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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-12879\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/4784886276_42e7c001ee.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>Homemade Dobsonian at 2010 Golden State Star Party\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the weather getting warmer, the stargazing season is once again here. If you’ve considered buying a telescope but don’t have the budget to splurge on one, another great option is to make your own telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">The Randall Museum\u003c/a> is beginning its Dobsonian telescope making series tonight. \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dobson_(amateur_astronomer)\">John Dobson\u003c/a>, after which the Dobsonian is named, popularized the use of the Dobsonian telescope and was an integral part of making larger scale telescopes accessible and affordable to the general public. He founded the San Francisco Sidewalk Astronomers in the 1960’s and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/873\">the group has flourished\u003c/a> in making astronomy more accessible to the public — even from one’s sidewalk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/\">KQED\u003c/a> Public Media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dobsonian telescope is a relatively simple, low cost \u003ca title=\"Altazimuth mount\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altazimuth_mount\">alt-azimuth mounted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope\">Newtonian telescope\u003c/a>. In this class you’ll learn the step-by-step method for grinding and polishing the telescope mirror, building the mount, and assembling a complete telescope. Once done, you’ll be able to see a variety of celestial bodies including the rings of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter or the Orion Nebulae. The class runs ten weeks and costs between $300 -$400 dollars for materials. Purchasing a telescope of the same size would probably run you 2x the cost of making it on your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more visit Randall Museum’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">website\u003c/a> and watch the QUEST story, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/873\">Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Dobsonian telescope is a relatively simple, low cost \u003ca title=\"Altazimuth mount\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altazimuth_mount\">alt-azimuth mounted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope\">Newtonian telescope\u003c/a>. In this class you’ll learn the step-by-step method for grinding and polishing the telescope mirror, building the mount, and assembling a complete telescope. Once done, you’ll be able to see a variety of celestial bodies including the rings of Saturn, the moons of Jupiter or the Orion Nebulae. The class runs ten weeks and costs between $300 -$400 dollars for materials. Purchasing a telescope of the same size would probably run you 2x the cost of making it on your own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more visit Randall Museum’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.randallmuseum.org/\">website\u003c/a> and watch the QUEST story, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/873\">Amateur Astronomers\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There?",
"title": "Mastodons, Mummies, and Meteorites: Evidence of Life Out There?",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/hoover-chondrite.gif\">\u003cem>Scanning electron microscope image of the Orgueil meteorite. \u003cbr>Credit: Dr. Richard Hoover/Journal of Cosmology\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/29/personal-comet/\">The recent publication of the investigation of a rare class of meteorite (the CI1 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Book-CarbChondrites.html\">Carbonaceous Chondrite\u003c/a>) by Dr. Richard Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has caused another stir among scientists and the news media regarding possible origins of life on Earth, and life in the Universe in general. Exciting stuff—though the report stimulated the \"usual\" spectrum of responses, ranging from the starry-eyed \u003cem>wow\u003c/em>! to the cool-headed\u003cem> let's wait and see \u003c/em>to a tepid-at-best \u003cem>we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11049-alien-life-meteorites-skepticism.html\">heard this hype before\u003c/a>….\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nutshell, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/05/exclusive-nasa-scientists-claims-evidence-alien-life-meteorite/\">Dr. Hoover's study \u003c/a> suggests that encased within the minerals of the studied meteorites are chemical signatures of life and fossils of microbes, some of which are very similar to known Earthly cyanobacteria, and some that are not very like Earth life forms at all. The implication is that life (at least these would-be meteoritic microbes) originated outside of Earth, on some other parent body—possibly a comet—and that the formation of life may be common and ubiquitous in the Universe. It's a very big implication—and as some respondents have cited, big implications require big proof (okay, I'm paraphrasing Carl Sagan's, \"extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges in this type of investigation is in distinguishing between \"indigenous\" mineral and microbe-like forms in the meteorites (that is, those that may have come along with the meteorite during its fall to Earth) and contamination by Earthly microbes—because, come on, if the Earth's surface is nothing else, it is absolutely teeming with life in every nook and cranny! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other implications have been mentioned beside life from \"out there\" seeding the early Earth and giving rise to us (in fact, there is no definitive proof that life originated on Earth—and according to one theory, life could not have started here). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea goes the other way: life started on Earth early on, prior to the end of the period of heavy bombardment of our world by asteroids and comets, and the blasts of some of those collisions could have kicked the Earthly specimens back into space…maybe only to return to us eons later as \"evidence of extraterrestrial life\"—which would be ironic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of his analysis, Dr. Hoover included a range of known Earth life as control references--samples from mastodons, Egyptian mummies, insects preserved in amber, fossilized cyanobacteria from ancient rocks, and several others—to compare to the samples from his subject meteorites. According to his publication, the comparison of the samples has shown certain organic chemicals found in terrestrial life lacking in the meteorites—a number of amino acids, and nitrogen—which suggest that the meteorite samples may not bear contamination by Earthly life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for life beyond Earth has gone on for a long time, and a lot of tantalizing clues and possible evidence have been making the rounds. Microbe fossils in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorites from Mars\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/\">Life not-as-we-know-it \u003c/a>living in the waters of Mono Lake? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/01/30/methane-on-mars-moooooooo/\">Methane plumes \u003c/a>from beneath the Martian surface? Organic molecules in the tails of comets and on \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-06/new-cassini-findings-hint-methane-based-life-titan\">Saturn's moon Titan\u003c/a>? And now, possible organics and fossils in the rarest of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the moment, I'll wait and see \u003ca href=\"http://journalofcosmology.com/Life101.html\">how scientists review \u003c/a>Dr. Hoover's study—because, yes, I have heard before what turned out to be hype—but in the back of my mind…wow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/hoover-chondrite.gif\">\u003cem>Scanning electron microscope image of the Orgueil meteorite. \u003cbr>Credit: Dr. Richard Hoover/Journal of Cosmology\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/01/29/personal-comet/\">The recent publication of the investigation of a rare class of meteorite (the CI1 \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www4.nau.edu/meteorite/Meteorite/Book-CarbChondrites.html\">Carbonaceous Chondrite\u003c/a>) by Dr. Richard Hoover of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has caused another stir among scientists and the news media regarding possible origins of life on Earth, and life in the Universe in general. Exciting stuff—though the report stimulated the \"usual\" spectrum of responses, ranging from the starry-eyed \u003cem>wow\u003c/em>! to the cool-headed\u003cem> let's wait and see \u003c/em>to a tepid-at-best \u003cem>we've \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/11049-alien-life-meteorites-skepticism.html\">heard this hype before\u003c/a>….\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nutshell, \u003ca href=\"http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/03/05/exclusive-nasa-scientists-claims-evidence-alien-life-meteorite/\">Dr. Hoover's study \u003c/a> suggests that encased within the minerals of the studied meteorites are chemical signatures of life and fossils of microbes, some of which are very similar to known Earthly cyanobacteria, and some that are not very like Earth life forms at all. The implication is that life (at least these would-be meteoritic microbes) originated outside of Earth, on some other parent body—possibly a comet—and that the formation of life may be common and ubiquitous in the Universe. It's a very big implication—and as some respondents have cited, big implications require big proof (okay, I'm paraphrasing Carl Sagan's, \"extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof\"). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the challenges in this type of investigation is in distinguishing between \"indigenous\" mineral and microbe-like forms in the meteorites (that is, those that may have come along with the meteorite during its fall to Earth) and contamination by Earthly microbes—because, come on, if the Earth's surface is nothing else, it is absolutely teeming with life in every nook and cranny! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other implications have been mentioned beside life from \"out there\" seeding the early Earth and giving rise to us (in fact, there is no definitive proof that life originated on Earth—and according to one theory, life could not have started here). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One idea goes the other way: life started on Earth early on, prior to the end of the period of heavy bombardment of our world by asteroids and comets, and the blasts of some of those collisions could have kicked the Earthly specimens back into space…maybe only to return to us eons later as \"evidence of extraterrestrial life\"—which would be ironic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of his analysis, Dr. Hoover included a range of known Earth life as control references--samples from mastodons, Egyptian mummies, insects preserved in amber, fossilized cyanobacteria from ancient rocks, and several others—to compare to the samples from his subject meteorites. According to his publication, the comparison of the samples has shown certain organic chemicals found in terrestrial life lacking in the meteorites—a number of amino acids, and nitrogen—which suggest that the meteorite samples may not bear contamination by Earthly life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quest for life beyond Earth has gone on for a long time, and a lot of tantalizing clues and possible evidence have been making the rounds. Microbe fossils in \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/12/04/new-evidence-of-martian-life-found-in-antarctica/\">meteorites from Mars\u003c/a>? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/03/arsenic-and-old-lakes-nasa-finds-life-not-as-we-know-it/\">Life not-as-we-know-it \u003c/a>living in the waters of Mono Lake? \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/01/30/methane-on-mars-moooooooo/\">Methane plumes \u003c/a>from beneath the Martian surface? Organic molecules in the tails of comets and on \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-06/new-cassini-findings-hint-methane-based-life-titan\">Saturn's moon Titan\u003c/a>? And now, possible organics and fossils in the rarest of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the moment, I'll wait and see \u003ca href=\"http://journalofcosmology.com/Life101.html\">how scientists review \u003c/a>Dr. Hoover's study—because, yes, I have heard before what turned out to be hype—but in the back of my mind…wow!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "NASA's Cosmic Two-For-One Deal: A Return to Comet Tempel 1",
"title": "NASA's Cosmic Two-For-One Deal: A Return to Comet Tempel 1",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/next-approaches-tempel1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of Stardust-NExT approaching comet Tempel 1. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LMSS\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human race is certainly leaving its marks on the Solar System. On Valentine's Day, NASA revisited the locale of one of those marks—comet Tempel 1—and far from being a simple \"I was here\" (like the three scratch marks left behind by Jules Verne's intrepid explorer in \u003cem>Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>), this one was a crater 200 meters across created to see what makes the comet tick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back five years. Remember NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/index.cfm\">Deep Impact\u003c/a> spacecraft, the one that lobbed a heavy metal projectile at Tempel 1 in hopes of seeing what came flying out of the blast, and more excitingly what the hole it made looked like afterward? The idea was to get a better grip on how the comet is put together (is it crunchy, powdery, ice-hard; is it light like Styrofoam, or weightier like block-ice, or concrete?). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, as it turned out back in 2006, Deep Impact successfully bullseyed the little 4.5-mile long ice potato—and the impact was so effective that the spectacular blast, as good as anything from the ILM special effects department, completely obscured the spacecraft’s camera-eye view, hiding the would-be crater from sight. The mission was a success, I should add; Deep Impact got plenty of good data and images of the comet and the blast plume—just not the man-made-object-made crater it made….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to February 14, 2011. Exercising a good reduce-reuse-recycle ethic, NASA sent the \"\u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NExT\u003c/a>\" spacecraft past Tempel 1, visiting the same comet twice for the first time in history, and doing so with an existing spacecraft that had completed its initial mission years before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back to the Stardust mission, which flew through the tale of comet Wilde 2, collecting particles from the plume in a block of comet dust \"fly paper\" made of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHnen2nSmDY\">aerogel \u003c/a>(basically glass spun up so light and fluffy as to barely register any weight or substance, a piece of which looks like a slab of solid smoke), and dropping the collector pod back on Earth for the first ever comet sample return mission. Stardust flew on, circling the Sun for several years, and was finally re-tasked as NExT—the \"New Exploration of Tempel 1\" mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's as if NASA is playing a celestial shell game: Where's the spacecraft now? What is it named? Which comet is it going to this time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NExT flew within 112 miles of the Tempel 1 nucleus and captured over 70 images. Yes, scientists hoped to capture an image of the crater left behind by Deep Impact—and they did; \u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ManMade_Crater_Comet.html\">see if you can spot it too\u003c/a>. But, there is plenty more to interest us than a hole in the snow. The fact that this comet had been visited five years prior means that we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002920/\">compare images from then and now to see any changes\u003c/a> that may have taken place. As it turns out, five years is not only the interval between the visits by Deep Impact and Stardust/NExT, it's also the orbital period of comet Tempel 1—so, the comet had made exactly one swing around the Sun between visits, providing the opportunity to study Sun-induced changes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tempel 1 is about 4.5 by 2.9 miles in size, and has an average density of about 0.62 grams per cubic centimeter—about five times denser than the densest Styrofoam, two-thirds as dense as ice, and 600 times more dense than aerogel…. Its elliptical orbit carries it between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter—and it is that range of exposure to solar radiation that has researchers looking for physical changes in the comet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, the Deep Impact spacecraft was also reused to make a second comet flyby. Five years after bombing Tempel 1, Deep Impact, renamed \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/missiondetails.cfm?mission=EPOXI\">EPOXI\u003c/a>, flew by the peanut-shaped comet Hartley 2, back in November. Between Stardust and Deep Impact, there were a lot of firsts: first sample return mission from a comet; first time a single spacecraft has visited two comets; first time two spacecraft have visited the same comet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's doubtful there is enough fuel left on either of these veterans for another opportunistic encounter, but talk about bang for the buck….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/next-approaches-tempel1.jpg\">\u003cem>Artist concept of Stardust-NExT approaching comet Tempel 1. \u003cbr>Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LMSS\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human race is certainly leaving its marks on the Solar System. On Valentine's Day, NASA revisited the locale of one of those marks—comet Tempel 1—and far from being a simple \"I was here\" (like the three scratch marks left behind by Jules Verne's intrepid explorer in \u003cem>Journey to the Center of the Earth\u003c/em>), this one was a crater 200 meters across created to see what makes the comet tick….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back five years. Remember NASA's \u003ca href=\"http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/deepimpact/index.cfm\">Deep Impact\u003c/a> spacecraft, the one that lobbed a heavy metal projectile at Tempel 1 in hopes of seeing what came flying out of the blast, and more excitingly what the hole it made looked like afterward? The idea was to get a better grip on how the comet is put together (is it crunchy, powdery, ice-hard; is it light like Styrofoam, or weightier like block-ice, or concrete?). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, as it turned out back in 2006, Deep Impact successfully bullseyed the little 4.5-mile long ice potato—and the impact was so effective that the spectacular blast, as good as anything from the ILM special effects department, completely obscured the spacecraft’s camera-eye view, hiding the would-be crater from sight. The mission was a success, I should add; Deep Impact got plenty of good data and images of the comet and the blast plume—just not the man-made-object-made crater it made….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fast forward to February 14, 2011. Exercising a good reduce-reuse-recycle ethic, NASA sent the \"\u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/\">NExT\u003c/a>\" spacecraft past Tempel 1, visiting the same comet twice for the first time in history, and doing so with an existing spacecraft that had completed its initial mission years before. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cast your mind's eye back to the Stardust mission, which flew through the tale of comet Wilde 2, collecting particles from the plume in a block of comet dust \"fly paper\" made of \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHnen2nSmDY\">aerogel \u003c/a>(basically glass spun up so light and fluffy as to barely register any weight or substance, a piece of which looks like a slab of solid smoke), and dropping the collector pod back on Earth for the first ever comet sample return mission. Stardust flew on, circling the Sun for several years, and was finally re-tasked as NExT—the \"New Exploration of Tempel 1\" mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's as if NASA is playing a celestial shell game: Where's the spacecraft now? What is it named? Which comet is it going to this time?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NExT flew within 112 miles of the Tempel 1 nucleus and captured over 70 images. Yes, scientists hoped to capture an image of the crater left behind by Deep Impact—and they did; \u003ca href=\"http://stardustnext.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/ManMade_Crater_Comet.html\">see if you can spot it too\u003c/a>. But, there is plenty more to interest us than a hole in the snow. The fact that this comet had been visited five years prior means that we can \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002920/\">compare images from then and now to see any changes\u003c/a> that may have taken place. As it turns out, five years is not only the interval between the visits by Deep Impact and Stardust/NExT, it's also the orbital period of comet Tempel 1—so, the comet had made exactly one swing around the Sun between visits, providing the opportunity to study Sun-induced changes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tempel 1 is about 4.5 by 2.9 miles in size, and has an average density of about 0.62 grams per cubic centimeter—about five times denser than the densest Styrofoam, two-thirds as dense as ice, and 600 times more dense than aerogel…. Its elliptical orbit carries it between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter—and it is that range of exposure to solar radiation that has researchers looking for physical changes in the comet. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the way, the Deep Impact spacecraft was also reused to make a second comet flyby. Five years after bombing Tempel 1, Deep Impact, renamed \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/missiondetails.cfm?mission=EPOXI\">EPOXI\u003c/a>, flew by the peanut-shaped comet Hartley 2, back in November. Between Stardust and Deep Impact, there were a lot of firsts: first sample return mission from a comet; first time a single spacecraft has visited two comets; first time two spacecraft have visited the same comet…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's doubtful there is enough fuel left on either of these veterans for another opportunistic encounter, but talk about bang for the buck….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>NASA embraces science enthusiasts with its Tweetups.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Thursday I had the pleasure of being invited to a tweetup at NASA Ames. For the uninitiated, a tweetup is a meetup, where those interested meet and tweet. NASA has embraced social media with a force, and offers tweetups at its various locations to encourage the public to learn more about NASA initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 100 space nerds this was a dream come true. While I've been a fan of NASA all my life, this was a unique opportunity to interact with scientists working on Kepler, SOFIA and aeronautics. Fellow tweetup participant, Chris Hammond posted this fun, fast paced \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H3svO0QsNo\">video\u003c/a> of how to day unfolded. I've also posted photos of NASA Ames on \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaleprincess/sets/72157626045118550/\">Flickr\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames is at the heart of the Kepler mission, NASA's project devoted to finding habitable planets. As you may have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">read\u003c/a> on the QUEST blog, NASA's Kepler mission discovered its first Earth-size planet in a habitable zone, a region where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface. We heard from Natalie Batalha, deputy science team lead for the NASA Kepler mission who explained the challenges facing Kepler and the huge opportunities we may reap from such a mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Ms. Batalha, the data we are recovering from Kepler will keep scientists busy for decades as they search for habitable planets. She was careful distinguish that Kepler's mission was not about finding life, but about finding planets in ecosystems not dissimilar to our own that could hold the possibility of being habitable. The search for actual life on those planets will likely be up to a future NASA team dedicated to that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to join a future tweetup, the best place to find information is by following \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASATweetup\">@NASATweetup\u003c/a> on Twitter. The next event is scheduled for March 19th at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you prefer to stay closer to the Bay Area, I would highly recommend going to see Natalie Batalha speak at San Jose State University on February 16th. You can get more information on that speaking engagement \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=4111\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7650\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/08/jupiter.jpg\" alt=\"Jupiter\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003cem>NASA embraces science enthusiasts with its Tweetups.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This past Thursday I had the pleasure of being invited to a tweetup at NASA Ames. For the uninitiated, a tweetup is a meetup, where those interested meet and tweet. NASA has embraced social media with a force, and offers tweetups at its various locations to encourage the public to learn more about NASA initiatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 100 space nerds this was a dream come true. While I've been a fan of NASA all my life, this was a unique opportunity to interact with scientists working on Kepler, SOFIA and aeronautics. Fellow tweetup participant, Chris Hammond posted this fun, fast paced \u003ca href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H3svO0QsNo\">video\u003c/a> of how to day unfolded. I've also posted photos of NASA Ames on \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/tamaleprincess/sets/72157626045118550/\">Flickr\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA Ames is at the heart of the Kepler mission, NASA's project devoted to finding habitable planets. As you may have \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/11/kepler%E2%80%99s-smokin%E2%80%99-performance-zero-to-68-in-4-months/\">read\u003c/a> on the QUEST blog, NASA's Kepler mission discovered its first Earth-size planet in a habitable zone, a region where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface. We heard from Natalie Batalha, deputy science team lead for the NASA Kepler mission who explained the challenges facing Kepler and the huge opportunities we may reap from such a mission. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Ms. Batalha, the data we are recovering from Kepler will keep scientists busy for decades as they search for habitable planets. She was careful distinguish that Kepler's mission was not about finding life, but about finding planets in ecosystems not dissimilar to our own that could hold the possibility of being habitable. The search for actual life on those planets will likely be up to a future NASA team dedicated to that purpose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you'd like to join a future tweetup, the best place to find information is by following \u003ca href=\"http://twitter.com/#!/NASATweetup\">@NASATweetup\u003c/a> on Twitter. The next event is scheduled for March 19th at Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you prefer to stay closer to the Bay Area, I would highly recommend going to see Natalie Batalha speak at San Jose State University on February 16th. You can get more information on that speaking engagement \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareascience.org/calendar/events/index.php?com=detail&eID=4111\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Kepler's Smokin' Performance: Zero to 68 in 4 Months!",
"title": "Kepler's Smokin' Performance: Zero to 68 in 4 Months!",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/513899main_Slide05_full.gif\">\u003cem>Kepler's patch of sky (one four hundredth of the total sky) filled\u003cbr> with possible planets. Credit: NASA/Kepler\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I heard that NASA was holding a press conference to make a major announcement from findings by the Kepler mission—a “historic” announcement, as was alluded to by a trusted expert source—the first thing I thought was, “Kepler has found its Holy Grail: an Earth-sized planet orbiting a Sun-like star within the Habitable Zone!” I mean, what else could it be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first panelist started by saying that finding and confirming an Earth-sized planet in a habitable zone is of course what we want to do…, I thought I was going to be disappointed (because that, of course, is what I wanted to hear, and it didn’t sound like the talk was going that way). Had Kepler merely detected a Grail-shaped beacon—a potential, but not confirmed, exo-Earth? A “candidate”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only two minutes later the threatened disappointment washed away, and I was reassured that the news was in fact big and I was in fact witnessing history….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frame of the announcement were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler_data_release.html\">results from Kepler’s first 4 months of observations\u003c/a>, from May to September in 2009. At the time of launch, a couple hundred extra-solar planets had been detected, over the previous two decades, by ground-based observatories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in 2010, NASA released some of the results from the initial observations: about 400 candidate worlds, mostly the big “hot Jupiter” planets (big balls of gas close to their stars, “easy” to detect) of the ilk that were being discovered monthly through ground based observations. Along with this announcement it was stated that a batch of Kepler data was being “embargoed” (or sequestered) to give Kepler scientists time to analyze it in more detail and make additional observations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2010 NASA announced the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/14/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer/\">discovery of Kepler 10b\u003c/a>, the first bonafide Earth-size rocky planet detection—albeit a red-hot lump of rock that orbits its star in less than a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtain lifts; drumroll please.... In Kepler’s first 4 months of staring at its target patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus, fully 1235 (with a capital T) candidate planets wink at us from the transit data—and after dusting away the “chaff” of hot-Jupiters and super-Jupiters, what’s left may be the very jewels Kepler set out to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 1235 candidate planets (candidates because they still need to be confirmed—though Kepler scientists have said they believe 80-90% of them will turn out to be real planets, and not spurious blips in the data), 68 of them are approximately Earth-sized (some larger, some smaller, some spot on), and of those, 5 orbit their stars within the Habitable Zone: the right distance for sunlight to enable liquid water to exist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five worlds with the right proportions of material and heat to make the porridge “just right”! Awesome! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not counting the “Avatar effect”: 49 other candidates found within habitable zones range in size from “super-Earths” all the way up to “super-Jupiters”—any of which could theoretically possess one or more moons of near-Earth stature, which would place those moons within habitable zones as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My head’s still reeling. What’s next? Will Kepler produce pictures of worlds with oceans, continents, and shorelines—or maybe 12-foot tall blue aliens? Is it time to start drafting a charter for a United Federation of Planets? Not yet.... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was designed to do one thing: find Earth-sized worlds at water-friendly distances from their stars—and pending confirming follow-up observations, it may already have wildly outperformed NASA’s expectations on that front. Another two or so years of observations will be required for confirmations, but that’s only another Superbowl or two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear to me: From now on when I go out at night and look up at the sky, I won’t see stars; I’ll see planets. Lots of them….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/513899main_Slide05_full.gif\">\u003cem>Kepler's patch of sky (one four hundredth of the total sky) filled\u003cbr> with possible planets. Credit: NASA/Kepler\u003cbr>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I heard that NASA was holding a press conference to make a major announcement from findings by the Kepler mission—a “historic” announcement, as was alluded to by a trusted expert source—the first thing I thought was, “Kepler has found its Holy Grail: an Earth-sized planet orbiting a Sun-like star within the Habitable Zone!” I mean, what else could it be?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the first panelist started by saying that finding and confirming an Earth-sized planet in a habitable zone is of course what we want to do…, I thought I was going to be disappointed (because that, of course, is what I wanted to hear, and it didn’t sound like the talk was going that way). Had Kepler merely detected a Grail-shaped beacon—a potential, but not confirmed, exo-Earth? A “candidate”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only two minutes later the threatened disappointment washed away, and I was reassured that the news was in fact big and I was in fact witnessing history….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The frame of the announcement were the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/news/kepler_data_release.html\">results from Kepler’s first 4 months of observations\u003c/a>, from May to September in 2009. At the time of launch, a couple hundred extra-solar planets had been detected, over the previous two decades, by ground-based observatories. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in 2010, NASA released some of the results from the initial observations: about 400 candidate worlds, mostly the big “hot Jupiter” planets (big balls of gas close to their stars, “easy” to detect) of the ilk that were being discovered monthly through ground based observations. Along with this announcement it was stated that a batch of Kepler data was being “embargoed” (or sequestered) to give Kepler scientists time to analyze it in more detail and make additional observations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2010 NASA announced the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/01/14/its-a-long-long-way-to-alderaan-but-kepler-10b-is-a-sight-closer/\">discovery of Kepler 10b\u003c/a>, the first bonafide Earth-size rocky planet detection—albeit a red-hot lump of rock that orbits its star in less than a day. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curtain lifts; drumroll please.... In Kepler’s first 4 months of staring at its target patch of sky in the constellation Cygnus, fully 1235 (with a capital T) candidate planets wink at us from the transit data—and after dusting away the “chaff” of hot-Jupiters and super-Jupiters, what’s left may be the very jewels Kepler set out to find.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the 1235 candidate planets (candidates because they still need to be confirmed—though Kepler scientists have said they believe 80-90% of them will turn out to be real planets, and not spurious blips in the data), 68 of them are approximately Earth-sized (some larger, some smaller, some spot on), and of those, 5 orbit their stars within the Habitable Zone: the right distance for sunlight to enable liquid water to exist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five worlds with the right proportions of material and heat to make the porridge “just right”! Awesome! \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And this is not counting the “Avatar effect”: 49 other candidates found within habitable zones range in size from “super-Earths” all the way up to “super-Jupiters”—any of which could theoretically possess one or more moons of near-Earth stature, which would place those moons within habitable zones as well. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My head’s still reeling. What’s next? Will Kepler produce pictures of worlds with oceans, continents, and shorelines—or maybe 12-foot tall blue aliens? Is it time to start drafting a charter for a United Federation of Planets? Not yet.... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler was designed to do one thing: find Earth-sized worlds at water-friendly distances from their stars—and pending confirming follow-up observations, it may already have wildly outperformed NASA’s expectations on that front. Another two or so years of observations will be required for confirmations, but that’s only another Superbowl or two. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing is clear to me: From now on when I go out at night and look up at the sky, I won’t see stars; I’ll see planets. Lots of them….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/rocket1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA/courtesy of nasaimages.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every February, comments from school kids come in about my previous \"Famous African-American Scientists and Innovators\" blog posts. It has become tradition every February to put out another post and this is my fourth installment. This year in April is the 50th Anniversary of Yuri Gagiran going into space, the 30th Anniversary of the first US Space Shuttle Columbia launching into space and the 10th Anniversary of Yuri’s Night. So in celebration of both famous African-American and space exploration, I am focusing this post on the exploration of the final frontier - space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/astrospies/prof-08.html\">Robert H. Lawrence\u003c/a> (1935 to 1967)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>First African American Astronaut\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the age of 16, Robert Lawrence graduated in the top ten percent from Englewood High School in Chicago. At 20, he graduated from Bradley University holding a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry and also became a Cadet Commander in the Air Force ROTC. At 21, he became an Air Force pilot after successfully completing training at Malden Air Force base. As an Air Force pilot, he accumulated over 2,500 flight hours, 2,000 being in jets. He flew the Lockheed F-104 to research the gliding of various un-powered spacecraft returning to Earth from orbit. In 1967, he was selected by the USAF as an astronaut in the Air Force's Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) program. This placement made him the first black astronaut. Unfortunately, in December of the same year he was killed in the crash of an F-104 Starfigher at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was flying in the back seat and instructing a pilot on the steep-descent glide technique. The pilot made the descent but flared too late, both pilots ejected but Lawrence did so too late and struck the ground, killing him instantly. In his brief NASA career, Major Lawrence earned the Air Force Commendation Medal and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Citation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/bluford-gs.html\">Guion Bluford Jr.\u003c/a> (1942 to Present)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>First African American Astronaut to travel in space\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1983, Guion Bluford Jr. became the first black astronaut to travel in space. Bluford participated in four space shuttle missions on Challenger between 1983 and 1992 and logged 688 hours in space. His first shuttle launch in the Orbiter Challenger was also the first night launch and night landing in NASA’s history. Guion Bluford was no stranger to being airborne before his career with NASA; he flew over 144 combat missions, logged 5,200 hours in jets and 1300 hours as an instructor pilot in his career in the Air Force. Over his career, he has been highly decorated as a war veteran, Air Force pilot, engineer and astronaut culminating in being inducted into the the International Space Hall of Fame in 1997 and the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 2010. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/jemison-mc.html\">Mae Jemison\u003c/a> (1956 to Present)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>First Female African American Astronaut \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mae Jemison received a bachelor of science degree in chemical engineering from Stanford University in 1977 and continued on in her education to recieve a doctorate degree in medicine from Cornell University in 1981. In her career, Dr. Jemison became the Area Peace Corps Medical Officer for Sierra Leone and Liberia in West Africa. During her time in West African she developed and participated in research projects on Hepatitis B vaccine, schistosomaisis and rabies working alongside the with the National Institute of Health and the Center for Disease Control. Several years after returning to the United States, Dr. Jemison was selected for the astronaut program. She was the science mission specialist on STS-47 Spacelab that traveled in space from September 12-20, 1992. It was a cooperative mission between the US and Japan and consisted of 127 orbits around the earth conducting life science and materials processing experiments. Dr. Jemison was a co-investigator on bone cell research experiments conducted during the flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7699 -122.467174\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/rocket1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>NASA/courtesy of nasaimages.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every February, comments from school kids come in about my previous \"Famous African-American Scientists and Innovators\" blog posts. It has become tradition every February to put out another post and this is my fourth installment. This year in April is the 50th Anniversary of Yuri Gagiran going into space, the 30th Anniversary of the first US Space Shuttle Columbia launching into space and the 10th Anniversary of Yuri’s Night. So in celebration of both famous African-American and space exploration, I am focusing this post on the exploration of the final frontier - space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/astrospies/prof-08.html\">Robert H. Lawrence\u003c/a> (1935 to 1967)\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>First African American Astronaut\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the age of 16, Robert Lawrence graduated in the top ten percent from Englewood High School in Chicago. At 20, he graduated from Bradley University holding a Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry and also became a Cadet Commander in the Air Force ROTC. At 21, he became an Air Force pilot after successfully completing training at Malden Air Force base. As an Air Force pilot, he accumulated over 2,500 flight hours, 2,000 being in jets. He flew the Lockheed F-104 to research the gliding of various un-powered spacecraft returning to Earth from orbit. In 1967, he was selected by the USAF as an astronaut in the Air Force's Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) program. This placement made him the first black astronaut. Unfortunately, in December of the same year he was killed in the crash of an F-104 Starfigher at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was flying in the back seat and instructing a pilot on the steep-descent glide technique. The pilot made the descent but flared too late, both pilots ejected but Lawrence did so too late and struck the ground, killing him instantly. In his brief NASA career, Major Lawrence earned the Air Force Commendation Medal and the Air Force Outstanding Unit Citation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Volcano Slushies and Floating Robots: Titanic Possibilities",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/balloonprobe.jpg\">Artist concept of a balloon-borne Titan probe. Credit: NASA, JPL/Corby Waste\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nPossible “cryovolcano” on Saturn’s moon, Titan! This little moon just keeps getting more and more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, when NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1609.html\">Huygens lander\u003c/a> started exploring Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, layer after layer of the mysterious moon have been peeled away, revealing what has turned out to be an awesome alien world that stands apart from all other moons in the solar system--and even holds its own with the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20101214/\">Cryovolcanoes: cool!\u003c/a> Imagine a 3000 foot tall mountain gushing freezing water-ammonia slush, which pours down its slopes to become solid “rock ice” flows as it freezes, and spouting a plume of water vapor that quickly turns into snow. Is that really how a volcano of cold water, ice, and maybe ammonia and methane would behave? Maybe, maybe not—but now scientists have observational evidence of what might be such a process on Titan, and the similarities in patterns to Earthly lava flows is compelling. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=14658&media_id=38529211\">Take a look at the video….\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought makes me want to go and explore Titan right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the annual American Geophysical Union (AGU) conference in San Francisco last December, I voiced a concern to a presenter who was describing explorations of Titan by Cassini and Huygens. My concern was that, though the images returned by Huygens from the surface of that frigid smoggy world were unprecedented up-close views of a distant alien land, I fear that with the cost of space missions and budgets and economies and all, we might not return there for further exploration within my lifetime…and I’d have to make do with the images from Huygens. (Though very cool images, they were essentially from a spot on Titan that is little more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/huygens-1.html\">a plane of soil and pebbles\u003c/a>; I want lakes and volcanoes!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so fast.There may be more missions to Titan’s surface yet to come. There is certainly a lot of scientific interest in Titan because of its “hydrological” cycle—that is, the liquid hydrocarbons, not water, that rain from its atmosphere and flow and collect in rivers and lakes on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the possibilities the presenter suggested for surface and atmosphere probes sounded pretty interesting. One idea is another “lander,” but deliberately targeted to splash down in one of Titan’s big methane lakes, and with a longer-life battery than what powered Huygens (Huygens’ battery lasted about 90 minutes after landing). What kind of battery? Nuclear, maybe, though there are restrictions to lobbing radioactive isotopes onto the surface of another world—especially one where the existence of indigenous life hasn’t been ruled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a “floater” could drift around the lake, transported by liquid currents, taking environmental readings, pictures, and maybe sounding the lake bottom with sonar. Eventually, lake currents might be expected to naturally deliver the floater probe to a shoreline, where it could then explore Titan where land meets lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility on Titan is a flying aircraft probe, either winged or buoyant. Due to the thickness of Titan’s nitrogen atmosphere (four times denser than Earth’s at the surface), and the relatively low gravity of Titan itself, flight there is a very different prospect from flight on Earth. Titan’s surface gravity is only 14% that of Earth’s, so what would be a 200-pound payload on Earth would weigh 28 pounds on Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A balloon-borne probe, with greater buoyancy due to Titan’s thicker atmosphere, could drift around for a long time and cover a great deal of territory at very close range, perhaps even setting down on the surface temporarily. A winged-aircraft could glide at relatively low speed, again owing to the lower gravity and higher lift from the thick air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, I want to go and see the volcano slushy! Please, can I?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/balloonprobe.jpg\">Artist concept of a balloon-borne Titan probe. Credit: NASA, JPL/Corby Waste\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nPossible “cryovolcano” on Saturn’s moon, Titan! This little moon just keeps getting more and more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2004, when NASA’s Cassini spacecraft and the European \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1609.html\">Huygens lander\u003c/a> started exploring Saturn’s largest satellite, Titan, layer after layer of the mysterious moon have been peeled away, revealing what has turned out to be an awesome alien world that stands apart from all other moons in the solar system--and even holds its own with the planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20101214/\">Cryovolcanoes: cool!\u003c/a> Imagine a 3000 foot tall mountain gushing freezing water-ammonia slush, which pours down its slopes to become solid “rock ice” flows as it freezes, and spouting a plume of water vapor that quickly turns into snow. Is that really how a volcano of cold water, ice, and maybe ammonia and methane would behave? Maybe, maybe not—but now scientists have observational evidence of what might be such a process on Titan, and the similarities in patterns to Earthly lava flows is compelling. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?collection_id=14658&media_id=38529211\">Take a look at the video….\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought makes me want to go and explore Titan right now!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the annual American Geophysical Union (AGU) conference in San Francisco last December, I voiced a concern to a presenter who was describing explorations of Titan by Cassini and Huygens. My concern was that, though the images returned by Huygens from the surface of that frigid smoggy world were unprecedented up-close views of a distant alien land, I fear that with the cost of space missions and budgets and economies and all, we might not return there for further exploration within my lifetime…and I’d have to make do with the images from Huygens. (Though very cool images, they were essentially from a spot on Titan that is little more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/huygens-1.html\">a plane of soil and pebbles\u003c/a>; I want lakes and volcanoes!)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not so fast.There may be more missions to Titan’s surface yet to come. There is certainly a lot of scientific interest in Titan because of its “hydrological” cycle—that is, the liquid hydrocarbons, not water, that rain from its atmosphere and flow and collect in rivers and lakes on its surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the possibilities the presenter suggested for surface and atmosphere probes sounded pretty interesting. One idea is another “lander,” but deliberately targeted to splash down in one of Titan’s big methane lakes, and with a longer-life battery than what powered Huygens (Huygens’ battery lasted about 90 minutes after landing). What kind of battery? Nuclear, maybe, though there are restrictions to lobbing radioactive isotopes onto the surface of another world—especially one where the existence of indigenous life hasn’t been ruled out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a “floater” could drift around the lake, transported by liquid currents, taking environmental readings, pictures, and maybe sounding the lake bottom with sonar. Eventually, lake currents might be expected to naturally deliver the floater probe to a shoreline, where it could then explore Titan where land meets lake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another possibility on Titan is a flying aircraft probe, either winged or buoyant. Due to the thickness of Titan’s nitrogen atmosphere (four times denser than Earth’s at the surface), and the relatively low gravity of Titan itself, flight there is a very different prospect from flight on Earth. Titan’s surface gravity is only 14% that of Earth’s, so what would be a 200-pound payload on Earth would weigh 28 pounds on Titan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A balloon-borne probe, with greater buoyancy due to Titan’s thicker atmosphere, could drift around for a long time and cover a great deal of territory at very close range, perhaps even setting down on the surface temporarily. A winged-aircraft could glide at relatively low speed, again owing to the lower gravity and higher lift from the thick air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yeah, I want to go and see the volcano slushy! Please, can I?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "It's a Long, Long Way to Alderaan, but Kepler 10B is a Sight Closer",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/earth-and-kepler-10b.jpg\">\u003cem>Size comparison between Earth and Kepler 10b.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Vega, Alderaan, Malacandra, Altair IV, Kepler 10-b. Which one of these worlds is not like the other? Answer: Kepler 10-b. Why? Because among the thousands of small, rocky, Earth-sized planets that we have come to know over the past century, Kepler 10-b is not a piece of fiction, but real. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After over a century of science fiction storytelling involving distant aliens worlds—many of which are depicted as being not so unlike Earth, right down to oddly similar vegetation, human-like inhabitants, and one particular rock formation that is the spitting image of one I’ve seen in the Mojave desert—NASA’s Kepler mission \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-007&cid=release_2011-007&msource=11007&tr=y&auid=7605855\">has made good on its “promise”\u003c/a> to find an Earth-sized \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">exoplanet\u003c/a>. “Sci-Fa” has finally caught up with Sci-Fi….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10-b: 1.4 times Earth’s diameter, 4.6 times Earth’s mass, and 8.8 grams per cubic centimeter average density. In all the physical categories, a heavy-weight compared to Earth’s newly (dare I say) demoted middle-weight status. Were you to stand on Kepler 10b’s surface, you would weigh about 2.3 times what you weigh on Earth. (Interestingly, that’s just a small bit less than you’d weigh if you could stand on the surface of Jupiter—if Jupiter had a solid surface, that is; imagine instead that you’re standing on a floating gas mining facility, like that one in the second Star Wars movie….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how Earthlike is Kepler 10b? Well—not knowing anything about its atmosphere (if it has one), the fact that this rocky planet is about twenty times closer to its star than Mercury, and its surface is estimated to be 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit, means that it’s hot enough down there to melt most minerals, as well as about half of the list of metals you might jot down mentally. Since I keep alluding to worlds out of science fiction, I guess I’d say this makes Kepler 10b more like the planet from Star Trek (the original series) inhabited by the hot rock beings who recreated Abraham Lincoln, among other figures…okay, I’ll try to stop….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the first finding of an Earth-stature planet is a really big deal (it shows us evidence that other planets Earth’s size do exist beyond our solar system), this hit is actually only halfway to the bullseye of the Kepler agenda (Kepler the spacecraft, that is). Kepler’s ultimate goal is to find an Earth-sized planet orbiting its star within its “habitable zone”: at the right distance for its star’s light to allow liquid water to exist on the surface. (In other words, where most of the invented worlds of science fiction serendipitously revolve….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/planetMakeover/planetMakeover.html\">How about a closer look?\u003c/a> Well—it took the Kepler spacecraft and the enormous ground-based Keck Observatory telescopes just to detect Kepler 10b’s presence, by observing the tiny amount of light the planet blocks as it crosses in front of (or “transits”) its star (Kepler’s method), and by the gravitational tug it has on its star (Keck’s confirming observation). Why can’t all this telescope power give us a nice picture of what the planet actually looks like? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, consider that the Hubble Space Telescope, which has given us the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-map-hs-2010-06-a-faces.jpg\">best image of Pluto\u003c/a> so far, has only revealed Pluto as a globe of blurry, slightly different-shaded regions—about as clear an image as a near-sighted person would have of the Moon without their contact lenses, and no telescope. And at a distance of 560 light years, Kepler 10b is over 900,000 times farther away than Pluto!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re still a long way from Delta Vega, or Altair IV, with their vivid vistas of distant outposts and extinct alien civilizations—but we’re now a great deal closer to a real other-Earth…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Among the thousands of vivid and unique Earth-sized planets we have come to know through Science Fiction, NASA's Kepler mission has now given us our first real one: meet Kepler 10b.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/earth-and-kepler-10b.jpg\">\u003cem>Size comparison between Earth and Kepler 10b.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Vega, Alderaan, Malacandra, Altair IV, Kepler 10-b. Which one of these worlds is not like the other? Answer: Kepler 10-b. Why? Because among the thousands of small, rocky, Earth-sized planets that we have come to know over the past century, Kepler 10-b is not a piece of fiction, but real. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After over a century of science fiction storytelling involving distant aliens worlds—many of which are depicted as being not so unlike Earth, right down to oddly similar vegetation, human-like inhabitants, and one particular rock formation that is the spitting image of one I’ve seen in the Mojave desert—NASA’s Kepler mission \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-007&cid=release_2011-007&msource=11007&tr=y&auid=7605855\">has made good on its “promise”\u003c/a> to find an Earth-sized \u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/\">exoplanet\u003c/a>. “Sci-Fa” has finally caught up with Sci-Fi….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler 10-b: 1.4 times Earth’s diameter, 4.6 times Earth’s mass, and 8.8 grams per cubic centimeter average density. In all the physical categories, a heavy-weight compared to Earth’s newly (dare I say) demoted middle-weight status. Were you to stand on Kepler 10b’s surface, you would weigh about 2.3 times what you weigh on Earth. (Interestingly, that’s just a small bit less than you’d weigh if you could stand on the surface of Jupiter—if Jupiter had a solid surface, that is; imagine instead that you’re standing on a floating gas mining facility, like that one in the second Star Wars movie….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But how Earthlike is Kepler 10b? Well—not knowing anything about its atmosphere (if it has one), the fact that this rocky planet is about twenty times closer to its star than Mercury, and its surface is estimated to be 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit, means that it’s hot enough down there to melt most minerals, as well as about half of the list of metals you might jot down mentally. Since I keep alluding to worlds out of science fiction, I guess I’d say this makes Kepler 10b more like the planet from Star Trek (the original series) inhabited by the hot rock beings who recreated Abraham Lincoln, among other figures…okay, I’ll try to stop….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the first finding of an Earth-stature planet is a really big deal (it shows us evidence that other planets Earth’s size do exist beyond our solar system), this hit is actually only halfway to the bullseye of the Kepler agenda (Kepler the spacecraft, that is). Kepler’s ultimate goal is to find an Earth-sized planet orbiting its star within its “habitable zone”: at the right distance for its star’s light to allow liquid water to exist on the surface. (In other words, where most of the invented worlds of science fiction serendipitously revolve….)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/planetMakeover/planetMakeover.html\">How about a closer look?\u003c/a> Well—it took the Kepler spacecraft and the enormous ground-based Keck Observatory telescopes just to detect Kepler 10b’s presence, by observing the tiny amount of light the planet blocks as it crosses in front of (or “transits”) its star (Kepler’s method), and by the gravitational tug it has on its star (Keck’s confirming observation). Why can’t all this telescope power give us a nice picture of what the planet actually looks like? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, consider that the Hubble Space Telescope, which has given us the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-map-hs-2010-06-a-faces.jpg\">best image of Pluto\u003c/a> so far, has only revealed Pluto as a globe of blurry, slightly different-shaded regions—about as clear an image as a near-sighted person would have of the Moon without their contact lenses, and no telescope. And at a distance of 560 light years, Kepler 10b is over 900,000 times farther away than Pluto!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re still a long way from Delta Vega, or Altair IV, with their vivid vistas of distant outposts and extinct alien civilizations—but we’re now a great deal closer to a real other-Earth…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Goodbye to the Bevatron",
"title": "Goodbye to the Bevatron",
"headTitle": "QUEST | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio3-28_Bevatron3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>By 1954, ten years after the first atomic bombs leveled Hisroshima and Nagasaki, many of the scientists who had helped develop America’s nuclear arsenal had returned to the US. After years of working on weapons of mass destruction -- and seeing those theories become reality -- many turned to some of the most basic questions imaginable: How did the universe begin? What is it made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places they came to ask those questions was \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>, in the Berkeley hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart Loken is a physicist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and every day on his way to work he passes by a decrepit-looking building about the size and shape of a small sports stadium. Its windows are knocked out, there's a junk pile of old doors and pipes in front. It's called the Bevatron. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">Goodbye to the Bevatron\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5798_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the highest energy accelerator in the world,” says Loken, pointing to the ruins. “It was commissioned with a single goal in mind, which was to produce experimental evidence of the \u003ca href=\"http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2009/11/bevatronantiproton-bit-of-history.html\">existence of the anti-proton\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand – or at least, approach understanding -- the anti-proton, you have to back up, all the way up to the event that physicists consider the very beginning of the universe, 14 billion years ago: The big bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any model of the big bang that makes any sense to us creates equal amounts of matter and \u003ca href=\"http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html\">antimatter \u003c/a>from the vacuum,” says Persis Drell, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Lab\u003c/a>, at Stanford. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5804_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Some of the Bevatron’s waste was radioactive, and had to be hauled to hazardous waste sites, such as in Kettleman City.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drell says matter is pretty straightforward. It's what makes up your coffee cup, your brain, the visible universe. But for every subatomic particle that makes up matter, there’s a matching particle, an anti-particle, with the opposite electrical charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you create matter, you always create an equal amount of antimatter,” Drell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists knew the anti-matter had to be out there, but for the most part, they couldn't see it. So, they decided to look for one type of anti-matter in particular, the anti-proton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anti-proton was the thing that would confirm the fact that there is an antimatter world, in addition to the matter world that we see every day,” says Stewart Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if scientists could produce an anti-proton, it would mean that our understanding of the Big Bang, and the makeup of our universe was basically on the right track. If not, well, it was back to square one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they built the Bevatron to test their theory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5817_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5817_600\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11567\">\u003cem>Five Nobel Prizes were won based on work at the Bevatron, including the 1959 nobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of the anti-proton.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment began with a thin cloud of hydrogen gas. First, scientists extracted protons from the hydrogen atoms, and injected them into the accelerator chamber. As the protons whipped around and around the chamber they went faster and faster, until they approached the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get to high enough energy that when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">particles smash together\u003c/a>, you can turn that energy into the production of new particles,” says Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened. As the particles approached light speed, the Bevatron performed a feat Einstein himself described with the equation E=MC2: That mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mass and energy are essentially interchangeable, the Bevatron was able to transform matter into energy, and energy back into even more matter… including, in 1955, for the first time ever, antimatter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We smashed proton against proton and in the end we had proton, proton, antiproton and another proton to balance it out,” Loken says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work won Bevatron scientists the \u003ca href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/\">1959 Nobel Prize in physics\u003c/a>. It was the first of four Nobels to come from research done here - as well as new insights into things like radiation treatment for cancer, and how to keep astronauts safe from radiation in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late 1980s, the Bevatron had become obsolete. In 1993, it closed its doors for good. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking down the Bevatron is a huge endeavor. When it's finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/construction/b51.html\">demolished\u003c/a>, in 2011, it will have cost the country 50 million dollars. Part of the expense will be from removing a protective layer of concrete blocks that kept scientists safe from radiation released by the accelerator. Now, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-01/bay-area/17368125_1_lab-two-years-lawrence-berkeley-national-laboratory-particle\">those blocks\u003c/a> must be hauled away to hazardous waste sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the work that in some ways began here… much of it has moved to the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Cern, Switzerland. Where scientists – including from Berkeley – are trying to get a better understanding of how the universe began. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/radio3-28_Bevatron3001.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>By 1954, ten years after the first atomic bombs leveled Hisroshima and Nagasaki, many of the scientists who had helped develop America’s nuclear arsenal had returned to the US. After years of working on weapons of mass destruction -- and seeing those theories become reality -- many turned to some of the most basic questions imaginable: How did the universe begin? What is it made of?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the places they came to ask those questions was \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/\">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory\u003c/a>, in the Berkeley hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stewart Loken is a physicist with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and every day on his way to work he passes by a decrepit-looking building about the size and shape of a small sports stadium. Its windows are knocked out, there's a junk pile of old doors and pipes in front. It's called the Bevatron. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/01/2011-01-17-quest.mp3\" ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/goodbye-to-the-bevatron-audio\">Goodbye to the Bevatron\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5798_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5798_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>With the demolition of the Bevatron, a chapter of the Bay Area's high-level physics research comes to a close. \u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This was the highest energy accelerator in the world,” says Loken, pointing to the ruins. “It was commissioned with a single goal in mind, which was to produce experimental evidence of the \u003ca href=\"http://philosophyofscienceportal.blogspot.com/2009/11/bevatronantiproton-bit-of-history.html\">existence of the anti-proton\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand – or at least, approach understanding -- the anti-proton, you have to back up, all the way up to the event that physicists consider the very beginning of the universe, 14 billion years ago: The big bang. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Any model of the big bang that makes any sense to us creates equal amounts of matter and \u003ca href=\"http://livefromcern.web.cern.ch/livefromcern/antimatter/history/AM-history01-b.html\">antimatter \u003c/a>from the vacuum,” says Persis Drell, who directs the \u003ca href=\"http://www.slac.stanford.edu/\">SLAC National Accelerator Lab\u003c/a>, at Stanford. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5804_600\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5804_6001-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cem>Some of the Bevatron’s waste was radioactive, and had to be hauled to hazardous waste sites, such as in Kettleman City.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drell says matter is pretty straightforward. It's what makes up your coffee cup, your brain, the visible universe. But for every subatomic particle that makes up matter, there’s a matching particle, an anti-particle, with the opposite electrical charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you create matter, you always create an equal amount of antimatter,” Drell says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists knew the anti-matter had to be out there, but for the most part, they couldn't see it. So, they decided to look for one type of anti-matter in particular, the anti-proton. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The anti-proton was the thing that would confirm the fact that there is an antimatter world, in addition to the matter world that we see every day,” says Stewart Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if scientists could produce an anti-proton, it would mean that our understanding of the Big Bang, and the makeup of our universe was basically on the right track. If not, well, it was back to square one. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, they built the Bevatron to test their theory. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/01/IMG_5817_6001.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"IMG_5817_600\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-11567\">\u003cem>Five Nobel Prizes were won based on work at the Bevatron, including the 1959 nobel Prize in Physics, for the discovery of the anti-proton.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment began with a thin cloud of hydrogen gas. First, scientists extracted protons from the hydrogen atoms, and injected them into the accelerator chamber. As the protons whipped around and around the chamber they went faster and faster, until they approached the speed of light. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to get to high enough energy that when \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/07/27/producers-notes-homegrown-particle-accelerators/\">particles smash together\u003c/a>, you can turn that energy into the production of new particles,” says Loken. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which is exactly what happened. As the particles approached light speed, the Bevatron performed a feat Einstein himself described with the equation E=MC2: That mass and energy are different manifestations of the same thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since mass and energy are essentially interchangeable, the Bevatron was able to transform matter into energy, and energy back into even more matter… including, in 1955, for the first time ever, antimatter. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We smashed proton against proton and in the end we had proton, proton, antiproton and another proton to balance it out,” Loken says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work won Bevatron scientists the \u003ca href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/\">1959 Nobel Prize in physics\u003c/a>. It was the first of four Nobels to come from research done here - as well as new insights into things like radiation treatment for cancer, and how to keep astronauts safe from radiation in space. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by the late 1980s, the Bevatron had become obsolete. In 1993, it closed its doors for good. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking down the Bevatron is a huge endeavor. When it's finally \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Community/construction/b51.html\">demolished\u003c/a>, in 2011, it will have cost the country 50 million dollars. Part of the expense will be from removing a protective layer of concrete blocks that kept scientists safe from radiation released by the accelerator. Now, \u003ca href=\"http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-04-01/bay-area/17368125_1_lab-two-years-lawrence-berkeley-national-laboratory-particle\">those blocks\u003c/a> must be hauled away to hazardous waste sites. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the work that in some ways began here… much of it has moved to the \u003ca href=\"http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/lhc/lhc-en.html\">Large Hadron Collider\u003c/a> in Cern, Switzerland. Where scientists – including from Berkeley – are trying to get a better understanding of how the universe began. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8768 -122.251\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/robinsoncrusoeonmars.jpg\">\u003cem>Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was asked by a couple of people (my dad included) about the proposed \"suicide mission to Mars,\" and what that was all about. Sheepishly, I had to admit that I wasn't current on that news front, and had to do a bit of googling to catch up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a one-way, one-astronaut mission to Mars isn't brand new, even in the non-sci-fi world of real space exploration chatter, but it has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/05/131815965/one-way-mission-to-mars\">recently resurfaced in the news\u003c/a>. In a nutshell, the reason for the idea of a hop to, but not back from, Mars is a mixture of cost and technical feasibility—that the biggest hurdle in setting humans down on Mars is not the act of doing so, but the conventional returning of the astronauts to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technical feasibility and cost and long lists of volunteers potentially interested in being the first person on Mars aside, my thoughts focused in on one main aspect of such a venture: the solitary soul to make the trip. Even if they knew what they were getting into, went through months, or years, of psychological training and conditioning, and said all their goodbyes—can you imagine the life they would be committing to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget about the \"normal\" risks of space travel; I'm thinking about the fact of absolute planetary solitude, possibly for the rest of one's life. There would be no guarantees that other humans would follow in later missions—even cheap space programs get cancelled. The only guarantee is that you'd never leave Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no Star-Trekish two-way conversations with folks back on Earth. In the real world, radio signals travel at 186,300 miles per second, making a one-way signal time of three or four minutes at best (at closest approach between Mars and Earth). So you say \"hello Earth!\" into your microphone, and six to eight minutes later you get a \"hello back at you Mars!\" (And most of the time, the round-trip hello/hello-back time is much longer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so you have your never-ending power source (nuclear), lifetime supply of food and medicine, entertainment (books, videos, games), and, of course, you're living your dream exploring another planet where no one has gone before—and making huge strides in humankind's exploration of space and understanding of the natural history of a completely different world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I just can't help think about one of my favorite 60's sci-fi films, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/robinson-crusoe/\">Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/a>, specifically the piece where the lone astronaut (monkey doesn't count, much) thinks he might go mad in such isolation, with the potential of never being rescued. Or the film version of Journey to the Center of the Earth, when Professor Lindenbrook stared incredulously at the three scratches on a plumb-bob made by his predecessor, and whispered, \"Alone…alone!\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though our would-be Mars lifer would be going into this voluntarily and deliberately—what if, when they got there, the true reality settled in and they got an unexpected and extreme case of homesickness…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not poo-pooing the idea of sending a person to Mars--even though I am an advocate of the much more achievable robotic exploration of the solar system, and all the knowledge it brings at a relatively affordable price. A scientist on a multi-decade prospecting trip to our neighboring world would reap huge rewards for us all. But, the solitude…the solitude…. (The blogger shakes off a shiver.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/robinsoncrusoeonmars.jpg\">\u003cem>Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/em>\u003c/span>I was asked by a couple of people (my dad included) about the proposed \"suicide mission to Mars,\" and what that was all about. Sheepishly, I had to admit that I wasn't current on that news front, and had to do a bit of googling to catch up. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea of a one-way, one-astronaut mission to Mars isn't brand new, even in the non-sci-fi world of real space exploration chatter, but it has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2010/12/05/131815965/one-way-mission-to-mars\">recently resurfaced in the news\u003c/a>. In a nutshell, the reason for the idea of a hop to, but not back from, Mars is a mixture of cost and technical feasibility—that the biggest hurdle in setting humans down on Mars is not the act of doing so, but the conventional returning of the astronauts to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technical feasibility and cost and long lists of volunteers potentially interested in being the first person on Mars aside, my thoughts focused in on one main aspect of such a venture: the solitary soul to make the trip. Even if they knew what they were getting into, went through months, or years, of psychological training and conditioning, and said all their goodbyes—can you imagine the life they would be committing to?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forget about the \"normal\" risks of space travel; I'm thinking about the fact of absolute planetary solitude, possibly for the rest of one's life. There would be no guarantees that other humans would follow in later missions—even cheap space programs get cancelled. The only guarantee is that you'd never leave Mars. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And no Star-Trekish two-way conversations with folks back on Earth. In the real world, radio signals travel at 186,300 miles per second, making a one-way signal time of three or four minutes at best (at closest approach between Mars and Earth). So you say \"hello Earth!\" into your microphone, and six to eight minutes later you get a \"hello back at you Mars!\" (And most of the time, the round-trip hello/hello-back time is much longer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, so you have your never-ending power source (nuclear), lifetime supply of food and medicine, entertainment (books, videos, games), and, of course, you're living your dream exploring another planet where no one has gone before—and making huge strides in humankind's exploration of space and understanding of the natural history of a completely different world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I just can't help think about one of my favorite 60's sci-fi films, \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/tag/robinson-crusoe/\">Robinson Crusoe on Mars\u003c/a>, specifically the piece where the lone astronaut (monkey doesn't count, much) thinks he might go mad in such isolation, with the potential of never being rescued. Or the film version of Journey to the Center of the Earth, when Professor Lindenbrook stared incredulously at the three scratches on a plumb-bob made by his predecessor, and whispered, \"Alone…alone!\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though our would-be Mars lifer would be going into this voluntarily and deliberately—what if, when they got there, the true reality settled in and they got an unexpected and extreme case of homesickness…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm not poo-pooing the idea of sending a person to Mars--even though I am an advocate of the much more achievable robotic exploration of the solar system, and all the knowledge it brings at a relatively affordable price. A scientist on a multi-decade prospecting trip to our neighboring world would reap huge rewards for us all. But, the solitude…the solitude…. (The blogger shakes off a shiver.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/lunar-eclipse-122010.jpg\">\u003cem>Total Lunar Eclipse Dec 20/21 2010\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThe Moon and the Earth have a very special relationship in the Cosmos. The Moon is close enough to us to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides\">tug our oceans into tidal swells\u003c/a>, and even to make you (very slightly) lighter when it's overhead. You can even \"touch\" the Moon, electromagnetically, by aiming a flashlight at it and pressing the button: about a second after you do, the photons you launch physically contact the soil and rock on the Moon's surface (and the way a flashlight beam spreads out, you don't even need good aim). And of course the Moon is the only place in the Universe we've personally visited. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most striking and beautiful examples of the Earth-Moon relationship takes place during a total lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow, transforming in a couple of hours from the stark brilliance of the Full Moon to the dark ruby-hued wonder of \"umbral occlusion\"—or totality. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday evening, December 20th, starting at about 9:30 PM, the Moon will begin to enter the Earth's partial, or \"penumbral,\" shadow. Around 10:30, it begins to enter the umbra (full shadow), and by 11:40 will be completely engulfed: \"totality.\" Totality will last until 12:53 AM Tuesday morning, when the Moon begins to leave the umbra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the extended weather forecast at the moment doesn't look favorable for the SF Bay Area, there are always freak changes in weather to hope for. Also, we'll be having a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=12-20-2010&p=1439355\">Lunar Eclipse celebration at Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>, rain or moonshine, which will be a lot of fun: Lunar Labs, planetarium shows, sci-fi movie reels, and every Moon-related song we could find—hope to see you there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a total lunar eclipse is a rare event to see, this one is rarer still--not the least reason being that for the Western US it will be one of the highest lunar eclipses you can see, with the Moon reaching its apex for the night over 75 degrees from the horizon (practically overhead) close to mid-totality. For our latitudes in the Bay Area, the Moon can't get much higher than that. So, we get High Moon when the eclipse is at its best (weather permitting).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this eclipse rare among the rare is the fact that the Moon is crossing several important features in the sky simultaneously. First, it's crossing the Ecliptic, the path of the Sun's apparent motion over the course of a year, cutting through the 12 constellations of the Zodiac. In essence, the Ecliptic is the projection of Earth's orbital plane onto the sky. Is it a coincidence that the Moon will be crossing the Ecliptic during this eclipse? Actually…not at all. By virtue of the geometry of a lunar eclipse, the Moon must be on the Ecliptic in order to pass through Earth's shadow, since the Earth's shadow, cast by the Sun's light, always runs along Earth's orbital plane, and so too the Ecliptic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another line is crossed during this eclipse because it happens on Winter Solstice. On this day, the Sun is located in Sagittarius, and so the Earth's shadow is cast toward the opposite point on the sky, in Taurus. Halfway around the circle of the Ecliptic from the Winter Solstice point you find the other solstice point, the spot on the Ecliptic where the Sun is located at Summer Solstice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moon will also be crossing the Galactic Equator: the line representing the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. This alignment is a bit more tangible than those with the Ecliptic and the Solstice point since the Milky Way is a visible sky feature—at least in areas not impacted by urban light pollution. If you live in a place where you can normally see the Milky Way on a dark night, you have an extra wonder to marvel at during this eclipse: when the bright Full Moon enters totality and goes dark, the subtle light of our galaxy will be revealed, with the Moon set like a darkling gem in a diamond bracelet….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, we can only hope for clear skies—but in either event, come up to Chabot and celebrate with us this midnight delight….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Moon and the Earth have a very special relationship in the Cosmos, and one of the most striking and beautiful examples of the this takes place Monday evening: a total lunar eclipse.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/12/lunar-eclipse-122010.jpg\">\u003cem>Total Lunar Eclipse Dec 20/21 2010\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\nThe Moon and the Earth have a very special relationship in the Cosmos. The Moon is close enough to us to \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-watching-the-tides\">tug our oceans into tidal swells\u003c/a>, and even to make you (very slightly) lighter when it's overhead. You can even \"touch\" the Moon, electromagnetically, by aiming a flashlight at it and pressing the button: about a second after you do, the photons you launch physically contact the soil and rock on the Moon's surface (and the way a flashlight beam spreads out, you don't even need good aim). And of course the Moon is the only place in the Universe we've personally visited. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the most striking and beautiful examples of the Earth-Moon relationship takes place during a total lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow, transforming in a couple of hours from the stark brilliance of the Full Moon to the dark ruby-hued wonder of \"umbral occlusion\"—or totality. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday evening, December 20th, starting at about 9:30 PM, the Moon will begin to enter the Earth's partial, or \"penumbral,\" shadow. Around 10:30, it begins to enter the umbra (full shadow), and by 11:40 will be completely engulfed: \"totality.\" Totality will last until 12:53 AM Tuesday morning, when the Moon begins to leave the umbra. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the extended weather forecast at the moment doesn't look favorable for the SF Bay Area, there are always freak changes in weather to hope for. Also, we'll be having a \u003ca href=\"http://www.chabotspace.org/calendar.htm?date=12-20-2010&p=1439355\">Lunar Eclipse celebration at Chabot Space & Science Center\u003c/a>, rain or moonshine, which will be a lot of fun: Lunar Labs, planetarium shows, sci-fi movie reels, and every Moon-related song we could find—hope to see you there!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though a total lunar eclipse is a rare event to see, this one is rarer still--not the least reason being that for the Western US it will be one of the highest lunar eclipses you can see, with the Moon reaching its apex for the night over 75 degrees from the horizon (practically overhead) close to mid-totality. For our latitudes in the Bay Area, the Moon can't get much higher than that. So, we get High Moon when the eclipse is at its best (weather permitting).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes this eclipse rare among the rare is the fact that the Moon is crossing several important features in the sky simultaneously. First, it's crossing the Ecliptic, the path of the Sun's apparent motion over the course of a year, cutting through the 12 constellations of the Zodiac. In essence, the Ecliptic is the projection of Earth's orbital plane onto the sky. Is it a coincidence that the Moon will be crossing the Ecliptic during this eclipse? Actually…not at all. By virtue of the geometry of a lunar eclipse, the Moon must be on the Ecliptic in order to pass through Earth's shadow, since the Earth's shadow, cast by the Sun's light, always runs along Earth's orbital plane, and so too the Ecliptic. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another line is crossed during this eclipse because it happens on Winter Solstice. On this day, the Sun is located in Sagittarius, and so the Earth's shadow is cast toward the opposite point on the sky, in Taurus. Halfway around the circle of the Ecliptic from the Winter Solstice point you find the other solstice point, the spot on the Ecliptic where the Sun is located at Summer Solstice. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Moon will also be crossing the Galactic Equator: the line representing the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy. This alignment is a bit more tangible than those with the Ecliptic and the Solstice point since the Milky Way is a visible sky feature—at least in areas not impacted by urban light pollution. If you live in a place where you can normally see the Milky Way on a dark night, you have an extra wonder to marvel at during this eclipse: when the bright Full Moon enters totality and goes dark, the subtle light of our galaxy will be revealed, with the Moon set like a darkling gem in a diamond bracelet….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, we can only hope for clear skies—but in either event, come up to Chabot and celebrate with us this midnight delight….\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
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