says. They suspect both cell lines had become contaminated with mice cells somewhere along the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A silver lining\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six months of work, down the drain. But Phuchareon looks on the bright side. “It was bittersweet,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least they found out before any major work had been done. They published \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006040\">a paper\u003c/a> on their findings in a scientific journal, and have been able to warn other scientists who work on the same cancer. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think it’s important to have scientists know that this is a problem,” Phuchareon says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem stems from the fact that, under a microscope, many cancer cells look the same. And since cell lines used in cancer research are anonymous, often shared informally between labs, the only way to definitively know where they came from is with DNA \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/Services/STRProfilingService/tabid/1794/Default.aspx\">analysis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis is inexpensive, about $50 a sample. It’s the same technique used in crime labs. But not every scientist does it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The steep price to science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one 2010 case, three cell lines being used to research esophageal cancer all turned out to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100114162243.htm\">come from other cancers\u003c/a>. Scientists had been working with these cells for years. They'd gotten major federal grants to do it, published more than 100 papers, even run clinical trials. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cell banks have estimated that as many as a third of their cell lines have been misidentified. These cell lines have been sent to labs around the world, for basic research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Often, the results still hold. Misidentification is not a death knell for all experiments. But in many cases, cell misidentification can undermine research and waste millions of dollars, says Roland Nardone, a professor emeritus of biology at Catholic University in Washington DC.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Money has been diverted away from useful experiments to meaningless experiments,” says Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A legacy of whistleblowers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Particularly frustrating to him is the fact that scientists have known about this problem for more than half a century. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the earliest scientists to call attention to it was a Bay Area researcher named Walter Nelson-Rees. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cultured man, as well as a very good biologist,” recalls Nardone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees was co-director of the Oakland-based Cell Culture Laboratory of the School of Public Health, funded by the National Cancer Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1960s, he began running tests on commonly used cancer cell lines, to see how many were contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gertrude Buehring -- today, a professor of virology at UC Berkeley’s School of Public Health -- worked down the hall from Nelson-Rees. She says every day, there was news of more contaminated cell lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just one after another,” she recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the cell samples had been contaminated by HeLa. But not all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some were interspecies contaminated, so that a human cell line actually turned out to be a mouse cell line,” she says. [Some lines that were supposedly] derived from a female turned out to be derived from a male.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A career-ending discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson Rees's discovery -- that hundreds of cell lines had been misidentified -- did not win him any friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colleagues, says Buehring, “didn’t want to believe him. They fought him verbally at conferences. He was called a self-appointed vigilante and a lot of other names. One person even volunteered to send him a one way ticket to distant corners of the earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nardone says, at least initially, Nelson-Rees relished the fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was pugnacious,” says Nardone. “He recognized that he was going to be in a battlefield and he was ready for the fight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, over time, the abuse took its toll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He seemed visibly upset that people couldn’t appreciate the service that he was doing,” says Buehring. “They were more worried about their own reputation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees’s findings may ultimately have cost him his career.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without any explanation,” says Nardone, “his funds for support of his laboratory got smaller and smaller and he saw the handwriting on the wall and decided that was enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nelson-Rees became an art dealer. He \u003ca href=\"http://universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/inmemoriam/walteranthonynelson-rees.html\">died\u003c/a> in 2009. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The search for regulation\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years ago, Nardone decided to devote his retirement to \u003ca href=\"http://www.hpacultures.org.uk/services/celllineidentityverification/NardoneOpenletter.jsp\">the problem\u003c/a> that Nelson-Rees had publicized. He joined a workgroup, led by the Virginia-based research nonprofit ATCC, to come up with a standard, one that all researchers could work by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The standards, which came out this year, outline the correct way to authenticate cell lines, so that researchers can compare results from lab to lab. ATCC also maintains \u003ca href=\"http://www.atcc.org/CulturesandProducts/CellBiology/MisidentifiedCellLines/tabid/683/Default.aspx\">a list\u003c/a> of misidentified cell lines on its website. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ATCC’s Liz Kerrigan says the challenge has been getting scientific institutions to adopt the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Surprisingly to most members of the workgroup, there has been resistance to addressing or even acknowledging the problem,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few influential science journals now require that scientists authenticate cells before they’ll publish their results. But Nardone and Kerrigan believe that’s too late.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much better, says Nardone, would be to get the big funding institutions, particularly the National Institutes of Health, to demand that anyone who applies for funding for cell-culture research authenticate their cell lines initially.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, get the cells checked out before the money’s spent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The NIH steps back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the NIH said doing this would be, quote, “impractical,” and that it trusts researchers to do the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerrigan and Nardone believe that the costs of misidentified cell lines call for greater oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences of widespread misidentification of cell lines is immeasurable, really,” says Kerrigan. “In addition to the waste of millions of dollars, there’s time, intellectual resources. And then people lose confidence in published work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Science on the SPOT: Shadows and Spiders-- A Secret Cave in California",
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"content": "\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The rural foothills along the Santa Cruz County Coast hold an ancient secret. Deep below the redwoods, White Moon Cave extends for nearly a mile -- making it one of the longest caves in California. But few people have ever been in it. Join the KQED Science team as we squeeze through the narrow clandestine entrance, and meet the uncanny cave inhabitants to bring new light to this hidden realm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Human beings have always been fascinated with caves. These clandestine spaces carved by mysterious forces elicit our natural curiosity, while at the same time the foreboding depth of their darkness creates a very visceral apprehension. Coupled with the baseline fear of earthquakes that many of us in California share, caves are often regarded with suspicion. Ironically, it is the cave that typically has more to fear from encounters with humans, and for that reason White Moon Cave and the CEMEX Redwoods Property are protected, and off limits to the public. We at KQED were fortunate enough to get a rare invitation to explore this natural wonder, and capture it on video for the very first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47297\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 168px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-47297\" title=\"BruceCloseFilmCrew-11\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/BruceCloseFilmCrew-11-168x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"168\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The KQED Science team was allowed special acceess to be the first to film in White Moon Cave.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When \u003ca href=\"http://www.openspacetrust.org/\" title=\"POST\">Peninsula Open Space Trust\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sempervirens.org/\">The Sempervirens Fund\u003c/a> joined forces in 2011 to purchase the CEMEX Property near Davenport, CA they had no idea that White Moon Cave even existed. Their intent was to purchase the large tract of land from the Mexican cement company, as part of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.livinglandscapeinitiative.org/\">Living Landscapes Initiative\u003c/a>, in order to conserve the coast redwood groves that blanket the mountainous terrain. It was only after the purchase that they received a call from members of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.westerncaves.org/\">Western Cave Conservancy\u003c/a> revealing the cave’s existence, and the need to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As I twisted through the narrow entrance to the cave, I felt as if I were moving between two realms of existence. The cave air is cool, laden with moisture; the air inside exudes an earthy perfume, both familiar and strange but pleasant; the enveloping sense of stillness grows into something profound; time seems to move slower, insulated from the light and sound of daily life. One of the most powerful ways to experience this exquisite isolation is to find a corner, sit down, and turn off all of the lights. It takes a few minutes, but soon the darkness and quiet wash over you. Deprived, the senses become magnified. Even the sound of a single drop of water falling onto the sandy cave floor resolves in crisp detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47322\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/6th-Choice_Gordon-Opening-Cave-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\" title=\"6th Choice_Gordon Opening Cave\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-47322\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gordon Clark of The Peninsula Open Space Trust removes rocks that guard the hidden entrance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moving through the cave could be very challenging. The cave floor varied from slippery wet rock to fine dry silt that clung to every piece of clothing. The unforgiving marble walls seemed to reach out to bite at my shoulders and knees, and the ceiling seemed to creep just below where I expected I to be, making my helmet more than a mere precaution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.lilburnes.org/Students/Caves/Soution_Caves.htm\">Solution caves\u003c/a> like this one are created when rainwater is absorbed by the soil. Microbes in the soil produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and as the water percolates through the soil it becomes acidified, creating a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). This slightly acidic water makes its way down to the limestone where the carbonic acid slowly dissolves the calcium carbonate in the marble. The dissolved limestone is said to be “in solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This process can take thousands to millions of years. But sadly, malicious or absent-minded humans can reverse it much more quickly. Some cave visitors don’t see the harm in taking ancient cave decorations as personal souvenirs. But when this minor theft is multiplied by hundreds of other visitors, the cave is quickly robbed of its ancient beauty. Others selfishly spray paint or etch their names into the cave walls. “After several thousand people come through, then you see a cave that is really a hulk of its former beauty,” said our guide Bruce Rogers of the Western Cave Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar caves in the Santa Cruz area have been victims of vandalism and overuse. But for those interested in responsible caving, I encourage you to look into The Western Cave Conservancy, a collective of citizens who have surrendered themselves to the draw of the caves, but do so with the appropriate level of scientific inquiry, safety and respect. Interested parties should attend a local ‘grotto’ meeting as they are an excellent resource for those who share their fascination with the subterranean.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Turkey Trouble: Genetics Gone Too Far?",
"title": "Turkey Trouble: Genetics Gone Too Far?",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/turkeyfarm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47026\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47026\" title=\"TurkeyFarm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We've bred these poor things to the point where they can't even reproduce anymore without our help.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create: the industrial turkey, the main course at most dinner tables on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we have all conspired to do to this once noble bird is appallingly awful. In our drive for more healthy white meat, we have selected for giant versions of turkeys with grotesquely over-sized breasts. How over-sized? Their breasts are so big at this point that these poor things can’t successfully mate. Every industrial turkey was created by artificial insemination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but all of that extra muscle has created birds in constant pain. Their bones just can’t easily handle all of that muscle being packed on so quickly. Add the damage to their hearts and the resulting high rate of heart attacks and you have something pretty close to monstrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, we didn’t engineer these things at all. These caricatures of wild turkeys were hidden in the turkey genome all along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most species have an incredible amount of variation prepacked into their genomes. Look at a Great Dane and a Chihuahua and you’ll know what I mean! Both came from the same basic set of recipes, the wolf genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild turkeys have a wide range of possible turkeys hidden in their genome too. The current industrial turkey is just a certain combination of all of the different gene versions (or alleles) that were already present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47031\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/goldenretriever/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47031\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47031\" title=\"GoldenRetriever\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/GoldenRetriever.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It doesn't just stop at turkeys either. Breeding for specific traits affects other animals too.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, if nature had stumbled on this particular combination of alleles in the wild, the resulting turkey would not have survived. Even if it managed to avoid bone damage and heart attacks, the thing couldn't successfully breed anyway. No, this turkey would have mercifully died out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is different on the factory farm. There the traits which would have doomed this turkey are selected for and this turkey ends up the “winner.” There are definitely different pressures in natural and artificial selection!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this raises the obvious ethical question. Just because we can breed this turkey, should we? The turkey lives a short, miserable life but we get an affordable, healthy source of protein. It is obvious which choice we’ve made as a society, but is it the right one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course this discussion shouldn’t stop at the turkey. Chickens are having heart attacks all over the place, golden retrievers have a \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask449\">ridiculously high rate of cancer\u003c/a>, and so on for many other artificially selected animals. Should we let this continue so we can have cheaper meat or a dog that looks just so?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before ending, I do want to say that I am not opposed to all artificial selection. Without it, we’d have very few of the crops we have now. Our corn wouldn’t be as sweet, our grapes and bananas would have seeds and so on. It is just that we might want to be more careful in what we create. Especially when we tinker with animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/11/turkeytech/\">Great Wired Science Article on the Topic\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ps.fass.org/content/77/12/1773.long\">Article on problems associated with rapid growth\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/turkeyfarm/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47026\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47026\" title=\"TurkeyFarm\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/TurkeyFarm-400x223.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">We've bred these poor things to the point where they can't even reproduce anymore without our help.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, this isn’t a blog about genetically modified organisms -- that has been argued enough lately! Instead, in honor of Thanksgiving, I want to talk about regular old selective breeding and the monsters it can create: the industrial turkey, the main course at most dinner tables on Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we have all conspired to do to this once noble bird is appallingly awful. In our drive for more healthy white meat, we have selected for giant versions of turkeys with grotesquely over-sized breasts. How over-sized? Their breasts are so big at this point that these poor things can’t successfully mate. Every industrial turkey was created by artificial insemination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but all of that extra muscle has created birds in constant pain. Their bones just can’t easily handle all of that muscle being packed on so quickly. Add the damage to their hearts and the resulting high rate of heart attacks and you have something pretty close to monstrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And remember, we didn’t engineer these things at all. These caricatures of wild turkeys were hidden in the turkey genome all along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most species have an incredible amount of variation prepacked into their genomes. Look at a Great Dane and a Chihuahua and you’ll know what I mean! Both came from the same basic set of recipes, the wolf genome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wild turkeys have a wide range of possible turkeys hidden in their genome too. The current industrial turkey is just a certain combination of all of the different gene versions (or alleles) that were already present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47031\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 170px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/19/turkey-trouble-genetics-gone-too-far/goldenretriever/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47031\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-47031\" title=\"GoldenRetriever\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/GoldenRetriever.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"170\" height=\"267\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">It doesn't just stop at turkeys either. Breeding for specific traits affects other animals too.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Of course, if nature had stumbled on this particular combination of alleles in the wild, the resulting turkey would not have survived. Even if it managed to avoid bone damage and heart attacks, the thing couldn't successfully breed anyway. No, this turkey would have mercifully died out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is different on the factory farm. There the traits which would have doomed this turkey are selected for and this turkey ends up the “winner.” There are definitely different pressures in natural and artificial selection!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this raises the obvious ethical question. Just because we can breed this turkey, should we? The turkey lives a short, miserable life but we get an affordable, healthy source of protein. It is obvious which choice we’ve made as a society, but is it the right one?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course this discussion shouldn’t stop at the turkey. Chickens are having heart attacks all over the place, golden retrievers have a \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask449\">ridiculously high rate of cancer\u003c/a>, and so on for many other artificially selected animals. Should we let this continue so we can have cheaper meat or a dog that looks just so?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before ending, I do want to say that I am not opposed to all artificial selection. Without it, we’d have very few of the crops we have now. Our corn wouldn’t be as sweet, our grapes and bananas would have seeds and so on. It is just that we might want to be more careful in what we create. Especially when we tinker with animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2008/11/turkeytech/\">Great Wired Science Article on the Topic\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ps.fass.org/content/77/12/1773.long\">Article on problems associated with rapid growth\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Trophy Hunting: For the Love of Blood and Money",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/grizzly_denali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47053\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Grizzly_Denali-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear \" title=\"Grizzly Bear, Denali National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, in Denali National Park, Alaska. Trophy hunters routinely pay $14,500 to guides for the chance to bag a grizzly. (Photo: Diliff, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As long as I can remember, I’ve wondered about the inner lives of animals in the wild. I spent many a Sunday evening sprawled wide-eyed on the living room floor mesmerized by Marlin Perkins’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWzK5NDUaFfkI\">“Wild Kingdom,”\u003c/a> puzzling over the ways species exotic and familiar navigate their world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show pioneered the use of documentary footage to explain complex ecological interactions and raise awareness about the threats facing wildlife around the globe. I was barely five when I starting watching it, but the show had a profound effect on my view of the natural world. Far from the peaceable kingdom in my bedtime stories, Perkins gave me an object lesson in Tennyson’s nature red in tooth and claw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could never bring myself to watch the inevitable encounters between gazelle and cheetah, lion and wildebeest, Perkins’ avuncular narration doing little to mollify my discomfort. (His lessons in survival of the fittest included starving lions who never mastered the art of the hunt.) Still, I accepted them as the way of the wild, scenarios born of intricate ecological interactions that evolved over a time scale I had yet to grasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a movie billed as an Alaska wilderness adventure came to town, my mother took me as a special treat. To her dismay and my horror, the movie turned out to be a wildlife snuff film, an orgy of caribou, moose and grizzlies being gunned down against a pristine wilderness backdrop. I spent most of it hiding my face in my mom’s shoulder. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the movie’s title, “Alaskan Safari,” would have been a giveaway. But we weren’t big on hunting. For us, “safari” meant travel to exotic places to watch wildlife, not kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47054\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/chilkatvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47054\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/chilkatvalley-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chilkat Valley, Alaska\" title=\"chilkat valley\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47054\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chilkat Valley north of Haines, Alaska, is home to diverse species, including eagles, black and brown bears, wolves, wolverines and salmon. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought of that movie on a recent trip to Alaska, my first. Nearly everyone I met in the little town of Haines, a four-and-a-half-hour ferry ride north of Juneau, cited the rugged beauty of the landscape as the main attraction though disdain for rules, regulations and other people seems, for some, to run a close second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Haines, many people still make a living or stock their pantries from the resource-rich land. Most smoke, dry and can enough salmon to make it through the winter. Some take a moose during the three-week hunting season, more than enough meat to feed a family of four for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunters I talked to pride themselves on their intimate knowledge of the landscape and its inhabitants, and on having the wherewithal to feed themselves from the marine and terrestrial bounty around them. They’re a different breed of hunter from the trophy hunters celebrated in “Alaskan Safari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters still travel to Alaska to shell out big bucks to the 539 \u003ca href=\"http://www.conneroutdoors.com/hunting/alaska.html\">big game outfitters\u003c/a> registered in the state. Hunters pay thousands of dollars for the chance to shoot musk ox, caribou, polar bears (yes, polar bears), black bears, wolves, Dall’s sheep \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskatrophyadventures.com/hunt04.htm\">and of course grizzlies\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akmountainsafaris.com/prices.htm\">which can command up to $14,500.\u003c/a> (By state law, non-residents must hunt with a registered guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the history of big game hunting in Alaska features a rogues’ gallery of guides deploying everything short of rocket launchers to guarantee kills. One technique uses low-flying planes to frighten animals into the path of waiting hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, that’s exactly what Ron Hayes, the director of “Alaskan Safari,” did to keep his clients happy. A US Fish and Wildlife Service agent called him “probably the most notorious bandit guide that ever lived,” after Hayes was convicted in 1987 for illegally hunting grizzlies by plane. Hayes was forced to forfeit several planes, fined thousands of dollars and served two years in jail. (While in jail, the same FWS officer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/26/us/poachers-enlisted-to-save-big-game.html\">convinced him to tell other hunters \u003c/a>about the negative impacts of poaching in educational videos.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes now runs a fishing lodge in Alaska. On \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskarainbowlodge.com/alaska-fishing-blog/\">his Web site\u003c/a>, he boasts about taking Jimmy Dean, Cornell Wilde, William Shatner and Lee Majors on hunts. He acknowledges that poaching was neither sporting nor ethical. “If I had to do it over again, I would do it legal,” he says. “But that doesn’t take away the fact that we were good at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/Reading%20the%20Trophy%20RVST_18_02_04.pdf\">2003 paper in the journal Visual Studies\u003c/a>, two sociologists reviewed hundreds of photos in 14 popular hunting magazines, looking for themes in the photos of carcasses. They tested the notion in traditional hunting narratives that trophy displays pay tribute to the beauty of nature and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of love and respect for nature and individual animals,” the researchers reported, “we found extreme objectification of animal bodies, with severed deer heads and cut-off antlers representative examples of the contradiction in the love-of-nature hunting stereotype.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my short stay in Haines, I learned how the Tlingits—who call themselves the People of the Tides—view the wildlife they’ve lived with for thousands of years. Like other indigenous people, they believe that all the animals (and the rivers, rocks and plants) have spirits just like us. They wear symbols of the animals to make their spirits feel more concrete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear holds a special place in \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indians/tlingit/transformations.html\">Tlingit mythology\u003c/a>. Considered a close human relative, the bear symbolizes the connection between animals and humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, researchers knew very little about the inner lives of bears. But two preliminary studies published since August showed that captive \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822244\">black bears can “count”\u003c/a>—recognize the number of dots in an image—\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003284\">and learn concepts\u003c/a>, suggesting the average bear is indeed pretty smart. Study author Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University in Michigan, told National Geographic News that bears have been neglected by cognitive scientists but “may show abilities similar to species more like humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So bears are, as the Tlingit believe, a lot like us. Bears, however, hunt only to survive. They eat what they kill. That's the way of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters — people who kill for entertainment, or to gratify their egos — are a whole different breed. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Trophy hunters routinely pay thousands of dollars for the chance to kill big game like caribou, moose, black bear and especially grizzly bear. Trophy hunting narratives boast a love of nature. But some sociologists find a different story. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47053\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/grizzly_denali/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47053\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Grizzly_Denali-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly bear \" title=\"Grizzly Bear, Denali National Park\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47053\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A grizzly bear, Ursus arctos horribilis, in Denali National Park, Alaska. Trophy hunters routinely pay $14,500 to guides for the chance to bag a grizzly. (Photo: Diliff, Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As long as I can remember, I’ve wondered about the inner lives of animals in the wild. I spent many a Sunday evening sprawled wide-eyed on the living room floor mesmerized by Marlin Perkins’ \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/channel/SWzK5NDUaFfkI\">“Wild Kingdom,”\u003c/a> puzzling over the ways species exotic and familiar navigate their world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The show pioneered the use of documentary footage to explain complex ecological interactions and raise awareness about the threats facing wildlife around the globe. I was barely five when I starting watching it, but the show had a profound effect on my view of the natural world. Far from the peaceable kingdom in my bedtime stories, Perkins gave me an object lesson in Tennyson’s nature red in tooth and claw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I could never bring myself to watch the inevitable encounters between gazelle and cheetah, lion and wildebeest, Perkins’ avuncular narration doing little to mollify my discomfort. (His lessons in survival of the fittest included starving lions who never mastered the art of the hunt.) Still, I accepted them as the way of the wild, scenarios born of intricate ecological interactions that evolved over a time scale I had yet to grasp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a movie billed as an Alaska wilderness adventure came to town, my mother took me as a special treat. To her dismay and my horror, the movie turned out to be a wildlife snuff film, an orgy of caribou, moose and grizzlies being gunned down against a pristine wilderness backdrop. I spent most of it hiding my face in my mom’s shoulder. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You might think the movie’s title, “Alaskan Safari,” would have been a giveaway. But we weren’t big on hunting. For us, “safari” meant travel to exotic places to watch wildlife, not kill it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47054\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/14/trophy-hunting-for-the-love-of-blood-and-money/chilkatvalley/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47054\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/chilkatvalley-480x360.jpg\" alt=\"Chilkat Valley, Alaska\" title=\"chilkat valley\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-47054\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Chilkat Valley north of Haines, Alaska, is home to diverse species, including eagles, black and brown bears, wolves, wolverines and salmon. (Photo: Liza Gross)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I thought of that movie on a recent trip to Alaska, my first. Nearly everyone I met in the little town of Haines, a four-and-a-half-hour ferry ride north of Juneau, cited the rugged beauty of the landscape as the main attraction though disdain for rules, regulations and other people seems, for some, to run a close second. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Haines, many people still make a living or stock their pantries from the resource-rich land. Most smoke, dry and can enough salmon to make it through the winter. Some take a moose during the three-week hunting season, more than enough meat to feed a family of four for a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hunters I talked to pride themselves on their intimate knowledge of the landscape and its inhabitants, and on having the wherewithal to feed themselves from the marine and terrestrial bounty around them. They’re a different breed of hunter from the trophy hunters celebrated in “Alaskan Safari.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trophy hunters still travel to Alaska to shell out big bucks to the 539 \u003ca href=\"http://www.conneroutdoors.com/hunting/alaska.html\">big game outfitters\u003c/a> registered in the state. Hunters pay thousands of dollars for the chance to shoot musk ox, caribou, polar bears (yes, polar bears), black bears, wolves, Dall’s sheep \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskatrophyadventures.com/hunt04.htm\">and of course grizzlies\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.akmountainsafaris.com/prices.htm\">which can command up to $14,500.\u003c/a> (By state law, non-residents must hunt with a registered guide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not surprisingly, the history of big game hunting in Alaska features a rogues’ gallery of guides deploying everything short of rocket launchers to guarantee kills. One technique uses low-flying planes to frighten animals into the path of waiting hunters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turns out, that’s exactly what Ron Hayes, the director of “Alaskan Safari,” did to keep his clients happy. A US Fish and Wildlife Service agent called him “probably the most notorious bandit guide that ever lived,” after Hayes was convicted in 1987 for illegally hunting grizzlies by plane. Hayes was forced to forfeit several planes, fined thousands of dollars and served two years in jail. (While in jail, the same FWS officer \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/26/us/poachers-enlisted-to-save-big-game.html\">convinced him to tell other hunters \u003c/a>about the negative impacts of poaching in educational videos.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayes now runs a fishing lodge in Alaska. On \u003ca href=\"http://www.alaskarainbowlodge.com/alaska-fishing-blog/\">his Web site\u003c/a>, he boasts about taking Jimmy Dean, Cornell Wilde, William Shatner and Lee Majors on hunts. He acknowledges that poaching was neither sporting nor ethical. “If I had to do it over again, I would do it legal,” he says. “But that doesn’t take away the fact that we were good at it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://ecoculturalgroup.msu.edu/Reading%20the%20Trophy%20RVST_18_02_04.pdf\">2003 paper in the journal Visual Studies\u003c/a>, two sociologists reviewed hundreds of photos in 14 popular hunting magazines, looking for themes in the photos of carcasses. They tested the notion in traditional hunting narratives that trophy displays pay tribute to the beauty of nature and wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of love and respect for nature and individual animals,” the researchers reported, “we found extreme objectification of animal bodies, with severed deer heads and cut-off antlers representative examples of the contradiction in the love-of-nature hunting stereotype.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my short stay in Haines, I learned how the Tlingits—who call themselves the People of the Tides—view the wildlife they’ve lived with for thousands of years. Like other indigenous people, they believe that all the animals (and the rivers, rocks and plants) have spirits just like us. They wear symbols of the animals to make their spirits feel more concrete. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear holds a special place in \u003ca href=\"http://www.carnegiemnh.org/online/indians/tlingit/transformations.html\">Tlingit mythology\u003c/a>. Considered a close human relative, the bear symbolizes the connection between animals and humans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until recently, researchers knew very little about the inner lives of bears. But two preliminary studies published since August showed that captive \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822244\">black bears can “count”\u003c/a>—recognize the number of dots in an image—\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347212003284\">and learn concepts\u003c/a>, suggesting the average bear is indeed pretty smart. Study author Jennifer Vonk, a comparative psychologist at Oakland University in Michigan, told National Geographic News that bears have been neglected by cognitive scientists but “may show abilities similar to species more like humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So bears are, as the Tlingit believe, a lot like us. Bears, however, hunt only to survive. They eat what they kill. That's the way of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Nothing \"Fishy\" About Sustainable Seafood",
"title": "Nothing \"Fishy\" About Sustainable Seafood",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/olympus-digital-camera-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46826\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46826\" title=\"Rainbow Trout in Mobile Fish Exhibit, EBRPD\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/MFE-Rainbow-Trout.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish are friends and sometimes food, like this rainbow trout in the Mobile Fish Exhibit. Image courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite musical sequences is the opening scene from “Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” when the dolphins sing, \u003ca title=\"HItchhikers Guide to the Galaxy excerpt\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojydNb3Lrrs\" target=\"_blank\">“So long and thanks for all the fish!” \u003c/a>just before leaving the planet for better places. The catchy tune, wonderful dolphin footage, and impending doom to the Earth led me to consider \u003ca title=\"Sustainable Seafood definition, Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_seafood\" target=\"_blank\">sustainable seafood\u003c/a> for this blog installation. Also, my small focus group (ok, I asked my husband and teenage son) indicated a general interest in why it’s important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey Bay Aquarium reports that a stunning 85% of the world’s fisheries are at capacity for fishing or are over fished. Their website provides the handy pocket guide \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_aboutsfw.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>\" -- which is also available as a mobile app -- to take with you to the store or restaurant to help you make informed choices. The seafood designated \"green\" are the best choices, \"yellow\" are good alternatives and red are the ones to avoid. You can also see information on their website about how their recommendations are made based on a wide range of research and extensive review by authorities in the field. All of this is condensed into the pocket guide, which is updated every six months and available specific to six regions around the USA. For those who’d like to do even more to choose seafood that’s sustainably harvested and low in toxins, there’s a \u003ca title='\"Super Green\" Healthy Seafood list, Monterey Bay Aquarium' href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_health.aspx\">\"Super Green Healthy Seafood\"\u003c/a> list on their website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46837\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/olympus-digital-camera-7/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46837\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46837\" title=\"Mobile Fish Exhibit on display\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/MFE-View-thru-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families learn more about our local fish during a program at the Oakland Museum with East Bay Regional Park District's Mobile Fish Exhibit. Image courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diving deeper into the seafood conundrum, there are some thought-provoking books such as \u003ca title=\"Four Fish book website\" href=\"http://www.fourfish.org/why4.html\">\"Four Fish: the Future of the Last Wild Food\"\u003c/a> by Paul Greenberg that examines four popular seafood species: salmon, sea bass, cod, and tuna. His interview about the book includes insightful comments that, though the Seafood Watch intentions are good, large-scale initiatives such as creating new fishing reserves are necessary to allow depleted species to recover. There’s also a new video out, \u003ca title=\"Two Fish video, You Tube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um1DMRu6oOo\" target=\"_blank\">\"Two Fish\"\u003c/a>, which compares Mediterranean tuna and carp as examples of farmed fish. The video makes a case for eating lower on the food chain and makes me want to try fried carp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other resources on the web on eating seafood responsibly can be found on the websites for the \u003ca title=\"Natural Resources Defense Council website\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> (NRDC) and the \u003ca title=\"Seafood Watch recipes, Monterey Bay Aquarium\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/recipes/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>, which have some interesting recipes for cooking sustainable fish species. The NRDC also has a great webpage advising what you need to know about \u003ca title=\"America's Five Favorite Seafood Species Advice, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/seafoodguide/page2.asp\" target=\"_blank\">America's five favorite seafood species.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46842\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/mobile-education-programs-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46842\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46842\" title=\"Mobile Education Programs, EBRPD\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Mobile-Education-Programs-EBRPD-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children get a close view of fish with Ranger James in the Mobile Education Programs with East Bay Regional Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the East Bay Regional Parks new initiatives is a \u003ca title=\"Mobile Education Programs, East Bay Regional Park District\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/educators/Mobile_Education_Outreach\" target=\"_blank\">Mobile Fish Exhibit\u003c/a>, a large aquarium on wheels, which goes out to schools, libraries, and parks to educate kids and families about local fish. As disconnected as many kids are to the environment, the fish program helps them see live fish up close and learn to care about them and their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/olympus-digital-camera-6/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46826\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-46826\" title=\"Rainbow Trout in Mobile Fish Exhibit, EBRPD\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/MFE-Rainbow-Trout.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fish are friends and sometimes food, like this rainbow trout in the Mobile Fish Exhibit. Image courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of my favorite musical sequences is the opening scene from “Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy” when the dolphins sing, \u003ca title=\"HItchhikers Guide to the Galaxy excerpt\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojydNb3Lrrs\" target=\"_blank\">“So long and thanks for all the fish!” \u003c/a>just before leaving the planet for better places. The catchy tune, wonderful dolphin footage, and impending doom to the Earth led me to consider \u003ca title=\"Sustainable Seafood definition, Wikipedia\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_seafood\" target=\"_blank\">sustainable seafood\u003c/a> for this blog installation. Also, my small focus group (ok, I asked my husband and teenage son) indicated a general interest in why it’s important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monterey Bay Aquarium reports that a stunning 85% of the world’s fisheries are at capacity for fishing or are over fished. Their website provides the handy pocket guide \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_aboutsfw.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Seafood Watch\u003c/a>\" -- which is also available as a mobile app -- to take with you to the store or restaurant to help you make informed choices. The seafood designated \"green\" are the best choices, \"yellow\" are good alternatives and red are the ones to avoid. You can also see information on their website about how their recommendations are made based on a wide range of research and extensive review by authorities in the field. All of this is condensed into the pocket guide, which is updated every six months and available specific to six regions around the USA. For those who’d like to do even more to choose seafood that’s sustainably harvested and low in toxins, there’s a \u003ca title='\"Super Green\" Healthy Seafood list, Monterey Bay Aquarium' href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/sfw_health.aspx\">\"Super Green Healthy Seafood\"\u003c/a> list on their website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46837\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/olympus-digital-camera-7/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46837\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46837\" title=\"Mobile Fish Exhibit on display\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/MFE-View-thru-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families learn more about our local fish during a program at the Oakland Museum with East Bay Regional Park District's Mobile Fish Exhibit. Image courtesy of East Bay Regional Park District.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Diving deeper into the seafood conundrum, there are some thought-provoking books such as \u003ca title=\"Four Fish book website\" href=\"http://www.fourfish.org/why4.html\">\"Four Fish: the Future of the Last Wild Food\"\u003c/a> by Paul Greenberg that examines four popular seafood species: salmon, sea bass, cod, and tuna. His interview about the book includes insightful comments that, though the Seafood Watch intentions are good, large-scale initiatives such as creating new fishing reserves are necessary to allow depleted species to recover. There’s also a new video out, \u003ca title=\"Two Fish video, You Tube\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um1DMRu6oOo\" target=\"_blank\">\"Two Fish\"\u003c/a>, which compares Mediterranean tuna and carp as examples of farmed fish. The video makes a case for eating lower on the food chain and makes me want to try fried carp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other resources on the web on eating seafood responsibly can be found on the websites for the \u003ca title=\"Natural Resources Defense Council website\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/mercury/index.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Natural Resources Defense Council\u003c/a> (NRDC) and the \u003ca title=\"Seafood Watch recipes, Monterey Bay Aquarium\" href=\"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/recipes/\" target=\"_blank\">Monterey Bay Aquarium\u003c/a>, which have some interesting recipes for cooking sustainable fish species. The NRDC also has a great webpage advising what you need to know about \u003ca title=\"America's Five Favorite Seafood Species Advice, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/oceans/seafoodguide/page2.asp\" target=\"_blank\">America's five favorite seafood species.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46842\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/nothing-fishy-about-sustainable-seafood/mobile-education-programs-ebrpd/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46842\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-46842\" title=\"Mobile Education Programs, EBRPD\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/Mobile-Education-Programs-EBRPD-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Children get a close view of fish with Ranger James in the Mobile Education Programs with East Bay Regional Parks.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the East Bay Regional Parks new initiatives is a \u003ca title=\"Mobile Education Programs, East Bay Regional Park District\" href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/activities/educators/Mobile_Education_Outreach\" target=\"_blank\">Mobile Fish Exhibit\u003c/a>, a large aquarium on wheels, which goes out to schools, libraries, and parks to educate kids and families about local fish. As disconnected as many kids are to the environment, the fish program helps them see live fish up close and learn to care about them and their habitats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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