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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally published on Sept. 13, 2017. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, just when you’re about to leave, you see the past in a new way. For My-Linh Le, she was about to fly to Europe when she thought of her mom. Le is 30, about the same age her mom was when she got on a boat to leave Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no food and no water and people were dying left and right,” Le remembers her mom telling her. “And every time somebody died, they were just thrown overboard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le wasn’t born yet. Her mom was divorced and had two young daughters at the time, but only one of them got on the boat with her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The older one was kicking and screaming and it was a risky thing because you know, she’s sneaking off into a boat,” Le says. Her mom was forced to leave her daughter behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like these trickled out during Le’s childhood in San José. It was always hush-hush. So Le doesn’t remember that much. What she remembers about her parents is how angry they were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11616324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/TheVietnamWar_web-banners-1180x177-e1505162432907.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le remembers one day when she was 6. She was in first grade and she forgot her backpack at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And no one could understand why I was so worried about that. But when I got home, my mom found out and she just lost her mind,” Le says. “We had this plastic Fisher-Price table. She kicked that thing across the room and hit the wall so hard it terrified me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le says it was like this all the time. She forgot her books when they went to the library, and her mom started screaming. When her sister messed up a sauce for dinner, her dad threw a dish at the wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes I just didn’t even know what I was dealing with,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She came to dread every day. And it also took her hours to fall asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having that kind of anxiety about what mistakes I might make the next day, it would keep me up at night,” she says. “I think that’s where my anxieties over making mistakes started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid, Le figured, her family was just like all the other Vietnamese families in the community. She assumed everybody’s parents wanted their kids to be serious about school and remember their backpacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The belief is a cultural piece. But the reaction is influenced by trauma,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibhs.org/board-member/clayton-chau-md-phd\">Dr. Clayton Chau\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at St. Joseph Hoag Health in Irvine. “So parents without trauma would sit the child down and say, ‘Hey, what happened? How can we ensure that you have your backpack, and the importance of having your backpack?’ Versus, if she was traumatized then immediately she would just explode, with no control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chau says he sees this with a lot of Vietnamese families who suffered terrible losses during or after the war. If parents don’t resolve the trauma they experienced, their kids can inherit it. It’s partly \u003ca href=\"https://doctorsonly.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/08_Epigenetic-Transmission.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic (PDF)\u003c/a> — trauma can\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26410355\"> alter genes\u003c/a>, which get passed down to the next generation. And it’s partly behavior, usually unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Children who grow up in that environment develop a lot of anxiety and are very unsure of themselves,” Chau says. “Because if parents who are supposed to love you react that way, how can you have any prediction for strangers?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”uWTGmG8Mm9ZgNxCUmf2o3ErI3cC1sQTy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon is called the \u003ca href=\"https://traumaandhealing.stanford.edu/readinglist\">intergenerational transfer of trauma \u003c/a>and was first recognized in the 1960s in the children of Holocaust survivors. It has since been identified in lots of groups, including kids of Cambodian and Vietnamese refugees. But while the Jewish mode of managing trauma is commemoration and remembering, in some Buddhist cultures people cope by letting go of things that can’t be changed or focusing on the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For My-Linh Le’s family, the kids were the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was in high school, my parents decided for me that I was going to be a pharmacist,” Le remembers. “I was given no say in this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Le got older, her parents became more controlling. Because they had lost so much, they were obsessed with her safety. Le says they would listen in on all her phone conversations, and wouldn’t let her walk anywhere. She never learned how to ride the bus, because her parents insisted on hiring drivers to take her to school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even my friends and my friends’ parents felt bad for me,” she says. “They would actually lie to my parents for me sometimes so that I could go to the movies or something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le got really good at suppressing her own anger and frustration, so she wouldn’t set her parents off. But now, as an adult, she’s started to notice little ways that this family habit is catching up with her. She was on the phone with her boyfriend recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And he didn’t do something that I thought he should have done by a certain time,” she says. “And this \u003cem>rage\u003c/em> just suddenly came out of nowhere, just like totally bubbled up within me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wanted to throw the phone across the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was this really depressing moment of realizing that I’m just like my mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”3FBxMkRLD4J2MlqlVZTzvBdbbQ14QjIi”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le recently asked her parents if she could interview them, ask them about the things that happened to them that she had always been told not to talk about. She was surprised when they said yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t about forgiving anybody,” she says. “It wasn’t about me working through any of my own feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it \u003cem>was\u003c/em> a way of figuring out who she was, and where these different parts of herself came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her dad told her about his first wife and their two sons. He was a helicopter pilot in the South Vietnamese air force. Then spent three years in a concentration camp after the war. He later made it to the U.S., but when he sent for his family, their boat sank, and his wife and older son drowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He abruptly stopped talking and then started wailing,” she says. “It was weird for me to be there for him because we just never have had that kind of relationship where we were there for one another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le had never seen her dad like this. She’d never had such a clear picture of how much suffering her family has had to bear. Similarly, with her mom, she’d never heard directly from her what it felt like to leave her daughter behind in Vietnam. Talking to them about it as an adult gave her insight into the burdens she’s been carrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever karma that was controlling that aspect of her life, never got resolved with her life, by her,” Le says. “So it just got passed on to me, and I have had to work through it all. For both of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ll find all of KQED’s stories about the many ways the Vietnam war affected people in the Bay Area and throughout California at \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">www.kqed.org/vietnamwar\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stories like these trickled out during Le’s childhood in San José. It was always hush-hush. So Le doesn’t remember that much. What she remembers about her parents is how angry they were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11616324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/TheVietnamWar_web-banners-1180x177-e1505162432907.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le remembers one day when she was 6. She was in first grade and she forgot her backpack at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And no one could understand why I was so worried about that. But when I got home, my mom found out and she just lost her mind,” Le says. “We had this plastic Fisher-Price table. She kicked that thing across the room and hit the wall so hard it terrified me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le says it was like this all the time. She forgot her books when they went to the library, and her mom started screaming. When her sister messed up a sauce for dinner, her dad threw a dish at the wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes I just didn’t even know what I was dealing with,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She came to dread every day. And it also took her hours to fall asleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having that kind of anxiety about what mistakes I might make the next day, it would keep me up at night,” she says. “I think that’s where my anxieties over making mistakes started.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a kid, Le figured, her family was just like all the other Vietnamese families in the community. She assumed everybody’s parents wanted their kids to be serious about school and remember their backpacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The belief is a cultural piece. But the reaction is influenced by trauma,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.cibhs.org/board-member/clayton-chau-md-phd\">Dr. Clayton Chau\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist at St. Joseph Hoag Health in Irvine. “So parents without trauma would sit the child down and say, ‘Hey, what happened? How can we ensure that you have your backpack, and the importance of having your backpack?’ Versus, if she was traumatized then immediately she would just explode, with no control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chau says he sees this with a lot of Vietnamese families who suffered terrible losses during or after the war. If parents don’t resolve the trauma they experienced, their kids can inherit it. It’s partly \u003ca href=\"https://doctorsonly.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/08_Epigenetic-Transmission.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">genetic (PDF)\u003c/a> — trauma can\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26410355\"> alter genes\u003c/a>, which get passed down to the next generation. And it’s partly behavior, usually unconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Children who grow up in that environment develop a lot of anxiety and are very unsure of themselves,” Chau says. “Because if parents who are supposed to love you react that way, how can you have any prediction for strangers?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phenomenon is called the \u003ca href=\"https://traumaandhealing.stanford.edu/readinglist\">intergenerational transfer of trauma \u003c/a>and was first recognized in the 1960s in the children of Holocaust survivors. It has since been identified in lots of groups, including kids of Cambodian and Vietnamese refugees. But while the Jewish mode of managing trauma is commemoration and remembering, in some Buddhist cultures people cope by letting go of things that can’t be changed or focusing on the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For My-Linh Le’s family, the kids were the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I was in high school, my parents decided for me that I was going to be a pharmacist,” Le remembers. “I was given no say in this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Le got older, her parents became more controlling. Because they had lost so much, they were obsessed with her safety. Le says they would listen in on all her phone conversations, and wouldn’t let her walk anywhere. She never learned how to ride the bus, because her parents insisted on hiring drivers to take her to school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even my friends and my friends’ parents felt bad for me,” she says. “They would actually lie to my parents for me sometimes so that I could go to the movies or something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le got really good at suppressing her own anger and frustration, so she wouldn’t set her parents off. But now, as an adult, she’s started to notice little ways that this family habit is catching up with her. She was on the phone with her boyfriend recently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And he didn’t do something that I thought he should have done by a certain time,” she says. “And this \u003cem>rage\u003c/em> just suddenly came out of nowhere, just like totally bubbled up within me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wanted to throw the phone across the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was this really depressing moment of realizing that I’m just like my mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le recently asked her parents if she could interview them, ask them about the things that happened to them that she had always been told not to talk about. She was surprised when they said yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wasn’t about forgiving anybody,” she says. “It wasn’t about me working through any of my own feelings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it \u003cem>was\u003c/em> a way of figuring out who she was, and where these different parts of herself came from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her dad told her about his first wife and their two sons. He was a helicopter pilot in the South Vietnamese air force. Then spent three years in a concentration camp after the war. He later made it to the U.S., but when he sent for his family, their boat sank, and his wife and older son drowned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He abruptly stopped talking and then started wailing,” she says. “It was weird for me to be there for him because we just never have had that kind of relationship where we were there for one another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Le had never seen her dad like this. She’d never had such a clear picture of how much suffering her family has had to bear. Similarly, with her mom, she’d never heard directly from her what it felt like to leave her daughter behind in Vietnam. Talking to them about it as an adult gave her insight into the burdens she’s been carrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever karma that was controlling that aspect of her life, never got resolved with her life, by her,” Le says. “So it just got passed on to me, and I have had to work through it all. For both of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ll find all of KQED’s stories about the many ways the Vietnam war affected people in the Bay Area and throughout California at \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">www.kqed.org/vietnamwar\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Years After Tragedy, Fresno's Hmong Seek Cultural Understanding for Next Generation",
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"content": "\u003cp>At 15, Sarah Vang is a confident leader. With her big, persistent smile, she runs her high school Hmong Club meeting with ease, spreading enthusiasm even to the most reluctant participants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She founded the club last year as a sophomore. And as president, she takes it upon herself to look out for new Hmong students.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of Hmong freshman,” she says, “and I just want to tell them, 'Join the Hmong Club! I’m so happy you’re Hmong!' I feel like I’m the mother of all Hmong people. I love my community so much.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that love came only after years of wrestling with her identity. Sarah didn’t speak much Hmong growing up, and she didn’t really talk with her parents about their life in Laos or why they came to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2017/10/tcrmag20171006Hmong.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-1180x885.jpg\" Title=\"Years After Tragedy, Fresno's Hmong Seek Cultural Understanding for Next Generation\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In elementary school, kids tormented her with racist taunts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made me want to diminish all Asian or Hmong aspects of me,” she says. “I did not want to associate with any Hmong people. I really hated Hmong people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She felt that way for years. Then eventually, as a teen, she started wanting to know more about her culture. Around the same time, her high school introduced its first Hmong language and history class, and Sarah enrolled. Now every high school in the Fresno Unified School District offers these classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day her teacher showed the class a documentary about the Hmong in Fresno. It included a tragic episode in the community's history -- the suicides of eight teenagers between 1998 and 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These kids didn't have an identity. They don't know who they are, where they came from, why their parents were involved in the war.'\u003ccite>Peter Vang, Hmong survivor of the Vietnam War\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Once I saw my brother’s face, I started crying,” Sarah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarah’s brother was one of those teenagers. He died before she was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My teacher didn’t know that that was my brother, or that the person they were interviewing was my dad,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her brother’s death, Sarah’s dad, Peter Vang, talked to the families and friends of the other teens who had killed themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot save my son anymore because he’s gone,” Vang says, “but I want to make sure other parents save their kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vang learned the kids all had distinct troubles, but he found a common theme: “These kids didn’t have an identity,” he says. “They don’t know who they are, where they came from, why their parents were involved in the war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11620673\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Teacher Thae Xiong reads students a book in Hmong.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teacher Thae Xiong reads students a book in Hmong. \u003ccite>(Vanessa Rancano/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vang says that for kids to have a better sense of their identity, they need to learn about that war -- the so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/opinion/heirs-of-the-secret-war-in-laos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret war\u003c/a> in which the CIA recruited Hmong fighters to help stop the spread of communism in Laos during the Vietnam War. At least 30,000 Hmong died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the war, many Hmong ended up in the Central Valley, home to the second-largest Hmong community in the United States. Vang says that when his son was in school, this story wasn’t told.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing in history books,” he says. \"So schools, when they talked about Vietnam War, the Hmong did not exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Vang and others in the community successfully advocated for California legislation that encouraged schools to teach students about the role of the Hmong in the Vietnam War. And they began pushing for Hmong language and history classes at Fresno schools, like the one Vang’s daughter, Sarah, took for the first time last year. In that class, the secret war got a lot of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first we were like, 'Why are we learning about this?' We didn’t understand,” Sarah says. “But once we got into depth about it, we realized Hmong people went through a lot of hardships trying to get here. That’s when I started to ask my dad, ‘So tell me a little about the war.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"G1xagEdRDJkUC617msXn4Mg8RjTmi9W1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vang grew up in the war. As a 4-year-old, he remembers the screeching sound of rockets flying through the air, the sight of body parts strewn across the ground, and the stacks of body bags. At one point, his house was destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought my parents were dead,” he says. “I realized they were still alive after all the smoke cleared.” Vang’s father fought with the CIA and was injured more than once. He lost multiple fingers to a grenade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing these stories had a big impact on Sarah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really hit home. It made me appreciate everything the elders did,” she says. “Because of them we are here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a decade, the work of Peter Vang and other community members is paying off: This year Sarah’s school offered a more advanced Hmong class for the first time, and last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnostate.edu/catalog/subjects/linguistics/hmong-mn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fresno State University introduced a minor in Hmong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno Unified has something else in the works, too. It’s testing out a dual immersion class for kindergartners so that kids like 6-year-old Logan can learn Hmong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know how to read English,” he says, while looking through a children’s book written in Hmong. “I don’t know how to read Hmong. It’s hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11618123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11618123 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Doua Vu works with students Isaac and Cassidy in Fresno Unified School District's Hmong-English dual-immersion pilot class. \u003ccite>(Vanessa Rancano/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Misty Her oversees the new dual-language program. She says the biggest challenge is developing the curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really nothing, nothing out there for us,\" she says in terms of models. \"But what’s exciting is we get to build it from the ground up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her says there are very few Hmong dual-immersion programs, and there aren't a lot of Hmong written texts out there to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our written language only happened about the last 60, 70 years,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids are just a couple of weeks into the after-school class, but Fresno Unified is already planning to offer regular Hmong dual immersion at elementary schools as early as next year. It will be the first in Fresno, and one of\u003ca href=\"http://www.scusd.edu/program/susan-b-anthony-hmong-dual-language-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> just a couple in California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hmong who fled their homeland since the Vietnam War hope this generation -- and those to come -- will walk through the world with confidence. They hope that by knowing their language, their history and exactly where they came from, younger Hmong can decide who they want to be.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It made me want to diminish all Asian or Hmong aspects of me,” she says. “I did not want to associate with any Hmong people. I really hated Hmong people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She felt that way for years. Then eventually, as a teen, she started wanting to know more about her culture. Around the same time, her high school introduced its first Hmong language and history class, and Sarah enrolled. Now every high school in the Fresno Unified School District offers these classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One day her teacher showed the class a documentary about the Hmong in Fresno. It included a tragic episode in the community's history -- the suicides of eight teenagers between 1998 and 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'These kids didn't have an identity. They don't know who they are, where they came from, why their parents were involved in the war.'\u003ccite>Peter Vang, Hmong survivor of the Vietnam War\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“Once I saw my brother’s face, I started crying,” Sarah says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sarah’s brother was one of those teenagers. He died before she was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My teacher didn’t know that that was my brother, or that the person they were interviewing was my dad,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After her brother’s death, Sarah’s dad, Peter Vang, talked to the families and friends of the other teens who had killed themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot save my son anymore because he’s gone,” Vang says, “but I want to make sure other parents save their kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vang learned the kids all had distinct troubles, but he found a common theme: “These kids didn’t have an identity,” he says. “They don’t know who they are, where they came from, why their parents were involved in the war.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620673\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11620673\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Teacher Thae Xiong reads students a book in Hmong.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/RS27162_RS26637_IMG_42671-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teacher Thae Xiong reads students a book in Hmong. \u003ccite>(Vanessa Rancano/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vang says that for kids to have a better sense of their identity, they need to learn about that war -- the so-called \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/28/opinion/heirs-of-the-secret-war-in-laos.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">secret war\u003c/a> in which the CIA recruited Hmong fighters to help stop the spread of communism in Laos during the Vietnam War. At least 30,000 Hmong died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the war, many Hmong ended up in the Central Valley, home to the second-largest Hmong community in the United States. Vang says that when his son was in school, this story wasn’t told.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s nothing in history books,” he says. \"So schools, when they talked about Vietnam War, the Hmong did not exist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Vang and others in the community successfully advocated for California legislation that encouraged schools to teach students about the role of the Hmong in the Vietnam War. And they began pushing for Hmong language and history classes at Fresno schools, like the one Vang’s daughter, Sarah, took for the first time last year. In that class, the secret war got a lot of attention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At first we were like, 'Why are we learning about this?' We didn’t understand,” Sarah says. “But once we got into depth about it, we realized Hmong people went through a lot of hardships trying to get here. That’s when I started to ask my dad, ‘So tell me a little about the war.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vang grew up in the war. As a 4-year-old, he remembers the screeching sound of rockets flying through the air, the sight of body parts strewn across the ground, and the stacks of body bags. At one point, his house was destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought my parents were dead,” he says. “I realized they were still alive after all the smoke cleared.” Vang’s father fought with the CIA and was injured more than once. He lost multiple fingers to a grenade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing these stories had a big impact on Sarah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really hit home. It made me appreciate everything the elders did,” she says. “Because of them we are here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a decade, the work of Peter Vang and other community members is paying off: This year Sarah’s school offered a more advanced Hmong class for the first time, and last year \u003ca href=\"https://www.fresnostate.edu/catalog/subjects/linguistics/hmong-mn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fresno State University introduced a minor in Hmong\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno Unified has something else in the works, too. It’s testing out a dual immersion class for kindergartners so that kids like 6-year-old Logan can learn Hmong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know how to read English,” he says, while looking through a children’s book written in Hmong. “I don’t know how to read Hmong. It’s hard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11618123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11618123 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Hmong-dual-immersion-3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Doua Vu works with students Isaac and Cassidy in Fresno Unified School District's Hmong-English dual-immersion pilot class. \u003ccite>(Vanessa Rancano/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Misty Her oversees the new dual-language program. She says the biggest challenge is developing the curriculum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really nothing, nothing out there for us,\" she says in terms of models. \"But what’s exciting is we get to build it from the ground up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her says there are very few Hmong dual-immersion programs, and there aren't a lot of Hmong written texts out there to work with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our written language only happened about the last 60, 70 years,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The kids are just a couple of weeks into the after-school class, but Fresno Unified is already planning to offer regular Hmong dual immersion at elementary schools as early as next year. It will be the first in Fresno, and one of\u003ca href=\"http://www.scusd.edu/program/susan-b-anthony-hmong-dual-language-program\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> just a couple in California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hmong who fled their homeland since the Vietnam War hope this generation -- and those to come -- will walk through the world with confidence. They hope that by knowing their language, their history and exactly where they came from, younger Hmong can decide who they want to be.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Fake News Used In Vietnam War, Too, Says Man Who Refused Draft",
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"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" Recently, KQED asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story comes from San Mateo resident David Meisenheimer, who gave up his student deferment from the draft because he felt it was too privileged. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mid-'60s, while I was a high school student, I was in support of U.S. involvement in Vietnam. In the Bay Area, there was an increasing amount of voices opposing the war. I explored information available in our high school library that convinced me our politicians were not providing the complete story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We really were not getting accurate information. That really shaped everything that happened to me for the rest of my life. It definitely made me think, and I wasn't gonna naturally accept what my government said to me ever again from that time forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it came time to register to vote, I chose \"declines to state.\" I had (have) no faith in our political \"leaders\" to tell the truth about anything. I did not consider the politicians to be leaders. I felt they were more interested in their own position than they were their constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/09/MeisenheimerProfile.mp3\" title=\"This Vietnam Objector Says The Government Was Spreading Fake News Back Then—And He Never Trusted What They Said Again\" Program=\"KQED News\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26575_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut.jpg\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March of 1968, I turned 18 and registered for the draft. That fall, I started college and received a student deferment. Before the end of that year, I had dropped out of school and lost my student deferment. I went back to school for the 1969 spring semester. I wanted my student deferment back, and I went to Berkeley seeking assistance from the draft resistance. Their solution was for me to immediately leave the country, and they told me they had resources that would help me do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, I returned to the library. I went through a copy of the Selective Service Act and located a paragraph that outlined a process for having a student deferment reinstated. I followed that process and my student deferment was reinstated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, I became aware that a disproportionate number of draftees were people of color because college was not an option for so many young men of color as it was to white males. I felt like it wasn't right for me, as a white male, to have a student deferment. So, I gave up my student deferment and decided to apply for conscientious objector status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11617890\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11617890 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Meisenheimer flips through the numerous draft cards he received while pursuing his conscientious objector status. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By late spring of 1969, my draft board had sent me notice to report for my physical. I had not had a ruling on my CO status, but I knew what I would do at my physical. By this time, I had read about others who refused to accept the military oath after passing their physicals. I knew what to expect and I was prepared to deal with those consequences whatever they might have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was now June and time for school finals. I had an English professor who helped with a letter submitted to my draft board that said my physical was scheduled for the same day as my final, and that was the only day I would be able to take the final. The board excused me from my physical appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board had also denied my initial request for CO status and I began the appeal process. I did receive two more notices to report for physicals over the next several months, but because I was still in the appeal process I did not have to report. I appeared before my draft board as part of the appeal process and it did last for many months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, I was awarded CO status. The only draft card I ever signed was the one I received with my CO status. No doubt I received CO status more because of the military's need to process young men who were not resisting than I did for my moral convictions. Regardless, I felt a sense of accomplishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really felt like the people who refused induction -- those people were the heroes for me. I know that even to this day they're not viewed that way. They were sometimes viewed as having taken the easy way out. Sometimes they were viewed as cowards, but I feel like those people -- they were really heroes. They really did love their country and they did exactly what was right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619991\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Meisenheimer holds up one of the many draft cards he received while pursuing his conscientious objector status. He never signed any of them, except the card that granted him his CO status. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I know initially my opposition to Vietnam caused strain in my relationship with my dad. He was a World War II veteran and he did support the war effort early on, as did I. He was really impacted by the Second World War and, like almost everybody, he believed that the United States had to stand up to what was going on in Vietnam. But with time and numerous conversations, as well as so many stories unfolding in the press, my dad changed his feelings about the war and was strongly opposed to our involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor's note: When KQED asked Meisenheimer about his strained relationship with his dad, he said it wasn't any different from a disagreement any 18-year-old would have with his father.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It strikes me that at this point -- 50 years later -- there's still all this strong emotion about, \"Yes, we should have been there,\" or \"No, we shouldn't have been there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't feel that has changed and much of what I see happening in our country today reminds me of the turbulent '60s. There's this sense that you've got these opposing sides and people aren't listening to one another. They're not trying to be thoughtful about what's going on. They're just reacting and there are all of these really strong feelings that people are so willing to shoot at other people, and nobody's hearing what anybody else has to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meisenheimer's essay has been edited for clarity, and material from his interview with KQED has been added to provide greater detail.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Sonja Hutson and Bert Johnson produced this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "This Vietnam Objector Says The Government Was Spreading Fake News Back Then—And He Never Trusted What They Said Again",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March of 1968, I turned 18 and registered for the draft. That fall, I started college and received a student deferment. Before the end of that year, I had dropped out of school and lost my student deferment. I went back to school for the 1969 spring semester. I wanted my student deferment back, and I went to Berkeley seeking assistance from the draft resistance. Their solution was for me to immediately leave the country, and they told me they had resources that would help me do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, I returned to the library. I went through a copy of the Selective Service Act and located a paragraph that outlined a process for having a student deferment reinstated. I followed that process and my student deferment was reinstated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, I became aware that a disproportionate number of draftees were people of color because college was not an option for so many young men of color as it was to white males. I felt like it wasn't right for me, as a white male, to have a student deferment. So, I gave up my student deferment and decided to apply for conscientious objector status.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11617890\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11617890 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26574_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-2-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Meisenheimer flips through the numerous draft cards he received while pursuing his conscientious objector status. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By late spring of 1969, my draft board had sent me notice to report for my physical. I had not had a ruling on my CO status, but I knew what I would do at my physical. By this time, I had read about others who refused to accept the military oath after passing their physicals. I knew what to expect and I was prepared to deal with those consequences whatever they might have been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was now June and time for school finals. I had an English professor who helped with a letter submitted to my draft board that said my physical was scheduled for the same day as my final, and that was the only day I would be able to take the final. The board excused me from my physical appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board had also denied my initial request for CO status and I began the appeal process. I did receive two more notices to report for physicals over the next several months, but because I was still in the appeal process I did not have to report. I appeared before my draft board as part of the appeal process and it did last for many months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, I was awarded CO status. The only draft card I ever signed was the one I received with my CO status. No doubt I received CO status more because of the military's need to process young men who were not resisting than I did for my moral convictions. Regardless, I felt a sense of accomplishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I really felt like the people who refused induction -- those people were the heroes for me. I know that even to this day they're not viewed that way. They were sometimes viewed as having taken the easy way out. Sometimes they were viewed as cowards, but I feel like those people -- they were really heroes. They really did love their country and they did exactly what was right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619991\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619991\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26577_20170912_VietnamStories_DavidMeisenheimer_Credit_BertJohnson-5-qut-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Meisenheimer holds up one of the many draft cards he received while pursuing his conscientious objector status. He never signed any of them, except the card that granted him his CO status. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I know initially my opposition to Vietnam caused strain in my relationship with my dad. He was a World War II veteran and he did support the war effort early on, as did I. He was really impacted by the Second World War and, like almost everybody, he believed that the United States had to stand up to what was going on in Vietnam. But with time and numerous conversations, as well as so many stories unfolding in the press, my dad changed his feelings about the war and was strongly opposed to our involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>(Editor's note: When KQED asked Meisenheimer about his strained relationship with his dad, he said it wasn't any different from a disagreement any 18-year-old would have with his father.)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It strikes me that at this point -- 50 years later -- there's still all this strong emotion about, \"Yes, we should have been there,\" or \"No, we shouldn't have been there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't feel that has changed and much of what I see happening in our country today reminds me of the turbulent '60s. There's this sense that you've got these opposing sides and people aren't listening to one another. They're not trying to be thoughtful about what's going on. They're just reacting and there are all of these really strong feelings that people are so willing to shoot at other people, and nobody's hearing what anybody else has to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Meisenheimer's essay has been edited for clarity, and material from his interview with KQED has been added to provide greater detail.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Sonja Hutson and Bert Johnson produced this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Vietnam Vet Who Returned (as Santa Claus)",
"title": "The Vietnam Vet Who Returned (as Santa Claus)",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" KQED recently asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story is about San Francisco resident John Dubpernell, 67, who served in the U.S. Army during the war.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anniversaries can be important for veterans. “For me, it’s March 5,” said veteran John Dubpernell. On that date in 1971, he was a door gunner serving in Vietnam with the 282nd Assault Helicopter Company, which was providing air support for the South Vietnamese army during an operation called Lam Son 719. “Vietnam’s version of D-Day” is what he calls it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military deployed many helicopters during the massive campaign, including Dubpernell’s Huey. One day, while his aircraft was returning from a dangerous mission, a mayday call came over the radio. Dubpernell, who was sitting in the left doorway, looked out over the far side of the gunship and said he saw another helicopter going down in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now on high alert, his helicopter began taking fire. “I don’t know whether I hear or feel the aircraft taking hits,” he recalled. “So I immediately started firing below.” After they got clear of the area, Dubpernell said he noticed that his seat, which had been modified to include an armor plate by a previous crew member, had stopped an AK-47 bullet. “That saved my life,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619601\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1020x670.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1020x670.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-800x525.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1920x1260.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1180x775.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-960x630.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-240x158.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-375x246.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bullet holes in John Dubpernell's helicopter after a firefight on March 5, 1971 \u003ccite>(Courtesy John Dubpernell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lam Son 719 was one of the bloodiest battles in the war, and Army helicopter crews \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/uncovering-the-story-of-one-of-the-vietnam-wars-bloodiest-battles-2015-1\">suffered heavy losses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dubpernell avoided the anniversary of the day when he was nearly killed. “When I came home in December of 1971, I put a weld around the door that was that part of my life,” he told KQED. It was only much later, in the late '90s, that he would revisit his time in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell had been drafted into the Army in June 1970 and served on UH-1 Huey gunships, which he calls “the Jeep of the sky.” He was stationed in Da Nang, a city on Vietnam's central coast, and quickly rose through the enlisted ranks to become a crew chief -- a job that made him responsible for the whole helicopter, including its maintenance, fueling and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, Dubpernell still holds the fellowship of being on a combat flight crew in high esteem. “There's that unspoken aspect of camaraderie,” he said. “In civilian life, you'll never experience it.” But his combat experience left him traumatized and disenchanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urge to put Vietnam behind him began soon after Dubpernell returned home. Revelations about the government’s dishonest handling of the war only deepened his desire to forget his experiences, he said. “I read Daniel Ellsberg's 'Pentagon Papers' and that's when it really cemented my feelings about Vietnam -- really putting a weld around the door and wanting to forget the whole thing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'I just had this compelling desire to go back to Vietnam. And in my heart, I wanted to correct all of the wrongs that were done.'\u003ccite>John Dubpernell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When he was 41, Dubpernell got laid off from his job as a production coordinator for a San Francisco-based printer and began searching for meaning in life. He ended up reading \"When Heaven and Earth Changed Places,\" a memoir by Vietnamese-American author Le Ly Hayslip about her experience of the war as a child. In it, he learned that Hayslip had founded a nonprofit called East Meets West, which provides support for a government-run orphanage in Da Nang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell decided to visit the orphanage, called Village of Hope, in December 1998. “I just had this compelling desire to go back to Vietnam. And in my heart, I wanted to correct all of the wrongs that were done,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dubpernell was visiting the East Meets West offices in Da Nang, the staff told him they were planning to celebrate Christmas with the kids in the orphanage and invited him along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're even going to have a Santa Claus,” he remembers them saying. Back at his hotel, Dubpernell thought about the celebration and came to a decision: “I'm saying to myself: I want to be that Santa Claus. I've got the moustache.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dubpernell shows photos from his visits to Village of Hope, an orphanage in Da Nang, Vietnam. He has gone back three times to play Santa Claus and distribute gifts to the children who live there. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The staff agreed and Dubpernell, dressed as St. Nicholas, shared dinner and gifts with the children at Village of Hope. The experience was so gratifying that he went back. “I have done three trips, each time going back in December and playing Santa Claus in Da Nang,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following that first visit, Dubpernell started experiencing severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the decades following his deployment, he'd struggled with anger issues, but his return to Da Nang set off a new series of reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a basket case in terms of crying,” he told KQED. “I was drinking heavily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some friends, fellow combat veterans, grew concerned when they recognized his symptoms and urged him to seek help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell followed their advice and enrolled in a mental health program at the VA’s San Francisco medical center in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once he was diagnosed with PTSD, Dubpernell committed himself to treatment and still attends group therapy three times a week. “All those years I invested in my PTSD therapies, it pays off,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619611\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-1020x662.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-1020x662.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-800x519.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-1180x766.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-960x623.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-375x243.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-520x338.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit.jpg 1819w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dubpernell photographed early in his deployment to Vietnam. \u003ccite>(Courtesy John Dubpernell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trauma Dubpernell experienced has affected his life in other ways, too. “Like other people dealing with PTSD, relationships are a real challenge,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell, who came out as gay shortly after he left the military, described a fraught romantic life. “I think the longest relationship I ever had was two months, so it was very difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his deployment, he remembers he had to be on guard for fear of revealing his identity as a gay man. But in the years since, Dubpernell said that other Vietnam veterans have been accepting of his sexual orientation. “It was a non-issue, as long as you did your job,” he said. “And I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although his return trips offered Dubpernell a chance to make amends and connect with a new generation of Vietnamese children, they were bittersweet. During his visits to Da Nang, Dubpernell said, he repressed the feelings that came back to him until he got home, just like he had during the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Vietnam, you had a job to do and you couldn't allow your emotions to get in the way,” he said. “When I was doing my Santa thing I couldn't allow my emotions to get in the way, because I had a job to do: playing Santa Claus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" KQED recently asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story is about San Francisco resident John Dubpernell, 67, who served in the U.S. Army during the war.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anniversaries can be important for veterans. “For me, it’s March 5,” said veteran John Dubpernell. On that date in 1971, he was a door gunner serving in Vietnam with the 282nd Assault Helicopter Company, which was providing air support for the South Vietnamese army during an operation called Lam Son 719. “Vietnam’s version of D-Day” is what he calls it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military deployed many helicopters during the massive campaign, including Dubpernell’s Huey. One day, while his aircraft was returning from a dangerous mission, a mayday call came over the radio. Dubpernell, who was sitting in the left doorway, looked out over the far side of the gunship and said he saw another helicopter going down in flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now on high alert, his helicopter began taking fire. “I don’t know whether I hear or feel the aircraft taking hits,” he recalled. “So I immediately started firing below.” After they got clear of the area, Dubpernell said he noticed that his seat, which had been modified to include an armor plate by a previous crew member, had stopped an AK-47 bullet. “That saved my life,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619601\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619601\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1020x670.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1020x670.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-800x525.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1920x1260.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-1180x775.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-960x630.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-240x158.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-375x246.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/00186_p_11afcgqrw30067_z-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bullet holes in John Dubpernell's helicopter after a firefight on March 5, 1971 \u003ccite>(Courtesy John Dubpernell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lam Son 719 was one of the bloodiest battles in the war, and Army helicopter crews \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/uncovering-the-story-of-one-of-the-vietnam-wars-bloodiest-battles-2015-1\">suffered heavy losses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For decades, Dubpernell avoided the anniversary of the day when he was nearly killed. “When I came home in December of 1971, I put a weld around the door that was that part of my life,” he told KQED. It was only much later, in the late '90s, that he would revisit his time in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell had been drafted into the Army in June 1970 and served on UH-1 Huey gunships, which he calls “the Jeep of the sky.” He was stationed in Da Nang, a city on Vietnam's central coast, and quickly rose through the enlisted ranks to become a crew chief -- a job that made him responsible for the whole helicopter, including its maintenance, fueling and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, Dubpernell still holds the fellowship of being on a combat flight crew in high esteem. “There's that unspoken aspect of camaraderie,” he said. “In civilian life, you'll never experience it.” But his combat experience left him traumatized and disenchanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The urge to put Vietnam behind him began soon after Dubpernell returned home. Revelations about the government’s dishonest handling of the war only deepened his desire to forget his experiences, he said. “I read Daniel Ellsberg's 'Pentagon Papers' and that's when it really cemented my feelings about Vietnam -- really putting a weld around the door and wanting to forget the whole thing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'I just had this compelling desire to go back to Vietnam. And in my heart, I wanted to correct all of the wrongs that were done.'\u003ccite>John Dubpernell\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>When he was 41, Dubpernell got laid off from his job as a production coordinator for a San Francisco-based printer and began searching for meaning in life. He ended up reading \"When Heaven and Earth Changed Places,\" a memoir by Vietnamese-American author Le Ly Hayslip about her experience of the war as a child. In it, he learned that Hayslip had founded a nonprofit called East Meets West, which provides support for a government-run orphanage in Da Nang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell decided to visit the orphanage, called Village of Hope, in December 1998. “I just had this compelling desire to go back to Vietnam. And in my heart, I wanted to correct all of the wrongs that were done,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Dubpernell was visiting the East Meets West offices in Da Nang, the staff told him they were planning to celebrate Christmas with the kids in the orphanage and invited him along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We're even going to have a Santa Claus,” he remembers them saying. Back at his hotel, Dubpernell thought about the celebration and came to a decision: “I'm saying to myself: I want to be that Santa Claus. I've got the moustache.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619603\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619603\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/RS26580_20170912_VietnamStories_JohnDubpernell_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dubpernell shows photos from his visits to Village of Hope, an orphanage in Da Nang, Vietnam. He has gone back three times to play Santa Claus and distribute gifts to the children who live there. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The staff agreed and Dubpernell, dressed as St. Nicholas, shared dinner and gifts with the children at Village of Hope. The experience was so gratifying that he went back. “I have done three trips, each time going back in December and playing Santa Claus in Da Nang,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following that first visit, Dubpernell started experiencing severe symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the decades following his deployment, he'd struggled with anger issues, but his return to Da Nang set off a new series of reactions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was a basket case in terms of crying,” he told KQED. “I was drinking heavily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some friends, fellow combat veterans, grew concerned when they recognized his symptoms and urged him to seek help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell followed their advice and enrolled in a mental health program at the VA’s San Francisco medical center in 1999.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once he was diagnosed with PTSD, Dubpernell committed himself to treatment and still attends group therapy three times a week. “All those years I invested in my PTSD therapies, it pays off,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11619611\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11619611\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-1020x662.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-1020x662.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-160x104.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-800x519.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-1180x766.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-960x623.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-240x156.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-375x243.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit-520x338.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Dubpernell-edit.jpg 1819w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Dubpernell photographed early in his deployment to Vietnam. \u003ccite>(Courtesy John Dubpernell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The trauma Dubpernell experienced has affected his life in other ways, too. “Like other people dealing with PTSD, relationships are a real challenge,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dubpernell, who came out as gay shortly after he left the military, described a fraught romantic life. “I think the longest relationship I ever had was two months, so it was very difficult.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During his deployment, he remembers he had to be on guard for fear of revealing his identity as a gay man. But in the years since, Dubpernell said that other Vietnam veterans have been accepting of his sexual orientation. “It was a non-issue, as long as you did your job,” he said. “And I did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although his return trips offered Dubpernell a chance to make amends and connect with a new generation of Vietnamese children, they were bittersweet. During his visits to Da Nang, Dubpernell said, he repressed the feelings that came back to him until he got home, just like he had during the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Vietnam, you had a job to do and you couldn't allow your emotions to get in the way,” he said. “When I was doing my Santa thing I couldn't allow my emotions to get in the way, because I had a job to do: playing Santa Claus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Peter Arcuni contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "'More Than Hell': A Military Brat's Vietnam",
"title": "'More Than Hell': A Military Brat's Vietnam",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" KQED recently asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story comes from Sacramento resident Angela Shortt, 59, whose father served in the U.S. Air Force during the war.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an Air Force Base brat whose parents served during the Korean War and whose father served during the Vietnam War, my views of war, life and death were formed by what I experienced as a child. My family, which was my mother, father, sister, brother and I, were stationed at Clark Air Force Base, Luzon, the Philippines, from 1966-1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Vietnam War, I was the oldest daughter of Master Sgt. Richard Shortt, who was a loadmaster flying missions over Vietnam. His job was to load ammunition, food and personnel, and usually they were dropping into active firefights. They had to drop live ammunition, because the guys on the ground didn't have enough time to be opening up boxes and loading things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11618594\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11618594\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt-375x250.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Master Sgt. Richard Shortt receiving a medal for valor. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Angela Shortt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My dad did get shot once as they were dropping the ammunition — a bullet grazed his head. He didn't even feel it. It went right past his temple and caught his hair on fire, but he kept working. The flight engineer -- or navigator -- jumped down with a towel and was patting his hair. My father said he cussed him out: “What are you doing? I got to do my job!” And the flight engineer replied: \"Shortt! Your hair is on fire!\" My dad didn't tell us he was injured. We didn't know something had happened to him until he got a Bronze Medal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a loadmaster on the C-131s, my dad brought food and supplies in, and the wounded and dead out. We saw the latter whenever we went to pick him up from the flight line, which was located very close to the Military Airlift Command (MAC) headquarters. I will never forget that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wounded were always placed in cots inside the big, dark-blue buses with the large red and white crosses painted on top. They had to keep putting them into cots that were stacked up -- it looked like all the way to the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would look over there and I used to think, \"They look like they're dead,” because they never moved. My siblings and I never saw the soldiers twitch, move or give any other indication that they were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2017/09/2017-09-22c-tcrmag.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26907_20170912_VietnamStories_AngelaShortt_Credit_BertJohnson-1-2-qut.jpg\" Title=\"'More Than Hell': A Military Brat's Vietnam\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to pray that all of them would live, because we also saw the crew members tossing out what looked like large black garbage bags from the back of the C-131s and the C-141s, and my sister and I came to the nearly simultaneous conclusion that the bags contained dead bodies. We used to involuntarily shiver as we watched the airmen do their jobs, despite the stifling humidity of a typical day in the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t dare ask our mother about what was going on because she always seemed so tense when we were parked outside of dad's squadron HQ. I was 8 years old when I saw the crew tossing the body bags off the back of the planes. For me, there was this revelation that war is more than hell, because it doesn't stop when the people die. There's people who are left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I was 8 years old when I saw the crew tossing the body bags off the back of the planes.'\u003ccite>Angela Shortt\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that wasn't the worst. The worst was going to the hospital because we went to the same hospital as the guys who were injured. They all had that eerie deadman's stare that sent an involuntary shudder through my entire body whenever I saw them sitting in the wheelchairs that lined the hospital's hallways. They never blinked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of them were missing body parts. They had tubes going up their arms and bandages all over. I don't know why they would have these guys out in the hallways in wheelchairs, but they would. Maybe the rooms were too crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't even remember talking about this stuff with other kids at all. And maybe things are different now, but back then you tried to live a life that was kind of normal. I used to think about my father not coming back, but I would push it away because if I dwelt on it, it would eat me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11620168 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-375x268.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Angela Shortt's mother, Mary, and father, Richard, at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Angela Shortt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I also learned much from these experiences -- primarily, war is not a game, nor is it as simple as \"killing the bad guys.\" Bullets and bombs aren't movie set pieces. They rend bodies into ghoulish, almost unrecognizable pieces of their former selves, and twist the minds of young men and women in ways that are difficult for people who never served in the armed forces or grew up on military bases to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There was this revelation that war is more than hell, because it doesn't stop when the people die. There's people who are left behind.'\u003ccite>Angela Shortt\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I was shocked to find out that the reason why I saw so many people wounded and in body bags was because our government had to stop Communism. We didn't stop it. So many lives were lost, and for what? It wasn't about Communism versus capitalism, in my opinion. It was about resources. And people died as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, it hurts to lose people, it hurts to be wounded. I've seen that it does things, not just to the body, but to the mind and to the soul. That's why horror movies don't scare me. I've seen real horror and it doesn't compare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Bert Johnson, Bianca Taylor and Peter Arcuni produced this report. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Shortt's essay has been edited for clarity, and material from her interview with KQED has been added to provide greater detail.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" KQED recently asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story comes from Sacramento resident Angela Shortt, 59, whose father served in the U.S. Air Force during the war.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an Air Force Base brat whose parents served during the Korean War and whose father served during the Vietnam War, my views of war, life and death were formed by what I experienced as a child. My family, which was my mother, father, sister, brother and I, were stationed at Clark Air Force Base, Luzon, the Philippines, from 1966-1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Vietnam War, I was the oldest daughter of Master Sgt. Richard Shortt, who was a loadmaster flying missions over Vietnam. His job was to load ammunition, food and personnel, and usually they were dropping into active firefights. They had to drop live ammunition, because the guys on the ground didn't have enough time to be opening up boxes and loading things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11618594\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11618594\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/1461635447747-Angela-Shortt-375x250.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Master Sgt. Richard Shortt receiving a medal for valor. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Angela Shortt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My dad did get shot once as they were dropping the ammunition — a bullet grazed his head. He didn't even feel it. It went right past his temple and caught his hair on fire, but he kept working. The flight engineer -- or navigator -- jumped down with a towel and was patting his hair. My father said he cussed him out: “What are you doing? I got to do my job!” And the flight engineer replied: \"Shortt! Your hair is on fire!\" My dad didn't tell us he was injured. We didn't know something had happened to him until he got a Bronze Medal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a loadmaster on the C-131s, my dad brought food and supplies in, and the wounded and dead out. We saw the latter whenever we went to pick him up from the flight line, which was located very close to the Military Airlift Command (MAC) headquarters. I will never forget that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wounded were always placed in cots inside the big, dark-blue buses with the large red and white crosses painted on top. They had to keep putting them into cots that were stacked up -- it looked like all the way to the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I would look over there and I used to think, \"They look like they're dead,” because they never moved. My siblings and I never saw the soldiers twitch, move or give any other indication that they were still alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used to pray that all of them would live, because we also saw the crew members tossing out what looked like large black garbage bags from the back of the C-131s and the C-141s, and my sister and I came to the nearly simultaneous conclusion that the bags contained dead bodies. We used to involuntarily shiver as we watched the airmen do their jobs, despite the stifling humidity of a typical day in the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn’t dare ask our mother about what was going on because she always seemed so tense when we were parked outside of dad's squadron HQ. I was 8 years old when I saw the crew tossing the body bags off the back of the planes. For me, there was this revelation that war is more than hell, because it doesn't stop when the people die. There's people who are left behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'I was 8 years old when I saw the crew tossing the body bags off the back of the planes.'\u003ccite>Angela Shortt\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Believe it or not, that wasn't the worst. The worst was going to the hospital because we went to the same hospital as the guys who were injured. They all had that eerie deadman's stare that sent an involuntary shudder through my entire body whenever I saw them sitting in the wheelchairs that lined the hospital's hallways. They never blinked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of them were missing body parts. They had tubes going up their arms and bandages all over. I don't know why they would have these guys out in the hallways in wheelchairs, but they would. Maybe the rooms were too crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't even remember talking about this stuff with other kids at all. And maybe things are different now, but back then you tried to live a life that was kind of normal. I used to think about my father not coming back, but I would push it away because if I dwelt on it, it would eat me up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11620168 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-160x115.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-240x172.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-375x268.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/09/Angela-Shortt_1497838614496-qut-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Angela Shortt's mother, Mary, and father, Richard, at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Angela Shortt)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But I also learned much from these experiences -- primarily, war is not a game, nor is it as simple as \"killing the bad guys.\" Bullets and bombs aren't movie set pieces. They rend bodies into ghoulish, almost unrecognizable pieces of their former selves, and twist the minds of young men and women in ways that are difficult for people who never served in the armed forces or grew up on military bases to understand.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'There was this revelation that war is more than hell, because it doesn't stop when the people die. There's people who are left behind.'\u003ccite>Angela Shortt\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I was shocked to find out that the reason why I saw so many people wounded and in body bags was because our government had to stop Communism. We didn't stop it. So many lives were lost, and for what? It wasn't about Communism versus capitalism, in my opinion. It was about resources. And people died as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, it hurts to lose people, it hurts to be wounded. I've seen that it does things, not just to the body, but to the mind and to the soul. That's why horror movies don't scare me. I've seen real horror and it doesn't compare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Bert Johnson, Bianca Taylor and Peter Arcuni produced this report. \u003c/em>\u003cem>Shortt's essay has been edited for clarity, and material from her interview with KQED has been added to provide greater detail.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Junius Wilson likes to dress up when he goes in for his appointments at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.va.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Veterans Affairs\u003c/a> in Martinez. On a recent visit, the 67-year-old wore a black felt fedora and a sport coat. On his lapels, he wore a handful of military medals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All these are medals from Vietnam,\" he said. \"The three stars are for warriors ... this one's national defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson's wife, Shelly Baker, sat beside him. She nudged him to show off one medal, which hung from a violet ribbon: a Purple Heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson got that one because he was shot in the foot diving for cover during battle. He was in the infantry in South Vietnam and saw a lot of combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wilson, 67, isn't here for that. He's come for a monthly consultation with a specialized VA nurse who oversees his hepatitis C treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA has implemented an aggressive effort to screen and treat all veterans under their care for the virus. Hepatitis C experts and advocates have praised the VA for its proactive approach, and say it should be a model for other government health programs, and even private insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While about 1 percent of the U.S. population is infected with hepatitis C, veterans who use the VA have higher rates, 4.8 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Vietnam-era veterans like Wilson have an even higher rate, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682941\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">studies\u003c/a>, VA data and physicians. Not all Vietnam veterans use the VA for health care, but among those who do, 7.5 percent have tested positive for the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear why, but there are several theories. One is simply the demographic overlap between Vietnam veterans and baby boomers. Members of the baby-boom generation have Hepatitis C infection rates five times higher than the average American. Hepatitis C, which is blood-borne, wasn't even identified as a distinct virus until 1989, and the baby boomers grew up in an era when blood wasn’t screened, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(16)30002-0/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">before disposable needles were common in medical settings\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some attribute the higher rate of Hepatitis C in Vietnam veterans to the injections they received before deploying: Troops sent to Vietnam were often vaccinated assembly-line style, with something called a jet injector. Instead of a needle, a jet injector uses high pressure to force a vaccine through the skin. Later, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427278\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research\u003c/a> showed that older versions of the device could \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000744.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transmit\u003c/a> a hepatitis virus from person to person, and it's no longer used in the military. While it is impossible to know if jet injectors spread the hep C virus, the VA has said it is \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/provider/policy/military-blood-exposures.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biologically plausible\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that some veterans of this conflict used intravenous drugs while in Vietnam, or after returning to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hepatitis C is passed through the blood. About 3.5 million Americans have the virus, and it's believed that half of them do not know it. After the discovery of the virus in 1989, screening of the blood supply didn't begin until 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus can lurk silently for years, slowly damaging the liver until symptoms appear, like pain, nausea and yellow skin. It kills \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0504-hepc-mortality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more Americans\u003c/a> than all other infectious diseases combined, including HIV. In 2014, the death toll reached an all-time high of 19,659.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_361111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-361111 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"VA pharmacist Diana Ruiz demonstrates how the VA tracks the status of veterans who have or had Hepatitis C.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">VA pharmacist Diana Ruiz demonstrates how the VA tracks the status of veterans who have or had Hepatitis C. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The VA's push to find -- and cure -- every patient with the virus began three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This became feasible only when new hepatitis C medications came to market in late 2013. The new generation of drugs was a huge improvement over previous treatments. The older drugs required shots that were injected into the stomach, and the medications could have severe side effects: flulike symptoms and even mental health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VA nurse Susan Bertilacchi-Green does not miss those days. A decade ago, the cure rate she observed from those older drugs was about 30 percent, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was then,\" she said. \"Now, we have new medications that are nearly 100 percent effective. They have little to no side effects. You can be treated in as little as eight weeks, and there's no shots anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2014, the VA has cured 96,000 patients of hepatitis C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vietnam veteran Roman Walden is one of them. He thinks he got the virus while injecting heroin in Vietnam, a habit that continued when he returned home to Oakland. Years ago, he tried treatment on the old drugs, but had to stop due to serious side effects. When the new drugs came out, he was hesitant to try treatment again. But with reassurance from Bertilacchi-Green, and other veterans who'd been cured, he yielded. This time, the treatment worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_361112\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-361112\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"Vietnam veteran Roman Walden has a renewed sense of life after being successfully cured of Hepatitis C. \" width=\"800\" height=\"613\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-800x613.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-160x123.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-768x588.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-960x735.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-240x184.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-375x287.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-520x398.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718.jpg 1560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vietnam veteran Roman Walden has a renewed sense of life after being successfully cured of hepatitis C. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I was really amazed at that,\" he said. \"But then what really got me was how much it cost, and that made me feel like the president of the United States. They were spending this much money on me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hepatitis C drugs have become notorious for their high cost. The wholesale price for a course of treatment can be over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Walden, that high price actually prompted him to take himself more seriously. He said the expense felt like an investment in him by the VA. After years on and off drugs, and in and out of jail, Walden, now 62, said he’s finally changing for the better. He said he no longer drinks or uses drugs, and is volunteering in hospitals, playing drums for patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exorbitant prices of the new hepatitis C medications have led other health plans to hold off on treating every patient. Medi-Cal, for example, gives treatment priority to patients that show evidence of liver damage, or those who could spread the virus, like active drug users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the VA initially also had \"treatment priorities,\" this policy changed in 2016, after Congress stepped up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.va.gov/opa/pressrel/includes/viewPDF.cfm?id=2762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">billions in funding\u003c/a>, and pharmaceutical companies released new versions of drugs that were more competitively priced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the VA will treat \u003cem>anyone\u003c/em> with any level of veterans benefits. For the veterans, the treatment is usually free. Some have a small co-pay for the entire course of treatment, with $33 as the maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials say hepatitis C could be eliminated as a public health risk by 2030, but it will happen only if other health plans copy the VA’s lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA in Martinez, Bertilacchi-Green concludes the visit by showing Junius Wilson and his wife, Shelly Baker, his latest lab tests. Even though he still has a month to go on his medication, the virus is already undetectable in his blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson and Baker smile at one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're happy,\" Baker said. \"We still need him around for a long time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting by Carrie Feibel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Junius Wilson likes to dress up when he goes in for his appointments at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.va.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Department of Veterans Affairs\u003c/a> in Martinez. On a recent visit, the 67-year-old wore a black felt fedora and a sport coat. On his lapels, he wore a handful of military medals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All these are medals from Vietnam,\" he said. \"The three stars are for warriors ... this one's national defense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson's wife, Shelly Baker, sat beside him. She nudged him to show off one medal, which hung from a violet ribbon: a Purple Heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson got that one because he was shot in the foot diving for cover during battle. He was in the infantry in South Vietnam and saw a lot of combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Wilson, 67, isn't here for that. He's come for a monthly consultation with a specialized VA nurse who oversees his hepatitis C treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The VA has implemented an aggressive effort to screen and treat all veterans under their care for the virus. Hepatitis C experts and advocates have praised the VA for its proactive approach, and say it should be a model for other government health programs, and even private insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While about 1 percent of the U.S. population is infected with hepatitis C, veterans who use the VA have higher rates, 4.8 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Vietnam-era veterans like Wilson have an even higher rate, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682941\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">studies\u003c/a>, VA data and physicians. Not all Vietnam veterans use the VA for health care, but among those who do, 7.5 percent have tested positive for the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear why, but there are several theories. One is simply the demographic overlap between Vietnam veterans and baby boomers. Members of the baby-boom generation have Hepatitis C infection rates five times higher than the average American. Hepatitis C, which is blood-borne, wasn't even identified as a distinct virus until 1989, and the baby boomers grew up in an era when blood wasn’t screened, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(16)30002-0/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">before disposable needles were common in medical settings\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some attribute the higher rate of Hepatitis C in Vietnam veterans to the injections they received before deploying: Troops sent to Vietnam were often vaccinated assembly-line style, with something called a jet injector. Instead of a needle, a jet injector uses high pressure to force a vaccine through the skin. Later, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427278\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">research\u003c/a> showed that older versions of the device could \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000744.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">transmit\u003c/a> a hepatitis virus from person to person, and it's no longer used in the military. While it is impossible to know if jet injectors spread the hep C virus, the VA has said it is \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/provider/policy/military-blood-exposures.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">biologically plausible\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others point out that some veterans of this conflict used intravenous drugs while in Vietnam, or after returning to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hepatitis C is passed through the blood. About 3.5 million Americans have the virus, and it's believed that half of them do not know it. After the discovery of the virus in 1989, screening of the blood supply didn't begin until 1992.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The virus can lurk silently for years, slowly damaging the liver until symptoms appear, like pain, nausea and yellow skin. It kills \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0504-hepc-mortality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more Americans\u003c/a> than all other infectious diseases combined, including HIV. In 2014, the death toll reached an all-time high of 19,659.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_361111\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-361111 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"VA pharmacist Diana Ruiz demonstrates how the VA tracks the status of veterans who have or had Hepatitis C.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26624_IMG_7129-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">VA pharmacist Diana Ruiz demonstrates how the VA tracks the status of veterans who have or had Hepatitis C. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The VA's push to find -- and cure -- every patient with the virus began three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This became feasible only when new hepatitis C medications came to market in late 2013. The new generation of drugs was a huge improvement over previous treatments. The older drugs required shots that were injected into the stomach, and the medications could have severe side effects: flulike symptoms and even mental health problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VA nurse Susan Bertilacchi-Green does not miss those days. A decade ago, the cure rate she observed from those older drugs was about 30 percent, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That was then,\" she said. \"Now, we have new medications that are nearly 100 percent effective. They have little to no side effects. You can be treated in as little as eight weeks, and there's no shots anymore.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 2014, the VA has cured 96,000 patients of hepatitis C.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vietnam veteran Roman Walden is one of them. He thinks he got the virus while injecting heroin in Vietnam, a habit that continued when he returned home to Oakland. Years ago, he tried treatment on the old drugs, but had to stop due to serious side effects. When the new drugs came out, he was hesitant to try treatment again. But with reassurance from Bertilacchi-Green, and other veterans who'd been cured, he yielded. This time, the treatment worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_361112\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-361112\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-800x613.jpg\" alt=\"Vietnam veteran Roman Walden has a renewed sense of life after being successfully cured of Hepatitis C. \" width=\"800\" height=\"613\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-800x613.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-160x123.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-768x588.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-1020x781.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-1180x904.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-960x735.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-240x184.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-375x287.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718-520x398.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/27/2017/09/RS26628_IMG_7004-qut-e1505974615718.jpg 1560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vietnam veteran Roman Walden has a renewed sense of life after being successfully cured of hepatitis C. \u003ccite>(Laura Klivans/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I was really amazed at that,\" he said. \"But then what really got me was how much it cost, and that made me feel like the president of the United States. They were spending this much money on me?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hepatitis C drugs have become notorious for their high cost. The wholesale price for a course of treatment can be over $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Walden, that high price actually prompted him to take himself more seriously. He said the expense felt like an investment in him by the VA. After years on and off drugs, and in and out of jail, Walden, now 62, said he’s finally changing for the better. He said he no longer drinks or uses drugs, and is volunteering in hospitals, playing drums for patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The exorbitant prices of the new hepatitis C medications have led other health plans to hold off on treating every patient. Medi-Cal, for example, gives treatment priority to patients that show evidence of liver damage, or those who could spread the virus, like active drug users.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the VA initially also had \"treatment priorities,\" this policy changed in 2016, after Congress stepped up with \u003ca href=\"https://www.va.gov/opa/pressrel/includes/viewPDF.cfm?id=2762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">billions in funding\u003c/a>, and pharmaceutical companies released new versions of drugs that were more competitively priced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the VA will treat \u003cem>anyone\u003c/em> with any level of veterans benefits. For the veterans, the treatment is usually free. Some have a small co-pay for the entire course of treatment, with $33 as the maximum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health officials say hepatitis C could be eliminated as a public health risk by 2030, but it will happen only if other health plans copy the VA’s lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the VA in Martinez, Bertilacchi-Green concludes the visit by showing Junius Wilson and his wife, Shelly Baker, his latest lab tests. Even though he still has a month to go on his medication, the virus is already undetectable in his blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wilson and Baker smile at one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're happy,\" Baker said. \"We still need him around for a long time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting by Carrie Feibel.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Michael Buckley was 19 years old when he joined the Army. It was the early 1960s, and U.S. involvement in Vietnam had yet to escalate to full-blown ground war. But the draft was in effect, and Buckley wanted his choice of assignments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than that, he craved a life of adventure, and saw the Army as his chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to be a paratrooper and jump out of airplanes and be a tough guy — jump all over the world and do that kind of thing,” said Buckley, who grew up in Glendale in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2017/09/20170921tcrbuckleyvietnam.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26584_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-3-qut.jpg\" Title=\"This Vietnam Paratrooper \u003cbr> Was Exposed to Agent Orange - \u003cbr> Today He Lives With Parkinson's\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a few years later, he was assigned to the first regimental combat team in Vietnam, the 101st Airborne Division, or the Screaming Eagles, as they were known. The Eagles have roots dating back to World War II, and are often the first troops to penetrate enemy territory, securing key terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley says he never would have joined up if he had known the war was coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11617870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11617870\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-800x1219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-800x1219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-160x244.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-1020x1554.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-1920x2925.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-1180x1798.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-960x1462.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-240x366.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-375x571.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-520x792.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Buckley’s graduation photo after completing jump school. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Morgan Russell.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t want to kill people. I wasn’t interested in being a bad guy at all,” he said. Back home, Buckley had a wife, small child and another on the way to think about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Vietnam, the thrill of jumping out of airplanes — which Buckley had thought was “better than surfing” — lost its luster. “I realized: Hey, I could get hurt here, I could really get hurt here, I could die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his roughly seven months of combat, Buckley witnessed fellow jumpers smash into the ground after their chutes malfunctioned, bullets whizzing past his head and soldiers who had become like family, killed in front of his eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hell” is the word he uses to describe the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A case of appendicitis and secondary bout with dengue fever ended Buckley’s tour in Vietnam. The soldier who replaced Buckley in his unit died in combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After returning home, Buckley attended the University of Southern California, and eventually spoke out against the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw what war could do to people and I didn’t want to be a part of that,” he said. Instead, Buckley decided he wanted to spend his time helping other people. He became a school counselor and family therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘War is terrible for everybody, for people who were in it, for people who are around it, the atmosphere.’\u003ccite>Michael Buckley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Of his time in Vietnam, Buckley, now 72, said, “I don’t think about it very much. I try not to. And when I do think about it, I’m so thankful that I got out of there. I’m thankful to be alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he considers himself one of the lucky ones, the effects of Vietnam haunt Buckley’s civilian life. He suffers from PTSD, and the psychological trauma contributed to the dissolution of his first marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several years after the war, when Buckley was in his early 60s, he began to have trouble walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was athletic, but all of a sudden I couldn’t walk appropriately,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley was subsequently diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. His doctors believe his condition is linked to his exposure to Agent Orange, an herbicide used by the U.S. in Vietnam to destroy jungle foliage and the food supply of guerrilla fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-13808862\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/09/TheVietnamWar_web_banners-1180x177-Ver_2-e1505759581455.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in the jungle and they were spraying. I thought it looked like crop dusters. And I realized later that it was Agent Orange. Much later,” Buckley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of Agent Orange can take years to show up. While scientists still don’t know the exact mechanisms of how it acts, exposure has been implicated in the progression of several diseases, including a number of cancers, Parkinson’s, heart disease and diabetes, which Buckley also has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Congress passed the Agent Orange Act, providing disability compensation and medical care to veterans of Vietnam and Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following his retirement in 2012, Buckley suffered a bicycle accident that caused his condition to further deteriorate. Earlier this year, he moved to an assisted living home at the San Francisco VA Medical Center. Buckley says he receives top-notch medical care and has plenty of activities to keep him busy. He is particularly fond of gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a community of veterans here,” Buckley said. “I know a number of them, and we all feel like we’re well taken care of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11617875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11617875\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Buckley and his wife, Mary Helm. She drives from Santa Rosa two or three times a week to visit him at the VA care facility where he lives in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buckley’s wife of 22 years, a licensed therapist named Mary Helm, calls him every day and visits two or three times a week. Helm says there are times when her husband tells her he feels like he’s still at war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effects of what he experienced has had a major impact on our life together,” Helm said. “We’ve had to work hard at our relationship to get this far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley says he wants people to see how far the reach of war goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“War is terrible for everybody, for people who were in it, for people who are around it, the atmosphere,” he said. “And I think the United States is so warmongering. It makes me sick. It makes me sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called “Faces of the Vietnam War.” Last month, KQED asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Bert Johnson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Michael Buckley was 19 years old when he joined the Army. It was the early 1960s, and U.S. involvement in Vietnam had yet to escalate to full-blown ground war. But the draft was in effect, and Buckley wanted his choice of assignments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than that, he craved a life of adventure, and saw the Army as his chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wanted to be a paratrooper and jump out of airplanes and be a tough guy — jump all over the world and do that kind of thing,” said Buckley, who grew up in Glendale in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a few years later, he was assigned to the first regimental combat team in Vietnam, the 101st Airborne Division, or the Screaming Eagles, as they were known. The Eagles have roots dating back to World War II, and are often the first troops to penetrate enemy territory, securing key terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley says he never would have joined up if he had known the war was coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11617870\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11617870\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-800x1219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-800x1219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-160x244.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-1020x1554.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-1920x2925.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-1180x1798.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-960x1462.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-240x366.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-375x571.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/Jump-school-Graduation-photo-2-Morgan-Russell-520x792.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Buckley’s graduation photo after completing jump school. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Morgan Russell.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t want to kill people. I wasn’t interested in being a bad guy at all,” he said. Back home, Buckley had a wife, small child and another on the way to think about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Vietnam, the thrill of jumping out of airplanes — which Buckley had thought was “better than surfing” — lost its luster. “I realized: Hey, I could get hurt here, I could really get hurt here, I could die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his roughly seven months of combat, Buckley witnessed fellow jumpers smash into the ground after their chutes malfunctioned, bullets whizzing past his head and soldiers who had become like family, killed in front of his eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Hell” is the word he uses to describe the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A case of appendicitis and secondary bout with dengue fever ended Buckley’s tour in Vietnam. The soldier who replaced Buckley in his unit died in combat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After returning home, Buckley attended the University of Southern California, and eventually spoke out against the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw what war could do to people and I didn’t want to be a part of that,” he said. Instead, Buckley decided he wanted to spend his time helping other people. He became a school counselor and family therapist.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘War is terrible for everybody, for people who were in it, for people who are around it, the atmosphere.’\u003ccite>Michael Buckley\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Of his time in Vietnam, Buckley, now 72, said, “I don’t think about it very much. I try not to. And when I do think about it, I’m so thankful that I got out of there. I’m thankful to be alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While he considers himself one of the lucky ones, the effects of Vietnam haunt Buckley’s civilian life. He suffers from PTSD, and the psychological trauma contributed to the dissolution of his first marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several years after the war, when Buckley was in his early 60s, he began to have trouble walking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was athletic, but all of a sudden I couldn’t walk appropriately,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley was subsequently diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. His doctors believe his condition is linked to his exposure to Agent Orange, an herbicide used by the U.S. in Vietnam to destroy jungle foliage and the food supply of guerrilla fighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-13808862\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/09/TheVietnamWar_web_banners-1180x177-Ver_2-e1505759581455.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"401\" height=\"401\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was in the jungle and they were spraying. I thought it looked like crop dusters. And I realized later that it was Agent Orange. Much later,” Buckley said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of Agent Orange can take years to show up. While scientists still don’t know the exact mechanisms of how it acts, exposure has been implicated in the progression of several diseases, including a number of cancers, Parkinson’s, heart disease and diabetes, which Buckley also has.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1991, Congress passed the Agent Orange Act, providing disability compensation and medical care to veterans of Vietnam and Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following his retirement in 2012, Buckley suffered a bicycle accident that caused his condition to further deteriorate. Earlier this year, he moved to an assisted living home at the San Francisco VA Medical Center. Buckley says he receives top-notch medical care and has plenty of activities to keep him busy. He is particularly fond of gardening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a community of veterans here,” Buckley said. “I know a number of them, and we all feel like we’re well taken care of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11617875\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11617875\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26585_20170912_VietnamStories_MichaelBuckley_MaryHelm_Credit_BertJohnson-4-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Buckley and his wife, Mary Helm. She drives from Santa Rosa two or three times a week to visit him at the VA care facility where he lives in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Bert Johnson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Buckley’s wife of 22 years, a licensed therapist named Mary Helm, calls him every day and visits two or three times a week. Helm says there are times when her husband tells her he feels like he’s still at war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effects of what he experienced has had a major impact on our life together,” Helm said. “We’ve had to work hard at our relationship to get this far.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buckley says he wants people to see how far the reach of war goes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“War is terrible for everybody, for people who were in it, for people who are around it, the atmosphere,” he said. “And I think the United States is so warmongering. It makes me sick. It makes me sad.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called “Faces of the Vietnam War.” Last month, KQED asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Bert Johnson contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>UC Berkeley is famous for its student protests during the Vietnam War era, but students protested all over the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students rioted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2011/01/19/stanford-ponders-the-return-of-rotc-after-nearly-four-decades/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kick the ROTC program\u003c/a> off-campus. San Francisco State University students gained notoriety for going\u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=STRIKE!..._Concerning_the_1968-69_Strike_at_San_Francisco_State_College\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> on strike\u003c/a> in 1968 to demand ethnic studies classes, but the campus was also a hotbed for \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/209216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anti-war protest\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And San Jose State University students garnered national headlines with a couple dynamic protests, like the one over campus recruiting by Dow Chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow Chemical was a major manufacturer of napalm, a reviled weapon used extensively by the U.S. military in Vietnam, and on Nov. 20, 1967, roughly 3,000 people filled the plaza outside the administration building at San Jose State to protest the company’s presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university’s archives contain footage of that protest:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOfs8iJNTeE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose State journalism professor Gordon Greb reported on the chaotic scene, injecting some commentary that today belies what you can observe in the video footage. Many people who marched against the Vietnam War will tell you the media at that time tended to downplay the size of crowds and focus their reports on violence. (This demonstration had been peaceful for hours before the scene on this video.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11616324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/TheVietnamWar_web-banners-1180x177-e1505162432907.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the perspective of one shy physics major who was part of the crowd that day, Gil Villagran. Today, Villagran’s hair is short and white. He walks with a cane. But on that day in 1967, Villagran was an obvious target for police photographers looking to identify troublemakers. He wore his hair long, and on top, a Che Guevera-style red beret, with a yellow felt star he’d sewn on himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People around Villagran spotted the photographers on the roof of the engineering building overlooking the plaza. “Somebody said, ‘Look, it’s the cops taking pictures of us. Wave to the cops.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11616202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11616202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-800x777.jpg\" alt=\"Gil Villagran's long hair and beard caught the eye of police photographers in 1967. He's trimmed since then, but his fervor for political protest remains strong.\" width=\"800\" height=\"777\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-800x777.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-160x155.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-1020x990.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-1180x1145.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-960x932.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-240x233.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-375x364.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-520x505.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gil Villagran’s long hair and beard caught the eye of police photographers in 1967. He’s trimmed since then, but his fervor for political protest remains strong. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of Gil Villagran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those photos would lead to his expulsion, making Villagran one of a handful of demonstrators who paid a price for putting San Jose State in the national headlines. Later that week, a letter arrived, special delivery, at his parents’ home in Santa Clara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It reads: “The Governor of the state of California, Ronald Reagan, the trustees of the California State University system, the president of the university, have determined that your presence on this campus is a danger to faculty, students and staff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen my mother so distraught,” Villagran said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>The Bay Area Reacts to the Vietnam War\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/5N_CZoYSc7M?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>His parents were not happy about his penchant for political protest. Villagran’s father was a bracero, a farmworker from Mexico. Villagran was the first in his family to go to college. They wanted him to focus on his studies. They also worried for his physical safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1967 Villlagran felt there was nothing more important than the war: a war he felt was unjust, unconstitutional and a horrific waste of human life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of my friends were dead. And I was a very bitter young man about that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran was already annoying less politically charged students by turning every class he attended into a seminar on the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And many students would get very upset,” he says. “‘Hey, I came here to learn psychology. Why are we talking about this fucking war?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11615194 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The Dow Chemical protest of 1967 was covered by the Spartan Daily.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Dow Chemical protest of 1967 was covered by the Spartan Daily. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of San José State University Special Collections & Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s when Villagran was still going to class. He admits he attended fewer and fewer classes, as the immediacy of the war gnawed on him. Almost every day, he says, there was a teach-in on the plaza by the administration building, or planning meetings for protests and marches at San Jose State. Underground newsletters like Sedition and The Red Eye kept student activists apprised of the latest news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran traveled with friends to other campuses to see famous people, including Angela Davis, Tom Hayden, Harry Edwards, Bobby Kennedy and Ralph Nader. But the 23,000 student campus at San Jose also pulled in top-line anti-war speakers and performers, including Joan Baez, who offered to sing a song for the first student who promised to burn his draft card should one come in the mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran volunteered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose State students made national headlines again in 1970, when they marched to the San Jose Civic Auditorium, where President Richard Nixon’s \u003ca href=\"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/10/30/page/1/article/mob-attacks-nixon-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">motorcade left through a crowd\u003c/a> of angry demonstrators. GOP advertisements then used images of the scene to drum up political support for Republican candidates that election season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose State sociology Professor Emeritus Bob Gliner was also protesting the war back then. He says anti-war demonstrators were always a vocal minority on campus. In the decades since the Vietnam War, student activism has generally been episodic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people say, ‘Oh, they grew out of it, or they grew up.’ But I think, if we want to have a vibrant democracy, it’s not something you grow out of,” Gliner says. “It’s something you integrate into your day to day life, to be conscious of world events and to do something about problems that really bother you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran, now 69, speaks proudly of a lifetime of political activism. After he was expelled in 1967, he returned to San Jose State to earn a masters degree. He became a social worker and returned to San Jose State to teach in the School of Social Work, where he’s still an emeritus lecturer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, he’s written articles and opinion pieces for local papers and blogs. His interests range from current politics, like the presidency of \u003ca href=\"https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2017/07/28/18801101.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donald Trump\u003c/a>, to the historical, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2016/06/08/18787319.php#18786938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this essay\u003c/a> on four San Jose women who attempted to block the loading of napalm bombs headed for Vietnam in 1966. Currently, Villagran is focused on highlighting the Latino history of the South Bay with a group called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/LaRazaHistoricalSocietySCV/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">La Raza Historical Society of Santa Clara Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran says he would like the university to mark the area where students angrily protested Dow Chemical with a monument outside the administration building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There should be something here like that. Right here. Because that’s where it all happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To read more of KQED’s series of articles regarding the impact of the Vietnam War on the Bay Area, visit \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kqed.org/vietnamwar\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Vietnam War Inspires a Lifetime of Political Activism in San Jose | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>UC Berkeley is famous for its student protests during the Vietnam War era, but students protested all over the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford students rioted to \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2011/01/19/stanford-ponders-the-return-of-rotc-after-nearly-four-decades/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kick the ROTC program\u003c/a> off-campus. San Francisco State University students gained notoriety for going\u003ca href=\"http://www.foundsf.org/index.php?title=STRIKE!..._Concerning_the_1968-69_Strike_at_San_Francisco_State_College\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> on strike\u003c/a> in 1968 to demand ethnic studies classes, but the campus was also a hotbed for \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/209216\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">anti-war protest\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And San Jose State University students garnered national headlines with a couple dynamic protests, like the one over campus recruiting by Dow Chemical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dow Chemical was a major manufacturer of napalm, a reviled weapon used extensively by the U.S. military in Vietnam, and on Nov. 20, 1967, roughly 3,000 people filled the plaza outside the administration building at San Jose State to protest the company’s presence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university’s archives contain footage of that protest:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/MOfs8iJNTeE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/MOfs8iJNTeE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>San Jose State journalism professor Gordon Greb reported on the chaotic scene, injecting some commentary that today belies what you can observe in the video footage. Many people who marched against the Vietnam War will tell you the media at that time tended to downplay the size of crowds and focus their reports on violence. (This demonstration had been peaceful for hours before the scene on this video.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-11616324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/TheVietnamWar_web-banners-1180x177-e1505162432907.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"301\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the perspective of one shy physics major who was part of the crowd that day, Gil Villagran. Today, Villagran’s hair is short and white. He walks with a cane. But on that day in 1967, Villagran was an obvious target for police photographers looking to identify troublemakers. He wore his hair long, and on top, a Che Guevera-style red beret, with a yellow felt star he’d sewn on himself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People around Villagran spotted the photographers on the roof of the engineering building overlooking the plaza. “Somebody said, ‘Look, it’s the cops taking pictures of us. Wave to the cops.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11616202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11616202\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-800x777.jpg\" alt=\"Gil Villagran's long hair and beard caught the eye of police photographers in 1967. He's trimmed since then, but his fervor for political protest remains strong.\" width=\"800\" height=\"777\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-800x777.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-160x155.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-1020x990.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-1180x1145.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-960x932.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-240x233.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-375x364.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-520x505.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26507_IMG_0409-2.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gil Villagran’s long hair and beard caught the eye of police photographers in 1967. He’s trimmed since then, but his fervor for political protest remains strong. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of Gil Villagran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Those photos would lead to his expulsion, making Villagran one of a handful of demonstrators who paid a price for putting San Jose State in the national headlines. Later that week, a letter arrived, special delivery, at his parents’ home in Santa Clara.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It reads: “The Governor of the state of California, Ronald Reagan, the trustees of the California State University system, the president of the university, have determined that your presence on this campus is a danger to faculty, students and staff.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen my mother so distraught,” Villagran said.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>The Bay Area Reacts to the Vietnam War\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/5N_CZoYSc7M?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>His parents were not happy about his penchant for political protest. Villagran’s father was a bracero, a farmworker from Mexico. Villagran was the first in his family to go to college. They wanted him to focus on his studies. They also worried for his physical safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 1967 Villlagran felt there was nothing more important than the war: a war he felt was unjust, unconstitutional and a horrific waste of human life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two of my friends were dead. And I was a very bitter young man about that,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran was already annoying less politically charged students by turning every class he attended into a seminar on the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And many students would get very upset,” he says. “‘Hey, I came here to learn psychology. Why are we talking about this fucking war?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11615194 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"The Dow Chemical protest of 1967 was covered by the Spartan Daily.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS26474_f98ce8793f2c5f868f03355a973b2fd3.jpg 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Dow Chemical protest of 1967 was covered by the Spartan Daily. \u003ccite>(Photo: Courtesy of San José State University Special Collections & Archives)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s when Villagran was still going to class. He admits he attended fewer and fewer classes, as the immediacy of the war gnawed on him. Almost every day, he says, there was a teach-in on the plaza by the administration building, or planning meetings for protests and marches at San Jose State. Underground newsletters like Sedition and The Red Eye kept student activists apprised of the latest news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran traveled with friends to other campuses to see famous people, including Angela Davis, Tom Hayden, Harry Edwards, Bobby Kennedy and Ralph Nader. But the 23,000 student campus at San Jose also pulled in top-line anti-war speakers and performers, including Joan Baez, who offered to sing a song for the first student who promised to burn his draft card should one come in the mail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran volunteered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose State students made national headlines again in 1970, when they marched to the San Jose Civic Auditorium, where President Richard Nixon’s \u003ca href=\"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1970/10/30/page/1/article/mob-attacks-nixon-cars/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">motorcade left through a crowd\u003c/a> of angry demonstrators. GOP advertisements then used images of the scene to drum up political support for Republican candidates that election season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Jose State sociology Professor Emeritus Bob Gliner was also protesting the war back then. He says anti-war demonstrators were always a vocal minority on campus. In the decades since the Vietnam War, student activism has generally been episodic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Some people say, ‘Oh, they grew out of it, or they grew up.’ But I think, if we want to have a vibrant democracy, it’s not something you grow out of,” Gliner says. “It’s something you integrate into your day to day life, to be conscious of world events and to do something about problems that really bother you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran, now 69, speaks proudly of a lifetime of political activism. After he was expelled in 1967, he returned to San Jose State to earn a masters degree. He became a social worker and returned to San Jose State to teach in the School of Social Work, where he’s still an emeritus lecturer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the years, he’s written articles and opinion pieces for local papers and blogs. His interests range from current politics, like the presidency of \u003ca href=\"https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2017/07/28/18801101.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Donald Trump\u003c/a>, to the historical, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2016/06/08/18787319.php#18786938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this essay\u003c/a> on four San Jose women who attempted to block the loading of napalm bombs headed for Vietnam in 1966. Currently, Villagran is focused on highlighting the Latino history of the South Bay with a group called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/LaRazaHistoricalSocietySCV/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">La Raza Historical Society of Santa Clara Valley\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Villagran says he would like the university to mark the area where students angrily protested Dow Chemical with a monument outside the administration building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There should be something here like that. Right here. Because that’s where it all happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>To read more of KQED’s series of articles regarding the impact of the Vietnam War on the Bay Area, visit \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">kqed.org/vietnamwar\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "KQED Wants to Share Your Vietnam-Era Story",
"title": "KQED Wants to Share Your Vietnam-Era Story",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>To mark the broadcast premiere of PBS’ \"The Vietnam War,\" a 10-part documentary series on Sunday, Sept. 17, we’d like to hear from Californians about how this monumental conflict impacted their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're a veteran who served (or a conscientious objector who didn’t), a refugee who fled, an activist who marched, an artist who created art around the conflict, an everyday person who became involved in politics because of it -- or have seen you or your family's lives otherwise affected by the conflict that tore the country apart -- we want to hear from you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’re looking for all stories about the war and its impact, and you can share your own, or as a group (a family, or with a friend). We’d also like to know if you have photos of yourself from that era -- be it in uniform, at a protest, as a refugee and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Share your story \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/kqedvietnamwarform\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
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"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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