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"bio": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.MarkFiore.com\">MarkFiore.com\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/markfiore\">Follow on Twitter\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Mark-Fiore-Animated-Political-Cartoons/94451707396?ref=bookmarks\">Facebook\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"mailto:mark@markfiore.com\">email\u003c/a>\r\n\r\nPulitzer Prize-winner, Mark Fiore, who the Wall Street Journal has called “the undisputed guru of the form,” creates animated political cartoons in San Francisco, where his work has been featured regularly on the San Francisco Chronicle’s web site, SFGate.com. His work has appeared on Newsweek.com, Slate.com, CBSNews.com, MotherJones.com, DailyKos.com and NPR’s web site. Fiore’s political animation has appeared on CNN, Frontline, Bill Moyers Journal, Salon.com and cable and broadcast outlets across the globe.\r\n\r\nBeginning his professional life by drawing traditional political cartoons for newspapers, Fiore’s work appeared in publications ranging from the Washington Post to the Los Angeles Times. In the late 1990s, he began to experiment with animating political cartoons and, after a short stint at the San Jose Mercury News as their staff cartoonist, Fiore devoted all his energies to animation.\r\nGrowing up in California, Fiore also spent a good portion of his life in the backwoods of Idaho. It was this combination that shaped him politically. Mark majored in political science at Colorado College, where, in a perfect send-off for a cartoonist, he received his diploma in 1991 as commencement speaker Dick Cheney smiled approvingly.\r\nMark Fiore was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for political cartooning in 2010, a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award in 2004 and has twice received an Online Journalism Award for commentary from the Online News Association (2002, 2008). Fiore has received two awards for his work in new media from the National Cartoonists Society (2001, 2002), and in 2006 received The James Madison Freedom of Information Award from The Society of Professional Journalists.",
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"title": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds",
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"content": "\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new report shows that greenhouse gases' influence on the climate has increased 40 percent since 1990.",
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"title": "Greenhouse Gases Quickly Change the Atmosphere, Report Finds | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/what-we-do/people/brian-kahn\">Brian Kahn\u003c/a>\u003c/br>Climate Central",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humanity’s grand \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">experiment in the atmosphere\u003c/a> continues, and a new report documents just how far it’s gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/aggi/aggi.html\">annual index of 20 key greenhouse gases\u003c/a>. It shows that their direct influence on the climate has risen 140 percent since 1750, with 40 percent of that rise coming in just the past 26 years. That increase is almost entirely due to human activities and has caused the planet to warm 1.8°F (1°C) above pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The index takes greenhouse gas measurements from about 80 ships and observatories around the world—gathered in all their parts per million and parts per billion glory—and boils them down into a simple numerical index. This year’s number: 1.4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a simple number that contains multitudes. For example, carbon dioxide is responsible for 54 percent of the overall increase in climate warming seen since 1990. The four other major greenhouse gases in the index, which include nitrous oxide, methane and two types of chlorofluorocarbons, are responsible for 42 percent of the increase with 15 minor greenhouse gases accounting for the missing 4 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1842657\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1842657\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85-520x292.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/mauna-loa-observatory_wide-38711aea834e72dcfc44eb93d7e2c184e88d361d-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. \u003ccite>(Jonathan Kingston/National Geographic/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carbon dioxide has risen rapidly in the atmosphere, with 2016 marking the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-record-rates-21242\">second-largest annual increase\u003c/a> ever observed at the Mauna Loa Observatory, the world’s main measuring station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This May, monthly carbon dioxide peaked at \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-dioxide-all-time-monthly-high-21507\">409.65 parts per million\u003c/a>. That’s a record high and a mark unseen in human history. If emissions continue on their current trend, the atmosphere will hit a state \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-unseen-50-million-years-21312\">unseen in 50 million years\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A bright spot in the report is the decline of chlorofluorocarbons’ warming influence on the planet. The chemicals were commonly used as refrigerants until the Montreal Protocol banned them in 1989. The treaty came about because they deplete the protective ozone layer, but phasing them out has also helped reduce their warming impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with their decrease, there are still a lot of greenhouse gases swirling in the atmosphere and trapping more energy on the planet’s surface. \u003ca href=\"http://www.michaelmann.net/\">Michael Mann\u003c/a>, a Penn State climate researcher, said the change in the amount of energy being trapped by all the extra greenhouse gases is roughly the equivalent of adding a Christmas tree light to every square yard around the world since 1982.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“(It) might seem small but it’s not. That alone is enough to raise Earth’s temperature by roughly 1.5°F,” he said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aerosols — light reflecting particles — and the slow nature of the earth’s climate to reach equilibrium are the main reason the planet hasn’t warmed that much since 1982, the first year in Mann’s calculation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon emissions have held steady the past three years after rising nearly every year since the Industrial Revolution. That plateau still means humans are putting tons upon tons of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, further altering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The world only has a \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/two-decades-until-carbon-budget-is-eaten-through-18051\">finite amount of greenhouse gases\u003c/a> it can safely put in the atmosphere. Researchers recently warned that emissions need to begin \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/06/29/these-experts-say-we-have-until-2020-to-get-climate-change-under-control-and-theyre-the-optimists/\">declining in the next three years\u003c/a> in order to have a chance of limiting global warming to within 3.6°F (2°C) of pre-industrial temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 1.8°F (1°C) of warming fueled by greenhouse gas pollution has already \u003ca href=\"http://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\">caused seas to rise\u003c/a> nearly a foot, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/arctic-crazy-warm-sea-ice-21599\">Arctic sea ice to vanish\u003c/a> at a quickening pace and made some \u003ca href=\"https://wwa.climatecentral.org/\">extreme weather more likely and extreme\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Low-lying small island states and coral ecosystems could vanish \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/the-forgotten-un-climate-goal-19701\">if warming hits 2.3°F (1.5°C)\u003c/a>. Passing the 3.6°F (2°C) threshold would put humanity outside the “safe” range of warming outlined by policymakers and scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "L.A. Tries to Cool Off by Focusing on Roofs, Streets and Trees",
"title": "L.A. Tries to Cool Off by Focusing on Roofs, Streets and Trees",
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"content": "\u003cp>Downtown Los Angeles hit 98 degrees on Saturday, breaking a temperature record that stood for 131 years -- and the number of extremely hot days is expected to triple by mid-century. That’s why L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti wants to lower the urban heat island effect 3 degrees by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most big cities, Los Angeles literally creates its own climate. Buildings and asphalt absorb and radiate heat, raising summer temperatures by as much as 19 degrees in some parts of the region. According to CalEPA, L.A. has the worst urban heat island effect of any region in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive heat is deadly. Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, difficulty breathing, cramping and general discomfort killed more people between 1979 and 2003 than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts#health\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heat is the greatest weather-related public health threat,” said David Fink, director of policy at Climate Resolve, which works on urban heat issues in L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. is one of just two major cities worldwide with a \u003ca href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\">temperature reduction target\u003c/a> (the other is Melbourne). Outlined earlier this year by Mayor Garcetti, there are three main components of the plan: replace roofs with less heat-absorbent roofing materials, repave or repaint city streets to make them more reflective and plant more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2014, L.A. has had a “cool roofs” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/cool-roof-fact-sheet-and-faq.pdf?sfvrsn=10\">ordinance\u003c/a>, which requires anyone building a new roof or replacing more than half of an existing roof to do so with reflective shingles. Garcetti set a goal of having 10,000 cool roofs installed by the end of 2017. So far, the city estimates there are 8,000. L.A. Department of Water and Power offers rebates of up to 30 cents per square foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is not compelling people to rip out their roofs, and because homeowners do not regularly replace roofs, it's likely to take a quarter-century to shift all the roofs in the city to the new, reflective material, Fink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11564231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11564231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"City employees paint a section of Beachy Ave in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017 as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-960x655.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City employees paint a section of Beachy Avenue in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017, as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \u003ccite>(L.A. Bureau of Street Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late May, the Bureau of Street Services painted one block of Jordan Avenue in Canoga Park with a cool, gray paint. The bureau had previously tested out the paint on the Balboa Sports Complex in the San Fernando Valley to make sure cars wouldn't skid and people wouldn’t slip, but the Jordan Avenue test was the first application on a street surface in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the city has painted seven other blocks throughout West and South L.A. and elsewhere in the valley. The goal is to paint a block in all 15 council districts by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.'s cool pavement program is not as far along as cool roof deployment, because the technology is much less advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very slow-moving industry,” said Greg Spotts, assistant director of the Bureau of Street Services. \"The materials used today to build and maintain streets are the same ones used in World War II.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"FcFS5F1vkSaafc0Db7lATUHDo4DOE1UW\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Spotts said cool pavement was likely going to play a major part in L.A. meeting its temperature goals because the city has control over street surfaces -- unlike rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, streets and trees are likely to be much easier areas in which to make progress, according to Fink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa had a goal of planting 1 million trees (he got to 426,000 by March 2014). Mayor Garcetti, who doesn't share that numerical goal, has renamed the initiative “City Plants.” His administration has planted just over 58,000 trees so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fink, whose organization worked with the city on the cool roofs ordinance, said the mayor’s office could set a target for tree planting and be more strategic about where trees go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tree-planting is clearly effective at reducing urban heat. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/latree/saatchi.html\">a UCLA study,\u003c/a> city blocks with more than 30 percent tree cover can be up to 5 degrees cooler than those with less tree cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By lowering summertime temperatures, trees also help reduce energy used by running air conditioners, netting a savings of up to $119 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr207/psw_gtr207.pdf\">according to the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Downtown Los Angeles hit 98 degrees on Saturday, breaking a temperature record that stood for 131 years -- and the number of extremely hot days is expected to triple by mid-century. That’s why L.A. Mayor Eric Garcetti wants to lower the urban heat island effect 3 degrees by 2035.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like most big cities, Los Angeles literally creates its own climate. Buildings and asphalt absorb and radiate heat, raising summer temperatures by as much as 19 degrees in some parts of the region. According to CalEPA, L.A. has the worst urban heat island effect of any region in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excessive heat is deadly. Heat stroke, heat exhaustion, difficulty breathing, cramping and general discomfort killed more people between 1979 and 2003 than hurricanes, lightning, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes combined, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands/heat-island-impacts#health\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Heat is the greatest weather-related public health threat,” said David Fink, director of policy at Climate Resolve, which works on urban heat issues in L.A.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A. is one of just two major cities worldwide with a \u003ca href=\"http://plan.lamayor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/the-plan.pdf\">temperature reduction target\u003c/a> (the other is Melbourne). Outlined earlier this year by Mayor Garcetti, there are three main components of the plan: replace roofs with less heat-absorbent roofing materials, repave or repaint city streets to make them more reflective and plant more trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beginning in 2014, L.A. has had a “cool roofs” \u003ca href=\"https://www.ladbs.org/docs/default-source/publications/ordinances/cool-roof-fact-sheet-and-faq.pdf?sfvrsn=10\">ordinance\u003c/a>, which requires anyone building a new roof or replacing more than half of an existing roof to do so with reflective shingles. Garcetti set a goal of having 10,000 cool roofs installed by the end of 2017. So far, the city estimates there are 8,000. L.A. Department of Water and Power offers rebates of up to 30 cents per square foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the city is not compelling people to rip out their roofs, and because homeowners do not regularly replace roofs, it's likely to take a quarter-century to shift all the roofs in the city to the new, reflective material, Fink said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11564231\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11564231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"City employees paint a section of Beachy Ave in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017 as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-960x655.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GrayStreet-520x355.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">City employees paint a section of Beachy Avenue in Pacoima a light gray on June 3, 2017, as part of a pilot project to test out 'cool pavement.' \u003ccite>(L.A. Bureau of Street Services)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In late May, the Bureau of Street Services painted one block of Jordan Avenue in Canoga Park with a cool, gray paint. The bureau had previously tested out the paint on the Balboa Sports Complex in the San Fernando Valley to make sure cars wouldn't skid and people wouldn’t slip, but the Jordan Avenue test was the first application on a street surface in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the city has painted seven other blocks throughout West and South L.A. and elsewhere in the valley. The goal is to paint a block in all 15 council districts by the end of the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>L.A.'s cool pavement program is not as far along as cool roof deployment, because the technology is much less advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a very slow-moving industry,” said Greg Spotts, assistant director of the Bureau of Street Services. \"The materials used today to build and maintain streets are the same ones used in World War II.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Spotts said cool pavement was likely going to play a major part in L.A. meeting its temperature goals because the city has control over street surfaces -- unlike rooftops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this reason, streets and trees are likely to be much easier areas in which to make progress, according to Fink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa had a goal of planting 1 million trees (he got to 426,000 by March 2014). Mayor Garcetti, who doesn't share that numerical goal, has renamed the initiative “City Plants.” His administration has planted just over 58,000 trees so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fink, whose organization worked with the city on the cool roofs ordinance, said the mayor’s office could set a target for tree planting and be more strategic about where trees go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But tree-planting is clearly effective at reducing urban heat. According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/latree/saatchi.html\">a UCLA study,\u003c/a> city blocks with more than 30 percent tree cover can be up to 5 degrees cooler than those with less tree cover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By lowering summertime temperatures, trees also help reduce energy used by running air conditioners, netting a savings of up to $119 million, \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr207/psw_gtr207.pdf\">according to the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated with statement from the Governor's Office. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, Gov. Jerry Brown has made clear that an extension of the state's cap-and-trade program will need GOP support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to take some Republicans,\" he said at a California Chamber of Commerce breakfast last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He echoed the sentiment \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/13/governor-brown-legislative-democrats-strike-state-budget-deal/\">weeks later\u003c/a> when he said Republicans were \"the key\" to extending the program (set to expire in 2020) that allows companies to buy and sell credits that allow them to pollute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It now looks like Brown has gotten the Republican support he's been courting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers, staff members and outside stakeholders with knowledge of the cap-and-trade negotiations said Thursday that current draft language is friendly enough to businesses that it could draw in large numbers of Republicans -- and alienate some environmentally friendly Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"mvIFehVYHhTtmMQh1MsLIThOWuV6v1VQ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sources close to the Assembly Republican leader said as many as 15 members of the caucus could support the current proposal. The GOP caucus has been engaged on cap-and-trade talks for months, even though Republicans at the national level largely oppose cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans in California say that a market-based approach to reducing emissions is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/25/state-democrats-have-new-leverage-in-effort-to-curb-greenhouse-gases/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">better than the alternative system\u003c/a> of mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest version of the deal, according to sources with knowledge of the draft, has many provisions that are friendly to businesses that traditionally opposed emission regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One proposal would continue the practice of giving some businesses free pollution allowances. Another would allow companies to carry the pollution credits purchased in auctions before 2020 into the post-2020 system. This would lower the incentive for industries to buy allowances in the future, when prices are expected to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The provisions have raised red flags among environmentalists, who question whether the system would be tough enough on polluters to help California meet its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown and legislative leaders from the Senate and Assembly held meetings during the Independence Day holiday in an attempt to reach agreement on an extension, and negotiations remain in flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The administration is working with everyone: legislators, environmental groups, utilities, industry, economists, agriculture and business organizations, the environmental justice community and many others,\" said Brown press secretary Evan Westrup in a statement. \"Our goal is to reach an agreement and that means facilitating the exchange of ideas and language.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11552339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11552339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-800x556.jpg\" alt=\"Gas flaring at a Conoco refinery.\" width=\"800\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-800x556.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-160x111.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-1020x709.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-1180x820.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-960x668.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-240x167.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-375x261.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas flaring at a Conoco refinery. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, a group of Assembly Democrats sent the governor \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/z5xuo8qxljfytdc/Cap%20and%20Trade%20Letter%20061917.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a letter\u003c/a> urging him to extend cap and trade \"in a manner that maintains environmental integrity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This included an emphasis on reducing local pollutants in the air. That environmental justice priority was not included in the draft proposal, but could be worked out in a side bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the Democrats who signed the letter expressed dismay on Thursday at the victories that business-friendly groups were able to secure in negotiations. The draft exempts oil companies from any new state regulation outside of the cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're giving them a gift,\" the lawmaker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaching a compromise this week would allow a vote on Monday, before Assemblyman Jimmy Gomez, a Los Angeles Democrat, moves to Congress and takes a potential \"yes\" vote with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finalizing an extension before the next scheduled \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/auction.htm\">allowance auction\u003c/a> in August could also spur demand among businesses to buy credits, especially if they will remain valid past 2020. Revenue from the program funds a number of state programs, including high-speed rail, energy efficiency projects for low-income Californians and affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of Democratic lawmakers said Thursday that they don't share that timeline, and instead hope to reach an agreement before a recess begins on Sept. 15\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated with statement from the Governor's Office. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent months, Gov. Jerry Brown has made clear that an extension of the state's cap-and-trade program will need GOP support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's going to take some Republicans,\" he said at a California Chamber of Commerce breakfast last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He echoed the sentiment \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/13/governor-brown-legislative-democrats-strike-state-budget-deal/\">weeks later\u003c/a> when he said Republicans were \"the key\" to extending the program (set to expire in 2020) that allows companies to buy and sell credits that allow them to pollute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It now looks like Brown has gotten the Republican support he's been courting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers, staff members and outside stakeholders with knowledge of the cap-and-trade negotiations said Thursday that current draft language is friendly enough to businesses that it could draw in large numbers of Republicans -- and alienate some environmentally friendly Democrats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sources close to the Assembly Republican leader said as many as 15 members of the caucus could support the current proposal. The GOP caucus has been engaged on cap-and-trade talks for months, even though Republicans at the national level largely oppose cap and trade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans in California say that a market-based approach to reducing emissions is \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/25/state-democrats-have-new-leverage-in-effort-to-curb-greenhouse-gases/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">better than the alternative system\u003c/a> of mandates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest version of the deal, according to sources with knowledge of the draft, has many provisions that are friendly to businesses that traditionally opposed emission regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One proposal would continue the practice of giving some businesses free pollution allowances. Another would allow companies to carry the pollution credits purchased in auctions before 2020 into the post-2020 system. This would lower the incentive for industries to buy allowances in the future, when prices are expected to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The provisions have raised red flags among environmentalists, who question whether the system would be tough enough on polluters to help California meet its goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown and legislative leaders from the Senate and Assembly held meetings during the Independence Day holiday in an attempt to reach agreement on an extension, and negotiations remain in flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The administration is working with everyone: legislators, environmental groups, utilities, industry, economists, agriculture and business organizations, the environmental justice community and many others,\" said Brown press secretary Evan Westrup in a statement. \"Our goal is to reach an agreement and that means facilitating the exchange of ideas and language.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11552339\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11552339\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-800x556.jpg\" alt=\"Gas flaring at a Conoco refinery.\" width=\"800\" height=\"556\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-800x556.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-160x111.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-1020x709.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-1180x820.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-960x668.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-240x167.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-375x261.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/GasFlaring-520x362.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas flaring at a Conoco refinery. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, a group of Assembly Democrats sent the governor \u003ca href=\"https://www.dropbox.com/s/z5xuo8qxljfytdc/Cap%20and%20Trade%20Letter%20061917.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a letter\u003c/a> urging him to extend cap and trade \"in a manner that maintains environmental integrity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This included an emphasis on reducing local pollutants in the air. That environmental justice priority was not included in the draft proposal, but could be worked out in a side bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the Democrats who signed the letter expressed dismay on Thursday at the victories that business-friendly groups were able to secure in negotiations. The draft exempts oil companies from any new state regulation outside of the cap-and-trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're giving them a gift,\" the lawmaker said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reaching a compromise this week would allow a vote on Monday, before Assemblyman Jimmy Gomez, a Los Angeles Democrat, moves to Congress and takes a potential \"yes\" vote with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finalizing an extension before the next scheduled \u003ca href=\"https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/auction/auction.htm\">allowance auction\u003c/a> in August could also spur demand among businesses to buy credits, especially if they will remain valid past 2020. Revenue from the program funds a number of state programs, including high-speed rail, energy efficiency projects for low-income Californians and affordable housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A number of Democratic lawmakers said Thursday that they don't share that timeline, and instead hope to reach an agreement before a recess begins on Sept. 15\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Climate scientists agree that this century is getting much warmer and that such warming will likely bring economic pain to the U.S., but economists aren’t sure how much. Now, a team of scientists and economists, writing in the upcoming issue of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, says it can at least tell which parts of the country are likely to suffer the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started with history: How have heat waves and drought affected the economy in the past? Then they applied that metric to a range of future warming scenarios — from minor to extreme — and mapped the effects, county by county across the U.S. They found that if warming continues at recent rates, it could shave 3 to 6 percentage points off of the country’s gross domestic product by century’s end — the warmer it gets, the bigger the hit to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead researcher Solomon Hsiang acknowledges that the numbers are uncertain by scientific standards but that they aren’t really the bottom line. “I think the takeaway message that is most striking is that the effects of climate change on the U.S. are not the same everywhere,” says Hsiang, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley. “Where you are in the country really matters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colder places like New England might see an economic upturn — for example, from lower heating bills. But places that are already hot, like the South and Midwest, could see huge damage to their local economies, due to enormous electric bills, dying crops or mass migration away from the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe that is not so surprising, but Hsiang takes it a step further: Climate change will redistribute wealth by driving workers, businesses and agriculture away from those hard-hit regions and move them mostly toward the north and west of the country. Again, Hsiang says exactly how much is hard to predict. But he says that is actually part of the new study’s findings: “When you start changing the climate,” he says, “it starts affecting all these aspects of the economy, and it makes the future world harder to predict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things that are somewhat easier to predict include how many more people die as heat waves get hotter, which has an economic cost associated with it. But it’s much harder to envision what new technologies might emerge to help people adapt to climate change, generate cleaner electricity or remove carbon from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many uncertainties, why do this kind of exercise? Even if it’s accurate, a climate change cost of 6 percentage points or even more in the national GDP will be dwarfed by an economy that will grow many times over by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over a century, that could make up for all the losses from anthropogenic global warming and then some,” says Ted Nordhaus, an analyst with the energy and environment group The Breakthrough Institute. “For citizens of wealthy societies, there is too much infrastructure and technical capacity to see a dramatic decline in living standards.” He says the downside of predictions so far into the future is that they scare people unnecessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But economist Billy Pizer at Duke University says research like this at least brings a distant threat into focus. “It’s important to figure out: Are we talking about something the size of a bread box or the size of an elephant or the size of a mouse?” he says. “And I think getting those sorts of magnitudes right, I think is really important, and I think that’s what this paper does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it continues a long-standing effort to determine something called “the social cost of carbon” (carbon dioxide being the major greenhouse gas). What’s a ton of carbon pollution going to do to the economy, and should polluters pay that cost now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama endeavored to figure out the social cost of carbon, with an eye toward charging polluters for every ton of carbon they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the administration of Donald Trump says it’s not interested in the social cost of carbon or moving away from carbon-based fuels, arguing that doing so would hurt the economy. Climate economist Chris Field at Stanford University says yes, decarbonizing the economy would be expensive, but he compares it to the space program in the 1960s. “It cost a lot,” he says, “but it also unleashed a huge amount of creativity and innovation and really launched the United States on a trajectory to being ready for the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mapping+The+Potential+Economic+Effects+Of+Climate+Change+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Climate scientists agree that this century is getting much warmer and that such warming will likely bring economic pain to the U.S., but economists aren’t sure how much. Now, a team of scientists and economists, writing in the upcoming issue of the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, says it can at least tell which parts of the country are likely to suffer the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers started with history: How have heat waves and drought affected the economy in the past? Then they applied that metric to a range of future warming scenarios — from minor to extreme — and mapped the effects, county by county across the U.S. They found that if warming continues at recent rates, it could shave 3 to 6 percentage points off of the country’s gross domestic product by century’s end — the warmer it gets, the bigger the hit to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lead researcher Solomon Hsiang acknowledges that the numbers are uncertain by scientific standards but that they aren’t really the bottom line. “I think the takeaway message that is most striking is that the effects of climate change on the U.S. are not the same everywhere,” says Hsiang, an economist at the University of California, Berkeley. “Where you are in the country really matters.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colder places like New England might see an economic upturn — for example, from lower heating bills. But places that are already hot, like the South and Midwest, could see huge damage to their local economies, due to enormous electric bills, dying crops or mass migration away from the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe that is not so surprising, but Hsiang takes it a step further: Climate change will redistribute wealth by driving workers, businesses and agriculture away from those hard-hit regions and move them mostly toward the north and west of the country. Again, Hsiang says exactly how much is hard to predict. But he says that is actually part of the new study’s findings: “When you start changing the climate,” he says, “it starts affecting all these aspects of the economy, and it makes the future world harder to predict.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things that are somewhat easier to predict include how many more people die as heat waves get hotter, which has an economic cost associated with it. But it’s much harder to envision what new technologies might emerge to help people adapt to climate change, generate cleaner electricity or remove carbon from the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With so many uncertainties, why do this kind of exercise? Even if it’s accurate, a climate change cost of 6 percentage points or even more in the national GDP will be dwarfed by an economy that will grow many times over by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over a century, that could make up for all the losses from anthropogenic global warming and then some,” says Ted Nordhaus, an analyst with the energy and environment group The Breakthrough Institute. “For citizens of wealthy societies, there is too much infrastructure and technical capacity to see a dramatic decline in living standards.” He says the downside of predictions so far into the future is that they scare people unnecessarily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But economist Billy Pizer at Duke University says research like this at least brings a distant threat into focus. “It’s important to figure out: Are we talking about something the size of a bread box or the size of an elephant or the size of a mouse?” he says. “And I think getting those sorts of magnitudes right, I think is really important, and I think that’s what this paper does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it continues a long-standing effort to determine something called “the social cost of carbon” (carbon dioxide being the major greenhouse gas). What’s a ton of carbon pollution going to do to the economy, and should polluters pay that cost now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama endeavored to figure out the social cost of carbon, with an eye toward charging polluters for every ton of carbon they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the administration of Donald Trump says it’s not interested in the social cost of carbon or moving away from carbon-based fuels, arguing that doing so would hurt the economy. Climate economist Chris Field at Stanford University says yes, decarbonizing the economy would be expensive, but he compares it to the space program in the 1960s. “It cost a lot,” he says, “but it also unleashed a huge amount of creativity and innovation and really launched the United States on a trajectory to being ready for the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Mapping+The+Potential+Economic+Effects+Of+Climate+Change+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Shoring Up the State: Is California's Response to Rising Seas Enough?",
"title": "Shoring Up the State: Is California's Response to Rising Seas Enough?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]F[/dropcap]or Will Travis, it began 12 years ago, with an eye-opening article in the New Yorker magazine about rising seas and the widespread flooding and dislocation that would bring. As the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a>, the region’s coastal management agency, he needed to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis directed his staff to research the issue. In 2007 they handed him a report that foretold catastrophe. The agency produced maps with colorful, frightening flood projections and shared it with local policymakers. Trillions of dollars in public and private infrastructure were at risk, Travis told them. The time to prepare was now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the region’s elected officials and Silicon Valley’s cluster of high-tech firms were deaf to the urgency of his message. No one was planning for higher seas. Their problems were more immediate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I heard a lot was, ‘I’m trying to get my kid into a good college, my wife wants me to lose weight, the car transmission is making a funny noise and you want me to worry about sea level rise?’ ” Travis said. “ ‘Yeah, I’ll get to that when I prepare my earthquake supplies.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Y5pvkTpE9EU2uaM9APJ4VWLkilTv77mS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He crafted a policy response for his region anyway. In 2011, after four years of scientific analysis, intense bickering, and legal fights, the commission issued what Travis described as the nation’s first enforceable requirement that all shoreline development address the problem of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, with the breadth and scale of the problem known, the entire state is grappling with how to respond. Every agency and most municipalities are busily crafting plans and prioritizing projects, totaling up what will ultimately be hundreds of billions of dollars in costs to build barriers, restore wetlands and -- somehow -- raise or relocate roads, bridges, railroads and power plants away from the onrushing Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global climate change is warming oceans and melting glaciers, raising seas higher and threatening the people and things that crowd California’s 1,200-mile coastline. Beaches are shrinking and bluffs are being pulverized. And the water’s rise, which had been somewhat steady in the past 100 years, is now accelerating alarmingly, 30 to 40 times faster than in the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11541508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11541508\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"Will Travis was one of the first Bay Area officials to take the threat of sea-level rise seriously. When he was executive director of the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, Travis crafted the first enforceable regulations requiring developers to take rising seas into account.\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-800x525.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-960x630.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-240x158.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-375x246.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Travis was one of the first Bay Area officials to take the threat of sea-level rise seriously. When he was executive director of the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, Travis crafted the first enforceable regulations requiring developers to take rising seas into account. \u003ccite>(Penni Gladstone/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In as few as three decades, scientists say, some areas that are now dry will be permanently under water. Other places, miles from the ocean, will flood more regularly and more deeply, as warmer waters spawn more intense storms and the already swollen sea pushes farther onshore, unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter’s lashing storms that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/02/into-the-big-surreal-36-hours-in-californias-isolated-lonely-island/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">took out parts of Highway 1\u003c/a> are an example of collateral damage: Rising seas are making flood-related events worse because there’s more water available to do damage. Flooding along roads is more frequent and lingers longer. Erosion from more powerful waves works away at bridge footings, undermining spans that are critical to transportation corridors, which themselves are strung along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\">report\u003c/a> by the Ocean Protection Council, the state agency that coordinates the government’s coastal programs, was released in April with the most dire projections yet: The Pacific could rise as much as 10 feet in California in the next 80 years, covering up 800 feet of existing beach and taking out anything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preparing for this eventuality has been declared a top priority in California. By calling for extensive scientific studies and projections, the state has thrown its full power behind the problem. But its power is not absolute. Even though the effects of rising water will be felt comprehensively, bridging public and private property and interests, some of the state’s jurisdiction stops at local borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"dGko5C5Qxmf0kg2hTKHhouPPx5bYAMAI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State planning began in 2008 with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11036\">executive order\u003c/a> from then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. That was followed by Gov. Jerry Brown’s 2010 requirement that state agencies include an adaptation strategy in all planning and permitting documents. Most are still refining those plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beleaguered Department of Transportation has inventoried its holdings, identified which highways will be moved back from the coast and which low-lying roads must be elevated. Highway 1, the meandering, coast-hugging byway famed more for windshield tourism than modern transportation, has been clawed at by erosion and appears often on the state’s flood maps. A section of the roadway at Gleason’s Beach in Sonoma County will be pushed back from the shore some 400 feet. Approvals for the project are expected next year.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar ground-level planning is under way in other agencies. The parks department, for instance, is considering relocating parking lots and restrooms away from the beach up and down the state -- although in some areas there is no room to move facilities, even if the agency could afford to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coastal Commission has assisted California’s 15 coastal counties in preparing \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/lcp/grants/\">vulnerability assessments\u003c/a>, which identify structures to be moved and areas where it’s too dangerous to build. The commission, which approves permits for all development along the coast, has denied the siting of a wastewater treatment plant in Morro Bay and has deemed a power plant in Oxnard to be in harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite such efforts, some say officials need to be much more nimble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11541533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11541533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"Property owners in Solana Beach have been involved in a protracted legal battle with the city for the right to construct sea walls and shore up fragile beach bluffs that underlay their homes. Such so-called 'armoring' redirects wave action elsewhere, causing unintended harm.\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-800x523.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-1180x772.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-960x628.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-240x157.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-375x245.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-520x340.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Property owners in Solana Beach have been involved in a protracted legal battle with the city for the right to construct sea walls and shore up fragile beach bluffs that underlay their homes. Such so-called 'armoring' redirects wave action elsewhere, causing unintended harm. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The public cost of armoring the coast with sea walls and breakwaters -- not always the right response but sometimes the best short-term option -- of lifting up highways and defending airports, railways and power plants surely will be staggering. No one knows what it is. The exhaustive scientific analyses commissioned by the state don’t address cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Bob Wieckowski, a Democrat from Fremont who chairs the Senate’s Environmental Quality Committee, would not hazard a guess at the overall cost of shoring up state-owned infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be a scary number,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the state’s studies, the precise details for responding to sea rise are mostly local decisions involving zoning, building codes and engineering projects with crippling costs attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sonoma County, Highway 37, built on a base of mud, flooded on 27 days last winter and has already sunk more than two feet, according to Sonoma County Supervisor David Rabbitt. He said that the state’s transportation agency, Caltrans, told local officials that it could get to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/systemplanning/docs/sr-37-studies/Phase_II_SR_37_Stewardship_FinalReport_Task%204_Benefits_Impacts.pdf\">problem\u003c/a> in 2088.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four affected counties, unable to wait 71 years, are considering a number of options, including putting the critical commuter highway atop a 6-foot levee. The price tag for the 20-mile project is as much as $4 billion, and no one knows who will pay for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/223503294\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster City, on San Francisco Bay, reckons it will take more than $90 million to shore up its eight miles of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/publicworks/lagoonandlevee/Levee-Protection-Planning.cfm\">rock levees\u003c/a> that protect neighborhoods from encroaching water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Goleta, just north of Santa Barbara, compiled this list two years ago: an estimated $7.9 million to $63.2 million to cap or recap oil wells in flood-risk areas, flood damage expected on private and public property estimated at $14 million by the end of the century, $500,000 to add four to six inches of asphalt to local roads to elevate them above the water for the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving across the soaring Dumbarton Bridge into Menlo Park at the south end of San Francisco Bay, Travis -- who is now a consultant -- is a grim tour guide. Where most would find serenity in the shimmering necklace of the California coastline, Travis sees an inventory of potential calamity for the state’s bridges, levees, homes and sewage plants. He points to a neat grid of commercial salt ponds that create a colorful mosaic of water behind long lines of levees. Colorful yes, but the marshes that could swell with seawater are held back only by flimsy earthen berms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11541536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11541536\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-800x499.jpg\" alt=\"The vast network of commercial salt ponds and degraded marshes in the southern end of the San Francisco Bay are the focus of an intensive restoration effort that encompasses tens of thousands of acres. The wetlands will help protect low-lying communities from flooding by slowing storm surges and absorbing rising seas.\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-800x499.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-1020x636.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-1180x736.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-960x599.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-240x150.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-375x234.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-520x324.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vast network of commercial salt ponds and degraded marshes in the southern end of the San Francisco Bay are the focus of an intensive restoration effort that encompasses tens of thousands of acres. The wetlands will help protect low-lying communities from flooding by slowing storm surges and absorbing rising seas. \u003ccite>(Jitze Couperus/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is much at stake here, where the soggy, low-lying coast is the most heavily developed in the state. The density of people, and public and private assets, coupled with the region’s vulnerable geography, put the Bay Area at the top of the state’s triage list.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the gateway to Silicon Valley, formerly known as Valley of Heart’s Delight -- a reference to once-sprawling fruit orchards -- now home to Tesla, Apple, eBay, Facebook, Google and Hewlett Packard. State officials are keenly aware that its critical economic driver is in the path of eventual disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptation projects in this region show how nature is being harnessed to hold back Pacific waters. The Bay begins with a deficit, having lost more than 80 percent of its marshes in the last 200 years, each new development gouging out some natural protection. Multiple efforts are underway to reclaim those wetlands, restoring vegetation that absorbs floodwater and slows storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters in nine Bay Area counties last year approved a parcel tax to raise a half-billion dollars in the next 20 years, with plans to restore tidal marshes along the bay and creeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More sobering for the public is the question of how to protect the international airports in San Francisco and Oakland. San Francisco airport, which, like Oakland’s, juts like a finger into the bay, has crumbling cement along its eight miles of sea wall. SFO officials are developing a $60 million shoreline protection project. At both airports, efforts will focus on buttressing and expanding existing walls and barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"square\" link=\"file\" size=\"full\" ids=\"11541540,11541541\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea wall that rims the waterfront Embarcadero office park and promenade of shops requires a multi-billion-dollar upgrade. The Port of San Francisco is soliciting improvement proposals and has set aside \u003ca href=\"https://sfseawall.com/\">$40 million for the project\u003c/a>. The venerable rock pile is a critical bulwark: Behind it sits nearly $40 billion in commercial development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if those numbers aren’t staggering enough, Travis’s back-of-the-envelope calculation for protecting just the San Francisco Bay with a simple levee -- not accounting for any relocating, rebuilding or constructing more sophisticated defensive measures: As much as $100 billion. His bleak coda: The cost of doing nothing and paying to clean up the mess is four times that figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is an abridged version of the full story, which is available at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>calmatters.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. CALmatters is a nonprofit, nonpartisan media venture explaining California policies and politics.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Preparation is a top priority for the state, but the precise details of responding to sea level rise are mostly local decisions involving crippling costs.",
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"title": "Shoring Up the State: Is California's Response to Rising Seas Enough? | KQED",
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"headline": "Shoring Up the State: Is California's Response to Rising Seas Enough?",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">F\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>or Will Travis, it began 12 years ago, with an eye-opening article in the New Yorker magazine about rising seas and the widespread flooding and dislocation that would bring. As the executive director of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bcdc.ca.gov/\">San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission\u003c/a>, the region’s coastal management agency, he needed to know more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis directed his staff to research the issue. In 2007 they handed him a report that foretold catastrophe. The agency produced maps with colorful, frightening flood projections and shared it with local policymakers. Trillions of dollars in public and private infrastructure were at risk, Travis told them. The time to prepare was now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet the region’s elected officials and Silicon Valley’s cluster of high-tech firms were deaf to the urgency of his message. No one was planning for higher seas. Their problems were more immediate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I heard a lot was, ‘I’m trying to get my kid into a good college, my wife wants me to lose weight, the car transmission is making a funny noise and you want me to worry about sea level rise?’ ” Travis said. “ ‘Yeah, I’ll get to that when I prepare my earthquake supplies.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He crafted a policy response for his region anyway. In 2011, after four years of scientific analysis, intense bickering, and legal fights, the commission issued what Travis described as the nation’s first enforceable requirement that all shoreline development address the problem of rising seas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, with the breadth and scale of the problem known, the entire state is grappling with how to respond. Every agency and most municipalities are busily crafting plans and prioritizing projects, totaling up what will ultimately be hundreds of billions of dollars in costs to build barriers, restore wetlands and -- somehow -- raise or relocate roads, bridges, railroads and power plants away from the onrushing Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Global climate change is warming oceans and melting glaciers, raising seas higher and threatening the people and things that crowd California’s 1,200-mile coastline. Beaches are shrinking and bluffs are being pulverized. And the water’s rise, which had been somewhat steady in the past 100 years, is now accelerating alarmingly, 30 to 40 times faster than in the last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11541508\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11541508\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-800x525.jpg\" alt=\"Will Travis was one of the first Bay Area officials to take the threat of sea-level rise seriously. When he was executive director of the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, Travis crafted the first enforceable regulations requiring developers to take rising seas into account.\" width=\"800\" height=\"525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-800x525.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-1020x669.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-1180x774.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-960x630.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-240x158.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-375x246.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/WillTravis-520x341.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Will Travis was one of the first Bay Area officials to take the threat of sea-level rise seriously. When he was executive director of the Bay Conservation and Development Commission, Travis crafted the first enforceable regulations requiring developers to take rising seas into account. \u003ccite>(Penni Gladstone/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In as few as three decades, scientists say, some areas that are now dry will be permanently under water. Other places, miles from the ocean, will flood more regularly and more deeply, as warmer waters spawn more intense storms and the already swollen sea pushes farther onshore, unimpeded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter’s lashing storms that \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/02/into-the-big-surreal-36-hours-in-californias-isolated-lonely-island/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">took out parts of Highway 1\u003c/a> are an example of collateral damage: Rising seas are making flood-related events worse because there’s more water available to do damage. Flooding along roads is more frequent and lingers longer. Erosion from more powerful waves works away at bridge footings, undermining spans that are critical to transportation corridors, which themselves are strung along the California coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.opc.ca.gov/webmaster/ftp/pdf/docs/rising-seas-in-california-an-update-on-sea-level-rise-science.pdf\">report\u003c/a> by the Ocean Protection Council, the state agency that coordinates the government’s coastal programs, was released in April with the most dire projections yet: The Pacific could rise as much as 10 feet in California in the next 80 years, covering up 800 feet of existing beach and taking out anything in its path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Preparing for this eventuality has been declared a top priority in California. By calling for extensive scientific studies and projections, the state has thrown its full power behind the problem. But its power is not absolute. Even though the effects of rising water will be felt comprehensively, bridging public and private property and interests, some of the state’s jurisdiction stops at local borders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State planning began in 2008 with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11036\">executive order\u003c/a> from then-Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger. That was followed by Gov. Jerry Brown’s 2010 requirement that state agencies include an adaptation strategy in all planning and permitting documents. Most are still refining those plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beleaguered Department of Transportation has inventoried its holdings, identified which highways will be moved back from the coast and which low-lying roads must be elevated. Highway 1, the meandering, coast-hugging byway famed more for windshield tourism than modern transportation, has been clawed at by erosion and appears often on the state’s flood maps. A section of the roadway at Gleason’s Beach in Sonoma County will be pushed back from the shore some 400 feet. Approvals for the project are expected next year.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similar ground-level planning is under way in other agencies. The parks department, for instance, is considering relocating parking lots and restrooms away from the beach up and down the state -- although in some areas there is no room to move facilities, even if the agency could afford to do it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coastal Commission has assisted California’s 15 coastal counties in preparing \u003ca href=\"https://www.coastal.ca.gov/lcp/grants/\">vulnerability assessments\u003c/a>, which identify structures to be moved and areas where it’s too dangerous to build. The commission, which approves permits for all development along the coast, has denied the siting of a wastewater treatment plant in Morro Bay and has deemed a power plant in Oxnard to be in harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But despite such efforts, some say officials need to be much more nimble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11541533\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11541533\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"Property owners in Solana Beach have been involved in a protracted legal battle with the city for the right to construct sea walls and shore up fragile beach bluffs that underlay their homes. Such so-called 'armoring' redirects wave action elsewhere, causing unintended harm.\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-800x523.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-160x105.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-1180x772.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-960x628.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-240x157.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-375x245.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SolanaBeach-520x340.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Property owners in Solana Beach have been involved in a protracted legal battle with the city for the right to construct sea walls and shore up fragile beach bluffs that underlay their homes. Such so-called 'armoring' redirects wave action elsewhere, causing unintended harm. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The public cost of armoring the coast with sea walls and breakwaters -- not always the right response but sometimes the best short-term option -- of lifting up highways and defending airports, railways and power plants surely will be staggering. No one knows what it is. The exhaustive scientific analyses commissioned by the state don’t address cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Bob Wieckowski, a Democrat from Fremont who chairs the Senate’s Environmental Quality Committee, would not hazard a guess at the overall cost of shoring up state-owned infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That would be a scary number,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the state’s studies, the precise details for responding to sea rise are mostly local decisions involving zoning, building codes and engineering projects with crippling costs attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Sonoma County, Highway 37, built on a base of mud, flooded on 27 days last winter and has already sunk more than two feet, according to Sonoma County Supervisor David Rabbitt. He said that the state’s transportation agency, Caltrans, told local officials that it could get to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist4/systemplanning/docs/sr-37-studies/Phase_II_SR_37_Stewardship_FinalReport_Task%204_Benefits_Impacts.pdf\">problem\u003c/a> in 2088.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four affected counties, unable to wait 71 years, are considering a number of options, including putting the critical commuter highway atop a 6-foot levee. The price tag for the 20-mile project is as much as $4 billion, and no one knows who will pay for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/223503294\" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foster City, on San Francisco Bay, reckons it will take more than $90 million to shore up its eight miles of \u003ca href=\"http://www.fostercity.org/publicworks/lagoonandlevee/Levee-Protection-Planning.cfm\">rock levees\u003c/a> that protect neighborhoods from encroaching water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Goleta, just north of Santa Barbara, compiled this list two years ago: an estimated $7.9 million to $63.2 million to cap or recap oil wells in flood-risk areas, flood damage expected on private and public property estimated at $14 million by the end of the century, $500,000 to add four to six inches of asphalt to local roads to elevate them above the water for the next decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Driving across the soaring Dumbarton Bridge into Menlo Park at the south end of San Francisco Bay, Travis -- who is now a consultant -- is a grim tour guide. Where most would find serenity in the shimmering necklace of the California coastline, Travis sees an inventory of potential calamity for the state’s bridges, levees, homes and sewage plants. He points to a neat grid of commercial salt ponds that create a colorful mosaic of water behind long lines of levees. Colorful yes, but the marshes that could swell with seawater are held back only by flimsy earthen berms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11541536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11541536\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-800x499.jpg\" alt=\"The vast network of commercial salt ponds and degraded marshes in the southern end of the San Francisco Bay are the focus of an intensive restoration effort that encompasses tens of thousands of acres. The wetlands will help protect low-lying communities from flooding by slowing storm surges and absorbing rising seas.\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-800x499.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-1020x636.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-1180x736.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-960x599.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-240x150.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-375x234.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/07/SaltPonds-520x324.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The vast network of commercial salt ponds and degraded marshes in the southern end of the San Francisco Bay are the focus of an intensive restoration effort that encompasses tens of thousands of acres. The wetlands will help protect low-lying communities from flooding by slowing storm surges and absorbing rising seas. \u003ccite>(Jitze Couperus/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There is much at stake here, where the soggy, low-lying coast is the most heavily developed in the state. The density of people, and public and private assets, coupled with the region’s vulnerable geography, put the Bay Area at the top of the state’s triage list.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the gateway to Silicon Valley, formerly known as Valley of Heart’s Delight -- a reference to once-sprawling fruit orchards -- now home to Tesla, Apple, eBay, Facebook, Google and Hewlett Packard. State officials are keenly aware that its critical economic driver is in the path of eventual disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adaptation projects in this region show how nature is being harnessed to hold back Pacific waters. The Bay begins with a deficit, having lost more than 80 percent of its marshes in the last 200 years, each new development gouging out some natural protection. Multiple efforts are underway to reclaim those wetlands, restoring vegetation that absorbs floodwater and slows storm surges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters in nine Bay Area counties last year approved a parcel tax to raise a half-billion dollars in the next 20 years, with plans to restore tidal marshes along the bay and creeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More sobering for the public is the question of how to protect the international airports in San Francisco and Oakland. San Francisco airport, which, like Oakland’s, juts like a finger into the bay, has crumbling cement along its eight miles of sea wall. SFO officials are developing a $60 million shoreline protection project. At both airports, efforts will focus on buttressing and expanding existing walls and barriers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sea wall that rims the waterfront Embarcadero office park and promenade of shops requires a multi-billion-dollar upgrade. The Port of San Francisco is soliciting improvement proposals and has set aside \u003ca href=\"https://sfseawall.com/\">$40 million for the project\u003c/a>. The venerable rock pile is a critical bulwark: Behind it sits nearly $40 billion in commercial development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if those numbers aren’t staggering enough, Travis’s back-of-the-envelope calculation for protecting just the San Francisco Bay with a simple levee -- not accounting for any relocating, rebuilding or constructing more sophisticated defensive measures: As much as $100 billion. His bleak coda: The cost of doing nothing and paying to clean up the mess is four times that figure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/01/530748899/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">announced Thursday\u003c/a> that the U.S. will leave the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">A Washington Post poll in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Here are five things that could be affected by the decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>1. The coal industry \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-coal-idUSKBN1762YY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Even coal companies had lobbied\u003c/a> the Trump administration to stay in the agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They said they needed a seat at the table during international climate discussions to advocate for coal’s place in the global energy mix. The industry also wants financial support for technology to capture and store carbon emissions, something that could keep coal plants operating longer even as cities, states and other countries work to address climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While President Trump had promised to “cancel” the Paris deal to boost coal, the decision is not likely to create more jobs. The industry is in a long-term decline as it faces competition from cheaper natural gas and — increasingly — wind and solar. Some utilities are also responding to customer demand for renewable power, and the policies of any one administration have little impact on those decisions. “As a utility, we’re trying to plan many years out into the future,” says Ron Roberts of Puget Sound Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main goal of the Paris deal was to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or, aspirationally, even 1.5 degrees). Beyond that point, scientists worry that catastrophic impacts of warming become irreversible. The various Paris pledges by each nation were not actually enough to achieve that target. And even with the environmental regulations passed under President Barack Obama, the U.S. was unlikely to meet its original commitment — to reduce carbon emissions by 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels. Now, the U.S. may fall further from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, U.S. carbon emissions will still probably continue to decline, at least for a few years. Market forces are pushing utilities to switch from coal to natural gas or renewable power. “We are on a path to reduce emissions below 2005 levels by about 15 to 17 percent in 2020,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337304/market-forces-may-impact-emissions-more-than-climate-agreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says Kate Larsen of the Rhodium Group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is rolling back a host of other climate regulations, and that impact will start to be felt in a few years. Economist Marc Hafstead of Resources for the Future says if economic growth picks up, leaving the Paris deal may mean overall U.S. emissions drop only by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. U.S. global leadership\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top diplomat, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, warned against leaving the Paris deal. It puts the U.S. in a very small camp; the only other countries not part of the agreement are Syria, which is in the midst of a civil war, and Nicaragua, which argued that the Paris accord did not go far enough to curb global emissions. Former Secretary of State John Kerry calls Trump’s decision “an irresponsible walking back of American leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of putting America first, Kerry tells NPR’s \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> Trump is putting the nation last. Kerry accuses Trump of basing his decision on “alternative facts,” calling it “one of the most disastrous, shallow, untruthful decisions a president of the United States has made in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union’s top climate change official, Miguel Arias Canete, calls it a “sad day for the global community” but adds that the “world can continue to count on Europe for global leadership in the fight against climate change.” China, too, is poised to take a stronger role on climate diplomacy. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres is counting on that and argues there are economic benefits to this. “The sustainability train has left the station,” he said earlier this week. “Those who embrace green technologies will set the gold standard for economic leadership in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. President Trump’s public support (but maybe not the part that counts)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans want the U.S. to stay in the Paris climate accord. But in bucking that broad public opinion, Trump is playing to his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2017/01/17/National-Politics/Polling/question_18485.xml?uuid=eV5GmNysEeaJAmEP5IZ5HA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Washington Post poll\u003c/a> in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. But conservative Republicans are far less supportive of the Paris agreement than liberal Democrats, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before taking office, Trump repeatedly dismissed climate change as a hoax and suggested that Obama-era climate regulations put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. Many conservative Republicans share the president’s climate skepticism. And less than a third support measures like the Clean Power Plan — Obama’s principal tool for meeting America’s Paris climate commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulling out of the Paris accords will undoubtedly anger many Americans, but it keeps a promise to Trump’s core supporters. As small-government activist Grover Norquist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/politics/paris-climate-agreement-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>, “Everybody who hates Trump wants him to stay in Paris. Everybody who respects him, trusts him, voted for him, wishes for him to succeed, wants him to pull out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The U.S. economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has repeatedly called the Paris accord a “bad deal” for the U.S. and said it will hurt the economy. One big outlay is the Green Climate Fund set up under the deal. Obama had committed the U.S. to contributing $3 billion to the fund, which aims to help developing countries adapt to climate change and develop low-emission energy technologies. Under Obama, the U.S. transferred $1 billion, but Trump’s budget proposal does not include payments for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Paris agreement also say imposing regulations to reduce carbon emissions is too costly. “It’d be very, very expensive,” Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe, who has denied climate change is real, told WBUR’s \u003cem>Here & Now.\u003c/em> “It’d constitute probably the largest tax increase in the history of America.” It’s not clear whether that is true, but the coal industry has spent many millions installing technology to curb its emissions in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the White House could easily have stayed in the Paris accord even as it opted not to pay into the climate fund or impose emissions cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, supporters of Paris say if the U.S. withdrawal leads to more severe climate change, that would greatly harm the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nate Rott, Chris Joyce, Michele Kelemen, Scott Horsley and Jennifer Ludden contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Changes+That+Could+Come+From+Leaving+The+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While President Trump had promised to “cancel” the Paris deal to boost coal, the decision is not likely to create more jobs. The industry is in a long-term decline as it faces competition from cheaper natural gas and — increasingly — wind and solar. Some utilities are also responding to customer demand for renewable power, and the policies of any one administration have little impact on those decisions. “As a utility, we’re trying to plan many years out into the future,” says Ron Roberts of Puget Sound Energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>2. The climate\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main goal of the Paris deal was to limit global temperature rise to 2 degrees Celsius (or, aspirationally, even 1.5 degrees). Beyond that point, scientists worry that catastrophic impacts of warming become irreversible. The various Paris pledges by each nation were not actually enough to achieve that target. And even with the environmental regulations passed under President Barack Obama, the U.S. was unlikely to meet its original commitment — to reduce carbon emissions by 26 to 28 percent below 2005 levels. Now, the U.S. may fall further from that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, U.S. carbon emissions will still probably continue to decline, at least for a few years. Market forces are pushing utilities to switch from coal to natural gas or renewable power. “We are on a path to reduce emissions below 2005 levels by about 15 to 17 percent in 2020,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/05/27/530337304/market-forces-may-impact-emissions-more-than-climate-agreements\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">says Kate Larsen of the Rhodium Group\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Trump administration is rolling back a host of other climate regulations, and that impact will start to be felt in a few years. Economist Marc Hafstead of Resources for the Future says if economic growth picks up, leaving the Paris deal may mean overall U.S. emissions drop only by 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>3. U.S. global leadership\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s top diplomat, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, warned against leaving the Paris deal. It puts the U.S. in a very small camp; the only other countries not part of the agreement are Syria, which is in the midst of a civil war, and Nicaragua, which argued that the Paris accord did not go far enough to curb global emissions. Former Secretary of State John Kerry calls Trump’s decision “an irresponsible walking back of American leadership.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of putting America first, Kerry tells NPR’s \u003cem>Morning Edition,\u003c/em> Trump is putting the nation last. Kerry accuses Trump of basing his decision on “alternative facts,” calling it “one of the most disastrous, shallow, untruthful decisions a president of the United States has made in my lifetime.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Union’s top climate change official, Miguel Arias Canete, calls it a “sad day for the global community” but adds that the “world can continue to count on Europe for global leadership in the fight against climate change.” China, too, is poised to take a stronger role on climate diplomacy. U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres is counting on that and argues there are economic benefits to this. “The sustainability train has left the station,” he said earlier this week. “Those who embrace green technologies will set the gold standard for economic leadership in the 21st century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>4. President Trump’s public support (but maybe not the part that counts)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most Americans want the U.S. to stay in the Paris climate accord. But in bucking that broad public opinion, Trump is playing to his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/page/2010-2019/WashingtonPost/2017/01/17/National-Politics/Polling/question_18485.xml?uuid=eV5GmNysEeaJAmEP5IZ5HA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Washington Post poll\u003c/a> in January found just 31 percent of those surveyed supported withdrawing from the Paris deal, while 56 percent were opposed. But conservative Republicans are far less supportive of the Paris agreement than liberal Democrats, \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the Pew Research Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before taking office, Trump repeatedly dismissed climate change as a hoax and suggested that Obama-era climate regulations put the U.S. at a competitive disadvantage. Many conservative Republicans share the president’s climate skepticism. And less than a third support measures like the Clean Power Plan — Obama’s principal tool for meeting America’s Paris climate commitments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pulling out of the Paris accords will undoubtedly anger many Americans, but it keeps a promise to Trump’s core supporters. As small-government activist Grover Norquist \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/30/us/politics/paris-climate-agreement-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told the New York Times\u003c/a>, “Everybody who hates Trump wants him to stay in Paris. Everybody who respects him, trusts him, voted for him, wishes for him to succeed, wants him to pull out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>5. The U.S. economy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has repeatedly called the Paris accord a “bad deal” for the U.S. and said it will hurt the economy. One big outlay is the Green Climate Fund set up under the deal. Obama had committed the U.S. to contributing $3 billion to the fund, which aims to help developing countries adapt to climate change and develop low-emission energy technologies. Under Obama, the U.S. transferred $1 billion, but Trump’s budget proposal does not include payments for the rest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of the Paris agreement also say imposing regulations to reduce carbon emissions is too costly. “It’d be very, very expensive,” Oklahoma Sen. James Inhofe, who has denied climate change is real, told WBUR’s \u003cem>Here & Now.\u003c/em> “It’d constitute probably the largest tax increase in the history of America.” It’s not clear whether that is true, but the coal industry has spent many millions installing technology to curb its emissions in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That said, the White House could easily have stayed in the Paris accord even as it opted not to pay into the climate fund or impose emissions cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, supporters of Paris say if the U.S. withdrawal leads to more severe climate change, that would greatly harm the U.S. economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nate Rott, Chris Joyce, Michele Kelemen, Scott Horsley and Jennifer Ludden contributed to this report.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Changes+That+Could+Come+From+Leaving+The+Paris+Climate+Deal&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As President Trump announced the U.S. would leave the Paris climate accord, California’s political leaders quickly declared that the state would step up on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s wrong on the science,” said California Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “Totally wrong. California will resist this misguided and insane course of action. Trump is AWOL but California is on the field, ready for battle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/01/gov-brown-denounces-trumps-insane-move-on-paris-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vowed to continue building his own international climate movement\u003c/a>. Around 170 jurisdictions, including states, provinces and cities around the world have signed onto Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Under2 MOU\u003c/a>, which means they’ve agreed to cut emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown is heading to China next week to hold climate meetings with many of the signatories. He also announced an alliance today with the governors of Washington and New York, looking to convene states that are committed to upholding the Paris accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that agreement accomplish? And what does the U.S. exit from the Paris agreement mean for California’s climate policies? We asked \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Governor Brown’s climate agreement have any teeth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a voluntary pledge. There’s no climate police that are going to come and knock on the State of California’s door if the state fails to meet its commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think it’s important to recognize that the same thing is true for nation states that are parties to the Paris agreement. The Paris agreement commitments are voluntary and the only thing that’s mandatory about Paris is the reporting obligations of state. They have to say what they actually end up doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5K7qTsq85ubuAw2BQvPBPIprdYe1xaRq”]So I think the Under2 MOU in a way establishes a very similar system but for states and other provinces that are interested in going further than their national governments will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also creates kind of a system for sharing ideas and sharing what works. And in many ways you know that’s as important a contribution as the actual commitment. Because California has a long history dating from the 1950s inventing new ways to reduce air pollution. And one of the biggest benefits we can provide as a state is to share that expertise with the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think California’s efforts will calm nerves on the international stage after President’s Trump speech?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I don’t think California can help fix the problem that President Trump is going to create by withdrawing from the Paris agreement. The U.S. is in the process of doing serious\u003cbr>\ndamage to its credibility as a partner and as an ally. I don’t think that the other nation states are going to act differently in the Paris Agreement context because of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s core climate policies, like renewable energy goals and clean car regulations, are state-level policies, so they won’t be affected by President Trump’s move. But what else might be at risk?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the place where this might matter – and I think it remains to be seen – is in terms of California’s international efforts on climate that look more treaty-like. Like efforts to connect our cap-and-trade program with other cap-and-trade programs that are in Canada and to accept internationally based carbon offsets into our cap-and-trade market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of policies that look a little bit like foreign affairs get more risky from a legal perspective when they’re out of line with what the State Department wants. There have been issues in the past with California taking a different position than the State Department and being forced by the Supreme Court to step back from that position because it was interfering with the U.S. policy.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As President Trump announced the U.S. would leave the Paris climate accord, California’s political leaders quickly declared that the state would step up on the international stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s wrong on the science,” said California Governor Jerry Brown in a statement. “Totally wrong. California will resist this misguided and insane course of action. Trump is AWOL but California is on the field, ready for battle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/06/01/gov-brown-denounces-trumps-insane-move-on-paris-accord/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">vowed to continue building his own international climate movement\u003c/a>. Around 170 jurisdictions, including states, provinces and cities around the world have signed onto Brown’s \u003ca href=\"http://under2mou.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Under2 MOU\u003c/a>, which means they’ve agreed to cut emissions by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governor Brown is heading to China next week to hold climate meetings with many of the signatories. He also announced an alliance today with the governors of Washington and New York, looking to convene states that are committed to upholding the Paris accord.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will that agreement accomplish? And what does the U.S. exit from the Paris agreement mean for California’s climate policies? We asked \u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/michael-wara/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Michael Wara\u003c/a>, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does Governor Brown’s climate agreement have any teeth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a voluntary pledge. There’s no climate police that are going to come and knock on the State of California’s door if the state fails to meet its commitment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But I think it’s important to recognize that the same thing is true for nation states that are parties to the Paris agreement. The Paris agreement commitments are voluntary and the only thing that’s mandatory about Paris is the reporting obligations of state. They have to say what they actually end up doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>So I think the Under2 MOU in a way establishes a very similar system but for states and other provinces that are interested in going further than their national governments will go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also creates kind of a system for sharing ideas and sharing what works. And in many ways you know that’s as important a contribution as the actual commitment. Because California has a long history dating from the 1950s inventing new ways to reduce air pollution. And one of the biggest benefits we can provide as a state is to share that expertise with the rest of the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you think California’s efforts will calm nerves on the international stage after President’s Trump speech?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, I don’t think California can help fix the problem that President Trump is going to create by withdrawing from the Paris agreement. The U.S. is in the process of doing serious\u003cbr>\ndamage to its credibility as a partner and as an ally. I don’t think that the other nation states are going to act differently in the Paris Agreement context because of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>California’s core climate policies, like renewable energy goals and clean car regulations, are state-level policies, so they won’t be affected by President Trump’s move. But what else might be at risk?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the place where this might matter – and I think it remains to be seen – is in terms of California’s international efforts on climate that look more treaty-like. Like efforts to connect our cap-and-trade program with other cap-and-trade programs that are in Canada and to accept internationally based carbon offsets into our cap-and-trade market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These kinds of policies that look a little bit like foreign affairs get more risky from a legal perspective when they’re out of line with what the State Department wants. There have been issues in the past with California taking a different position than the State Department and being forced by the Supreme Court to step back from that position because it was interfering with the U.S. policy.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Trump has lost the support of a top billionaire business leader over his \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/06/01/trump-poised-to-announce-decision-on-paris-climate-agreement/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">decision to withdraw\u003c/a> from the Paris climate deal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elon Musk wrote Thursday on Twitter that he is “departing presidential councils,” something he had vowed to do if Trump took this step.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is real. Leaving Paris is not good for America or the world,” Musk said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”NrXOwD5ACLSulpgNgWH1J9meD2ITUMUd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is the founder of SpaceX and Tesla, among other companies. He has been a member of Trump’s infrastructure council, manufacturing jobs council, and strategic and policy forum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk’s decision came after Trump announced earlier Thursday that he was pulling the U.S. out of the historic international agreement that set global goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. He cited job losses and a lack of fairness in the Paris deal as key reasons to exit and try to re-enter the accord on different terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General Electric CEO Jeff Immelt, another member of Trump’s business councils, wrote on Twitter that he also was “disappointed” with Trump’s decision on Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Industry must now lead and not depend on government,” Immelt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Miranda Leitsinger contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Musk’s decision came after Trump announced earlier Thursday that he was pulling the U.S. out of the historic international agreement that set global goals for cutting greenhouse gas emissions. He cited job losses and a lack of fairness in the Paris deal as key reasons to exit and try to re-enter the accord on different terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>General Electric CEO Jeff Immelt, another member of Trump’s business councils, wrote on Twitter that he also was “disappointed” with Trump’s decision on Paris.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Industry must now lead and not depend on government,” Immelt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Miranda Leitsinger contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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