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"content": "\u003cp>As Pablo Aguilar was waking up in his cell in \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolocounty.org/law-justice/probation/institutional-services/juvenile-detention-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yolo County’s juvenile hall\u003c/a> in rural Northern California one recent Sunday morning, a white minivan was making its way toward him, up Interstate 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn illuminated the tomato fields across the road from the jail, but the 16-year-old likely didn’t see that. The only window in Pablo’s cell — roughly 6 inches tall by 2 feet long — was positioned so high in the cinderblock wall that he would have needed to stand on his concrete bunk to peek out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the minivan, his mother, Evelyn, watched the farmland of the Central Valley turn rosy, then golden, as the sun crested the mountains to the east. Evelyn, 38, had driven a portion of the 400-mile journey from Los Angeles, but now Mario, a friend from church, was at the wheel. Evelyn’s mother, Albertina, was dozing in the back seat. (We’ve agreed not to use their last names, because Evelyn is undocumented.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the trio reached Sacramento, they stopped at an IHOP for breakfast before driving the last 20 minutes to the jail in Woodland. The pancake stop has become a ritual of the journey, which they make every three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We leave Los Angeles at 2 in the morning,” Evelyn told me. “It’s a night when we don’t sleep, because of all the anticipation about seeing Pablo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo has been held in immigration custody for more than 21 months. He had just turned 15 when he left El Salvador in the hope of finding a safe haven with his mother in California. He made it across the Rio Grande but wound up in the hands of the Border Patrol. That was in June of 2014. He’s been locked up ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/258066702&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Children Fleeing Violence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo is one of more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">200,000 migrant kids\u003c/a> traveling without their parents who have been detained at the U.S.-Mexico border over the past five years. He’s part of a wave of Central American children fleeing violence, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/B-Occasional-papers/SAS-OP23-Gangs-Central-America.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal gangs in El Salvador and neighboring countries\u003c/a> have come to \u003ca href=\"http://lawg.org/action-center/lawg-blog/69-general/1579-el-salvadors-gang-violence-turf-wars-internal-battles-and-life-defined-by-invisible-borders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wield terrifying power\u003c/a> with impunity, and weak governments struggle to respond. That violence is a legacy of the civil wars of the 1980s, subsequent migrations to the United States and the deportation of gang members back to their home countries in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adults are picked up at the border, they are dealt with by the Department of Homeland Security. But unaccompanied children are turned over to a different agency, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/programs/ucs\">Office of Refugee Resettlement\u003c/a>, in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. As the number of migrant kids has multiplied, ORR’s job has grown. In 2011, the agency took custody of 7,000 children. In 2014 it was 57,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924343\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-10924343\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-800x266.png\" alt=\"Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder\" width=\"800\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-800x266.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-400x133.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-1180x393.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-960x320.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of those kids spend about a month in a licensed ORR-funded shelter, and then they’re placed with a relative or another sponsor while they await their day in immigration court. But a small fraction — roughly 500 to 700 in any given year — are placed in jail-like settings: locked group homes or juvenile detention facilities, as Pablo has been. Those kids are held for two to three months, on average, but, like Pablo, some are detained much longer. Advocates say they become practically invisible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924330\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-10924330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-800x450.png\" alt=\"Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for immigrant children say kids in ORR detention don’t have the legal protections they should. Many may be eligible for asylum or some other kind of protection. But \u003ca href=\"http://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/juvenile/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">half of them don’t even have a lawyer\u003c/a>. And prolonged detention can be psychologically damaging, according to child advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hr7311enr/pdf/BILLS-110hr7311enr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">By law\u003c/a>, children in immigration custody must be placed in the least restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the child. But they \u003ca href=\"http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-section-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be confined\u003c/a> if their behavior is disruptive or dangerous, if they’re considered an escape risk, if they have a criminal or delinquent history or if they’re merely suspected of criminal activity. Often that information is provided by the Border Patrol or Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the agency that is handing the child over to ORR. But advocates for immigrant kids say ORR makes placement decisions behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn says the government hasn’t told her why it won’t release her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924032\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10924032 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-800x742.jpg\" alt=\"Evelyn holds up a photo of herself visiting with her son Pablo when he was detained at a facility in Oregon in 2015. Her friend Mario is in the background of the photo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-800x742.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-400x371.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-1920x1781.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-1180x1094.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-960x890.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evelyn holds up a photo of herself visiting with her son, Pablo, when he was detained at a facility in Oregon in 2015. Her friend, Mario, is in the background of the photo. \u003ccite>(Tyche Hendricks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visiting Her Child\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her mother stepped out of the minivan into the parking lot of Yolo County’s juvenile hall, in sweatshirts and sneakers, a little bleary from the trip. They always arrive in Woodland early to maximize the visit. Evelyn showed me a stack of family photos she was bringing to Pablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn told me she came to the United States a decade ago, seeing no other option to support her children as a single parent than to follow her own mother to L.A. She said she left Pablo and his older brother, William, in the care of her sister in their town of San Juan Nonualco, an hour outside the capital. She sent money to support them from the housecleaning business she built in L.A.\u003cbr>\n[contextly_sidebar id=”iZFAUJISIkRU4u8XQvN0zHZeKKt7Yll0″]\u003cbr>\nRed-winged blackbirds swooped along the fence row in Woodland and dogs barked at the Sheriff’s Department compound next door. But Evelyn’s mind was back in El Salvador. She told me about how her boys grew up with their cousins, attended a good school and played soccer. But the area where they lived grew sketchier after she left and gangs operated openly. The police were either intimidated or corrupted, she said. And teenagers were frequent targets of gang recruitment and coercion. Four years ago, something happened to William.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“William was 16 when I lost him, the same age Pablo is now,” Evelyn said. “One weekend I was driving to work when my sister called and said she had something bad to tell me. … She said, ‘Here’s what happened to William. The gang took him.’ He was always trying to steer clear of them. But they forced him. They disappeared with him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In anguish, she added, “As a mother I have hope that one day someone will tell me if he’s alive or not. I’m still hoping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo became physically sick after is brother disappeared, Evelyn told me. But she wasn’t there to take care of him. Two years later, when Pablo reached high school, Evelyn said her sister told her he was not safe. So the boy headed north to avoid his brother’s fate. But he never reached his mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in spite of her lack of immigration status, Evelyn walks right into the jail every three weeks in order to see her child and to finally have a chance to touch him. She and Albertina would have two hours in a family room with Pablo, followed by another two hours in the “no contact” visit area, speaking by phone with a glass partition between them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn gathered up the things she can take inside the jail: the photographs, her ID and her Bible. They always start the visit with a prayer. She pressed a buzzer and spoke into the intercom. A guard ushered the women into the lobby, and waved a metal detector wand over them. I wasn’t permitted to join them, so I watched through the plate glass as Evelyn and her mother disappeared through a heavy door into the jail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924042\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10924042 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Yolo County Chief Probation Officer Brent Cardall, and Victoria Blacksmith, the case manager in charge of immigrant children in Office of Refugee Resettlement custody, give a tour of the county's juvenile detention facility on Jan. 15, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yolo County Juvenile Detention Facility in Woodland, California, houses up to 30 immigrant children in secure confinement, part of a $4 million contract with the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement. \u003ccite>(Tyche Hendricks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Inside the Cell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On another day, I got an idea of what life is like for Pablo by visiting the facility with Brent Cardall, the Yolo County probation chief.\u003ci>\u003c/i>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took me in through the “sally port,” the double set of steel doors, which are locked and unlocked remotely to prevent escape. He showed me the family room, where Evelyn visited with her son. And I saw a classroom, windowless but full of books, like the one where Pablo goes to school. Then we stepped into an empty cell, much like Pablo’s. It was about 8 feet by 12 feet, with a stainless steel toilet and sink, and that tiny window — what Cardall called “your normal cell-looking type of room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really proud of our juvenile hall,” he told me. “We have a lot of great things going on.” He showed me murals on the walls, and talked about the volunteers who come in to work with the kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The facility does look like a jail, but we are trying to make it more homelike,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolo County has a $4 million contract to house up to 30 juveniles for the Office of Refugee Resettlement. That revenue helps Cardall cover the cost of general Probation Department staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working for Pablo’s Release\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few miles down the road from the juvenile hall is the UC Davis law school. Professor Holly Cooper runs the immigration law clinic, and she and her students are working to gain Pablo’s release. When I visited, law students were drafting legal briefs, case notes spread across conference tables. The files for another immigrant kid, a 2-foot-tall stack of paperwork, teetered beside Cooper’s computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper has devoted much of her career to minors in immigration custody, and her office walls are covered with artwork made by detained children. She told me Pablo has been transferred around the country by ORR so many times that no pro bono lawyer has had a chance to build a case for his release until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924051\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924051\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10924051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Aguilar's mother Evelyn meets with Mercedes Castillo, an immigration lawyer in East Los Angeles on Feb. 8, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-800x564.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-1920x1355.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-1180x832.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-960x677.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pablo Aguilar’s mother, Evelyn, meets with Mercedes Castillo, an immigration lawyer in East Los Angeles, on Feb. 8, 2016. \u003ccite>(Tena Rubio/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He’s been in McAllen, Texas, he’s been in Miami, Florida, he’s been in Virginia, he’s been in Portland, Oregon, and now he’s out here in California,” she said. Pablo has been housed in the Woodland facility since September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government did appoint a so-called child advocate from the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://theyoungcenter.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Young Center for Immigrant Children’s Rights\u003c/a> to speak up for Pablo’s best interests. Cooper showed me the group’s recommendation: three times last year the advocate sent letters to ORR arguing that Pablo be released to his mom, or at least placed in a less restrictive shelter nearer Evelyn’s home. But ORR hasn’t acted. And Pablo is still locked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crux of the problem, say Cooper and other advocates, is that ORR makes decisions at internal meetings about where children are placed and whether they’re released. And ORR doesn’t recognize courts as a place where children can challenge their detention. The upshot is that kids like Pablo, who have not been charged with a crime, can be jailed indefinitely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without any judicial or third-party oversight, ORR is both the jailer and the person who decides whether the kid is getting out,” said Cooper. “That’s a really dangerous power dynamic that is developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “secure” and “staff-secure” lockups may indeed be the right placement for some children. But Cooper and other lawyers say there’s no way to know without an open proceeding. They note that adults in immigration custody have more access to due process, because they have the right to go before an immigration judge to contest their detention and request release on bond. Children do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, says Jessica Jones, policy counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://lirs.org\">Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C., children in other types of legal proceedings have more of a voice than kids in ORR confinement do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is so disturbing about this whole process is that unlike the juvenile justice system, where you have the involvement of the child’s attorney and the child themselves, they are completely left out of the process,” said Jones. “The child may have a parent in the country and they are often completely left out of the decision-making process. … ORR should do better by children and be meeting basic child welfare standards in care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlos Holguin, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhumanrights.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law\u003c/a> in Los Angeles, is charged with monitoring the government’s treatment of minors in immigration custody, as part of a two-decade-old legal agreement known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/immigrants/flores_v_meese_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flores Settlement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most advocates believe ORR is a better custodian than in the old days, before 2002, when detained migrant children were held by immigration agents. But Holguin, Jones, Cooper and other advocates around the country want better. They have been meeting with ORR officials, arguing for more transparency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The process itself is completely opaque,” said Holguin. “Most times there’s no written decision at all. There’s great delay before the decisions are actually released. And there’s no opportunity for the juvenile or the proposed custodian to review the evidence that the federal government is relying on to maintain the juvenile in custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ORR Official Speaks Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three months of requesting an interview, I finally got to speak with the person who oversees ORR’s unaccompanied children’s program: Bobbie Gregg, the deputy director for children’s services in the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gregg emphasized that the safety of children is her first priority. She said all children are assessed when they first arrive, and every 30 days that they’re in custody. The agency monitors the physical health and mental health of children and provides them with a legal orientation. And it posts \u003ca href=\"http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its policies\u003c/a> on its website in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I asked Gregg about the lack of a system for children to challenge their detention, she told me instead about how parents or others who have been turned down as sponsors can appeal that decision to higher-ups within the agency. In Evelyn’s case, there’s nothing she can appeal, because ORR has still not made a decision on her fitness as a sponsor for Pablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sponsor can make a request for information about the reason for the decision and can appeal from that decision,” said Gregg. “With respect to the child him or herself, children are kept informed through their case managers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ORR has been in hot water in recent months after a number of cases where officials failed to screen sponsors properly and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/failures-in-handling-unaccompanied-migrant-minors-have-led-to-trafficking/2016/01/26/c47de164-c138-11e5-9443-7074c3645405_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">children were released to labor traffickers\u003c/a> rather than relatives. That scandal led to Senate hearings, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/02-23-16%20Brown%20Testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> by the Government Accountability Office and a series of reforms at ORR to tighten the vetting of sponsors before releasing children from custody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gregg about how a kid like Pablo could be detained for 21 months and bounced around the country between so many facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t speak to any particular child,” Gregg told me. “But for each child we’re making determinations based on the least restrictive setting for that child, taking into consideration that particular child’s safety, the safety to the community as well as the risk of flight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indefinite Custody\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does it mean for a kid to be locked up for almost two years, with no clear idea why they’re being held or for how long?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holly Cooper, the UC Davis law professor, says one of the toughest things for kids in ORR detention is not knowing when they’ll be released. She said she’s also seen the pain caused by giving kids false hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an indefinite custody,” she said. “And when you start telling kids, ‘You’ve been recommended for release. Your parent can come get you. Next week you’ll be out. Tomorrow you’ll be out,’ and it doesn’t happen? We’ve seen that that can be very psychologically harmful to the kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened to another teenager Cooper and her students are representing: Rafael Armenta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rafael’s case is a little different. His mother brought him to the U.S. from Mexico as an infant, Cooper said, and he grew up in Southern California. In middle school, she said, he got involved with a rough crowd and ran afoul of the juvenile justice system. He served a sentence (the family doesn’t want to talk about the details) and then, had he been a U.S. citizen, he would have been released. But Rafael, who’s 16, is undocumented, so he was put in deportation proceedings and handed over to ORR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several months the agency kept suggesting Rafael could be released to await his deportation hearing. Then officials backtracked over the holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Friday was New Year’s,” Cooper recalled. “And they called me. I was on a run actually: my New Year’s resolution to go running. And I got a call and I said, ‘You just need to tell me one way or the other. We need to know. He needs to know. He’s calling me eight times a day.’ And they said, ‘We’re denying it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks later, though, there was another reversal. In February, Rafael was released from the detention facility in Woodland. His mother and some cousins arrived to collect him, after making their own all-night drive from Southern California. He hugged his mom for the first time in seven months and walked out of the juvenile hall into the winter sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924046\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10924046\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rafael Armenta, 16, is released to his family from the Yolo County juvenile detention facility on Feb. 6, 2016, after seven months of immigration detention in the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rafael Armenta, 16, and UC Davis law student Lesley Sedano, walk out of the Yolo County Juvenile Detention Facility on Feb. 6, 2016. Rafael was released to his family after seven months of immigration detention in the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement. \u003ccite>(Tyche Hendricks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There in the parking lot, wearing a crewcut and a dazed smile, Rafael told me how good it felt to take off the jail uniform — khaki shorts and a brown T-shirt — and put on his own T-shirt and jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought this day was never going to come,” he said. “But it came.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him what it felt like to be told repeatedly that he could go home and then to hear that he could not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a bad reaction to that,” Rafael said. “I’d go in a room and just do some inappropriate things, like hit the wall and stuff like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We talked a little longer, but Rafael was anxious to go. So he and his mother and his three cousins piled into the family car, and headed home to Orange County. In the weeks that followed, Rafael would reacquaint himself with his younger brother and sister and enroll in high school, where he hoped to stay clear of trouble. He said he had covered so much coursework in detention that his teachers told him he’d be going in as a 12th-grader. Holly Cooper and her law students would keep in touch and help him fight to stay in the U.S. legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper told me she has seen kids who have harmed themselves, including cutting themselves, in response to the powerlessness of indefinite detention. An official at the Yolo County juvenile hall said that they routinely have kids on suicide watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile justice experts say ORR’s secure detention may not be intended as a form of punishment, but it is punishing by nature. Barry Krisberg, a criminologist at UC Berkeley and an expert in juvenile detention, said that’s especially true for children who have been through traumatic experiences already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences of secure detention are generally quite bad,” said Krisberg. “Increasingly what we understand is that secure custody — and it doesn’t really matter whether it’s staff-secure or there’s razor wire on the outside — is a toxic experience for youth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Bobbie Gregg at ORR if she was concerned about the psychological toll of prolonged detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very mindful that this is a special population with special needs,” she answered. “Having said that, we’re also very mindful of our responsibility as their custodian while they’re in care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>End of a Visit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afternoon was almost gone when Evelyn and her mother emerged from the juvenile hall in Woodland. Pablo was glad to see her, she told me, and happy to get the photos. With no end in sight to Pablo’s confinement, they rely on faith to keep going, she said. But it’s not easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/258034455″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003ccite>Listen to the full Reveal episode above with an extended version of this story.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’ll be honest: I walk out and part of me is still inside,” she said. “I want to take him with me. I want so badly to take him with me…. I go, and half of me leaves but half of me stays here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn would return in three weeks’ time. She and her mom and her friend Mario would drive through the night, 400 miles up the length of California. And she’ll keep coming back, until the day when she gets to take her son home with her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported in collaboration with the public radio program \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reveal: from The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and PRX. You can hear an extended version of this story and subscribe to the Reveal podcast \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/kids-crossing-borders-alone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi-400x178.png\" alt=\"reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi\" width=\"400\" height=\"178\" class=\"aligncenter size-thumbnail wp-image-10927629\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi-400x178.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi-800x357.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi-1920x856.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi-1180x526.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/reveal-cir-prx-logos-600dpi-960x428.png 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Child advocates say kids locked in immigration custody don't get adequate legal protections.",
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"title": "Hundreds of Migrant Teens Are Being Held Indefinitely in Locked Detention | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As Pablo Aguilar was waking up in his cell in \u003ca href=\"http://www.yolocounty.org/law-justice/probation/institutional-services/juvenile-detention-facility\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yolo County’s juvenile hall\u003c/a> in rural Northern California one recent Sunday morning, a white minivan was making its way toward him, up Interstate 5.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawn illuminated the tomato fields across the road from the jail, but the 16-year-old likely didn’t see that. The only window in Pablo’s cell — roughly 6 inches tall by 2 feet long — was positioned so high in the cinderblock wall that he would have needed to stand on his concrete bunk to peek out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the minivan, his mother, Evelyn, watched the farmland of the Central Valley turn rosy, then golden, as the sun crested the mountains to the east. Evelyn, 38, had driven a portion of the 400-mile journey from Los Angeles, but now Mario, a friend from church, was at the wheel. Evelyn’s mother, Albertina, was dozing in the back seat. (We’ve agreed not to use their last names, because Evelyn is undocumented.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the trio reached Sacramento, they stopped at an IHOP for breakfast before driving the last 20 minutes to the jail in Woodland. The pancake stop has become a ritual of the journey, which they make every three weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We leave Los Angeles at 2 in the morning,” Evelyn told me. “It’s a night when we don’t sleep, because of all the anticipation about seeing Pablo.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo has been held in immigration custody for more than 21 months. He had just turned 15 when he left El Salvador in the hope of finding a safe haven with his mother in California. He made it across the Rio Grande but wound up in the hands of the Border Patrol. That was in June of 2014. He’s been locked up ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"no\" src=\"https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/258066702&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Children Fleeing Violence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo is one of more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">200,000 migrant kids\u003c/a> traveling without their parents who have been detained at the U.S.-Mexico border over the past five years. He’s part of a wave of Central American children fleeing violence, as \u003ca href=\"http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/B-Occasional-papers/SAS-OP23-Gangs-Central-America.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">criminal gangs in El Salvador and neighboring countries\u003c/a> have come to \u003ca href=\"http://lawg.org/action-center/lawg-blog/69-general/1579-el-salvadors-gang-violence-turf-wars-internal-battles-and-life-defined-by-invisible-borders\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wield terrifying power\u003c/a> with impunity, and weak governments struggle to respond. That violence is a legacy of the civil wars of the 1980s, subsequent migrations to the United States and the deportation of gang members back to their home countries in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When adults are picked up at the border, they are dealt with by the Department of Homeland Security. But unaccompanied children are turned over to a different agency, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/programs/ucs\">Office of Refugee Resettlement\u003c/a>, in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. As the number of migrant kids has multiplied, ORR’s job has grown. In 2011, the agency took custody of 7,000 children. In 2014 it was 57,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924343\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-10924343\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-800x266.png\" alt=\"Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder\" width=\"800\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-800x266.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-400x133.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-1180x393.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder-960x320.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Placement_of_Immigrant_Children_in_FY_2015_FY_2015_chartbuilder.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vast majority of those kids spend about a month in a licensed ORR-funded shelter, and then they’re placed with a relative or another sponsor while they await their day in immigration court. But a small fraction — roughly 500 to 700 in any given year — are placed in jail-like settings: locked group homes or juvenile detention facilities, as Pablo has been. Those kids are held for two to three months, on average, but, like Pablo, some are detained much longer. Advocates say they become practically invisible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924330\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-10924330\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-800x450.png\" alt=\"Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/Immigrant_Children_in_Locked_Group_Homes_or_Juvenile_Detention_Secure-Staff_Secure_chartbuilder.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for immigrant children say kids in ORR detention don’t have the legal protections they should. Many may be eligible for asylum or some other kind of protection. But \u003ca href=\"http://trac.syr.edu/phptools/immigration/juvenile/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">half of them don’t even have a lawyer\u003c/a>. And prolonged detention can be psychologically damaging, according to child advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hr7311enr/pdf/BILLS-110hr7311enr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">By law\u003c/a>, children in immigration custody must be placed in the least restrictive setting that is in the best interest of the child. But they \u003ca href=\"http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied-section-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be confined\u003c/a> if their behavior is disruptive or dangerous, if they’re considered an escape risk, if they have a criminal or delinquent history or if they’re merely suspected of criminal activity. Often that information is provided by the Border Patrol or Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the agency that is handing the child over to ORR. But advocates for immigrant kids say ORR makes placement decisions behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn says the government hasn’t told her why it won’t release her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924032\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924032\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10924032 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-800x742.jpg\" alt=\"Evelyn holds up a photo of herself visiting with her son Pablo when he was detained at a facility in Oregon in 2015. Her friend Mario is in the background of the photo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-800x742.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-400x371.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-1920x1781.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-1180x1094.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto-960x890.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/momAndPhoto.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evelyn holds up a photo of herself visiting with her son, Pablo, when he was detained at a facility in Oregon in 2015. Her friend, Mario, is in the background of the photo. \u003ccite>(Tyche Hendricks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Visiting Her Child\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her mother stepped out of the minivan into the parking lot of Yolo County’s juvenile hall, in sweatshirts and sneakers, a little bleary from the trip. They always arrive in Woodland early to maximize the visit. Evelyn showed me a stack of family photos she was bringing to Pablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn told me she came to the United States a decade ago, seeing no other option to support her children as a single parent than to follow her own mother to L.A. She said she left Pablo and his older brother, William, in the care of her sister in their town of San Juan Nonualco, an hour outside the capital. She sent money to support them from the housecleaning business she built in L.A.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nRed-winged blackbirds swooped along the fence row in Woodland and dogs barked at the Sheriff’s Department compound next door. But Evelyn’s mind was back in El Salvador. She told me about how her boys grew up with their cousins, attended a good school and played soccer. But the area where they lived grew sketchier after she left and gangs operated openly. The police were either intimidated or corrupted, she said. And teenagers were frequent targets of gang recruitment and coercion. Four years ago, something happened to William.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“William was 16 when I lost him, the same age Pablo is now,” Evelyn said. “One weekend I was driving to work when my sister called and said she had something bad to tell me. … She said, ‘Here’s what happened to William. The gang took him.’ He was always trying to steer clear of them. But they forced him. They disappeared with him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In anguish, she added, “As a mother I have hope that one day someone will tell me if he’s alive or not. I’m still hoping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pablo became physically sick after is brother disappeared, Evelyn told me. But she wasn’t there to take care of him. Two years later, when Pablo reached high school, Evelyn said her sister told her he was not safe. So the boy headed north to avoid his brother’s fate. But he never reached his mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in spite of her lack of immigration status, Evelyn walks right into the jail every three weeks in order to see her child and to finally have a chance to touch him. She and Albertina would have two hours in a family room with Pablo, followed by another two hours in the “no contact” visit area, speaking by phone with a glass partition between them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn gathered up the things she can take inside the jail: the photographs, her ID and her Bible. They always start the visit with a prayer. She pressed a buzzer and spoke into the intercom. A guard ushered the women into the lobby, and waved a metal detector wand over them. I wasn’t permitted to join them, so I watched through the plate glass as Evelyn and her mother disappeared through a heavy door into the jail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924042\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924042\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10924042 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Yolo County Chief Probation Officer Brent Cardall, and Victoria Blacksmith, the case manager in charge of immigrant children in Office of Refugee Resettlement custody, give a tour of the county's juvenile detention facility on Jan. 15, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/yoloDetention.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Yolo County Juvenile Detention Facility in Woodland, California, houses up to 30 immigrant children in secure confinement, part of a $4 million contract with the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement. \u003ccite>(Tyche Hendricks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Inside the Cell\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On another day, I got an idea of what life is like for Pablo by visiting the facility with Brent Cardall, the Yolo County probation chief.\u003ci>\u003c/i>\u003ci> \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He took me in through the “sally port,” the double set of steel doors, which are locked and unlocked remotely to prevent escape. He showed me the family room, where Evelyn visited with her son. And I saw a classroom, windowless but full of books, like the one where Pablo goes to school. Then we stepped into an empty cell, much like Pablo’s. It was about 8 feet by 12 feet, with a stainless steel toilet and sink, and that tiny window — what Cardall called “your normal cell-looking type of room.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m really proud of our juvenile hall,” he told me. “We have a lot of great things going on.” He showed me murals on the walls, and talked about the volunteers who come in to work with the kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The facility does look like a jail, but we are trying to make it more homelike,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yolo County has a $4 million contract to house up to 30 juveniles for the Office of Refugee Resettlement. That revenue helps Cardall cover the cost of general Probation Department staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Working for Pablo’s Release\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few miles down the road from the juvenile hall is the UC Davis law school. Professor Holly Cooper runs the immigration law clinic, and she and her students are working to gain Pablo’s release. When I visited, law students were drafting legal briefs, case notes spread across conference tables. The files for another immigrant kid, a 2-foot-tall stack of paperwork, teetered beside Cooper’s computer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper has devoted much of her career to minors in immigration custody, and her office walls are covered with artwork made by detained children. She told me Pablo has been transferred around the country by ORR so many times that no pro bono lawyer has had a chance to build a case for his release until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924051\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924051\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10924051 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-800x564.jpg\" alt=\"Pablo Aguilar's mother Evelyn meets with Mercedes Castillo, an immigration lawyer in East Los Angeles on Feb. 8, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-800x564.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-400x282.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-1920x1355.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-1180x832.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer-960x677.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/EvelynandLawyer.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pablo Aguilar’s mother, Evelyn, meets with Mercedes Castillo, an immigration lawyer in East Los Angeles, on Feb. 8, 2016. \u003ccite>(Tena Rubio/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“He’s been in McAllen, Texas, he’s been in Miami, Florida, he’s been in Virginia, he’s been in Portland, Oregon, and now he’s out here in California,” she said. Pablo has been housed in the Woodland facility since September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The government did appoint a so-called child advocate from the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://theyoungcenter.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Young Center for Immigrant Children’s Rights\u003c/a> to speak up for Pablo’s best interests. Cooper showed me the group’s recommendation: three times last year the advocate sent letters to ORR arguing that Pablo be released to his mom, or at least placed in a less restrictive shelter nearer Evelyn’s home. But ORR hasn’t acted. And Pablo is still locked up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The crux of the problem, say Cooper and other advocates, is that ORR makes decisions at internal meetings about where children are placed and whether they’re released. And ORR doesn’t recognize courts as a place where children can challenge their detention. The upshot is that kids like Pablo, who have not been charged with a crime, can be jailed indefinitely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without any judicial or third-party oversight, ORR is both the jailer and the person who decides whether the kid is getting out,” said Cooper. “That’s a really dangerous power dynamic that is developing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “secure” and “staff-secure” lockups may indeed be the right placement for some children. But Cooper and other lawyers say there’s no way to know without an open proceeding. They note that adults in immigration custody have more access to due process, because they have the right to go before an immigration judge to contest their detention and request release on bond. Children do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, says Jessica Jones, policy counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://lirs.org\">Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service\u003c/a> in Washington, D.C., children in other types of legal proceedings have more of a voice than kids in ORR confinement do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is so disturbing about this whole process is that unlike the juvenile justice system, where you have the involvement of the child’s attorney and the child themselves, they are completely left out of the process,” said Jones. “The child may have a parent in the country and they are often completely left out of the decision-making process. … ORR should do better by children and be meeting basic child welfare standards in care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlos Holguin, of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforhumanrights.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law\u003c/a> in Los Angeles, is charged with monitoring the government’s treatment of minors in immigration custody, as part of a two-decade-old legal agreement known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/files/pdfs/immigrants/flores_v_meese_agreement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flores Settlement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most advocates believe ORR is a better custodian than in the old days, before 2002, when detained migrant children were held by immigration agents. But Holguin, Jones, Cooper and other advocates around the country want better. They have been meeting with ORR officials, arguing for more transparency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The process itself is completely opaque,” said Holguin. “Most times there’s no written decision at all. There’s great delay before the decisions are actually released. And there’s no opportunity for the juvenile or the proposed custodian to review the evidence that the federal government is relying on to maintain the juvenile in custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ORR Official Speaks Out\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After three months of requesting an interview, I finally got to speak with the person who oversees ORR’s unaccompanied children’s program: Bobbie Gregg, the deputy director for children’s services in the agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gregg emphasized that the safety of children is her first priority. She said all children are assessed when they first arrive, and every 30 days that they’re in custody. The agency monitors the physical health and mental health of children and provides them with a legal orientation. And it posts \u003ca href=\"http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/orr/resource/children-entering-the-united-states-unaccompanied\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its policies\u003c/a> on its website in detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I asked Gregg about the lack of a system for children to challenge their detention, she told me instead about how parents or others who have been turned down as sponsors can appeal that decision to higher-ups within the agency. In Evelyn’s case, there’s nothing she can appeal, because ORR has still not made a decision on her fitness as a sponsor for Pablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sponsor can make a request for information about the reason for the decision and can appeal from that decision,” said Gregg. “With respect to the child him or herself, children are kept informed through their case managers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ORR has been in hot water in recent months after a number of cases where officials failed to screen sponsors properly and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/failures-in-handling-unaccompanied-migrant-minors-have-led-to-trafficking/2016/01/26/c47de164-c138-11e5-9443-7074c3645405_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">children were released to labor traffickers\u003c/a> rather than relatives. That scandal led to Senate hearings, an \u003ca href=\"https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/02-23-16%20Brown%20Testimony.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">investigation\u003c/a> by the Government Accountability Office and a series of reforms at ORR to tighten the vetting of sponsors before releasing children from custody.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Gregg about how a kid like Pablo could be detained for 21 months and bounced around the country between so many facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t speak to any particular child,” Gregg told me. “But for each child we’re making determinations based on the least restrictive setting for that child, taking into consideration that particular child’s safety, the safety to the community as well as the risk of flight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indefinite Custody\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does it mean for a kid to be locked up for almost two years, with no clear idea why they’re being held or for how long?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Holly Cooper, the UC Davis law professor, says one of the toughest things for kids in ORR detention is not knowing when they’ll be released. She said she’s also seen the pain caused by giving kids false hope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an indefinite custody,” she said. “And when you start telling kids, ‘You’ve been recommended for release. Your parent can come get you. Next week you’ll be out. Tomorrow you’ll be out,’ and it doesn’t happen? We’ve seen that that can be very psychologically harmful to the kids.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened to another teenager Cooper and her students are representing: Rafael Armenta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rafael’s case is a little different. His mother brought him to the U.S. from Mexico as an infant, Cooper said, and he grew up in Southern California. In middle school, she said, he got involved with a rough crowd and ran afoul of the juvenile justice system. He served a sentence (the family doesn’t want to talk about the details) and then, had he been a U.S. citizen, he would have been released. But Rafael, who’s 16, is undocumented, so he was put in deportation proceedings and handed over to ORR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over several months the agency kept suggesting Rafael could be released to await his deportation hearing. Then officials backtracked over the holidays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Friday was New Year’s,” Cooper recalled. “And they called me. I was on a run actually: my New Year’s resolution to go running. And I got a call and I said, ‘You just need to tell me one way or the other. We need to know. He needs to know. He’s calling me eight times a day.’ And they said, ‘We’re denying it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few weeks later, though, there was another reversal. In February, Rafael was released from the detention facility in Woodland. His mother and some cousins arrived to collect him, after making their own all-night drive from Southern California. He hugged his mom for the first time in seven months and walked out of the juvenile hall into the winter sunshine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10924046\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-10924046\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-10924046\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rafael Armenta, 16, is released to his family from the Yolo County juvenile detention facility on Feb. 6, 2016, after seven months of immigration detention in the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/04/RafaelArmentawSister.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rafael Armenta, 16, and UC Davis law student Lesley Sedano, walk out of the Yolo County Juvenile Detention Facility on Feb. 6, 2016. Rafael was released to his family after seven months of immigration detention in the custody of the Office of Refugee Resettlement. \u003ccite>(Tyche Hendricks/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There in the parking lot, wearing a crewcut and a dazed smile, Rafael told me how good it felt to take off the jail uniform — khaki shorts and a brown T-shirt — and put on his own T-shirt and jeans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought this day was never going to come,” he said. “But it came.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked him what it felt like to be told repeatedly that he could go home and then to hear that he could not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had a bad reaction to that,” Rafael said. “I’d go in a room and just do some inappropriate things, like hit the wall and stuff like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We talked a little longer, but Rafael was anxious to go. So he and his mother and his three cousins piled into the family car, and headed home to Orange County. In the weeks that followed, Rafael would reacquaint himself with his younger brother and sister and enroll in high school, where he hoped to stay clear of trouble. He said he had covered so much coursework in detention that his teachers told him he’d be going in as a 12th-grader. Holly Cooper and her law students would keep in touch and help him fight to stay in the U.S. legally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cooper told me she has seen kids who have harmed themselves, including cutting themselves, in response to the powerlessness of indefinite detention. An official at the Yolo County juvenile hall said that they routinely have kids on suicide watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Juvenile justice experts say ORR’s secure detention may not be intended as a form of punishment, but it is punishing by nature. Barry Krisberg, a criminologist at UC Berkeley and an expert in juvenile detention, said that’s especially true for children who have been through traumatic experiences already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The consequences of secure detention are generally quite bad,” said Krisberg. “Increasingly what we understand is that secure custody — and it doesn’t really matter whether it’s staff-secure or there’s razor wire on the outside — is a toxic experience for youth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Bobbie Gregg at ORR if she was concerned about the psychological toll of prolonged detention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very mindful that this is a special population with special needs,” she answered. “Having said that, we’re also very mindful of our responsibility as their custodian while they’re in care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>End of a Visit\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The afternoon was almost gone when Evelyn and her mother emerged from the juvenile hall in Woodland. Pablo was glad to see her, she told me, and happy to get the photos. With no end in sight to Pablo’s confinement, they rely on faith to keep going, she said. But it’s not easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/258034455″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/258034455″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ccite>Listen to the full Reveal episode above with an extended version of this story.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“I’ll be honest: I walk out and part of me is still inside,” she said. “I want to take him with me. I want so badly to take him with me…. I go, and half of me leaves but half of me stays here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evelyn would return in three weeks’ time. She and her mom and her friend Mario would drive through the night, 400 miles up the length of California. And she’ll keep coming back, until the day when she gets to take her son home with her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported in collaboration with the public radio program \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reveal: from The Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and PRX. You can hear an extended version of this story and subscribe to the Reveal podcast \u003ca href=\"https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/kids-crossing-borders-alone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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