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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/AMSonISSbig.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of AMS-2 mounted on the ISS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YBWaFIs1Rc\">Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off \u003c/a>on its 25th and final mission to space on Monday morning, it carried in its cargo bay more than just supplies for the International Space Station. Alongside the containers of TV dinners, oxygen bottles, water tanks, and other various and sundry necessities was a bus-sized, two billion dollar observatory that will probe some of our Universe's deepest, darkest secrets: dark matter, and the unaccounted antimatter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ams.nasa.gov/about.html\">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 2 (AMS-2)\u003c/a>, like other space-borne observatory satellites, will make its observations outside of Earth's atmosphere, attached to the International Space Station—but unlike \"conventional\" satellite observatories such as the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, AMS-2 will not observe electromagnetic radiation (light), but rather cosmic rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cosmic rays are energetic, electrically charged subatomic particles whizzing through space, originating from various places such as the Sun, distant stars and supernovae, and other high-energy sources from the most distant reaches of the known Universe. Most cosmic rays are simply high-speed protons (hydrogen nuclei) and alpha particles (helium nuclei). Less than 1% of cosmic rays are heavier atomic nuclei, and electrons. All of these particles are things familiar to us on Earth, the main differences being their exotic origins and their extremely high speeds—often approaching the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tiny fraction of cosmic rays are exotic particles indeed: antimatter, in the form of positrons (the positively charged antimatter counterpart of electrons) and anti-protons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is AMS-2 looking for? In a nutshell, it's looking for what we cannot see…. Only about 5% of the Universe is composed of \"ordinary\" matter—the stuff we are made of, and which we can see with telescopes out in the universe by virtue of the light it emits: stars, galaxies, nebulae, giant molecular clouds, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 95% of the Universe's bulk is made up of \"dark\" stuff—\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/dark_matter.html\">dark matter \u003c/a>(about 20%) and dark energy. Some of this dark matter may be accounted for by massive objects that we can't see, such as black holes, but the primary constituent probably consists of exotic particles that defy direct detection. A number of particles that fit this bill have been theorized, like neutrinos, and more recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/01/hold-on-higgs-now-its-neutralinos-.html\">neutralinos\u003c/a>. In theory, interactions between neutralinos should produce charged particles in the form of cosmic rays that AMS-2 should be able to detect. If it does, then we'll have observational evidence for the existence of this exotic particle, which would shed some light onto some of the Universe's dark mystery….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2 will also look for antimatter. The Big Bang theory (the \u003cstrong>theory\u003c/strong>, not the TV show) of the formation of the Universe suggests that there should be equal parts matter and its counterpart antimatter, but so far we've mostly seen only the former. While there are positrons and anti-protons flying about that can be accounted for by processes involving nuclear interactions, if AMS-2 can detect a more complex anti-particle, like an anti-helium nucleus (an atom composed of two anti-protons, two anti-neutrons, and two positrons), then we'll have an example of antimatter that formed by more complex processes than a random nuclear collision or decay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2's \"lens\" is not made of glass, but of magnetic fields. Conventional telescopes bend and focus light with glass lenses or curved mirrors, but AMS-2 will observe electrically charged cosmic rays, which can be collected and sorted with magnetic force. AMS-2 will count cosmic rays, determine what types of particles they are, and how much energy they possess (how fast they are moving). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth's surface observing cosmic rays is nearly impossible, at best. The particles interact with the nuclei of atoms in our atmosphere, forming a different subatomic particle and a burst of \"secondary\" cosmic radiation—which can be detected by ground-based instruments, but only as \"second hand\" news. In fact, it is cosmic ray interactions with ordinary carbon (carbon 12) in Earth's atmosphere that transform them into the radioisotope carbon 14, which scientists take advantage of to determine how long a sample of formerly living material has been dead (as in carbon dating). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, stay tuned for news on what scientists discover as they peer into the very dark darkness of a currently unknown realm of existence. Should be exciting….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/AMSonISSbig.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of AMS-2 mounted on the ISS.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>When NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YBWaFIs1Rc\">Space Shuttle Endeavour lifted off \u003c/a>on its 25th and final mission to space on Monday morning, it carried in its cargo bay more than just supplies for the International Space Station. Alongside the containers of TV dinners, oxygen bottles, water tanks, and other various and sundry necessities was a bus-sized, two billion dollar observatory that will probe some of our Universe's deepest, darkest secrets: dark matter, and the unaccounted antimatter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://ams.nasa.gov/about.html\">Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer 2 (AMS-2)\u003c/a>, like other space-borne observatory satellites, will make its observations outside of Earth's atmosphere, attached to the International Space Station—but unlike \"conventional\" satellite observatories such as the \u003ca href=\"http://hubblesite.org/\">Hubble Space Telescope\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory\u003c/a>, AMS-2 will not observe electromagnetic radiation (light), but rather cosmic rays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cosmic rays are energetic, electrically charged subatomic particles whizzing through space, originating from various places such as the Sun, distant stars and supernovae, and other high-energy sources from the most distant reaches of the known Universe. Most cosmic rays are simply high-speed protons (hydrogen nuclei) and alpha particles (helium nuclei). Less than 1% of cosmic rays are heavier atomic nuclei, and electrons. All of these particles are things familiar to us on Earth, the main differences being their exotic origins and their extremely high speeds—often approaching the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A tiny fraction of cosmic rays are exotic particles indeed: antimatter, in the form of positrons (the positively charged antimatter counterpart of electrons) and anti-protons. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is AMS-2 looking for? In a nutshell, it's looking for what we cannot see…. Only about 5% of the Universe is composed of \"ordinary\" matter—the stuff we are made of, and which we can see with telescopes out in the universe by virtue of the light it emits: stars, galaxies, nebulae, giant molecular clouds, and more. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 95% of the Universe's bulk is made up of \"dark\" stuff—\u003ca href=\"http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/dark_matter.html\">dark matter \u003c/a>(about 20%) and dark energy. Some of this dark matter may be accounted for by massive objects that we can't see, such as black holes, but the primary constituent probably consists of exotic particles that defy direct detection. A number of particles that fit this bill have been theorized, like neutrinos, and more recently \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2010/01/hold-on-higgs-now-its-neutralinos-.html\">neutralinos\u003c/a>. In theory, interactions between neutralinos should produce charged particles in the form of cosmic rays that AMS-2 should be able to detect. If it does, then we'll have observational evidence for the existence of this exotic particle, which would shed some light onto some of the Universe's dark mystery….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2 will also look for antimatter. The Big Bang theory (the \u003cstrong>theory\u003c/strong>, not the TV show) of the formation of the Universe suggests that there should be equal parts matter and its counterpart antimatter, but so far we've mostly seen only the former. While there are positrons and anti-protons flying about that can be accounted for by processes involving nuclear interactions, if AMS-2 can detect a more complex anti-particle, like an anti-helium nucleus (an atom composed of two anti-protons, two anti-neutrons, and two positrons), then we'll have an example of antimatter that formed by more complex processes than a random nuclear collision or decay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AMS-2's \"lens\" is not made of glass, but of magnetic fields. Conventional telescopes bend and focus light with glass lenses or curved mirrors, but AMS-2 will observe electrically charged cosmic rays, which can be collected and sorted with magnetic force. AMS-2 will count cosmic rays, determine what types of particles they are, and how much energy they possess (how fast they are moving). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From Earth's surface observing cosmic rays is nearly impossible, at best. The particles interact with the nuclei of atoms in our atmosphere, forming a different subatomic particle and a burst of \"secondary\" cosmic radiation—which can be detected by ground-based instruments, but only as \"second hand\" news. In fact, it is cosmic ray interactions with ordinary carbon (carbon 12) in Earth's atmosphere that transform them into the radioisotope carbon 14, which scientists take advantage of to determine how long a sample of formerly living material has been dead (as in carbon dating). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, stay tuned for news on what scientists discover as they peer into the very dark darkness of a currently unknown realm of existence. Should be exciting….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Back in the early days of QUEST, when we were first piloting the Your Photos on QUEST segments, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/steventheamusing/\">Steven Christenson\u003c/a> was one of the first photographers to respond to our call for submissions, posting on the QUEST YPOQ Flickr page his \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/steventheamusing/sets/72157621922342255/\">set of photos from Mission Peak Preserve\u003c/a> near Fremont, California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was trolling for our first YPOQ photographer for the new season of QUEST TV, I went back to some of those early submissions and was immediately struck by Christenson’s set of vibrant, kinetic images, especially his night sky photographs and star circles. Not only are they totally unique and beautiful, there’s obviously a good story to be told in how he actually makes them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14524\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_PhotonWorshipers_5019728_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"Photon Worshipers\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_PhotonWorshipers_5019728_scaled2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_PhotonWorshipers_5019728_scaled2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photon Worshipers \u003ccite>(Steven Christenson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shooting photographs in very low light is a special skill, one that Christenson has honed to a fine art over the last few years. In fact, he’s gotten so good at it, he was honored as one of the winners of the International Astronomy Photographer of the Year, 2010 awards in the “People and Space” category. Here’s his winning photo, taken at Pfeiffer Beach in Big Sur, California. He shot it as people gathered on the beach during one of the few days each year when the setting sun shines directly through the archway of a large rock formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14530\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_slctreestacked_1920x2880_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"Bristlecone Pine Star Circle\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14530\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bristlecone Pine Star Circle \u003ccite>(Steven Christenson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed the process of “finding light in the darkness”, as Christenson puts it, is more involved than one might imagine. First off, you have to get to a place that has a good vantage point on the stars. In Christenson’s case, this usually involves driving and/ or hiking a good distance before he even sets down the tripod. Then, you have to deal with the notoriously foggy/ rainy/ cold Bay Area weather. He’s been battling with the weather at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=533\">Pigeon Point Light House State Historic Park\u003c/a> in Pescadero for years. But he’s managed to get some spectacular images there nonetheless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once all the stars align so to speak, and Christenson has set up his shot, the waiting begins. As the earth rotates and orbits the sun, the stars appear to travel through the sky and his camera is set to take an image at set intervals. It can take all night for him to get the images he needs to stitch together his final images. He often sleeps in his car or out under the open sky if weather permits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For our shoot with Christenson, he took us hiking up Mission Peak, his favorite location in the Bay Area to shoot. Between our audio tech, Helen, associate producer Josh and myself, we’ve collectively lived in the Bay Area for more than half a century and none of us had ever been to Mission Peak. It’s absolutely spectacular up there. It’s one of the things I love most about this job that I have the opportunity to see and experience things that have been under my nose for years but have never noticed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you’d like to join Steven Christenson for a nighttime photography tour of Mission Peak or several other Bay Area locations, be sure to check out the \u003ca href=\"http://starcircleacademy.com/\">Star Circle Academy \u003c/a>website. \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Back in the early days of QUEST, when we were first piloting the Your Photos on QUEST segments, \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/steventheamusing/\">Steven Christenson\u003c/a> was one of the first photographers to respond to our call for submissions, posting on the QUEST YPOQ Flickr page his \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/steventheamusing/sets/72157621922342255/\">set of photos from Mission Peak Preserve\u003c/a> near Fremont, California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I was trolling for our first YPOQ photographer for the new season of QUEST TV, I went back to some of those early submissions and was immediately struck by Christenson’s set of vibrant, kinetic images, especially his night sky photographs and star circles. Not only are they totally unique and beautiful, there’s obviously a good story to be told in how he actually makes them. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14524\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_PhotonWorshipers_5019728_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"Photon Worshipers\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14524\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_PhotonWorshipers_5019728_scaled2.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_PhotonWorshipers_5019728_scaled2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photon Worshipers \u003ccite>(Steven Christenson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Shooting photographs in very low light is a special skill, one that Christenson has honed to a fine art over the last few years. In fact, he’s gotten so good at it, he was honored as one of the winners of the International Astronomy Photographer of the Year, 2010 awards in the “People and Space” category. Here’s his winning photo, taken at Pfeiffer Beach in Big Sur, California. He shot it as people gathered on the beach during one of the few days each year when the setting sun shines directly through the archway of a large rock formation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_14530\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/503i_Christenson_slctreestacked_1920x2880_scaled2.jpg\" alt=\"Bristlecone Pine Star Circle\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14530\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bristlecone Pine Star Circle \u003ccite>(Steven Christenson)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Indeed the process of “finding light in the darkness”, as Christenson puts it, is more involved than one might imagine. First off, you have to get to a place that has a good vantage point on the stars. In Christenson’s case, this usually involves driving and/ or hiking a good distance before he even sets down the tripod. Then, you have to deal with the notoriously foggy/ rainy/ cold Bay Area weather. He’s been battling with the weather at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=533\">Pigeon Point Light House State Historic Park\u003c/a> in Pescadero for years. But he’s managed to get some spectacular images there nonetheless. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/is-it-time-for-seti-to-stop-looking\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/radio5-31_array300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>The Allen Telescope Array near Redding, California\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes a certain type of person to devote an entire career to chasing something she'’ll probably never find. One such person is Jill Tarter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter is the director for SETI Research at the SETI institute in Mountain View, California. She’s also the inspiration for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmSYXbgcozY\">Jodi Foster character\u003c/a> in the 1997 movie Contact, based on the book by Carl Sagan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In real life, Jill Tarter’s career at SETI has been a lot less momentous. In her 60s now, with her gray hair in a short, no-nonsense cut, Tarter says she knows she may not hear a signal from intelligent extra-terrestrials in her lifetime. “I don’t know whether anyone will ever find a signal,” she says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[audio:http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/05/2011-05-09-quest.mp3]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/is-it-time-for-seti-to-stop-looking\">Is it Time for SETI to Stop Looking?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Back when Tarter joined SETI, the project was funded by NASA. But that support ended in 1993. Since then, she and others have spent almost as much time searching for money as they have searching for ET. Three years ago, SETI celebrated what felt like a turning point: the opening of the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/seti-the-new-search-for-et\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a>, near Redding, California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SETI's powerful new tool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Allen Array, Tarter and other SETI scientists took their equipment around the world, borrowing time from telescopes owned by other institutions. But with Allen, which was \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">constructed \u003c/a>with money from Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and is jointly managed with the University of California, Berkeley, SETI scientists could scan the skies full-time, hoping a clear, tell-tale radio signal would distinguish itself from the universe’s background hiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look,” says Tarter, “for signals that are compressed in frequency. Because nature doesn’t do that, technology does.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter is the first to admit that this may never work. She says SETI is searching the cosmic haystack for a needle that might not even exist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Zuckerman, a professor of astronomy at UCLA, is skeptical humans will ever find intelligent extra-terrestrials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Frankly I don’t think technological ETs exist in our Milky Way galaxy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/31_05/zuckerman.html\">says Zuckerman\u003c/a>. “Or if they do, they’re very, very scarce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman didn’t always feel this way. In grad school, he studied with Carl Sagan. He even worked on some of the early radio searches back in the 1970s. But then he started to have doubts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are so many technological civilizations out there, and they’re so far in advance of our own technological civilization, then why haven’t they found us?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the problem of timing. If intelligent ETs are out there, what are the odds that their signals would reach Earth at the precise moment in cosmic history that we happen to be listening? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NASA's Kepler Mission delivers new targets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, something happened that gave critics new hope: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">NASA’s Kepler Mission\u003c/a>, a program designed to survey the Milky Way galaxy in search of Earth-size and smaller planets, delivered its results. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">found what it was looking for\u003c/a>: More than a thousand planets orbiting distant stars like our sun. Dozens of them are thought to be roughly Earth-sized. Of those, some may turn out to have climates that could be hospitable to life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dimitar Sasselov directs Harvard’s Origins of Life Initiative and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/dimitar_sasselov_how_we_found_hundreds_of_potential_earth_like_planets.html\">is also a member of the Kepler team\u003c/a>. He says Kepler has given SETI something it never had before: targets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where we should be looking for the signals coming from other civilizations,” says Sasselov, referring to the so-called Kepler planets. “SETI is already in possession of this list.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April, that list has been filed away for future use. SETI’s Allen Telescope Array is \u003ca href=\"http://archive.seti.org/pdfs/ATA-hibernation.pdf\">officially in “hibernation.”\u003c/a> Tight budgets at the state and federal level have left UC Berkeley without enough money to operate the telescopes. Sasselov says it’s a shame. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our only shot to listen for such signals,” he says. “When the array is down, we are blind and we are deaf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> The \"longest long shot\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jill Tarter says it would cost $5 million and two years to systematically go through the Kepler planets, listening for radio signals produced by an intelligent civilization. She’s looking for private money to make it happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Ben Zuckerman, the UCLA skeptic, believes that’s a small price to pay. “Given that the costs are not very high,” he says, “why not continue the search?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman says it’s a long shot. Maybe the longest long shot in the history of science. But the payoff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The payoff, one could argue, is the most important science discovery of all time.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are hundreds of billions of stars in our Milky Way galaxy alone, and hundreds of billions of galaxies. Tarter says someday, it may make sense to stop looking, to come to what she calls the “extraordinary conclusion” that we really are alone. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It isn’t an impossible conclusion,” says Tarter. “That may be the answer. But it certainly isn’t time to draw that conclusion. Let’s search a little more. A lot more, actually.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 40.791111 -121.504722\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SETI's powerful new tool\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the Allen Array, Tarter and other SETI scientists took their equipment around the world, borrowing time from telescopes owned by other institutions. But with Allen, which was \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">constructed \u003c/a>with money from Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen and is jointly managed with the University of California, Berkeley, SETI scientists could scan the skies full-time, hoping a clear, tell-tale radio signal would distinguish itself from the universe’s background hiss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look,” says Tarter, “for signals that are compressed in frequency. Because nature doesn’t do that, technology does.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter is the first to admit that this may never work. She says SETI is searching the cosmic haystack for a needle that might not even exist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ben Zuckerman, a professor of astronomy at UCLA, is skeptical humans will ever find intelligent extra-terrestrials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Frankly I don’t think technological ETs exist in our Milky Way galaxy,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/31_05/zuckerman.html\">says Zuckerman\u003c/a>. “Or if they do, they’re very, very scarce.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman didn’t always feel this way. In grad school, he studied with Carl Sagan. He even worked on some of the early radio searches back in the 1970s. But then he started to have doubts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are so many technological civilizations out there, and they’re so far in advance of our own technological civilization, then why haven’t they found us?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the problem of timing. If intelligent ETs are out there, what are the odds that their signals would reach Earth at the precise moment in cosmic history that we happen to be listening? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>NASA's Kepler Mission delivers new targets\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recently, something happened that gave critics new hope: \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">NASA’s Kepler Mission\u003c/a>, a program designed to survey the Milky Way galaxy in search of Earth-size and smaller planets, delivered its results. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">found what it was looking for\u003c/a>: More than a thousand planets orbiting distant stars like our sun. Dozens of them are thought to be roughly Earth-sized. Of those, some may turn out to have climates that could be hospitable to life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dimitar Sasselov directs Harvard’s Origins of Life Initiative and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/talks/dimitar_sasselov_how_we_found_hundreds_of_potential_earth_like_planets.html\">is also a member of the Kepler team\u003c/a>. He says Kepler has given SETI something it never had before: targets. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where we should be looking for the signals coming from other civilizations,” says Sasselov, referring to the so-called Kepler planets. “SETI is already in possession of this list.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of April, that list has been filed away for future use. SETI’s Allen Telescope Array is \u003ca href=\"http://archive.seti.org/pdfs/ATA-hibernation.pdf\">officially in “hibernation.”\u003c/a> Tight budgets at the state and federal level have left UC Berkeley without enough money to operate the telescopes. Sasselov says it’s a shame. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our only shot to listen for such signals,” he says. “When the array is down, we are blind and we are deaf.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> The \"longest long shot\" \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jill Tarter says it would cost $5 million and two years to systematically go through the Kepler planets, listening for radio signals produced by an intelligent civilization. She’s looking for private money to make it happen. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Ben Zuckerman, the UCLA skeptic, believes that’s a small price to pay. “Given that the costs are not very high,” he says, “why not continue the search?” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman says it’s a long shot. Maybe the longest long shot in the history of science. 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/ATA_pix2.jpg\">\u003cem>The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) at Hat Creek Radio\u003cbr> Observatory. Credit: SETI Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine: ET, sitting at the controls of a giant radio telescope on an alien world, methodically probing one star, then the next, listening…listening, because ET thinks that if civilization exists on her world, it may exist on another—if only she could hear the radio chatter of that would-be civilization. One star, then another, then another. All's quiet; no radio leakage from global broadcasts, no tightly beamed message aimed at the cosmos declaring, \"I'm here! Are you, too?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ET turns the antenna once more, this time to a small, distant, yellow sun (the one we Earthlings call Sol). Reaching for the button labeled \"receive,\" ET is suddenly interrupted by her supervisor. The order: \"Shut down; we just ran out of money.\" Reluctantly, ET turns off the radio dish, wondering wistfully if that little yellow sun might have been \"the one\"….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Disclaimer: This has been a blog dramatization. There is no actual danger to the people of Planet Earth. Do not panic….\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now turn the story around: No alien scientist with research budget constraints, but rather the operational shutdown, or \"hibernation,\" of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/page.aspx?pid=1581\">SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array (ATA)\u003c/a>, operated by the University of California Berkeley, due to State funding cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SETI Institute has been around a while now, pointing radio dishes at stars and listening for signals of non-natural origin. If you've seen the movie Contact (at least, the first half hour or so), you get the idea of what they do—and also how funding, or scarcity thereof, figures into their work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to detect and discriminate the radio transmissions from a civilization in another star system is a bit like trying to hear a whisper from across a noisy room, hence the need for a sensitive listening device like the ATA. The ATA is an array of radio telescopes at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcro.org/\">Hat Creek Radio Observatory \u003c/a>in Northern California built to conduct high-resolution radio astronomy observations of cosmic events and objects, as well as to listen for the radio broadcasts of any alien civilizations that might be within hearing distance of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of things make the ATA the most powerful tool in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence yet constructed. One is the collective size of radio dishes. Each dish isn't particularly large as radio telescopes go, but the plan is for as many as 350 linked dishes to make one giant radio \"ear\". Also, advancements in electronic and computing technologies give the ATA increased sensitivity and data processing speed . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the question as to whether other civilizations (or life) even exist has not been answered, the ATA is capable of making the detection, particularly if such a civilization were in our stellar neighborhood…and \u003ca href=\"http://www.setileague.org/general/drake.htm\">frankly\u003c/a>, this would be one of the greatest discoveries in all of history…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…but that's all on hold until a few million dollars of operating cash can be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ATA's hibernation came at a particularly unfortunate moment. As compelling as SETI's search was before, the recent discovery of over \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">1,200 candidate extrasolar planets \u003c/a>(exoplanets) by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>mission has produced a list of highly desirable targets for the ATA. A number of the candidate worlds are of Earth-like stature, and a number of those dwell within their stars' habitable zones—potentially prime spots for life to have formed…and who knows, intelligence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we actually hear the weak radio (or television!) signal of an extraterrestrial world—either inadvertent signal leakage, like ET's version of I Love Lucy, or a direct broadcast aimed at the cosmos with a message like \"Hello out there!\"—that would be a transformational day for the human race, the day we learn that there's not only life out there, but other intelligence, other thinkers. That would be a far bigger deal than discovering microbes on Mars…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what would we hear? What would ET say? Would we be able to understand the language spoken? Would the discovery be any less monumental if we couldn't?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we would hear from ET might be similar to what we'd say to her. Beyond the accidental leakage of our radio and television broadcasts, what would our message be? \u003cem>Hello, here we are. Anyone out there? Eh? Bueller? Bueller?\u003c/em> But the nature of interstellar distances means we'd have to wait tens, or hundreds, or even thousands of years to hear any response to the query. It makes more practical sense just to listen….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for ET hearing our own broadcasts, in the time since we started making them the \"bubble\" of transmissions has swept out through our stellar neighborhood, out to a distance of about 70 light years at this point, which encompasses hundreds of stars and, as we now know, hundreds of exoplanets….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the hibernation of the ATA is only a temporary pause, and SETI will soon get back to the job of putting Earth's big ear to the candidate Kepler worlds and listen intently for that world-changing whisper….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/05/ATA_pix2.jpg\">\u003cem>The Allen Telescope Array (ATA) at Hat Creek Radio\u003cbr> Observatory. Credit: SETI Institute\u003c/em>\u003c/span>Imagine: ET, sitting at the controls of a giant radio telescope on an alien world, methodically probing one star, then the next, listening…listening, because ET thinks that if civilization exists on her world, it may exist on another—if only she could hear the radio chatter of that would-be civilization. One star, then another, then another. All's quiet; no radio leakage from global broadcasts, no tightly beamed message aimed at the cosmos declaring, \"I'm here! Are you, too?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ET turns the antenna once more, this time to a small, distant, yellow sun (the one we Earthlings call Sol). Reaching for the button labeled \"receive,\" ET is suddenly interrupted by her supervisor. The order: \"Shut down; we just ran out of money.\" Reluctantly, ET turns off the radio dish, wondering wistfully if that little yellow sun might have been \"the one\"….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Disclaimer: This has been a blog dramatization. There is no actual danger to the people of Planet Earth. Do not panic….\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now turn the story around: No alien scientist with research budget constraints, but rather the operational shutdown, or \"hibernation,\" of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/page.aspx?pid=1581\">SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array (ATA)\u003c/a>, operated by the University of California Berkeley, due to State funding cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SETI Institute has been around a while now, pointing radio dishes at stars and listening for signals of non-natural origin. If you've seen the movie Contact (at least, the first half hour or so), you get the idea of what they do—and also how funding, or scarcity thereof, figures into their work. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trying to detect and discriminate the radio transmissions from a civilization in another star system is a bit like trying to hear a whisper from across a noisy room, hence the need for a sensitive listening device like the ATA. The ATA is an array of radio telescopes at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.hcro.org/\">Hat Creek Radio Observatory \u003c/a>in Northern California built to conduct high-resolution radio astronomy observations of cosmic events and objects, as well as to listen for the radio broadcasts of any alien civilizations that might be within hearing distance of Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of things make the ATA the most powerful tool in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence yet constructed. One is the collective size of radio dishes. Each dish isn't particularly large as radio telescopes go, but the plan is for as many as 350 linked dishes to make one giant radio \"ear\". Also, advancements in electronic and computing technologies give the ATA increased sensitivity and data processing speed . \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the question as to whether other civilizations (or life) even exist has not been answered, the ATA is capable of making the detection, particularly if such a civilization were in our stellar neighborhood…and \u003ca href=\"http://www.setileague.org/general/drake.htm\">frankly\u003c/a>, this would be one of the greatest discoveries in all of history…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>…but that's all on hold until a few million dollars of operating cash can be found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ATA's hibernation came at a particularly unfortunate moment. As compelling as SETI's search was before, the recent discovery of over \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">1,200 candidate extrasolar planets \u003c/a>(exoplanets) by \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">NASA's Kepler \u003c/a>mission has produced a list of highly desirable targets for the ATA. A number of the candidate worlds are of Earth-like stature, and a number of those dwell within their stars' habitable zones—potentially prime spots for life to have formed…and who knows, intelligence?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we actually hear the weak radio (or television!) signal of an extraterrestrial world—either inadvertent signal leakage, like ET's version of I Love Lucy, or a direct broadcast aimed at the cosmos with a message like \"Hello out there!\"—that would be a transformational day for the human race, the day we learn that there's not only life out there, but other intelligence, other thinkers. That would be a far bigger deal than discovering microbes on Mars…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what would we hear? What would ET say? Would we be able to understand the language spoken? Would the discovery be any less monumental if we couldn't?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we would hear from ET might be similar to what we'd say to her. Beyond the accidental leakage of our radio and television broadcasts, what would our message be? \u003cem>Hello, here we are. Anyone out there? Eh? Bueller? Bueller?\u003c/em> But the nature of interstellar distances means we'd have to wait tens, or hundreds, or even thousands of years to hear any response to the query. It makes more practical sense just to listen….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for ET hearing our own broadcasts, in the time since we started making them the \"bubble\" of transmissions has swept out through our stellar neighborhood, out to a distance of about 70 light years at this point, which encompasses hundreds of stars and, as we now know, hundreds of exoplanets….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hopefully the hibernation of the ATA is only a temporary pause, and SETI will soon get back to the job of putting Earth's big ear to the candidate Kepler worlds and listen intently for that world-changing whisper….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Producer's Notes: Searching for Life on Mars",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mars300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.”\u003c/strong> – \u003cem>Carl Sagan, Cosmos. (1980: New York, USA: Random House.) p. 106.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings. The Romans named the Red Planet after their god of war, and it has long been associated with masculinity. The symbol for the planet is the same circle extruding an arrow we use for the male gender. (Remember the 1992 self-help best-seller, \u003cem>Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus\u003c/em>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Mars and Martians have also provided much grist for the mills of popular culture. When I interviewed the scientists we feature in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-life-on-mars\">Searching for Life on Mars\u003c/a>, I asked them about their favorite appearances of Mars in popular culture. Their answers–Edgar Rice Burroughs’ pulp swashbuckler from 1917, \u003cem>A Princess of Mars\u003c/em>, and the 1960’s American sit-com, \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em>–represent the antipodes of the ways in which the modern imagination has regarded Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1917, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs\u003c/a> (best-remembered as the man who brought us Tarzan) published the first in what came to be a series of novels about the adventures of John Carter, a civil war veteran mysteriously transported to Mars in the midst of an Indian attack. Mars, called “Barsoon” by its inhabitants, is strictly divided along racial lines. Princess Dejah Toris belongs to the humanoid and civilized Red Martians, who are beset upon by the barbaric Green Martians, twelve feet tall, with four arms and huge eyes on the sides of their heads. As with Superman on Earth, the lower gravity on Mars endows Jon Carter with extraordinary powers, while his white skin, belonging to a noble race now extinct on Barsoon, gives him mythic status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some authors imagined a more threatening Mars. \u003cem>War of the Worlds\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells\">H.G. Wells\u003c/a>’ science fiction novel from 1898, was one of the first to imagine a conflict between humankind and a superior alien race. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles\">Orson Welles\u003c/a>’ realistic 1938 radio adaptation triggered panic as listeners mistook the broadcast for live coverage of an actual invasion. Successful movie adaptations of War of the Worlds were produced in 1953 and 2005. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period after World War II became the heyday for Mars in popular culture, as Red Scare anxieties about invasion or infiltration at the hands of godless communists were given form in the artifacts of the day, from movies to bubble gum trading cards. Some of the highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-Ray Bradbury’s \u003cem>The Martian Chronicles\u003c/em> (1950) which recounts the efforts of earthlings to colonize an ancient Martian civilization, inadvertently succeeding through the chicken pox virus they brought with them;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Red Planet Mars \u003c/em>(1952) where radio transmissions from Mars incite revolutions on Earth–climaxing in the installation of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church on the throne of the Tsar–and are eventually revealed to be the voice of God Himself;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Invaders from Mars\u003c/em> (1953) where a boy is awakened to see a flying saucer disappear into a sandpit behind his home, and later, noticing an unusual red cut beneath his father’s hairline, sees him turn cold and hostile; \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Devil Girl from Mars \u003c/em>(1954) in which a statuesque and dominating Martian, dressed head-to-toe in black vinyl, leads a mission to Earth to restock the vanishing male population on Mars;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-The 1962 Topps trading card series \u003cem>Mars Attacks\u003c/em>, which depicted an invasion by sadistic and hideous Martians with so much explicit gore and implied sexuality that a public outcry led the company to halt production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960’s, the sci-fi movie cycle had generated into cheapies such as \u003cem>Santa Claus Conquers the Martians \u003c/em>(1964) and \u003cem>Mars Needs Women \u003c/em>(1966). In mainstream American culture, extraterrestrials from the Red Planet were sufficiently domesticated for Ray Walston to play Uncle Martin in \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em> (1963-1966). Martin’s ability to turn invisible when he raised his retractable antennae was played strictly for laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides nostalgia for the Martians of their youths, the scientists we interviewed, Chris McKay, David Blake, Nathalie Cabrol and Tori Hoehler, all offered speculation about a more serious consequence if life were confirmed on Mars. Christianity earlier embraced the geocentric views of Ptolemy and Aristotle where the Earth was the center of the universe, around which all else revolved, just as mankind was the center of God’s creation. The ideas that the Earth moved around the Sun, or that men evolved from apes were–and in some quarters still are–strenuously resisted as undermining the belief that life was created on Earth as part of a divine plan. If there were another, perhaps earlier creation, a second genesis–as proof of life on Mars would imply–what becomes of our starring role in history? What would be the effect on our pride, could our religions survive? For now, the answers to such questions are the province of the writers of science fiction, but if the scientists find what they’re looking for, that might not remain the case in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3785351 -122.086585\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/mars300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.”\u003c/strong> – \u003cem>Carl Sagan, Cosmos. (1980: New York, USA: Random House.) p. 106.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science to the side, Mars has meant many things to us earthlings. The Romans named the Red Planet after their god of war, and it has long been associated with masculinity. The symbol for the planet is the same circle extruding an arrow we use for the male gender. (Remember the 1992 self-help best-seller, \u003cem>Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus\u003c/em>?)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of Mars and Martians have also provided much grist for the mills of popular culture. When I interviewed the scientists we feature in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/searching-for-life-on-mars\">Searching for Life on Mars\u003c/a>, I asked them about their favorite appearances of Mars in popular culture. Their answers–Edgar Rice Burroughs’ pulp swashbuckler from 1917, \u003cem>A Princess of Mars\u003c/em>, and the 1960’s American sit-com, \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em>–represent the antipodes of the ways in which the modern imagination has regarded Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1917, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs\">Edgar Rice Burroughs\u003c/a> (best-remembered as the man who brought us Tarzan) published the first in what came to be a series of novels about the adventures of John Carter, a civil war veteran mysteriously transported to Mars in the midst of an Indian attack. Mars, called “Barsoon” by its inhabitants, is strictly divided along racial lines. Princess Dejah Toris belongs to the humanoid and civilized Red Martians, who are beset upon by the barbaric Green Martians, twelve feet tall, with four arms and huge eyes on the sides of their heads. As with Superman on Earth, the lower gravity on Mars endows Jon Carter with extraordinary powers, while his white skin, belonging to a noble race now extinct on Barsoon, gives him mythic status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, some authors imagined a more threatening Mars. \u003cem>War of the Worlds\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells\">H.G. Wells\u003c/a>’ science fiction novel from 1898, was one of the first to imagine a conflict between humankind and a superior alien race. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles\">Orson Welles\u003c/a>’ realistic 1938 radio adaptation triggered panic as listeners mistook the broadcast for live coverage of an actual invasion. Successful movie adaptations of War of the Worlds were produced in 1953 and 2005. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The period after World War II became the heyday for Mars in popular culture, as Red Scare anxieties about invasion or infiltration at the hands of godless communists were given form in the artifacts of the day, from movies to bubble gum trading cards. Some of the highlights:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-Ray Bradbury’s \u003cem>The Martian Chronicles\u003c/em> (1950) which recounts the efforts of earthlings to colonize an ancient Martian civilization, inadvertently succeeding through the chicken pox virus they brought with them;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Red Planet Mars \u003c/em>(1952) where radio transmissions from Mars incite revolutions on Earth–climaxing in the installation of the head of the Russian Orthodox Church on the throne of the Tsar–and are eventually revealed to be the voice of God Himself;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Invaders from Mars\u003c/em> (1953) where a boy is awakened to see a flying saucer disappear into a sandpit behind his home, and later, noticing an unusual red cut beneath his father’s hairline, sees him turn cold and hostile; \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>–\u003cem>Devil Girl from Mars \u003c/em>(1954) in which a statuesque and dominating Martian, dressed head-to-toe in black vinyl, leads a mission to Earth to restock the vanishing male population on Mars;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-The 1962 Topps trading card series \u003cem>Mars Attacks\u003c/em>, which depicted an invasion by sadistic and hideous Martians with so much explicit gore and implied sexuality that a public outcry led the company to halt production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the 1960’s, the sci-fi movie cycle had generated into cheapies such as \u003cem>Santa Claus Conquers the Martians \u003c/em>(1964) and \u003cem>Mars Needs Women \u003c/em>(1966). In mainstream American culture, extraterrestrials from the Red Planet were sufficiently domesticated for Ray Walston to play Uncle Martin in \u003cem>My Favorite Martian\u003c/em> (1963-1966). Martin’s ability to turn invisible when he raised his retractable antennae was played strictly for laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides nostalgia for the Martians of their youths, the scientists we interviewed, Chris McKay, David Blake, Nathalie Cabrol and Tori Hoehler, all offered speculation about a more serious consequence if life were confirmed on Mars. Christianity earlier embraced the geocentric views of Ptolemy and Aristotle where the Earth was the center of the universe, around which all else revolved, just as mankind was the center of God’s creation. The ideas that the Earth moved around the Sun, or that men evolved from apes were–and in some quarters still are–strenuously resisted as undermining the belief that life was created on Earth as part of a divine plan. If there were another, perhaps earlier creation, a second genesis–as proof of life on Mars would imply–what becomes of our starring role in history? What would be the effect on our pride, could our religions survive? For now, the answers to such questions are the province of the writers of science fiction, but if the scientists find what they’re looking for, that might not remain the case in the near future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3785351 -122.086585\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/f_304_211_171_1024s.jpg\">\u003cem>Extreme ultraviolet composite solar image from NASA's SDO. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/SDO\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If that was a scoop of ice cream, what kind would it be?\" I asked the 7-year-old girl visiting our 20-inch telescope's dome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A pensive look crosses her face, as if she were standing at the counter of an ice cream parlor looking at the list of flavors. \"Mint chocolate chip,\" she decides. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl was looking at a new video display recently installed in the observatory at \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/index.htm\">Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>, which shows up-to-the hour, time-compressed movies made from the spectacular solar imagery coming out of NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/\">Solar Dynamics Observatory \u003c/a>(SDO). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it really does resemble a big, luminous, writhing ball of colorful ice cream (though what \"writhing ice cream\" is, I'm not certain; use your imagination).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kept up-to-date by an Internet feed from Lockheed's \u003ca href=\"http://www.lmsal.com/\">Solar and Astrophysics Lab \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, the display at Chabot is showing visitors visions of our Sun unlike anything that has preceded it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was launched last year, and since then has been capturing high resolution, multi-wavelength visible and extreme-ultraviolet imagery at very frequent intervals. Its array of extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescopes (the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/aiahmi/browse.php\">\"AIA\" instrument\u003c/a>) captures the energetic UV emissions from the Sun's hot atmosphere, revealing in extraordinary detail the Sun's busy and complicated magnetic activity: hot active regions, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, magnetic loops and arcs, and prominences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The various images taken at the different wavelengths are \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/assets/img/latest/f_304_211_171_1024.jpg\">blended together \u003c/a>into an exquisitely colorful, nuanced, and delicious movie of a day of the life of the Sun (and with about 24 hours of images compressed into a few seconds, you really can see a day of its life!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was built to give us a much more detailed picture of what makes the Sun tick as we enter the 24th Solar Cycle, which started in the last few years. A \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">Solar Cycle \u003c/a>is the period over which solar magnetic activity rises, climaxes, and falls again. Solar Cycle 1 started around the year 1755, and in the intervening centuries we've been through 23 cycles, which have averaged pretty reliably at about 11 years long each. (Solar Cycle 1, by the way, wasn't the first; that's just when they started numbering them, shortly after their discovery.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few years, the Sun has been pretty quiet; our solar telescopes at Chabot have seen few sunspots (markers of regions of magnetic activity), and even the Sun's energetic atmosphere has been more or less quiescent, with only the occasional prominence or filament (\"clouds\" of cooler gases confined by solar magnetic fields) visible through special \"Hydrogen-Alpha\" filters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's all changing now. Through our visible light telescopes, beautiful groups of sunspots have started making regular appearances, crossing the Sun's face as the Sun slowly rotates in space. Sunspots appear darker than the surrounding visible surface of the Sun, being a couple of thousand degrees cooler—but they are still quite bright; if we blocked off all of the Sun's light except that shining from an average sized sunspot (average meaning Earth-sized), it would appear as bright as the Full Moon on a clear night. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our Hydrogen-Alpha telescopes, prominences and filaments are becoming far more numerous, and more amazingly huge than over the past few years of minimal solar activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the SDO movie display is revealing to us a great deal of activity—hot spots of magnetic mayhem spouting from within the Sun and surging into the atmosphere. With the peak of solar activity of Solar Cycle 24 expected to occur sometime in 2013, we're in for at least a couple of years of ever-increasing fireworks on the Sun, with all the related space weather storms, auroral light shows, and cell phone interference that comes with it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What flavors of Sun are we serving then? Well, we have vanilla of course, served up by our little Sunspotter visible light telescopes—vanilla is my favorite ice cream…. And the Hydrogen-Alpha scopes scoop burgundy cherry and bubblegum in nice spoon-sized portions (bubblegum not your taste? Try some of ours…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery from the old and reliable \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/\">SOHO \u003c/a>satellite solar observatory offer blueberry, key lime, butter brickle, and strawberry. And the new SDO movies provide our newest menu items: mint chocolate chip, pistachio and black cherry, rainbow sherbet, and blueberry walnut banana supreme…or whatever unusual and mindboggling combination that comes to your mind when you look at them!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come on up to Chabot for a taste! Napkins not provided….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it really does resemble a big, luminous, writhing ball of colorful ice cream (though what \"writhing ice cream\" is, I'm not certain; use your imagination).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kept up-to-date by an Internet feed from Lockheed's \u003ca href=\"http://www.lmsal.com/\">Solar and Astrophysics Lab \u003c/a>in Palo Alto, the display at Chabot is showing visitors visions of our Sun unlike anything that has preceded it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was launched last year, and since then has been capturing high resolution, multi-wavelength visible and extreme-ultraviolet imagery at very frequent intervals. Its array of extreme-ultraviolet imaging telescopes (the \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/aiahmi/browse.php\">\"AIA\" instrument\u003c/a>) captures the energetic UV emissions from the Sun's hot atmosphere, revealing in extraordinary detail the Sun's busy and complicated magnetic activity: hot active regions, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, magnetic loops and arcs, and prominences. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The various images taken at the different wavelengths are \u003ca href=\"http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/assets/img/latest/f_304_211_171_1024.jpg\">blended together \u003c/a>into an exquisitely colorful, nuanced, and delicious movie of a day of the life of the Sun (and with about 24 hours of images compressed into a few seconds, you really can see a day of its life!).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SDO was built to give us a much more detailed picture of what makes the Sun tick as we enter the 24th Solar Cycle, which started in the last few years. A \u003ca href=\"http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/SunspotCycle.shtml\">Solar Cycle \u003c/a>is the period over which solar magnetic activity rises, climaxes, and falls again. Solar Cycle 1 started around the year 1755, and in the intervening centuries we've been through 23 cycles, which have averaged pretty reliably at about 11 years long each. (Solar Cycle 1, by the way, wasn't the first; that's just when they started numbering them, shortly after their discovery.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past few years, the Sun has been pretty quiet; our solar telescopes at Chabot have seen few sunspots (markers of regions of magnetic activity), and even the Sun's energetic atmosphere has been more or less quiescent, with only the occasional prominence or filament (\"clouds\" of cooler gases confined by solar magnetic fields) visible through special \"Hydrogen-Alpha\" filters. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that's all changing now. Through our visible light telescopes, beautiful groups of sunspots have started making regular appearances, crossing the Sun's face as the Sun slowly rotates in space. Sunspots appear darker than the surrounding visible surface of the Sun, being a couple of thousand degrees cooler—but they are still quite bright; if we blocked off all of the Sun's light except that shining from an average sized sunspot (average meaning Earth-sized), it would appear as bright as the Full Moon on a clear night. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through our Hydrogen-Alpha telescopes, prominences and filaments are becoming far more numerous, and more amazingly huge than over the past few years of minimal solar activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the SDO movie display is revealing to us a great deal of activity—hot spots of magnetic mayhem spouting from within the Sun and surging into the atmosphere. With the peak of solar activity of Solar Cycle 24 expected to occur sometime in 2013, we're in for at least a couple of years of ever-increasing fireworks on the Sun, with all the related space weather storms, auroral light shows, and cell phone interference that comes with it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What flavors of Sun are we serving then? Well, we have vanilla of course, served up by our little Sunspotter visible light telescopes—vanilla is my favorite ice cream…. And the Hydrogen-Alpha scopes scoop burgundy cherry and bubblegum in nice spoon-sized portions (bubblegum not your taste? Try some of ours…). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery from the old and reliable \u003ca href=\"http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/\">SOHO \u003c/a>satellite solar observatory offer blueberry, key lime, butter brickle, and strawberry. And the new SDO movies provide our newest menu items: mint chocolate chip, pistachio and black cherry, rainbow sherbet, and blueberry walnut banana supreme…or whatever unusual and mindboggling combination that comes to your mind when you look at them!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Come on up to Chabot for a taste! Napkins not provided….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/0.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of yurisnight.net.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yuri’s Night 2011 stats: 557 events in 75 countries on 6 continents on 2 worlds (Earth and the Space Station!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>50 years ago the launch of a bell-shaped capsule called “Vostok 1” on April 12th, 1961 by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made history as the first human to enter outer space. Exactly 20 years later, the United States innovated the space age by launching the Space Shuttle (April 12th, 1981). Twenty years later Yuri’s Night was created to connect and inspire the globe about human spaceflight –– honoring the past while looking forward to the next generation of spaceflight (think \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/\">Space X\u003c/a>, the Google Lunar X Prize and \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>!) This year commemorates the 10th anniversary of Yuri’s Night, the 30th Anniversary of the US space shuttle and the 50th anniversary of human spaceflight! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also marks the 3rd anniversary of California Academy of Sciences involvement with \u003ca href=\"http://yurisnight.net/\">Yuri’s Night\u003c/a>. The NightLife team first began working with NASA and the Yuri’s Night collective back in 2009. NASA decided to cancel their Saturday night party at NASA Ames and asked us to host it at NightLife instead. We had 3922 guests come out to celebrate spaceflight. One of the guests was even Buzz Aldrin! In 2010, we expanded our reach. We had another very successful Yuri’s NightLife at the Academy and then participated at NASA Ames on Yuri’s Night School day on Friday and on their Festival Day on Saturday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, NightLife celebrated Yuri by focusing on space as the great frontier on Thursday, April 7th. The Planetarium showed Dawn of the Space Age, the Geodome was set up in the Piazza to show star talks and Hofeld Hall was set up to give tours of Alien Worlds. Fred Bourgeouis, III, the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.frednet.com/\">Team Frednet\u003c/a> came into speak about how his team of over 700 volunteers is prototyping a rocket to fly to the moon to win the \u003ca href=\"http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/\">Google Lunar X Prize \u003c/a>and Mary Roach wowed and amused guests about fodder in her new book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.maryroach.net/packing-for-mars.html\">Packing for Mars\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around dawn on Friday April 8th, the Portable Planetarium along with some very sleep colleagues set out to NASA Ames in Mountain View to give star talks about the night sky. I was told by a friend at NASA, that there were 6432 kids in attendance that day. The planetarium was scheduled for 15 minutes talks each half hour but it was so popular the presenters found a way to give back-to-back shows every fifteen minutes from 9am to 3pm. The rest of us were on sticker duty, keeping the kids amused while they waited, giving information and answering the survey question – Which is visible now in the night sky? The answer being Saturn, we even had the appropriate sticker to give out. All in all, it was a great third year for the Academy’s Yuri’s Night festivities and two among 557 events that celebrated human spaceflight this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/0.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Courtesy of yurisnight.net.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yuri’s Night 2011 stats: 557 events in 75 countries on 6 continents on 2 worlds (Earth and the Space Station!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>50 years ago the launch of a bell-shaped capsule called “Vostok 1” on April 12th, 1961 by Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made history as the first human to enter outer space. Exactly 20 years later, the United States innovated the space age by launching the Space Shuttle (April 12th, 1981). Twenty years later Yuri’s Night was created to connect and inspire the globe about human spaceflight –– honoring the past while looking forward to the next generation of spaceflight (think \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/\">Space X\u003c/a>, the Google Lunar X Prize and \u003ca href=\"http://www.virgingalactic.com/\">Virgin Galactic\u003c/a>!) This year commemorates the 10th anniversary of Yuri’s Night, the 30th Anniversary of the US space shuttle and the 50th anniversary of human spaceflight! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This also marks the 3rd anniversary of California Academy of Sciences involvement with \u003ca href=\"http://yurisnight.net/\">Yuri’s Night\u003c/a>. The NightLife team first began working with NASA and the Yuri’s Night collective back in 2009. NASA decided to cancel their Saturday night party at NASA Ames and asked us to host it at NightLife instead. We had 3922 guests come out to celebrate spaceflight. One of the guests was even Buzz Aldrin! In 2010, we expanded our reach. We had another very successful Yuri’s NightLife at the Academy and then participated at NASA Ames on Yuri’s Night School day on Friday and on their Festival Day on Saturday. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, NightLife celebrated Yuri by focusing on space as the great frontier on Thursday, April 7th. The Planetarium showed Dawn of the Space Age, the Geodome was set up in the Piazza to show star talks and Hofeld Hall was set up to give tours of Alien Worlds. Fred Bourgeouis, III, the CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.frednet.com/\">Team Frednet\u003c/a> came into speak about how his team of over 700 volunteers is prototyping a rocket to fly to the moon to win the \u003ca href=\"http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/\">Google Lunar X Prize \u003c/a>and Mary Roach wowed and amused guests about fodder in her new book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.maryroach.net/packing-for-mars.html\">Packing for Mars\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around dawn on Friday April 8th, the Portable Planetarium along with some very sleep colleagues set out to NASA Ames in Mountain View to give star talks about the night sky. I was told by a friend at NASA, that there were 6432 kids in attendance that day. The planetarium was scheduled for 15 minutes talks each half hour but it was so popular the presenters found a way to give back-to-back shows every fifteen minutes from 9am to 3pm. The rest of us were on sticker duty, keeping the kids amused while they waited, giving information and answering the survey question – Which is visible now in the night sky? The answer being Saturn, we even had the appropriate sticker to give out. All in all, it was a great third year for the Academy’s Yuri’s Night festivities and two among 557 events that celebrated human spaceflight this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/messenger-orbits-mercury.gif\">\u003cem>Artist concept of MESSENGER arriving at Mercury. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>History has been made yet again: NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft is now in orbit around the solar system's innermost planet! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is exciting to me. When I was a child, Mercury was a contender in my mind for \"favorite planet\"—right up there with Pluto, being so far away and mysterious, and Uranus, being such a pretty shade of blue. Mind you, that was back before spacecraft had visited any of them…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being closest to the Sun gave Mercury a claim to fame—just as Venus being the hottest planet or Earth being the home planet or Mars being the red planet or Saturn having rings…okay, they're all special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury\">Mercury\u003c/a> presents the appearance of Earth's Moon, but doing just a little math tells you there's more to it. Just divide its mass by its volume and you get 5.43 grams per cubic centimeter—Mercury's average density. That's only a shade less than Earth's average density of 5.51 g/cc, which indicates that Mercury contains more heavy elements than the Moon—elements like iron, for example. (Personally, I suspect there's gold on that thar planet, too….) In fact, after Earth, Mercury is the densest known planet in the solar system. What does it hide under that cratered and radiation-baked surface?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An interesting tidbit about Mercury: because of its high density—because of the amount of material packed within its smallish confines—the surface gravity on Mercury is about the same as on Mars, even though Mars is larger. (Mercury has a diameter of just over 3000 miles, while Mars is about 4200 miles across.) On both worlds, you'd weight about 38% what you weigh on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, Mercury has joined a new club: planets that have been orbited by spacecraft—in this case, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">NASA's MESSENGER\u003c/a>. MESSENGER has been en route to its final orbit around Mercury for over six and a half years. Since its launch on August 3, 2004, MESSENGER has been winding its way through the inner solar system, swinging back past Earth about a year after launch, making a couple of close passes by Venus, then three fly-bys of Mercury itself, before settling into orbit on March 17th. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This long and meandering path was a great fuel saver: by making flybys of planets, MESSENGER's trajectory and speed were altered to make the transition from Earth orbital velocity to a stable orbit around Mercury without burning a lot of fuel to do so. Other spacecraft have used gravitational \"slingshot\" maneuvers to change direction or gain speed for free, including the Voyagers and New Horizons (on its way to Pluto). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Mercury, sunlight is up to ten times more intense than at Earth—and since Mercury has no atmosphere to filter out ultraviolet and X-rays, let's just say the sunburn you'd get standing on its surface would be nothing short of lethal. Never mind the lack of air….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep cool in the intense solar radiation environment around Mercury, MESSENGER takes advantage of the same physical principle that keeps the dark side of Mercury itself cool (as cold as negative 185 degrees F): insulation. Down on Mercury, the night-time surface is protected from the Sun's intense rays by an entire planet of material. With no atmosphere to trap heat, at night the temperature plummets as heat radiates from rocks and soil directly into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MESSENGER possesses a shield: a \"sun screen\" made of heat-resistant ceramic cloth, situated between the Sun and spacecraft much like someone holding a parasol to stay in the shade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poking out from behind its shield, MESSENGER wields two solar panels that provide the spacecraft all of its power—one distinct advantage of the otherwise troublesome intensity of Mercurial sunlight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that MESSENGER is in orbit, what do we hope to discover in the days and months ahead? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there ice at the bottom of polar crater floors? How is Mercury's magnetic field generated? Does Mercury have, or did it have, plate tectonics? What's it made of? How does Mercury interact with plasma flowing from the Sun—the solar wind? Are there any strange obelisks on its surface? …to make just a partial list…. Answers to follow (for most of them, anyway). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/04/messenger-orbits-mercury.gif\">\u003cem>Artist concept of MESSENGER arriving at Mercury. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>History has been made yet again: NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft is now in orbit around the solar system's innermost planet! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is exciting to me. When I was a child, Mercury was a contender in my mind for \"favorite planet\"—right up there with Pluto, being so far away and mysterious, and Uranus, being such a pretty shade of blue. Mind you, that was back before spacecraft had visited any of them…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being closest to the Sun gave Mercury a claim to fame—just as Venus being the hottest planet or Earth being the home planet or Mars being the red planet or Saturn having rings…okay, they're all special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first glance, \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury\">Mercury\u003c/a> presents the appearance of Earth's Moon, but doing just a little math tells you there's more to it. Just divide its mass by its volume and you get 5.43 grams per cubic centimeter—Mercury's average density. That's only a shade less than Earth's average density of 5.51 g/cc, which indicates that Mercury contains more heavy elements than the Moon—elements like iron, for example. (Personally, I suspect there's gold on that thar planet, too….) In fact, after Earth, Mercury is the densest known planet in the solar system. What does it hide under that cratered and radiation-baked surface?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An interesting tidbit about Mercury: because of its high density—because of the amount of material packed within its smallish confines—the surface gravity on Mercury is about the same as on Mars, even though Mars is larger. (Mercury has a diameter of just over 3000 miles, while Mars is about 4200 miles across.) On both worlds, you'd weight about 38% what you weigh on Earth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now, Mercury has joined a new club: planets that have been orbited by spacecraft—in this case, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/main/index.html\">NASA's MESSENGER\u003c/a>. MESSENGER has been en route to its final orbit around Mercury for over six and a half years. Since its launch on August 3, 2004, MESSENGER has been winding its way through the inner solar system, swinging back past Earth about a year after launch, making a couple of close passes by Venus, then three fly-bys of Mercury itself, before settling into orbit on March 17th. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This long and meandering path was a great fuel saver: by making flybys of planets, MESSENGER's trajectory and speed were altered to make the transition from Earth orbital velocity to a stable orbit around Mercury without burning a lot of fuel to do so. Other spacecraft have used gravitational \"slingshot\" maneuvers to change direction or gain speed for free, including the Voyagers and New Horizons (on its way to Pluto). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Mercury, sunlight is up to ten times more intense than at Earth—and since Mercury has no atmosphere to filter out ultraviolet and X-rays, let's just say the sunburn you'd get standing on its surface would be nothing short of lethal. Never mind the lack of air….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To keep cool in the intense solar radiation environment around Mercury, MESSENGER takes advantage of the same physical principle that keeps the dark side of Mercury itself cool (as cold as negative 185 degrees F): insulation. Down on Mercury, the night-time surface is protected from the Sun's intense rays by an entire planet of material. With no atmosphere to trap heat, at night the temperature plummets as heat radiates from rocks and soil directly into space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MESSENGER possesses a shield: a \"sun screen\" made of heat-resistant ceramic cloth, situated between the Sun and spacecraft much like someone holding a parasol to stay in the shade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poking out from behind its shield, MESSENGER wields two solar panels that provide the spacecraft all of its power—one distinct advantage of the otherwise troublesome intensity of Mercurial sunlight. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that MESSENGER is in orbit, what do we hope to discover in the days and months ahead? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is there ice at the bottom of polar crater floors? How is Mercury's magnetic field generated? Does Mercury have, or did it have, plate tectonics? What's it made of? How does Mercury interact with plasma flowing from the Sun—the solar wind? Are there any strange obelisks on its surface? …to make just a partial list…. Answers to follow (for most of them, anyway). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/paulbunyanmoon.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have a propensity for attraction to extremes. We are fascinated by the biggest, the smallest, the farthest, the nearest, the most wildly colorful—you name it. We're Extreme Adjectives Junkies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This point was brought to my awareness again leading up to last Saturday's \"SuperMoon\" event: when the Full Moon phase on March 19 coincided with the Moon being at perigee--the closest point to Earth in its elliptical orbit--and therefore at its largest apparent size, its brightest, and its most influential, tidally speaking. By the numbers, this periodic event hadn't happened for 18 years--though it should be noted that the Moon gets just as close to the Earth every month, but it's usually not a Full Moon when it does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems every news media source—on air, on web, on print—was running the story, and there was a great deal of public interest…which was, of course, mostly fueled by the media coverage! I got calls from several news agents wanting the facts and my thoughts about the SuperMoon—and of course what they wanted to hear was that the Moon's closeness and size and brightness and gravitational attraction were all magnitudes greater than normal, that the moment had measureable effects on tides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, and of course that there would be a bumper crop of werewolves and lunatics running around the night….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I felt bad when I had to deliver the sober, perhaps tepid, facts: according to the gossip, the Full Moon would be 14% larger in the sky and about 30% brighter than it is at the also-rare \"Apogee Full Moon\" when it is farthest from us. I suppose 30% brighter is nothing to sneeze at, though since our night vision sensitivity adjusts to lighting levels, we might not experience that great a difference. But 14% larger, while a detectable difference to our human perception, probably isn't enough to make us take notice if we were not otherwise alerted to the situation; I feel the mere suggestion that the Moon appears larger is a greater influence than the physical fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put another way, if you were standing in the middle of a vast, flat, treeless plain, and you saw someone standing 700 feet away from you, with no visual cues for comparison, could you tell the difference if that person was 6 feet tall instead of 5-foot-1? That's analogous to the difference between seeing the Moon when it's nearest to us (perigee, 217,862 miles) and farthest away (apogee, 243,418 miles). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, when I run the numbers, I calculate the Moon appearing less than 12% larger at perigee than at apogee…so either I've done my math wrong, or the \"story\" has grown larger with the telling somewhere along the line…. The quoted nearness of the perigee Full Moon may also have grown in stature from the fact; I was hearing numbers like 50,000 miles closer than at apogee, but doing the numbers I get a bit over 25,000. I'm tempted to call this the Paul Bunyan Full Moon instead….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the perigee Full Moon is factually the closest, largest, and brightest of all Full Moons, and quite rare to boot, and that is more than enough to excite us Extreme Adjectives Junkies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best bet for seeing a truly huge, awesome Full Moon is to catch it when it's rising, or setting, because our brains play a perceptual trick when the Moon is close to the horizon, making the Moon seem much larger than when it's high in the sky. You can dispel this \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/moonbig.html\">Moon Illusion\u003c/a>\" easily, either by holding up your pinky finger at arm's length, measuring the Moon against your finger's width, and comparing the result to any other time you measure it—or by looking at the bloated, near-horizon Moon with your head upside down (try it if you don't believe me!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the physical effects on Earth by the SuperMoon (other than the lycanthropic overtones), the ocean tide levels were expected to be about an inch higher than usual…nothing to run for high ground over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: The Full Moon is splendid to watch from any distance. Just tell yourself it's really big and beautiful, and let your brain do the rest….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On March 19, the Full Moon coincided with the Moon's closest approach to Earth. Was this \"Super Moon\" really super, or did it grow largest in the telling?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/paulbunyanmoon.gif\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People have a propensity for attraction to extremes. We are fascinated by the biggest, the smallest, the farthest, the nearest, the most wildly colorful—you name it. We're Extreme Adjectives Junkies!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This point was brought to my awareness again leading up to last Saturday's \"SuperMoon\" event: when the Full Moon phase on March 19 coincided with the Moon being at perigee--the closest point to Earth in its elliptical orbit--and therefore at its largest apparent size, its brightest, and its most influential, tidally speaking. By the numbers, this periodic event hadn't happened for 18 years--though it should be noted that the Moon gets just as close to the Earth every month, but it's usually not a Full Moon when it does. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It seems every news media source—on air, on web, on print—was running the story, and there was a great deal of public interest…which was, of course, mostly fueled by the media coverage! I got calls from several news agents wanting the facts and my thoughts about the SuperMoon—and of course what they wanted to hear was that the Moon's closeness and size and brightness and gravitational attraction were all magnitudes greater than normal, that the moment had measureable effects on tides, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, and of course that there would be a bumper crop of werewolves and lunatics running around the night….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I felt bad when I had to deliver the sober, perhaps tepid, facts: according to the gossip, the Full Moon would be 14% larger in the sky and about 30% brighter than it is at the also-rare \"Apogee Full Moon\" when it is farthest from us. I suppose 30% brighter is nothing to sneeze at, though since our night vision sensitivity adjusts to lighting levels, we might not experience that great a difference. But 14% larger, while a detectable difference to our human perception, probably isn't enough to make us take notice if we were not otherwise alerted to the situation; I feel the mere suggestion that the Moon appears larger is a greater influence than the physical fact. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Put another way, if you were standing in the middle of a vast, flat, treeless plain, and you saw someone standing 700 feet away from you, with no visual cues for comparison, could you tell the difference if that person was 6 feet tall instead of 5-foot-1? That's analogous to the difference between seeing the Moon when it's nearest to us (perigee, 217,862 miles) and farthest away (apogee, 243,418 miles). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, when I run the numbers, I calculate the Moon appearing less than 12% larger at perigee than at apogee…so either I've done my math wrong, or the \"story\" has grown larger with the telling somewhere along the line…. The quoted nearness of the perigee Full Moon may also have grown in stature from the fact; I was hearing numbers like 50,000 miles closer than at apogee, but doing the numbers I get a bit over 25,000. I'm tempted to call this the Paul Bunyan Full Moon instead….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the perigee Full Moon is factually the closest, largest, and brightest of all Full Moons, and quite rare to boot, and that is more than enough to excite us Extreme Adjectives Junkies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best bet for seeing a truly huge, awesome Full Moon is to catch it when it's rising, or setting, because our brains play a perceptual trick when the Moon is close to the horizon, making the Moon seem much larger than when it's high in the sky. You can dispel this \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/moonbig.html\">Moon Illusion\u003c/a>\" easily, either by holding up your pinky finger at arm's length, measuring the Moon against your finger's width, and comparing the result to any other time you measure it—or by looking at the bloated, near-horizon Moon with your head upside down (try it if you don't believe me!). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the physical effects on Earth by the SuperMoon (other than the lycanthropic overtones), the ocean tide levels were expected to be about an inch higher than usual…nothing to run for high ground over. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bottom line: The Full Moon is splendid to watch from any distance. Just tell yourself it's really big and beautiful, and let your brain do the rest….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"radiolab": {
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"reveal": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
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