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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10988235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-800x489.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on Sunday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10988235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-800x489.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-400x245.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-1180x722.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-960x587.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on Sunday. \u003ccite>(Gabrielle Lurie/AFP-Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A juror who helped convict a former Stanford University student-athlete of sexually assaulting an unconscious woman complained to the judge about his “ridiculously lenient” six-month jail sentence, which the juror said made a mockery of the panel’s verdict, \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2016/06/13/brock-turner-juror-to-judge-shame-on-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Palo Alto Weekly reported\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper published a letter that the juror sent Santa Clara County Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky over the weekend to convey his shock and disappointment over the sentence 20-year-old Brock Turner received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems to me that you really did not accept the jury’s findings,” he wrote to the judge. “We were unanimous in our finding of the defendant’s guilt and our verdicts were marginalized based on your own personal opinion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man is the first juror to speak publicly about the case. He wrote the letter and spoke to the Weekly anonymously to maintain his privacy in a case that has attracted intense media coverage, though the paper says it confirmed his identity by inspecting his court-issued attendance certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with the newspaper, the juror said he found Turner’s contention that the victim had consented to sexual content to be unpersuasive, especially compared to the accounts of the two Stanford graduate students who testified that he ran away when they confronted him on top of the motionless, partially clothed woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The juror said he also was swayed by a slurred, unintelligible voicemail message the woman had left her boyfriend right before Turner encountered her at a fraternity party. Prosecutors played the recording in court to demonstrate that she was too drunk to give her consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The juror described himself in his letter to the judge as a recently naturalized citizen and wrote that he took his civic responsibility seriously in what was his first experience on a jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he expected the predominantly male panel’s “quick and decisive finding” of guilt to yield a sentence severe enough to deter future campus sexual assaults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But with the ridiculously lenient sentence that Brock Turner received, I am afraid that it makes a mockery of the whole trial and the ability of the justice system to protect victims of assault and rape,” he wrote. “Clearly there are few to no consequences for a rapist even if they are caught in the act of assaulting a defenseless, unconscious person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The juror ended the letter with the words, “Shame on you.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10988235\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-800x489.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on Sunday.\" width=\"800\" height=\"489\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10988235\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-800x489.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-400x245.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-1180x722.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-960x587.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on Sunday. \u003ccite>(Gabrielle Lurie/AFP-Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A juror who helped convict a former Stanford University student-athlete of sexually assaulting an unconscious woman complained to the judge about his “ridiculously lenient” six-month jail sentence, which the juror said made a mockery of the panel’s verdict, \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2016/06/13/brock-turner-juror-to-judge-shame-on-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Palo Alto Weekly reported\u003c/a> Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper published a letter that the juror sent Santa Clara County Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky over the weekend to convey his shock and disappointment over the sentence 20-year-old Brock Turner received.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems to me that you really did not accept the jury’s findings,” he wrote to the judge. “We were unanimous in our finding of the defendant’s guilt and our verdicts were marginalized based on your own personal opinion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The man is the first juror to speak publicly about the case. He wrote the letter and spoke to the Weekly anonymously to maintain his privacy in a case that has attracted intense media coverage, though the paper says it confirmed his identity by inspecting his court-issued attendance certificate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with the newspaper, the juror said he found Turner’s contention that the victim had consented to sexual content to be unpersuasive, especially compared to the accounts of the two Stanford graduate students who testified that he ran away when they confronted him on top of the motionless, partially clothed woman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The juror said he also was swayed by a slurred, unintelligible voicemail message the woman had left her boyfriend right before Turner encountered her at a fraternity party. Prosecutors played the recording in court to demonstrate that she was too drunk to give her consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The juror described himself in his letter to the judge as a recently naturalized citizen and wrote that he took his civic responsibility seriously in what was his first experience on a jury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said he expected the predominantly male panel’s “quick and decisive finding” of guilt to yield a sentence severe enough to deter future campus sexual assaults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But with the ridiculously lenient sentence that Brock Turner received, I am afraid that it makes a mockery of the whole trial and the ability of the justice system to protect victims of assault and rape,” he wrote. “Clearly there are few to no consequences for a rapist even if they are caught in the act of assaulting a defenseless, unconscious person.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The juror ended the letter with the words, “Shame on you.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Female Lawmakers Seek to Expand California's Definition of Rape",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some California lawmakers are seeking to broaden the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://statelaws.findlaw.com/california-law/california-rape-laws.html\">definition of rape\u003c/a>. The move comes after a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/07/sentence-in-stanford-sexual-assault-case-sparks-outrage\">former Stanford student\u003c/a> received just six months in jail despite being convicted on three counts of felony sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/269068134\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case against Brock Turner has garnered national attention in part for the light sentence he received, but also for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/katiejmbaker/heres-the-powerful-letter-the-stanford-victim-read-to-her-ra?utm_term=.qdJv7rkvX#.gj8706Y73\">moving letter\u003c/a> his victim read aloud in court detailing the trauma she’s dealt with since the assault. Female senators took time Monday to read portions of the letter on the California Senate floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are times I did not want to be touched. I have to relearn that I am not fragile, I am capable, I am wholesome, not just livid and weak,\" read Democratic state Sen. Lois Wolk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Lq4nnTohMqjhUoyjFbT5kkurp61c5gjI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner was charged with five felony counts for the January 2015 sexual assault. The two rape charges were later dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Assembly Monday, Democrats Cristina Garcia and Susan Eggman announced a bill that would expand California’s definition of rape. Currently it is limited to nonconsensual intercourse. Eggman says it should be made clear that penetration with a foreign object is also rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think as we continue to see this woman-shaming, woman-blaming for your own assault, it’s really time to take a stand and say, why shouldn’t rapists be labeled rapists?\" Eggman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say they’re planning to move forward with their bill this week.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Some California lawmakers are seeking to broaden the state’s \u003ca href=\"http://statelaws.findlaw.com/california-law/california-rape-laws.html\">definition of rape\u003c/a>. The move comes after a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/07/sentence-in-stanford-sexual-assault-case-sparks-outrage\">former Stanford student\u003c/a> received just six months in jail despite being convicted on three counts of felony sexual assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/269068134&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/269068134'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case against Brock Turner has garnered national attention in part for the light sentence he received, but also for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/katiejmbaker/heres-the-powerful-letter-the-stanford-victim-read-to-her-ra?utm_term=.qdJv7rkvX#.gj8706Y73\">moving letter\u003c/a> his victim read aloud in court detailing the trauma she’s dealt with since the assault. Female senators took time Monday to read portions of the letter on the California Senate floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are times I did not want to be touched. I have to relearn that I am not fragile, I am capable, I am wholesome, not just livid and weak,\" read Democratic state Sen. Lois Wolk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner was charged with five felony counts for the January 2015 sexual assault. The two rape charges were later dropped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Assembly Monday, Democrats Cristina Garcia and Susan Eggman announced a bill that would expand California’s definition of rape. Currently it is limited to nonconsensual intercourse. Eggman says it should be made clear that penetration with a foreign object is also rape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think as we continue to see this woman-shaming, woman-blaming for your own assault, it’s really time to take a stand and say, why shouldn’t rapists be labeled rapists?\" Eggman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors say they’re planning to move forward with their bill this week.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Stanford Tops Federal List With 5 Sexual Violence Investigations",
"title": "Stanford Tops Federal List With 5 Sexual Violence Investigations",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>When the U.S. government released its tally of investigations into sexual violence on college campuses in 2014, Stanford wasn't on the list. But in the new list that's out this month, Stanford has the most cases, with five — and the figure doesn't include the notorious assault that's been making headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That crime, committed by former Stanford swimmer Brock Turner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/06/481010919/california-rape-case-sentence-sparks-outrage\">generated outrage\u003c/a> after a judge sentenced Turner to six months in county jail after he was convicted of three felony counts related to his sexual assault of an unconscious woman on Stanford's campus in January 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner's sentence has sparked a renewed debate over the role of race and privilege in sentencing; it has also led some to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/06/07/481058634/momentum-grows-to-oust-california-judge-after-rape-sentence-sparks-outrage\">urge a recall of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky\u003c/a>, whose explanation for the decision to spare Turner from a potential three to 14 years in prison included concern that prison might \"have a severe impact on him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turner case was handled by the criminal justice system, not by Stanford. But the number of complaints to the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights, which enforces the Title IX gender equity law, shows that the prestigious university is still facing criticism about how it handles such cases -- criticism that has included both \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2014/06/05/stanford-student-challenges-universitys-handling-of-sexual-assault-case\">a protest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2016/04/27/stanford-student-accused-of-sexual-assault-fires-back-at-university-in-federal-lawsuit\">a federal lawsuit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the list of investigations into incidents at Stanford, from the Office of Civil Rights. We'll note that the dates refer to the timing of an OCR complaint, not to the initial allegations of an attack:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case 1: 2/26/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 2: 5/28/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 3: 7/23/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 4: 7/23/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 5: 4/18/2016\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the number of cases in context: The federal list includes 243 sexual violence cases at 192 postsecondary institutions, as of June 1. Apart from Stanford, two other schools had four cases: Kansas State University and Saint Mary's College of Maryland. Six other schools had three cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we sought comment from Stanford about how it accounts for the number of open investigations, Lisa Lapin of the university's communications office said the school \"is fully cooperating with the OCR investigation, which as at other universities will be comprehensive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lapin added that while the government lists five cases, they reflect four different incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In one of the matters, both the complaining student and the responding student filed concerns with OCR,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lapin also described the cases in question, omitting details such as names and places:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"One was by a student who felt that although male student she accused was found responsible, his punishment was not severe enough. One complaint was by this same male student who was found responsible and feels that the process was not fair to him.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"One OCR complaint was brought by two students who had made complaints against the same male student, who was found responsible in both cases, and their concern is about the process.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"One OCR complaint was brought by a student who refused to go forward in the disciplinary process and complains that her concerns were not adequately addressed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"One OCR complaint is by a student who was not satisfied with the outcome of her matter in which the student she was accusing was found by the disciplinary panel to not be responsible.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Discussing the timing of the cases, Lapin says, \"All of these cases precede our existing Title IX procedure, and some took place as long ago as 2011. Some were investigated by the Office for Community Standards as well as the [university's] Title IX office.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Turner case, Stanford noted this week that it had banned him from its campus within weeks of the attack, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2016/06/06/stanford-university-statement-regarding-brock-turner-case/\">saying in a statement Tuesday\u003c/a> that it had also reached out to the victim to inform her of the steps being taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford says it \"did everything within its power to assure that justice was served in this case, including an immediate police investigation and referral to the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office for a successful prosecution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"2kSBVumcLz07ew62gH4ON7mPittrKv1X\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While much of the current criticism over the Turner case is now being directed at the judge, Stanford has found itself at the center of another high-profile sexual assault case — continuing a string that goes back at least to 2014, when a female student took the rare step of going public to criticize how the school handled her case, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2014/06/05/stanford-student-challenges-universitys-handling-of-sexual-assault-case\">the Palo Alto Weekly reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal list of open sexual violence investigations, which is compiled by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/29/307958756/campus-sexual-assaults-are-targeted-in-new-white-house-report\">debuted in 2014\u003c/a> as part of an effort to improve the way colleges and universities handle reports of sexual violence. In addition to the list, the government offered guidance and other resources at a new website, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.notalone.gov/\">Not Alone.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the government took that step, Stanford was also taking action: When the first OCR list was published, the school was in the process of hiring its first full-time Title IX coordinator, an expert on preventing sexual misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coordinator, Catherine Criswell, was a \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/may/title-ix-coordinator-052314.html\">veteran of the federal Office for Civil Rights\u003c/a>. She left Stanford just before the start of the most recent school year, to take up a more senior position at the \u003ca href=\"https://news.virginia.edu/content/uva-forges-ahead-efforts-against-sexual-violence-alcohol-abuse\">University of Virginia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since February, Stanford has been handling sexual assault claims under a pilot program that reflects changes that were recommended by a provost task force. We were curious about how the new investigation and resolution process works. Here's how Lapin described it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Among other things, the process calls for a unified investigation and adjudication system, highly trained hearing panels to decide responsibility and sanction, the ability of parties in a case to receive up to nine hours of paid legal assistance if they wish, and expulsion as the expected sanction for sexual assault cases as defined by university policy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lapin added that because the program is being run as a pilot, it will be monitored and evaluated for possible further changes. For it to become permanent, she said, the process would need the approval of groups representing both the students and faculty of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the U.S. government released its tally of investigations into sexual violence on college campuses in 2014, Stanford wasn't on the list. But in the new list that's out this month, Stanford has the most cases, with five — and the figure doesn't include the notorious assault that's been making headlines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That crime, committed by former Stanford swimmer Brock Turner, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/06/481010919/california-rape-case-sentence-sparks-outrage\">generated outrage\u003c/a> after a judge sentenced Turner to six months in county jail after he was convicted of three felony counts related to his sexual assault of an unconscious woman on Stanford's campus in January 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Turner's sentence has sparked a renewed debate over the role of race and privilege in sentencing; it has also led some to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/06/07/481058634/momentum-grows-to-oust-california-judge-after-rape-sentence-sparks-outrage\">urge a recall of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky\u003c/a>, whose explanation for the decision to spare Turner from a potential three to 14 years in prison included concern that prison might \"have a severe impact on him.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Turner case was handled by the criminal justice system, not by Stanford. But the number of complaints to the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights, which enforces the Title IX gender equity law, shows that the prestigious university is still facing criticism about how it handles such cases -- criticism that has included both \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2014/06/05/stanford-student-challenges-universitys-handling-of-sexual-assault-case\">a protest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2016/04/27/stanford-student-accused-of-sexual-assault-fires-back-at-university-in-federal-lawsuit\">a federal lawsuit\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's the list of investigations into incidents at Stanford, from the Office of Civil Rights. We'll note that the dates refer to the timing of an OCR complaint, not to the initial allegations of an attack:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Case 1: 2/26/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 2: 5/28/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 3: 7/23/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 4: 7/23/2015\u003cbr>\nCase 5: 4/18/2016\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put the number of cases in context: The federal list includes 243 sexual violence cases at 192 postsecondary institutions, as of June 1. Apart from Stanford, two other schools had four cases: Kansas State University and Saint Mary's College of Maryland. Six other schools had three cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we sought comment from Stanford about how it accounts for the number of open investigations, Lisa Lapin of the university's communications office said the school \"is fully cooperating with the OCR investigation, which as at other universities will be comprehensive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lapin added that while the government lists five cases, they reflect four different incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In one of the matters, both the complaining student and the responding student filed concerns with OCR,\" she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lapin also described the cases in question, omitting details such as names and places:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\"One was by a student who felt that although male student she accused was found responsible, his punishment was not severe enough. One complaint was by this same male student who was found responsible and feels that the process was not fair to him.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"One OCR complaint was brought by two students who had made complaints against the same male student, who was found responsible in both cases, and their concern is about the process.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"One OCR complaint was brought by a student who refused to go forward in the disciplinary process and complains that her concerns were not adequately addressed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\"One OCR complaint is by a student who was not satisfied with the outcome of her matter in which the student she was accusing was found by the disciplinary panel to not be responsible.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Discussing the timing of the cases, Lapin says, \"All of these cases precede our existing Title IX procedure, and some took place as long ago as 2011. Some were investigated by the Office for Community Standards as well as the [university's] Title IX office.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Turner case, Stanford noted this week that it had banned him from its campus within weeks of the attack, \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/2016/06/06/stanford-university-statement-regarding-brock-turner-case/\">saying in a statement Tuesday\u003c/a> that it had also reached out to the victim to inform her of the steps being taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford says it \"did everything within its power to assure that justice was served in this case, including an immediate police investigation and referral to the Santa Clara County District Attorney's Office for a successful prosecution.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While much of the current criticism over the Turner case is now being directed at the judge, Stanford has found itself at the center of another high-profile sexual assault case — continuing a string that goes back at least to 2014, when a female student took the rare step of going public to criticize how the school handled her case, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2014/06/05/stanford-student-challenges-universitys-handling-of-sexual-assault-case\">the Palo Alto Weekly reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal list of open sexual violence investigations, which is compiled by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/04/29/307958756/campus-sexual-assaults-are-targeted-in-new-white-house-report\">debuted in 2014\u003c/a> as part of an effort to improve the way colleges and universities handle reports of sexual violence. In addition to the list, the government offered guidance and other resources at a new website, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.notalone.gov/\">Not Alone.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the government took that step, Stanford was also taking action: When the first OCR list was published, the school was in the process of hiring its first full-time Title IX coordinator, an expert on preventing sexual misconduct.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That coordinator, Catherine Criswell, was a \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/may/title-ix-coordinator-052314.html\">veteran of the federal Office for Civil Rights\u003c/a>. She left Stanford just before the start of the most recent school year, to take up a more senior position at the \u003ca href=\"https://news.virginia.edu/content/uva-forges-ahead-efforts-against-sexual-violence-alcohol-abuse\">University of Virginia\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since February, Stanford has been handling sexual assault claims under a pilot program that reflects changes that were recommended by a provost task force. We were curious about how the new investigation and resolution process works. Here's how Lapin described it:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Among other things, the process calls for a unified investigation and adjudication system, highly trained hearing panels to decide responsibility and sanction, the ability of parties in a case to receive up to nine hours of paid legal assistance if they wish, and expulsion as the expected sanction for sexual assault cases as defined by university policy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lapin added that because the program is being run as a pilot, it will be monitored and evaluated for possible further changes. For it to become permanent, she said, the process would need the approval of groups representing both the students and faculty of Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The father of Brock Turner, who was sentenced last week for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman at Stanford University, reportedly says his son is being punished for \"20 minutes of action.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, including Santa Clara District Attorney Jeff Rosen, say Turner, who was a top swimmer at Stanford, got off easy when he was sentenced to six months in county jail and three years' probation. Turner was convicted in March on three felony counts. Prosecutors had sought a sentence of six years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>The Victim's Response\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The statement that Brock Turner's victim read in court last Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/katiejmbaker/heres-the-powerful-letter-the-stanford-victim-read-to-her-ra?utm_term=.mtVlb92jw#.gmgroaGqA\" target=\"_blank\">via BuzzFeed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sentence has sparked a campaign for the recall of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need judges who understand violence against women. Judge Persky does not. He should be replaced. Hopefully a qualified woman will replace him,\" said Stanford law professor Michele Dauber in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, Dauber was responsible for tweeting portions of the probation pre-sentence report containing a statement attributed to Brock's father, Dan Turner, who pleaded for leniency, saying the verdict had \"broken and shattered\" his son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"That is a steep price to pay for 20 minutes of action out of his 20 plus years of life. The fact that he now has to register as a sexual offender for the rest of his life forever alters where he can live, visit, work, and how he will be able to interact with people and organizations.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10981232\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/ap_16158770388568_sq-e8a756dfded3119e22c982b90bff13827fbac280-e1465309726653.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10981232\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/ap_16158770388568_sq-e8a756dfded3119e22c982b90bff13827fbac280-e1465309726653.jpg\" alt=\"A booking photo shows Brock Turner, whose sentence of six months in jail for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman has caused outrage.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A booking photo shows Brock Turner, whose sentence of six months in jail for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman has caused outrage. \u003ccite>(Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, Brock Turner's victim read a 12-page, single-spaced \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/da/newsroom/newsreleases/Documents/B-Turner%20VIS.pdf\">statement\u003c/a> in court directed at her assailant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I want to show people that one night of drinking can ruin two lives. You and me. You are the cause, I am the effect. ... My damage was internal, unseen, I carry it with me. You took away my worth, my privacy, my energy, my time, my safety, my intimacy, my confidence, my own voice, until today.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In her statement, the victim, whose name has not been made public by NPR and other news organizations, anticipated that Turner would receive a light sentence because he was a star athlete at a prestigious university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"If I had been sexually assaulted by an un-athletic guy from a community college, what would his sentence be? If a first time offender from an underprivileged background was accused of three felonies and displayed no accountability for his actions other than drinking, what would his sentence be?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his own \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/da/newsroom/newsreleases/Pages/NRA2016/Turner-Sentencing.aspx\">statement\u003c/a> issued after the sentencing, District Attorney Rosen said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The punishment does not fit the crime. The predatory offender has failed to take responsibility, failed to show remorse and failed to tell the truth.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But in a \u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/67b7e799d5a6eb9ebdd19ac47/files/Rosen_6_6_2016_Webby.pdf\">statement \u003c/a>released Monday, Rosen distanced himself from the calls for a recall of Judge Persky:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"While I strongly disagree with the sentence that Judge Persky issued in the Brock Turner case I do not believe he should be removed from his judgeship.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By Tuesday morning, more than 267,000 people had signed a Change.org \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/california-state-house-recall-judge-aaron-persky\">petition\u003c/a> demanding Judge Persky's recall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sentence+In+Stanford+Sexual+Assault+Case+Sparks+Outrage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The father of Brock Turner, who was sentenced last week for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman at Stanford University, reportedly says his son is being punished for \"20 minutes of action.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others, including Santa Clara District Attorney Jeff Rosen, say Turner, who was a top swimmer at Stanford, got off easy when he was sentenced to six months in county jail and three years' probation. Turner was convicted in March on three felony counts. Prosecutors had sought a sentence of six years in prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch4>The Victim's Response\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>The statement that Brock Turner's victim read in court last Thursday, \u003ca href=\"https://www.buzzfeed.com/katiejmbaker/heres-the-powerful-letter-the-stanford-victim-read-to-her-ra?utm_term=.mtVlb92jw#.gmgroaGqA\" target=\"_blank\">via BuzzFeed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The sentence has sparked a campaign for the recall of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need judges who understand violence against women. Judge Persky does not. He should be replaced. Hopefully a qualified woman will replace him,\" said Stanford law professor Michele Dauber in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the weekend, Dauber was responsible for tweeting portions of the probation pre-sentence report containing a statement attributed to Brock's father, Dan Turner, who pleaded for leniency, saying the verdict had \"broken and shattered\" his son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"That is a steep price to pay for 20 minutes of action out of his 20 plus years of life. The fact that he now has to register as a sexual offender for the rest of his life forever alters where he can live, visit, work, and how he will be able to interact with people and organizations.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10981232\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/ap_16158770388568_sq-e8a756dfded3119e22c982b90bff13827fbac280-e1465309726653.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10981232\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/ap_16158770388568_sq-e8a756dfded3119e22c982b90bff13827fbac280-e1465309726653.jpg\" alt=\"A booking photo shows Brock Turner, whose sentence of six months in jail for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman has caused outrage.\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A booking photo shows Brock Turner, whose sentence of six months in jail for sexually assaulting an unconscious woman has caused outrage. \u003ccite>(Santa Clara County Sheriff's Office)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last week, Brock Turner's victim read a 12-page, single-spaced \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/da/newsroom/newsreleases/Documents/B-Turner%20VIS.pdf\">statement\u003c/a> in court directed at her assailant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I want to show people that one night of drinking can ruin two lives. You and me. You are the cause, I am the effect. ... My damage was internal, unseen, I carry it with me. You took away my worth, my privacy, my energy, my time, my safety, my intimacy, my confidence, my own voice, until today.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In her statement, the victim, whose name has not been made public by NPR and other news organizations, anticipated that Turner would receive a light sentence because he was a star athlete at a prestigious university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"If I had been sexually assaulted by an un-athletic guy from a community college, what would his sentence be? If a first time offender from an underprivileged background was accused of three felonies and displayed no accountability for his actions other than drinking, what would his sentence be?\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In his own \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccgov.org/sites/da/newsroom/newsreleases/Pages/NRA2016/Turner-Sentencing.aspx\">statement\u003c/a> issued after the sentencing, District Attorney Rosen said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The punishment does not fit the crime. The predatory offender has failed to take responsibility, failed to show remorse and failed to tell the truth.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But in a \u003ca href=\"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/67b7e799d5a6eb9ebdd19ac47/files/Rosen_6_6_2016_Webby.pdf\">statement \u003c/a>released Monday, Rosen distanced himself from the calls for a recall of Judge Persky:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"While I strongly disagree with the sentence that Judge Persky issued in the Brock Turner case I do not believe he should be removed from his judgeship.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>By Tuesday morning, more than 267,000 people had signed a Change.org \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/california-state-house-recall-judge-aaron-persky\">petition\u003c/a> demanding Judge Persky's recall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sentence+In+Stanford+Sexual+Assault+Case+Sparks+Outrage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nike co-founder and Chairman Philip Knight has pledged $400 million to Stanford University for a new graduate scholarship program aimed at tackling major global challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gift, announced Wednesday, is one of the largest ever from an individual donor to a university. It also \"represents the largest single increase in student financial aid in Stanford's history,\" according to \u003ca href=\"https://knight-hennessy.stanford.edu/news/stanford-launches-knight-hennessy-scholars-program\">a statement from the university.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, named for Knight and Stanford President John L. Hennessy, \"will be analogous to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rhodesscholar.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Rhodes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://schwarzmanscholars.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Schwarzman\u003c/a> scholarships,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2016/02/24/stanford-launching-knight-hennessy-scholarship-to-attract-top-graduates/\">the Stanford Daily reports.\u003c/a> It is supported by a $750 million endowment, Stanford says, the majority of which is from Knight's gift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford says the program, which provides funding for pursuing master's, doctoral or professional study, will admit 100 scholars annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Knight-Hennessy Scholars Program brings the very best students from around the world to study at Stanford in any discipline they're interested in, and helps prepare them to be world leaders,\" Hennessy said in the university's release. \"It will be the largest graduate scholarship program focused on all disciplines at any university in the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hennessy is stepping down this year after 16 years as president. He will be the Knight-Hennessey program's first director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program aims to attract scholars from around the world who have shown \"leadership and civic commitment,\" the statement says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is using education to benefit mankind and I think it really could be transformative,\" Knight \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/business/philip-knight-of-nike-to-give-400-million-to-stanford-scholars.html?_r=0\">told The New York Times\u003c/a>. \"I jumped on it right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/about/foundation/giving-opportunities/knight-cancer.cfm\">also recently donated\u003c/a> $500 million to the Oregon Health & Science University for cancer research. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/06/25/phil-knight-ohsu-fight-cancer/\">he challenged\u003c/a> challenged the university to raise $500 million in two years, which he said he would match. The university said last June it reached that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Nike+Co-Founder+Donates+%24400+Million+To+Stanford+University&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nike co-founder and Chairman Philip Knight has pledged $400 million to Stanford University for a new graduate scholarship program aimed at tackling major global challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gift, announced Wednesday, is one of the largest ever from an individual donor to a university. It also \"represents the largest single increase in student financial aid in Stanford's history,\" according to \u003ca href=\"https://knight-hennessy.stanford.edu/news/stanford-launches-knight-hennessy-scholars-program\">a statement from the university.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, named for Knight and Stanford President John L. Hennessy, \"will be analogous to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rhodesscholar.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Rhodes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://schwarzmanscholars.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Schwarzman\u003c/a> scholarships,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.stanforddaily.com/2016/02/24/stanford-launching-knight-hennessy-scholarship-to-attract-top-graduates/\">the Stanford Daily reports.\u003c/a> It is supported by a $750 million endowment, Stanford says, the majority of which is from Knight's gift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford says the program, which provides funding for pursuing master's, doctoral or professional study, will admit 100 scholars annually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The Knight-Hennessy Scholars Program brings the very best students from around the world to study at Stanford in any discipline they're interested in, and helps prepare them to be world leaders,\" Hennessy said in the university's release. \"It will be the largest graduate scholarship program focused on all disciplines at any university in the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hennessy is stepping down this year after 16 years as president. He will be the Knight-Hennessey program's first director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program aims to attract scholars from around the world who have shown \"leadership and civic commitment,\" the statement says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is using education to benefit mankind and I think it really could be transformative,\" Knight \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/24/business/philip-knight-of-nike-to-give-400-million-to-stanford-scholars.html?_r=0\">told The New York Times\u003c/a>. \"I jumped on it right away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knight \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/about/foundation/giving-opportunities/knight-cancer.cfm\">also recently donated\u003c/a> $500 million to the Oregon Health & Science University for cancer research. In 2013, \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2015/06/25/phil-knight-ohsu-fight-cancer/\">he challenged\u003c/a> challenged the university to raise $500 million in two years, which he said he would match. The university said last June it reached that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Nike+Co-Founder+Donates+%24400+Million+To+Stanford+University&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\" alt=\"\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "How Two Bay Area Researchers Became MacArthur Geniuses",
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"content": "\u003cp>It must be nice being a genius, especially if that comes with a five-year $625,000 \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org\" target=\"_blank\">John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation\u003c/a> \"genius grant,\" as the annual awards are informally known. It's nice work if you can get it -- but you probably can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there isn't much you can do to be recognized as the genius that you are, at least according to your mom that time you made an intricate pipe cleaner sculpture at summer camp. You can't apply or ask to be nominated. You never even know who may be judging your work at any moment for potential genius material. For the 24 people announced as this year's MacArthur fellows, the call letting them know of their newfound status came as a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one of those things you dream about,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/943/\" target=\"_blank\">Christopher Ré\u003c/a> in the video below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ré, an assistant professor in computer science at Stanford University, was one of two Bay Area researchers picked for the no-strings-attached prize. His work focuses on analyzing big data by building programs that are capable of processing \"dark data\" -- i.e., things like objects, images and books that are not typically accessible to standard database processing. And if that made sense to you, well, then you're at least a semi-genius.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pv3bGY94Rxk\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/952/\" target=\"_blank\">Peidong Yang\u003c/a>, an inorganic chemist on the faculty at UC Berkeley, was the second local genius. Yang works with semiconductor nanowires -- wires that are so small that they fundamentally behave differently from normal wires. He's even developed a synthetic leaf using semiconducting nanowires and bacteria that is capable of fake photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems like the majority of geniuses picked out of the Bay Area tend to come from the Stanford or Berkeley campuses, that's probably not a coincidence. While the MacArthur Foundation guards its selection process closely, here's what they could tell us:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The foundation selects nominators \"across the spectrum of human activity\" -- though there are, most likely, some limits to human activity that the foundation will consider experts in (for example, binge-watching \"Real Housewives\" will probably not qualify as genius-level activity).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those nominators come from recommendations, often from past nominators, former award winners or foundation board members. They are supposed to be experts familiar with \"a wide variety of interesting and creative people.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those nominators serve anonymous terms of several months and can make as many nominations for geniuses as they see fit by writing a one-to-two page letter in support of each of their nominations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The nominations are then submitted to the 12-person Selection Committee -- also secret.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Foundation staff prepares a file of the work of the potential genius for the secret committee to review, accompanied by expert letters evaluating the work and at times published reviews of said work.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>That committee then picks from those files some number of people to henceforth be geniuses.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All that is required then is for you to be a resident or citizen of the United States, not hold elected office (which presumably precludes you from being a genius), do creative and innovative work, and evidently have that work come to the attention of a secret expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lends itself to certain trends, such as award winners coming out of well-known top universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We, however, would like to think that there are more than two geniuses in the Bay Area, and that many of those geniuses are going undiscovered by the anonymous selectors of excellence. So we're turning the question over now to the wisdom of the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If you could nominate anyone, who would you pick?\u003c/h2>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It must be nice being a genius, especially if that comes with a five-year $625,000 \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org\" target=\"_blank\">John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation\u003c/a> \"genius grant,\" as the annual awards are informally known. It's nice work if you can get it -- but you probably can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there isn't much you can do to be recognized as the genius that you are, at least according to your mom that time you made an intricate pipe cleaner sculpture at summer camp. You can't apply or ask to be nominated. You never even know who may be judging your work at any moment for potential genius material. For the 24 people announced as this year's MacArthur fellows, the call letting them know of their newfound status came as a surprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's one of those things you dream about,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/943/\" target=\"_blank\">Christopher Ré\u003c/a> in the video below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ré, an assistant professor in computer science at Stanford University, was one of two Bay Area researchers picked for the no-strings-attached prize. His work focuses on analyzing big data by building programs that are capable of processing \"dark data\" -- i.e., things like objects, images and books that are not typically accessible to standard database processing. And if that made sense to you, well, then you're at least a semi-genius.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Pv3bGY94Rxk'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Pv3bGY94Rxk'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.macfound.org/fellows/952/\" target=\"_blank\">Peidong Yang\u003c/a>, an inorganic chemist on the faculty at UC Berkeley, was the second local genius. Yang works with semiconductor nanowires -- wires that are so small that they fundamentally behave differently from normal wires. He's even developed a synthetic leaf using semiconducting nanowires and bacteria that is capable of fake photosynthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If it seems like the majority of geniuses picked out of the Bay Area tend to come from the Stanford or Berkeley campuses, that's probably not a coincidence. While the MacArthur Foundation guards its selection process closely, here's what they could tell us:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>The foundation selects nominators \"across the spectrum of human activity\" -- though there are, most likely, some limits to human activity that the foundation will consider experts in (for example, binge-watching \"Real Housewives\" will probably not qualify as genius-level activity).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those nominators come from recommendations, often from past nominators, former award winners or foundation board members. They are supposed to be experts familiar with \"a wide variety of interesting and creative people.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Those nominators serve anonymous terms of several months and can make as many nominations for geniuses as they see fit by writing a one-to-two page letter in support of each of their nominations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The nominations are then submitted to the 12-person Selection Committee -- also secret.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Foundation staff prepares a file of the work of the potential genius for the secret committee to review, accompanied by expert letters evaluating the work and at times published reviews of said work.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>That committee then picks from those files some number of people to henceforth be geniuses.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>All that is required then is for you to be a resident or citizen of the United States, not hold elected office (which presumably precludes you from being a genius), do creative and innovative work, and evidently have that work come to the attention of a secret expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This lends itself to certain trends, such as award winners coming out of well-known top universities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We, however, would like to think that there are more than two geniuses in the Bay Area, and that many of those geniuses are going undiscovered by the anonymous selectors of excellence. So we're turning the question over now to the wisdom of the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>If you could nominate anyone, who would you pick?\u003c/h2>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Madeline Huberth could play Beethoven with the best of them. She studied cello in college and planned on going professional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then she started to get shooting pains in her left hand when she practiced. Her fingers were tingling. And surgery did nothing to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started losing muscle mass in my hand,” Huberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By graduation, she couldn’t lift her pinky anymore or stretch her index finger back to play B flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/202439110\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It became very apparent at the end of college that I couldn’t pursue performance anymore,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huberth threw herself into studying the science of music. She’s now a Ph.D. student at Stanford University’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a>, where she’s become adept at a new musical instrument: her laptop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using a laptop, you can do anything that isn’t even physically possible,” she explains. “You can have an incredibly wide vibrato. Or you could simulate the sound of a string that’s the length of the building,” to produce an incredibly low pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Huberth is the teaching assistant for the \u003ca href=\"http://slork.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Laptop Orchestra\u003c/a>. This is a class that meets Wednesday nights during the spring semester. Students write code to create their own instrument on the computer, which they will score into a full orchestral work by the end of the semester.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1f1DATjZUg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several students in the class have a musical background, like Huberth, while several others come from computer science or engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I studied physics and I have kind of a tech background,” graduate student Tim O’Brien says. “But I loved music all my life, so it kind of combines everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent class meeting, he and 13 other students sat on rows of meditation pillows, fixing code on their laptops and fiddling with speakers made out of IKEA salad bowls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They rehearsed ensemble pieces that they will perform at an \u003ca href=\"http://slork.stanford.edu/events/2015/slorktastic/\">upcoming chamber concert\u003c/a>, and demonstrated their individual solo instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien began his demo by taking a big breath and blowing softly into his laptop. Then he jingled his car keys over the keyboard and tapped his water bottle. He programmed his computer’s microphone to translate these human actions into a morphed, electronic sound. The class loved it. And so did the orchestra director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10500180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10500180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4.jpg\" alt=\"Ge Wang, assistant professor of music at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, teaches a music coding lesson to students participating in the Stanford Laptop Orchestra.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4.jpg 3264w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ge Wang, assistant professor of music at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, teaches a music coding lesson to students participating in the Stanford Laptop Orchestra. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was nothing short of magical,” says Ge Wang, assistant professor of music at Stanford. “Tim was able to really find this mix where human meets machine. And in that way, it was like this dialogue. But what came out of the computer was a sound that would not come anywhere except through a computer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang and Huberth also like when students get physical with the medium. For example, one student is programming an armband to produce sounds when he stretches or clenches his hand. Other students use Gametraks, little black boxes originally used as a video game control, that have two red retractable cables. Students connect them to their laptops and program them to produce different notes or rhythms when they pull them up, down, left or right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can rapidly prototype physical gestures, interactions and map them to sound,” Wang explains. “It enables a way to quickly explore a whole world of new sounds, interactions, and performance practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10500181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10500181\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5.jpg\" alt=\" Erica Fearon demonstrates a piece of music she composed on her laptop. She programmed the cables to make different sounds when she moved them in different directions.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5.jpg 2448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Fearon demonstrates a piece of music she composed on her laptop. She programmed the cables to make different sounds when she moved them in different directions. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wang says this makes for a better experience for the audience – one that is both pleasing to listen to and also interesting to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this is one of the ways laptop orchestra is evolving as a medium. Wang was a founding member of the first laptop orchestra, launched at Princeton University 10 years ago. He started the Stanford Laptop Orchestra, known affectionately as Slork, in 2008. Today, there are more than 70 laptop orchestras, but Wang says they’re still really just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ten years may be a long time in computer years. To really make it into an art form, it’s still quite early,” Wang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some more advanced laptop musicians are pushing boundaries. Madeline Huberth helped form a chamber group called Sidelobe, which meets year-round and works on reinterpreting earlier compositions, choosing from a young but growing library of more than 300 works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been pulling pieces from the canon, from the laptop orchestra canon,” Huberth says. “Pieces that have done very well, that have been written by more seasoned composers, and we’re giving these performances new life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest challenge laptop musicians face is the same challenge all artists confront, Wang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether a violin, cello, piano or a laptop, we’re all looking for a different way to represent that spark of humanity,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Stanford Laptop Orchestra will perform a chamber music concert on April 30 and a full orchestral concert on May 30. The \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://slork.stanford.edu/events/2015/slorktastic/\">\u003cem>events\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> are both free and open to the public. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Madeline Huberth could play Beethoven with the best of them. She studied cello in college and planned on going professional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then she started to get shooting pains in her left hand when she practiced. Her fingers were tingling. And surgery did nothing to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I started losing muscle mass in my hand,” Huberth says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By graduation, she couldn’t lift her pinky anymore or stretch her index finger back to play B flat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/202439110&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/202439110'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It became very apparent at the end of college that I couldn’t pursue performance anymore,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huberth threw herself into studying the science of music. She’s now a Ph.D. student at Stanford University’s \u003ca href=\"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics\u003c/a>, where she’s become adept at a new musical instrument: her laptop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Using a laptop, you can do anything that isn’t even physically possible,” she explains. “You can have an incredibly wide vibrato. Or you could simulate the sound of a string that’s the length of the building,” to produce an incredibly low pitch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Huberth is the teaching assistant for the \u003ca href=\"http://slork.stanford.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Stanford Laptop Orchestra\u003c/a>. This is a class that meets Wednesday nights during the spring semester. Students write code to create their own instrument on the computer, which they will score into a full orchestral work by the end of the semester.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/c1f1DATjZUg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/c1f1DATjZUg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Several students in the class have a musical background, like Huberth, while several others come from computer science or engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I studied physics and I have kind of a tech background,” graduate student Tim O’Brien says. “But I loved music all my life, so it kind of combines everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a recent class meeting, he and 13 other students sat on rows of meditation pillows, fixing code on their laptops and fiddling with speakers made out of IKEA salad bowls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They rehearsed ensemble pieces that they will perform at an \u003ca href=\"http://slork.stanford.edu/events/2015/slorktastic/\">upcoming chamber concert\u003c/a>, and demonstrated their individual solo instruments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>O’Brien began his demo by taking a big breath and blowing softly into his laptop. Then he jingled his car keys over the keyboard and tapped his water bottle. He programmed his computer’s microphone to translate these human actions into a morphed, electronic sound. The class loved it. And so did the orchestra director.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10500180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10500180\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4.jpg\" alt=\"Ge Wang, assistant professor of music at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, teaches a music coding lesson to students participating in the Stanford Laptop Orchestra.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4.jpg 3264w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/photo4-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ge Wang, assistant professor of music at Stanford's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, teaches a music coding lesson to students participating in the Stanford Laptop Orchestra. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That was nothing short of magical,” says Ge Wang, assistant professor of music at Stanford. “Tim was able to really find this mix where human meets machine. And in that way, it was like this dialogue. But what came out of the computer was a sound that would not come anywhere except through a computer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wang and Huberth also like when students get physical with the medium. For example, one student is programming an armband to produce sounds when he stretches or clenches his hand. Other students use Gametraks, little black boxes originally used as a video game control, that have two red retractable cables. Students connect them to their laptops and program them to produce different notes or rhythms when they pull them up, down, left or right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can rapidly prototype physical gestures, interactions and map them to sound,” Wang explains. “It enables a way to quickly explore a whole world of new sounds, interactions, and performance practices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10500181\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-10500181\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5.jpg\" alt=\" Erica Fearon demonstrates a piece of music she composed on her laptop. She programmed the cables to make different sounds when she moved them in different directions.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5.jpg 2448w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-400x533.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-1440x1920.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/laptop-orchestra-5-960x1280.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erica Fearon demonstrates a piece of music she composed on her laptop. She programmed the cables to make different sounds when she moved them in different directions. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wang says this makes for a better experience for the audience – one that is both pleasing to listen to and also interesting to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says this is one of the ways laptop orchestra is evolving as a medium. Wang was a founding member of the first laptop orchestra, launched at Princeton University 10 years ago. He started the Stanford Laptop Orchestra, known affectionately as Slork, in 2008. Today, there are more than 70 laptop orchestras, but Wang says they’re still really just beginning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ten years may be a long time in computer years. To really make it into an art form, it’s still quite early,” Wang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some more advanced laptop musicians are pushing boundaries. Madeline Huberth helped form a chamber group called Sidelobe, which meets year-round and works on reinterpreting earlier compositions, choosing from a young but growing library of more than 300 works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been pulling pieces from the canon, from the laptop orchestra canon,” Huberth says. “Pieces that have done very well, that have been written by more seasoned composers, and we’re giving these performances new life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biggest challenge laptop musicians face is the same challenge all artists confront, Wang says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether a violin, cello, piano or a laptop, we’re all looking for a different way to represent that spark of humanity,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Stanford Laptop Orchestra will perform a chamber music concert on April 30 and a full orchestral concert on May 30. The \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://slork.stanford.edu/events/2015/slorktastic/\">\u003cem>events\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> are both free and open to the public. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Player pianos that are 100 years old will come to life this Saturday at Stanford University, reproducing historic performances by composers like George Gershwin and Igor Stravinksy. The \u003ca href=\"https://events.stanford.edu/events/495/49503/\">concert\u003c/a> is part of the university's new \u003ca href=\"http://library.stanford.edu/projects/player-piano-project\">Player Piano Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Player pianos were “capable of reproducing the nuances of touch and timing of a pianist who recorded in real time,” explains Kumaran Arul, a music instructor at Stanford. The pianos play music recorded on perforated rolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/201327486\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arul led the effort to acquire and preserve the more than 7,500 rolls and 10 player pianos from a collector in Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pianos became very popular in the late 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> and early 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> centuries and then died out as phonographs improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In listening to the rolls, Arul and his colleagues are finding that old pianists were not as tied to sheet music as today’s musicians are. They were willing to take more risks, and be more flexible with rhythm and tempo changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsuPVBAwg4s&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nayantara Jain, a senior piano student at Stanford, is using the rolls to inform her own playing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These actual composers playing their own pieces do things that teachers will tell you are not OK,” Jain says. “It just opens a whole world of expressive possibility and it’s really exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, composed of student players, will accompany Percy Grainger, a pianist who died in 1961, as his 1921 roll runs on a player piano. Rex Lawson, a player piano expert from London, will play a foot-operated version of a player piano, manipulating the roll as it plays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10494122\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10494122\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-800x503.jpg\" alt=\"A player piano roll containing the touch and timing of a performance by Arthur Rubinstein.\" width=\"800\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-800x503.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-400x252.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-1440x906.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-1180x742.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-768x483.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-320x201.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A player piano roll containing the touch and timing of a performance by Arthur Rubinstein. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lawson is optimistic that the concert and the Player Piano Project will bring much-needed attention to the old pianos and rolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These things are not toys,” Lawson says. “They’re serious musical instruments, and it’s jolly good, finally, that people are beginning to take them seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon the rolls will also be available to musicians beyond the Stanford community. Kumaran Arul and his colleagues are in the process of building a custom scanner that will digitize the rolls and make them available online.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Player pianos that are 100 years old will come to life this Saturday at Stanford University, reproducing historic performances by composers like George Gershwin and Igor Stravinksy. The \u003ca href=\"https://events.stanford.edu/events/495/49503/\">concert\u003c/a> is part of the university's new \u003ca href=\"http://library.stanford.edu/projects/player-piano-project\">Player Piano Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Player pianos were “capable of reproducing the nuances of touch and timing of a pianist who recorded in real time,” explains Kumaran Arul, a music instructor at Stanford. The pianos play music recorded on perforated rolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/201327486&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/201327486'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arul led the effort to acquire and preserve the more than 7,500 rolls and 10 player pianos from a collector in Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pianos became very popular in the late 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> and early 20\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> centuries and then died out as phonographs improved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In listening to the rolls, Arul and his colleagues are finding that old pianists were not as tied to sheet music as today’s musicians are. They were willing to take more risks, and be more flexible with rhythm and tempo changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/xsuPVBAwg4s'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/xsuPVBAwg4s'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nayantara Jain, a senior piano student at Stanford, is using the rolls to inform her own playing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These actual composers playing their own pieces do things that teachers will tell you are not OK,” Jain says. “It just opens a whole world of expressive possibility and it’s really exciting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, the Stanford Symphony Orchestra, composed of student players, will accompany Percy Grainger, a pianist who died in 1961, as his 1921 roll runs on a player piano. Rex Lawson, a player piano expert from London, will play a foot-operated version of a player piano, manipulating the roll as it plays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10494122\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-10494122\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-800x503.jpg\" alt=\"A player piano roll containing the touch and timing of a performance by Arthur Rubinstein.\" width=\"800\" height=\"503\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-800x503.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-400x252.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-1440x906.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-1180x742.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-768x483.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll-320x201.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2015/04/RubensteinRoll.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A player piano roll containing the touch and timing of a performance by Arthur Rubinstein. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Stanford University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lawson is optimistic that the concert and the Player Piano Project will bring much-needed attention to the old pianos and rolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These things are not toys,” Lawson says. “They’re serious musical instruments, and it’s jolly good, finally, that people are beginning to take them seriously.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soon the rolls will also be available to musicians beyond the Stanford community. Kumaran Arul and his colleagues are in the process of building a custom scanner that will digitize the rolls and make them available online.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5u753wQeyM&w=800&h=450]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Paul Kalanithi, a Stanford neurosurgeon who won wide recognition for his published reflections on how he coped with his own terminal disease, died of lung cancer earlier this week at the age of 37.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford announced Kalanithi's death Wednesday in \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/03/stanford-neurosurgeon-writer-paul-kalanithi-dies-at-37.html\" target=\"_blank\">an obituary\u003c/a> that detailed both his academic and professional accomplishments and his brief, remarkable career as an essayist. A favorite detail: He came to Stanford as an undergrad and left with both a bachelor's \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a master's in English literature and a bachelor's in human biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He next studied the history and philosophy of science and medicine at the University of Cambridge, earning a master’s degree, before attending the Yale School of Medicine. In 2007, he graduated from Yale cum laude, winning the Lewis H. Nahum Prize, awarded for his research on Tourette’s syndrome, and membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society. At Yale, he also met classmate Lucy Goddard, whom he married in 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He returned to Stanford for a residency in neurological surgery and a postdoctoral fellowship in neuroscience, during which he authored more than 20 scientific publications and received the American Academy of Neurological Surgery’s highest award for research.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>He was also a husband, father, brother and son, and leaves a large family, several members of which are doctors themselves, mourning his passing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford obituary includes the video (above) produced to accompany Kalanithi's final essay, \"\u003ca href=\"http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2015spring/before-i-go.html\" target=\"_blank\">Before I Go\u003c/a>,\" which appears in the spring 2015 issue of Stanford Medicine magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's one passage from that essay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Time for me is double-edged: Every day brings me further from the low of my last cancer relapse, but every day also brings me closer to the next cancer recurrence — and eventually, death. Perhaps later than I think, but certainly sooner than I desire. There are, I imagine, two responses to that realization. The most obvious might be an impulse to frantic activity: to “live life to its fullest,” to travel, to dine, to achieve a host of neglected ambitions. Part of the cruelty of cancer, though, is not only that it limits your time, it also limits your energy, vastly reducing the amount you can squeeze into a day. It is a tired hare who now races. But even if I had the energy, I prefer a more tortoiselike approach. I plod, I ponder, some days I simply persist.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/d5u753wQeyM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/d5u753wQeyM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Paul Kalanithi, a Stanford neurosurgeon who won wide recognition for his published reflections on how he coped with his own terminal disease, died of lung cancer earlier this week at the age of 37.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford announced Kalanithi's death Wednesday in \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/03/stanford-neurosurgeon-writer-paul-kalanithi-dies-at-37.html\" target=\"_blank\">an obituary\u003c/a> that detailed both his academic and professional accomplishments and his brief, remarkable career as an essayist. A favorite detail: He came to Stanford as an undergrad and left with both a bachelor's \u003cem>and\u003c/em> a master's in English literature and a bachelor's in human biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>He next studied the history and philosophy of science and medicine at the University of Cambridge, earning a master’s degree, before attending the Yale School of Medicine. In 2007, he graduated from Yale cum laude, winning the Lewis H. Nahum Prize, awarded for his research on Tourette’s syndrome, and membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society. At Yale, he also met classmate Lucy Goddard, whom he married in 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He returned to Stanford for a residency in neurological surgery and a postdoctoral fellowship in neuroscience, during which he authored more than 20 scientific publications and received the American Academy of Neurological Surgery’s highest award for research.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>He was also a husband, father, brother and son, and leaves a large family, several members of which are doctors themselves, mourning his passing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford obituary includes the video (above) produced to accompany Kalanithi's final essay, \"\u003ca href=\"http://stanmed.stanford.edu/2015spring/before-i-go.html\" target=\"_blank\">Before I Go\u003c/a>,\" which appears in the spring 2015 issue of Stanford Medicine magazine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's one passage from that essay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Time for me is double-edged: Every day brings me further from the low of my last cancer relapse, but every day also brings me closer to the next cancer recurrence — and eventually, death. Perhaps later than I think, but certainly sooner than I desire. There are, I imagine, two responses to that realization. The most obvious might be an impulse to frantic activity: to “live life to its fullest,” to travel, to dine, to achieve a host of neglected ambitions. Part of the cruelty of cancer, though, is not only that it limits your time, it also limits your energy, vastly reducing the amount you can squeeze into a day. It is a tired hare who now races. But even if I had the energy, I prefer a more tortoiselike approach. I plod, I ponder, some days I simply persist.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Top utilities regulator criticized San Bruno officials after 2010 blast\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(Los Angeles Times)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Two years after a deadly gas explosion in the Bay Area city of San Bruno, California Public Utilities Commission President Michael Peevey described the city's mayor as \"emotional\" and the city manager as \"nuts,\" according to emails newly released by the San Francisco utility giant Pacific Gas & Electric Co. \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-puc-scandal-20141223-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rights group questions police tactics in raid on Muslim's home\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(San Jose Mercury News)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>More than a dozen police officers armed with assault rifles and pistols stormed into a Santa Clara man's front yard in late March, used a battering ram to bust into his house and ransacked the place looking for property they never found. His alleged crime? Possession of a stolen $275 dashboard camera. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_27190103/muslim-group-claims-cops-mistreated-santa-clara-man\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a> (may require subscription)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Stanford's Class of '94 and a gender gap more powerful than the Internet\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(New York Times)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the history of American higher education, it is hard to top the luck and timing of the Stanford class of 1994, whose members arrived on campus barely aware of what an email was, and yet grew up to help teach the rest of the planet to shop, send money, find love and navigate an ever-expanding online universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/23/us/gender-gaps-stanford-94.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California's new 'Yes means yes' law going into effect\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(Capital Public Radio)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In 2015 any California college or university that receives state financial aid must begin using a \"yes means yes\" approach toward sexual assault. That means both parties must give ongoing, affirmative consent during any sexual activity. \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2014/12/22/yes-means-yes-law-going-into-effect/\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>In Silicon Valley, do the jerks always win\u003c/strong>? \u003cem>(ComputerWorld)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One of Silicon Valley’s most prominent investors, Paul Graham, believes that investing in jerks (his term) is not just a kind of bad karma, but bad for business as well. ... He told Business Insider: “... We realized it had been a clever move to filter out jerks, because it made the alumni network really tight … based on what I've seen so far, the good people have the advantage over the jerks.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2862213/in-silicon-valley-do-the-jerks-always-win.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Gas prices down a record 88 days in a row\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(Wall Street Journal)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This year more Americans are expected to take to the road for the holidays than ever before, and they will pay much less at the gas pump as they go. U.S. gasoline prices have declined for 88 consecutive days, the longest streak of falling prices on record, according to the motor club AAA. And in some cities—Tulsa, Okla., and Kansas City and Springfield, Mo., among them—prices are beginning to fall below $2 a gallon. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/gas-prices-down-a-record-88-days-in-a-row-1419282991\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Dow tops 18,000 for first time\u003c/strong>\u003cem> (Barron's)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 82 points to 18042 early on Tuesday after a stronger-than-expected reading on U.S. gross domestic product. The milestone was reached smack in the middle of the Santa Rally that only last week seemed like a remote possibility. Tuesday’s gains put the market on course for its fifth gain in a row and second all-time high in as many days. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.barrons.com/stockstowatchtoday/2014/12/23/dow-jones-industrial-average-tops-18000/\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Giants to take all three World Series trophies on tour\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(San Francisco Giants)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Fans from southern Oregon clear down to the southern edge of the San Joaquin Valley will get a chance to take selfies with the World Series hardware. Tour will kick off in Sacramento on Jan. 7, 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://mlb.mlb.com/sf/fan_forum/trophy_tour.jsp?partnerId=ed-8871692-764414063\" target=\"_blank\">Full tour schedule\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/16/what-gives-the-morpho-butterfly-its-magnificent-blue/\" target=\"_blank\">What gives the morpho butterfly its magnificent blue?\u003c/a> \u003cem>(KQED Science/Deep Look)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some butterfly scales are colored by pigments. But others rely on something called “structural color” -– the production of color by nano-sized elaborate shapes that reflect and bend light. Structural color is why we perceive the Morpho butterfly, a dazzling type of blue butterfly found in South America, Mexico and Central America, as bright blue, along with peacock feathers, iridescent beetles and blue eyes. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/16/what-gives-the-morpho-butterfly-its-magnificent-blue/\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Top utilities regulator criticized San Bruno officials after 2010 blast\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(Los Angeles Times)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Two years after a deadly gas explosion in the Bay Area city of San Bruno, California Public Utilities Commission President Michael Peevey described the city's mayor as \"emotional\" and the city manager as \"nuts,\" according to emails newly released by the San Francisco utility giant Pacific Gas & Electric Co. \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-puc-scandal-20141223-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Rights group questions police tactics in raid on Muslim's home\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(San Jose Mercury News)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>More than a dozen police officers armed with assault rifles and pistols stormed into a Santa Clara man's front yard in late March, used a battering ram to bust into his house and ransacked the place looking for property they never found. His alleged crime? Possession of a stolen $275 dashboard camera. \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_27190103/muslim-group-claims-cops-mistreated-santa-clara-man\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a> (may require subscription)\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Stanford's Class of '94 and a gender gap more powerful than the Internet\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(New York Times)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In the history of American higher education, it is hard to top the luck and timing of the Stanford class of 1994, whose members arrived on campus barely aware of what an email was, and yet grew up to help teach the rest of the planet to shop, send money, find love and navigate an ever-expanding online universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/23/us/gender-gaps-stanford-94.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>California's new 'Yes means yes' law going into effect\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(Capital Public Radio)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>In 2015 any California college or university that receives state financial aid must begin using a \"yes means yes\" approach toward sexual assault. That means both parties must give ongoing, affirmative consent during any sexual activity. \u003ca href=\"http://www.capradio.org/articles/2014/12/22/yes-means-yes-law-going-into-effect/\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>In Silicon Valley, do the jerks always win\u003c/strong>? \u003cem>(ComputerWorld)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>One of Silicon Valley’s most prominent investors, Paul Graham, believes that investing in jerks (his term) is not just a kind of bad karma, but bad for business as well. ... He told Business Insider: “... We realized it had been a clever move to filter out jerks, because it made the alumni network really tight … based on what I've seen so far, the good people have the advantage over the jerks.\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2862213/in-silicon-valley-do-the-jerks-always-win.html\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Gas prices down a record 88 days in a row\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(Wall Street Journal)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>This year more Americans are expected to take to the road for the holidays than ever before, and they will pay much less at the gas pump as they go. U.S. gasoline prices have declined for 88 consecutive days, the longest streak of falling prices on record, according to the motor club AAA. And in some cities—Tulsa, Okla., and Kansas City and Springfield, Mo., among them—prices are beginning to fall below $2 a gallon. \u003ca href=\"http://www.wsj.com/articles/gas-prices-down-a-record-88-days-in-a-row-1419282991\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Dow tops 18,000 for first time\u003c/strong>\u003cem> (Barron's)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 82 points to 18042 early on Tuesday after a stronger-than-expected reading on U.S. gross domestic product. The milestone was reached smack in the middle of the Santa Rally that only last week seemed like a remote possibility. Tuesday’s gains put the market on course for its fifth gain in a row and second all-time high in as many days. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.barrons.com/stockstowatchtoday/2014/12/23/dow-jones-industrial-average-tops-18000/\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>Giants to take all three World Series trophies on tour\u003c/strong> \u003cem>(San Francisco Giants)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Fans from southern Oregon clear down to the southern edge of the San Joaquin Valley will get a chance to take selfies with the World Series hardware. Tour will kick off in Sacramento on Jan. 7, 2015. \u003ca href=\"http://mlb.mlb.com/sf/fan_forum/trophy_tour.jsp?partnerId=ed-8871692-764414063\" target=\"_blank\">Full tour schedule\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/16/what-gives-the-morpho-butterfly-its-magnificent-blue/\" target=\"_blank\">What gives the morpho butterfly its magnificent blue?\u003c/a> \u003cem>(KQED Science/Deep Look)\u003c/em>:\u003cbr>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Some butterfly scales are colored by pigments. But others rely on something called “structural color” -– the production of color by nano-sized elaborate shapes that reflect and bend light. Structural color is why we perceive the Morpho butterfly, a dazzling type of blue butterfly found in South America, Mexico and Central America, as bright blue, along with peacock feathers, iridescent beetles and blue eyes. \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/2014/12/16/what-gives-the-morpho-butterfly-its-magnificent-blue/\" target=\"_blank\">Full story\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How Big Data Is Changing Medicine",
"headTitle": "How Big Data Is Changing Medicine | KQED",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/09/20140929science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22009 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\" alt=\"computer servers\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://guillaumepaumier.com/\">Guillaume Paumier\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how science usually works: Come up with a question or a hypothesis. Develop an experiment to test it and create data. As any middle school student could tell you, it’s called the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some researchers and entrepreneurs in the Bay Area say that method is being upended, especially when it comes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened in the pediatric intensive care unit at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a young girl from Reno, Nevada, was flown by helicopter to the pediatric intensive care unit of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky.’\u003ccite>— Jennifer Frankovich, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“She was gravely ill. Her kidneys were shutting down,” recalls Jennifer Frankovich, at the time a young attending physician at the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl had been given morphine to dull her crushing abdominal pain. To Frankovich, the girl’s parents, who were from Mexico, looked like deer in the headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were probably more doctors around her bed than they’d seen in their lives” she says. “I mean, the kidney doctor, the intensivist, the rheumatology team, the hematology team. There was a huge number of doctors around this poor girl’s bed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Risks \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed the girl had lupus, a disease in which the immune system goes rogue, attacking the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus can cause permanent kidney damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frankovich worried about something else, too. She’d seen kids like this before, and recalled that some of them also developed blood clots, which can travel to the heart or lungs and be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood clots can be prevented with an anti-coagulant, which keeps the blood flowing. But that, too, carries risks. A patient on blood thinners can have a stroke or bleed into an organ. Blood thinners can also complicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky. Frankovich asked her colleagues: What should we do here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There wasn’t enough published literature to guide this decision,” Frankovich says. “[They said] the best route was to not do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatric lupus is rare, which makes formal studies hard to come by. It would take years for a single institution to identify enough subjects to come up with a meaningful sample size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the question itself was fairly obscure. Whether or not pediatric lupus patients are at a high risk for developing blood clots is one of those matters that medical researchers haven’t gotten around to answering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich needed data. And that is when she had her big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Unconventional Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich had been helping build a database of pediatric lupus patients who had been seen previously at the hospital. She had digitized the charts and made them searchable with key words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any chronic medical condition, lupus generates a staggering amount of paperwork. Doctors follow each patient for years, even a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our pediatric lupus patients have enough records to fill boxes,” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the accumulated records of every kid with lupus who has come through Packard Hospital would fill a large room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, all that data was accessible with a keystroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking for patterns within those medical records, Frankovich realized, she would, in a sense, be doing the study no one else had gotten around to doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She could look at every pediatric lupus patient that had come through the hospital to see how many of them developed blood clots, and what the risk factors were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on that, she could calculate whether the risks of a blood clot in her current patient justified the risks of prescribing an anti-coagulant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she ran the search and presented her findings to her colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The scientific method itself is growing obsolete.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“And universally everyone said, ‘wow, based on those numbers, it seems like we should try to prevent a clot in her,’” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was given the anti-coagulant. Over time her lupus got better. As far as Frankovich knows, she’s doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not seem like it, but what Frankovich did was fairly radical, noteworthy enough to warrant a \u003ca href=\"http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/jfrankovich-1.pdf\">paper published \u003c/a>in November 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, doctors make decisions based on two factors: One, their own expertise and that of other doctors and specialists. In other words, that team of doctors who were gathered around the young lupus patient’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two, doctors consult the scientific literature. They read studies and case reports that have been published in established medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich was taking a third route. She was using electronic medical records to search for answers that were already out there, but hadn’t been uncovered yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift in Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an example, says \u003ca href=\"https://buttelab.stanford.edu/\">Atul Butte\u003c/a>, an entrepreneur and associate professor of pediatrics at the Stanford School of Medicine, of a seismic shift happening in medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea here is, the scientific method itself is growing obsolete,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America) \" width=\"409\" height=\"272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This concept draws from \u003ca href=\"http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory\">an essay\u003c/a> published in Wired Magazine in 2008 called “The End of Theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the essay, so much information will be available at our fingertips in the future that there will be almost no need for experiments. The answers are already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it,” Butte says. “The scientific method — we learned this in elementary school — is: We come up with a question, a hypothesis, and go make measurements to answer it. Now we’re living in this world where we already have the measurements and the data. The struggle is to figure out: What do we want to ask of all that data?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, a question Butte’s team has focused on recently: the rise in pre-term births in the United States. One theory, says Butte, points to an increase in exposure to environmental toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, this would be a challenging hypothesis to study. Medical records for these births aren’t necessarily in any one place, online. The same problem exists with records on air pollution, or weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re heading to a world where we’ll have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Butte says, “you can connect pre-term births from the medical records and birth census data to weather patterns, pollution monitors and EPA data to see is there a correlation there or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correlation does not mean causation (as any statistician will tell you) but it’s a good jumping-off point for more targeted research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ever-Expanding Cloud of Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big data is more than medical records and environmental data, Butte says. It could (or already does) include the results of every clinical trial that’s ever been done, every lab test, Google search, tweet. The data from your Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the challenge won’t be finding the data, it’ll be figuring out how to organize it all.\u003cbr>\n“I think the computational side of this is, let’s try to connect everything to everything,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest pool of data will be the genetic instructions written in each one of our cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took $2.7 billion and 13 years to sequence the first human genome. Today, that same project costs $1,500 and takes about a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re heading to a world where we’re going to have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest genetics databases belongs to the Mountain View-based company 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Anne Wojcicki says that huge pool of data is already providing answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, she says, a family that came to the company to learn more about three family members who had developed pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family members also shared a specific gene mutation. They wanted to know: Is the mutation causing the cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe consulted its database of more than 500,000 partial genetic profiles. They found 157 people with the same mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw,” Wojcicki says, “is that of those 157 people with that mutation, the majority said they don’t have the cancer, nor does anyone in their immediate family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks.”\u003ccite>— Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So we were very quickly able to conclude, not with 100 percent certainty,” she says, “but with a high degree of certainty, that the mutation the family thought was causing pancreatic cancer was not causing the cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, she says, this kind of question would require expensive research grants. Researchers would have to recruit subjects with and without the disease and then run genetic tests on all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe’s searchable database meant the answers were already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks,” Wojcicki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 23andMe, big data is a business model. The company anonymizes its genetics information and sells it to researchers who want to study the genetic basis for Parkinson’s disease or diabetes, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/ibd/\">teamed up\u003c/a> with Pfizer on a project to research inflammatory bowel syndrome. In July, the company announced a $1.37 million \u003ca href=\"http://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/nih_grant_2014/\">grant\u003c/a> from the National Institutes of Health to develop its database and research engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work raises questions about privacy, and about who gets access to this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Safer? Data Or a Team of Doctors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when medicine meets big data there are always questions about safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Dr. Frankovich and the lupus patient?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the success of that experiment, you might think what she did is now standard at the hospital where she works. In fact, it’s the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually not doing that anymore, says Frankovich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, hospital administrators decided — at least in urgent cases where time is short — that it is still safer to trust the wisdom of a team of doctors than to search medical records for data about what’s worked in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich agrees. Analyzing data is complicated and requires specific expertise. What if the search engine has bugs, or the records are transcribed incorrectly? There’s just too much room for error, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to take a system to interpret the data,” she says. “And that’s what we don’t have yet. We don’t have that system. We will, I mean for sure, the data is there, right? Now we have to develop the system to use it in a thoughtful, safe way.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Used to be that medical researchers came up with a theory, recruited subjects, and gathered data, sometimes for years. Now, the answers are already there in data collections on the cloud. All researchers need is the right question.",
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"description": "Used to be that medical researchers came up with a theory, recruited subjects, and gathered data, sometimes for years. Now, the answers are already there in data collections on the cloud. All researchers need is the right question.",
"title": "How Big Data Is Changing Medicine | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22009\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-22009 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/computer-servers.jpg\" alt=\"computer servers\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Courtesy of \u003ca href=\"https://guillaumepaumier.com/\">Guillaume Paumier\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here’s how science usually works: Come up with a question or a hypothesis. Develop an experiment to test it and create data. As any middle school student could tell you, it’s called the scientific method.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some researchers and entrepreneurs in the Bay Area say that method is being upended, especially when it comes to medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider what happened in the pediatric intensive care unit at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital a few years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, a young girl from Reno, Nevada, was flown by helicopter to the pediatric intensive care unit of the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky.’\u003ccite>— Jennifer Frankovich, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“She was gravely ill. Her kidneys were shutting down,” recalls Jennifer Frankovich, at the time a young attending physician at the hospital.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The girl had been given morphine to dull her crushing abdominal pain. To Frankovich, the girl’s parents, who were from Mexico, looked like deer in the headlights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were probably more doctors around her bed than they’d seen in their lives” she says. “I mean, the kidney doctor, the intensivist, the rheumatology team, the hematology team. There was a huge number of doctors around this poor girl’s bed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Weighing the Risks \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tests showed the girl had lupus, a disease in which the immune system goes rogue, attacking the body’s healthy tissues. Lupus can cause permanent kidney damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Frankovich worried about something else, too. She’d seen kids like this before, and recalled that some of them also developed blood clots, which can travel to the heart or lungs and be deadly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood clots can be prevented with an anti-coagulant, which keeps the blood flowing. But that, too, carries risks. A patient on blood thinners can have a stroke or bleed into an organ. Blood thinners can also complicate surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Giving the drug was risky. Not giving the drug was also risky. Frankovich asked her colleagues: What should we do here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There wasn’t enough published literature to guide this decision,” Frankovich says. “[They said] the best route was to not do anything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pediatric lupus is rare, which makes formal studies hard to come by. It would take years for a single institution to identify enough subjects to come up with a meaningful sample size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the question itself was fairly obscure. Whether or not pediatric lupus patients are at a high risk for developing blood clots is one of those matters that medical researchers haven’t gotten around to answering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich needed data. And that is when she had her big idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22096\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22096\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Big-data-2.jpg\" alt=\"(David Pierce/KQED)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1391\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(David Pierce/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Unconventional Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich had been helping build a database of pediatric lupus patients who had been seen previously at the hospital. She had digitized the charts and made them searchable with key words.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t typical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like any chronic medical condition, lupus generates a staggering amount of paperwork. Doctors follow each patient for years, even a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our pediatric lupus patients have enough records to fill boxes,” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the accumulated records of every kid with lupus who has come through Packard Hospital would fill a large room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, all that data was accessible with a keystroke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By looking for patterns within those medical records, Frankovich realized, she would, in a sense, be doing the study no one else had gotten around to doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She could look at every pediatric lupus patient that had come through the hospital to see how many of them developed blood clots, and what the risk factors were.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on that, she could calculate whether the risks of a blood clot in her current patient justified the risks of prescribing an anti-coagulant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she ran the search and presented her findings to her colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘The scientific method itself is growing obsolete.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“And universally everyone said, ‘wow, based on those numbers, it seems like we should try to prevent a clot in her,’” Frankovich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was given the anti-coagulant. Over time her lupus got better. As far as Frankovich knows, she’s doing well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may not seem like it, but what Frankovich did was fairly radical, noteworthy enough to warrant a \u003ca href=\"http://bmi205.stanford.edu/_media/jfrankovich-1.pdf\">paper published \u003c/a>in November 2011 in the New England Journal of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, doctors make decisions based on two factors: One, their own expertise and that of other doctors and specialists. In other words, that team of doctors who were gathered around the young lupus patient’s bed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two, doctors consult the scientific literature. They read studies and case reports that have been published in established medical journals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich was taking a third route. She was using electronic medical records to search for answers that were already out there, but hadn’t been uncovered yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Seismic Shift in Medicine\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an example, says \u003ca href=\"https://buttelab.stanford.edu/\">Atul Butte\u003c/a>, an entrepreneur and associate professor of pediatrics at the Stanford School of Medicine, of a seismic shift happening in medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea here is, the scientific method itself is growing obsolete,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22031\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-22031\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/Physician-ipad-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America) \" width=\"409\" height=\"272\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthcare providers increasingly use electronic medical records and other large data sets to understand patient responses to treatment over time. (NEC Corporation of America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This concept draws from \u003ca href=\"http://archive.wired.com/science/discoveries/magazine/16-07/pb_theory\">an essay\u003c/a> published in Wired Magazine in 2008 called “The End of Theory.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the essay, so much information will be available at our fingertips in the future that there will be almost no need for experiments. The answers are already out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think about it,” Butte says. “The scientific method — we learned this in elementary school — is: We come up with a question, a hypothesis, and go make measurements to answer it. Now we’re living in this world where we already have the measurements and the data. The struggle is to figure out: What do we want to ask of all that data?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take, for example, a question Butte’s team has focused on recently: the rise in pre-term births in the United States. One theory, says Butte, points to an increase in exposure to environmental toxins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, this would be a challenging hypothesis to study. Medical records for these births aren’t necessarily in any one place, online. The same problem exists with records on air pollution, or weather patterns.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">‘We’re heading to a world where we’ll have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth.’\u003ccite>— Atul Butte, Stanford School of Medicine\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But that’s changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Butte says, “you can connect pre-term births from the medical records and birth census data to weather patterns, pollution monitors and EPA data to see is there a correlation there or not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Correlation does not mean causation (as any statistician will tell you) but it’s a good jumping-off point for more targeted research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Ever-Expanding Cloud of Information\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big data is more than medical records and environmental data, Butte says. It could (or already does) include the results of every clinical trial that’s ever been done, every lab test, Google search, tweet. The data from your Fitbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the challenge won’t be finding the data, it’ll be figuring out how to organize it all.\u003cbr>\n“I think the computational side of this is, let’s try to connect everything to everything,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps the biggest pool of data will be the genetic instructions written in each one of our cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took $2.7 billion and 13 years to sequence the first human genome. Today, that same project costs $1,500 and takes about a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re heading to a world where we’re going to have the genome sequence of everyone on planet Earth,” Butte says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_17192\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 333px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-17192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/05/Wojcicki-216x162.jpg\" alt=\"23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\" width=\"333\" height=\"250\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">23andMe CEO Anne Wojcicki, speaking at the annual SXSW festival in Austin, Texas in March 2014. (Jenny Oh/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the world’s largest genetics databases belongs to the Mountain View-based company 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CEO Anne Wojcicki says that huge pool of data is already providing answers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, she says, a family that came to the company to learn more about three family members who had developed pancreatic cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The family members also shared a specific gene mutation. They wanted to know: Is the mutation causing the cancer?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe consulted its database of more than 500,000 partial genetic profiles. They found 157 people with the same mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw,” Wojcicki says, “is that of those 157 people with that mutation, the majority said they don’t have the cancer, nor does anyone in their immediate family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks.”\u003ccite>— Anne Wojcicki, 23andMe\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“So we were very quickly able to conclude, not with 100 percent certainty,” she says, “but with a high degree of certainty, that the mutation the family thought was causing pancreatic cancer was not causing the cancer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, she says, this kind of question would require expensive research grants. Researchers would have to recruit subjects with and without the disease and then run genetic tests on all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>23andMe’s searchable database meant the answers were already there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re able to take the timeline down from years of research to a couple weeks,” Wojcicki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For 23andMe, big data is a business model. The company anonymizes its genetics information and sells it to researchers who want to study the genetic basis for Parkinson’s disease or diabetes, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/ibd/\">teamed up\u003c/a> with Pfizer on a project to research inflammatory bowel syndrome. In July, the company announced a $1.37 million \u003ca href=\"http://mediacenter.23andme.com/press-releases/nih_grant_2014/\">grant\u003c/a> from the National Institutes of Health to develop its database and research engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This work raises questions about privacy, and about who gets access to this data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s Safer? Data Or a Team of Doctors?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when medicine meets big data there are always questions about safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember Dr. Frankovich and the lupus patient?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the success of that experiment, you might think what she did is now standard at the hospital where she works. In fact, it’s the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re actually not doing that anymore, says Frankovich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, hospital administrators decided — at least in urgent cases where time is short — that it is still safer to trust the wisdom of a team of doctors than to search medical records for data about what’s worked in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frankovich agrees. Analyzing data is complicated and requires specific expertise. What if the search engine has bugs, or the records are transcribed incorrectly? There’s just too much room for error, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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