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"title": "The Willie Mays Bobblehead That Started a Phenomenon",
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"content": "\u003cp>Mario Alioto says he knew instantly on May 9, 1999, that the San Francisco Giants had a good idea on their hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto was the team’s vice president of sales and marketing, and the Giants were playing the Milwaukee Brewers at 3Com Park (better known as Candlestick Park, the team’s home since 1960). First pitch wasn’t until around 1 p.m., but fans had started showing up hours before the gates even opened.[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember we got there about 7 in the morning,” said Robert Villegas, who’s been a Giants fans for nearly four decades. “It was a fun day because there was the Willie Mays bobblehead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first 25,000 fans in the doors received a free Willie Mays bobblehead. While this might seem like a run-of-the-mill promotion today, back in 1999 it had never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“May 9, 1999, is really the day that transformed bobbleheads,” said Phil Sklar, co-founder and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bobbleheadhall.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Bobblehead Hall of Fame and Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobbleheads first gained popularity in the 1960s when they became a staple at stadiums and corner stores around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d go to the souvenir stand, and there was a bobblehead, and if you bought one or your parents bought one, that was a big deal,” said Alioto, now the team’s executive vice president of business operations, recalling his days as a young Giants fan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dolls faded from popularity over the next three decades, but when it came time for the Giants to celebrate their 40th and final season at Candlestick Park, Alioto and Valerie McGuire, the team’s director of special events, thought it would be fun to give away a bobblehead as a way to hearken back to the stadium’s early days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But actually getting the bobbleheads made proved challenging. When the team reached out to one of its suppliers, they had \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2016/01/02/bobblehead-history-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no idea what a bobblehead even was\u003c/a>. The first prototype they sent was tall and skinny with a tiny head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745834\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745834\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"An ad in the San Francisco Examiner on May 2, 1999, highlights the upcoming Willie Mays bobblehead promotion as part of a weekend of 1960s-related events.\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-1020x1273.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-961x1200.jpg 961w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-1920x2397.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut.jpg 1640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ad in the San Francisco Examiner on May 2, 1999, highlights the upcoming Willie Mays bobblehead promotion as part of a weekend of 1960s-related events. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When we first saw that, we laughed,” Alioto said. “We said that’s not the idea. It’s got to be almost like \u003ca href=\"https://bobs.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bob’s Big Boy\u003c/a>. It’s got to be chunky and a heavy doll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a few rounds of back-and-forth before the team finally saw a design they were happy with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the actual production process might have been difficult, it wasn’t hard to choose which player would be the first bobblehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no doubt if we were going to do the first one, it would be Willie Mays,” Alioto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately after the Giants’ inaugural giveaway, other teams jumped on the bobblehead bandwagon. Within a few years, clubs in every major professional sport in the United States were giving them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sklar, the limited number of bobbleheads handed out before a game and the popularity of the online auction site eBay helped turn bobbleheads into instant collectibles. In 2015, a New York Yankees bobblehead from the early 1960s sold for \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidseideman/2015/06/03/record-price-for-bobbing-head-doll-60k-leaves-collectors-shaking-their-heads/#78c2ac2ea6a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nearly $60,000\u003c/a> at auction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobblehead technology has advanced significantly over the last 20 years. Much like video games, the likeness between the actual players and their bobbleheads has improved dramatically. (Alioto said that to this day, Mays insists the 1999 bobblehead looks nothing like him.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Giants have done bobbleheads of Tony Bennett and Frank Sinatra with sound chips, a Barry Bonds bobblehead with a home run counter, and another Mays bobblehead celebrating his famous \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/mlb/video/2016/03/02-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">over-the-shoulder catch\u003c/a> that included a ball on a string about to drop into his glove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always wanted to do one with Juan Marichal if we could do the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdLjTT1ldKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high leg kick,\u003c/a> or with Rod Beck where he would swing his right arm, so instead of the head bobbling maybe the arm bobbles,” Alioto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745841\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Some of the many bobbleheads the Giants have produced since 1999 include musical legends Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra and Carlos Santana.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the many bobbleheads the Giants have produced since 1999 include musical legends Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra and Carlos Santana. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the sports world that has caught bobblehead fever over the last 20 years. Alioto remembers going on a family vacation to the Vatican and seeing someone selling pope bobbleheads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, ‘Boy, now I know this idea really worked,’ ” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the phenomenon shows no sign of slowing down. Sklar said there have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.bobbleheadhall.com/previous/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 7,000\u003c/a> bobblehead giveaways in the United States since 1999, and he sees kids as young as 4 and 5 years old toting collections with upward of 100 dolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it’s anywhere near fading off,” Sklar said. “I liken bobbleheads more to Barbie as opposed to Beanie Babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the Giants gave away a replica of the 1999 Mays bobblehead in celebration of its 20th anniversary, one of \u003ca href=\"https://sfgiants.mlblogs.com/sfgiants-2019-promos-and-special-events-revealed-1054b029b0c0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six bobblehead giveaways\u003c/a> the team has planned for this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all looking for the next bobblehead, and we haven’t found it yet,” Alioto said. “So while they’re still working, we’re still producing bobbleheads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Toys with bobbling heads go back centuries, but the Giants were the first team to give them away at a game, launching a craze that's still going strong 20 years later.",
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"description": "Toys with bobbling heads go back centuries, but the Giants were the first team to give them away at a game, launching a craze that's still going strong 20 years later.",
"title": "The Willie Mays Bobblehead That Started a Phenomenon | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mario Alioto says he knew instantly on May 9, 1999, that the San Francisco Giants had a good idea on their hands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alioto was the team’s vice president of sales and marketing, and the Giants were playing the Milwaukee Brewers at 3Com Park (better known as Candlestick Park, the team’s home since 1960). First pitch wasn’t until around 1 p.m., but fans had started showing up hours before the gates even opened.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember we got there about 7 in the morning,” said Robert Villegas, who’s been a Giants fans for nearly four decades. “It was a fun day because there was the Willie Mays bobblehead.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first 25,000 fans in the doors received a free Willie Mays bobblehead. While this might seem like a run-of-the-mill promotion today, back in 1999 it had never been done before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“May 9, 1999, is really the day that transformed bobbleheads,” said Phil Sklar, co-founder and CEO of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.bobbleheadhall.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Bobblehead Hall of Fame and Museum\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobbleheads first gained popularity in the 1960s when they became a staple at stadiums and corner stores around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’d go to the souvenir stand, and there was a bobblehead, and if you bought one or your parents bought one, that was a big deal,” said Alioto, now the team’s executive vice president of business operations, recalling his days as a young Giants fan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The dolls faded from popularity over the next three decades, but when it came time for the Giants to celebrate their 40th and final season at Candlestick Park, Alioto and Valerie McGuire, the team’s director of special events, thought it would be fun to give away a bobblehead as a way to hearken back to the stadium’s early days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But actually getting the bobbleheads made proved challenging. When the team reached out to one of its suppliers, they had \u003ca href=\"https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2016/01/02/bobblehead-history-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no idea what a bobblehead even was\u003c/a>. The first prototype they sent was tall and skinny with a tiny head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745834\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745834\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-800x999.jpg\" alt=\"An ad in the San Francisco Examiner on May 2, 1999, highlights the upcoming Willie Mays bobblehead promotion as part of a weekend of 1960s-related events.\" width=\"800\" height=\"999\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-800x999.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-160x200.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-1020x1273.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-961x1200.jpg 961w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut-1920x2397.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37012_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Sun__May_2__1999_-qut.jpg 1640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An ad in the San Francisco Examiner on May 2, 1999, highlights the upcoming Willie Mays bobblehead promotion as part of a weekend of 1960s-related events. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When we first saw that, we laughed,” Alioto said. “We said that’s not the idea. It’s got to be almost like \u003ca href=\"https://bobs.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Bob’s Big Boy\u003c/a>. It’s got to be chunky and a heavy doll.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took a few rounds of back-and-forth before the team finally saw a design they were happy with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the actual production process might have been difficult, it wasn’t hard to choose which player would be the first bobblehead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no doubt if we were going to do the first one, it would be Willie Mays,” Alioto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost immediately after the Giants’ inaugural giveaway, other teams jumped on the bobblehead bandwagon. Within a few years, clubs in every major professional sport in the United States were giving them away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Sklar, the limited number of bobbleheads handed out before a game and the popularity of the online auction site eBay helped turn bobbleheads into instant collectibles. In 2015, a New York Yankees bobblehead from the early 1960s sold for \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidseideman/2015/06/03/record-price-for-bobbing-head-doll-60k-leaves-collectors-shaking-their-heads/#78c2ac2ea6a2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">nearly $60,000\u003c/a> at auction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bobblehead technology has advanced significantly over the last 20 years. Much like video games, the likeness between the actual players and their bobbleheads has improved dramatically. (Alioto said that to this day, Mays insists the 1999 bobblehead looks nothing like him.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Giants have done bobbleheads of Tony Bennett and Frank Sinatra with sound chips, a Barry Bonds bobblehead with a home run counter, and another Mays bobblehead celebrating his famous \u003ca href=\"https://www.si.com/mlb/video/2016/03/02-11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">over-the-shoulder catch\u003c/a> that included a ball on a string about to drop into his glove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I always wanted to do one with Juan Marichal if we could do the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdLjTT1ldKU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">high leg kick,\u003c/a> or with Rod Beck where he would swing his right arm, so instead of the head bobbling maybe the arm bobbles,” Alioto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11745841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11745841\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Some of the many bobbleheads the Giants have produced since 1999 include musical legends Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra and Carlos Santana.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/05/RS37014_IMG_0523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of the many bobbleheads the Giants have produced since 1999 include musical legends Tony Bennett, Frank Sinatra and Carlos Santana. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s not just the sports world that has caught bobblehead fever over the last 20 years. Alioto remembers going on a family vacation to the Vatican and seeing someone selling pope bobbleheads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, ‘Boy, now I know this idea really worked,’ ” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the phenomenon shows no sign of slowing down. Sklar said there have been \u003ca href=\"https://www.bobbleheadhall.com/previous/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">more than 7,000\u003c/a> bobblehead giveaways in the United States since 1999, and he sees kids as young as 4 and 5 years old toting collections with upward of 100 dolls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think it’s anywhere near fading off,” Sklar said. “I liken bobbleheads more to Barbie as opposed to Beanie Babies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the Giants gave away a replica of the 1999 Mays bobblehead in celebration of its 20th anniversary, one of \u003ca href=\"https://sfgiants.mlblogs.com/sfgiants-2019-promos-and-special-events-revealed-1054b029b0c0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">six bobblehead giveaways\u003c/a> the team has planned for this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re all looking for the next bobblehead, and we haven’t found it yet,” Alioto said. “So while they’re still working, we’re still producing bobbleheads.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "meet-charley-parkhurst-the-gold-rushs-fearless-gender-nonconforming-stagecoach-driver",
"title": "Meet Charley Parkhurst: the Gold Rush's Fearless, Gender Nonconforming Stagecoach Driver",
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"headTitle": "Meet Charley Parkhurst: the Gold Rush’s Fearless, Gender Nonconforming Stagecoach Driver | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>During the Gold Rush, there were few in the West as notorious and formidable as the stagecoach driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men would drive gold and other valuables from the far-flung mining outposts in the Sierra to the big-city banks of San Francisco. It was a treacherous journey that required expert navigation across rough terrain — but the biggest challenge became thieves. They lay in wait, eager to rob drivers and passengers of their valuable cargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage drivers had to be good with a gun to keep their cargo safe and their passengers alive. For their skill and fearlessness, stage drivers were paid very well, and the best ones were known by name across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the best drivers in the entire state was Charley Parkhurst. In a profession where hypermasculinity was rewarded, Parkhurst stands out, because he was gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Charley Parkhurst: The Famous California Driver\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was described as a man of slight build, who chewed tobacco, drank whiskey and swore often. He wore beaded riding gloves and used a whip on his horses — and to stay out of brawls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was tough, and he looked even tougher after he was half-blinded when a horse kicked him in the face (it was probably scared by a snake), which earned him the nickname “One-Eyed Charley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some knew the story of his crossing a crumbling bridge during a storm. Others cared only about his ability to keep the bandits away from their goods. None of his peers knew that Charley was \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">assigned female at birth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Early Years\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The accounts of Parkhurst’s early years sometimes contradict one another. As far as we know, Parkhurst was born around 1812 in \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/50297431/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">New Hampshire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say Parkhurst spent his early years in an orphanage, then ran away to find work in stables. Others say Parkhurst worked on an \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/35077156/\">uncle’s farm\u003c/a> until they had a falling out, after which Parkhurst ran away to Rhode Island. Either way, around this time, young Parkhurst started wearing boys clothes, living as a male and learning how to ride horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742538\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11742538\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg\" alt=\"Tallyho Coaching, Sioux City party Coaching at the Great Hot Springs of Dakota\" width=\"640\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota-160x133.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stagecoach back in the 1800s. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Parkhurst started working as a stage driver on the East Coast, until the Gold Rush brought him out West around 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Gender Terms in History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One could use him or they as a pronoun for Parkhurst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because ‘they’ is a wonderful nonbinary pronoun that can be used today to mark people who are sort of refusing or renouncing the gender binary,” says Don Romesburg, a historian and chair of women’s and gender studies at Sonoma State University. “But I think they can also be used for people in the past as a kind of marker of undecidability. I think that if you’re going to pick one wrong gender pronoun for Charley, it would be she. Because for as much of Charley’s life that Charley was an active agent in asserting a gendered self … he was he.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to say if Parkhurst was trans because we don’t know why Parkhurst decided to live as a man. There could have been many motivations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women were given very few economic opportunities in the mid-19th century California. They could be seamstresses or laundresses or teachers or sex workers essentially,” says Romesburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, people who had romantic ties to someone of the same sex would have been marginalized at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s all sorts of reasons beyond perhaps a true expression of one’s gendered self that someone like Parkhurst might choose to live as a man for many years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Romesburg says, Parkhurst’s life is clearly part of trans history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Gold Rush\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst ran stretches of road all around California — between Mariposa and Stockton, Oakland and San Jose, and San Juan and Santa Cruz. Parkhurst was highly sought after, working for many wealthy families, and even drove a large cargo of gold for Wells Fargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742554\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg\" alt=\"Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between circa 1848 and 1853.\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between 1848 and 1853. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With a money box full of gold and a coach full of passengers, Parkhurst would drive six horses across rough terrain where bandits lay in wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Parkhurst was stopped by a gang of highway robbers whose faces were disguised with masks made out of long underwear. They brought a gun to Parkhurst’s head and threatened the passengers. Parkhurst’s gun was out of reach, and he was forced to give the bandits the money box. However Parkhurst defiantly told the bandits that if it happened again, it would be unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Parkhurst was always prepared. The next time he was stopped by a famous desperado called “Sugarfoot,” Parkhurst shot him dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t long before Parkhurst developed a reputation as one of the safest California “whips,” and became known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/283388836/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">the ‘boss’ driver of the road.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg\" alt=\"Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express Office\" width=\"640\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-800x715.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wells, Fargo & Co.’s Express Office \u003ccite>(Library of Congress/Lawrence & Houseworth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But was living out on the road lonely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there were passengers floating in and out of Parkhurst’s life, it was said he often worked alone, serving as both driver and lookout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for love, it’s hard to say. There is a story about a poor widow who was about to lose her house. Parkhurst bought the house to give back to her. Some speculated Parkhurst did it for the widow’s daughter, who was pretty, but Parkhurst left that town soon after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst retired from stagecoach driving after trains started crisscrossing the Golden State. He worked as a farmer and lumberman, where he “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">always commanded the highest wages\u003c/a>” and had saved “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">several thousands of dollars\u003c/a>” by that point. Parkhurst was also considered generous and social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was also registered to vote in 1867, about 50 years before women got suffrage. Some say Parkhurst could have been the first person assigned female at birth to cast a ballot in California for a presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charley continued to work until he developed severe rheumatism in his 60s, which eventually shriveled his limbs. Then in 1879, Parkhurst developed cancer of the tongue and died at the age of 67 near Watsonville, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was when the public found out that Parkhurst was assigned female at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What followed was a national sensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">Often when talking about trans people, publications disclose birth names, usually with the implication that it is the person’s “real name.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">Guidelines for covering the trans community\u003c/a> instruct media outlets to treat chosen names as real names.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Across the country, papers printed stories that might be seen as insensitive today. A number of headlines erase Parkhurst’s experience living as a man: \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">Thirty Years in Disguise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/457374668/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">The Female Stage Driver\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/194684511/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">A Queer Woman\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most national coverage of Parkhurst still conveyed a sense of awe in everything he accomplished. In Emily Skidmore’s book, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/True-Sex-Lives-Twentieth-Century-ebook/dp/B0757458G3\">“True Sex: the Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the Century,”\u003c/a> she found that when gender histories of trans men are revealed, local communities tend to be quite sympathetic to that person. When national newspapers picked those stories up, the narratives shift to degeneracy, masquerading, fooling, disguising and pathology.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Parkhurst Today\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since his death, Charley’s story has been told in more obscure historical texts, but now it seems Charley will take a more permanent place in California history books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAIR Education Act passed in 2011 ensures the roles and contributions of LGBT Americans and people with disabilities be included in K–12 history education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romesburg fought to include Charley in lesson plans and says, “It’s important that we see LGBT lives in the past so that we understand that queerness and transness is not something that simply appears after Stonewall, for example. But it’s something that’s been around in some form everywhere for always.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Great Stories From Trans History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Charley highlights just one of many trans stories. To learn a little more, we’ve compiled a list of a few people in trans history to read about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-incredible-chevalier-deon-who-left-france-as-a-male-spy-and-returned-as-a-christian-woman\">Chevalier D’Eon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-marsha-p-johnson.html\">Marsha P. Johnson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.masstpc.org/wewha/\">We’wha\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/22/donald-trump-transgender-military-ban-albert-cashier\">Albert D. J. Cashier\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HObtUIElQZY\">Sir Lady Java\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/its-easier-to-change-a-body-than-to-change-a-mind-the-extraordinary-life-and-lonely-death-of-roberta-8899823.html\">Roberta Cowell\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/alan-l-hart\"> Dr. Alan L. Hart\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/aug/19/2\">Nong Toom\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://srlp.org/about/who-was-sylvia-rivera/\">Sylvia Rivera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyisgaypodcast.com/notes/2019/1/20/episode-21-the-real-housewife-of-rome\">Emperor Elagabalus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.queerportraits.com/bio/anderson\">Lucy Hicks Anderson,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/style/paris-has-burned.html\">Angie Xtravaganza\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/03/30/tennissrenee-richards-first-transgender-woman-play-professional/\">Renee Richards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Stagecoach drivers were seen as the masculine ideal in the Old West. It was a profession demanding lots of skill, physicality, endurance and courage. Charley Parkhurst was one of the best, and unbeknown to his peers, he was assigned female at birth.",
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"title": "Meet Charley Parkhurst: the Gold Rush's Fearless, Gender Nonconforming Stagecoach Driver | KQED",
"description": "Stagecoach drivers were seen as the masculine ideal in the Old West. It was a profession demanding lots of skill, physicality, endurance and courage. Charley Parkhurst was one of the best, and unbeknown to his peers, he was assigned female at birth.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>During the Gold Rush, there were few in the West as notorious and formidable as the stagecoach driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These men would drive gold and other valuables from the far-flung mining outposts in the Sierra to the big-city banks of San Francisco. It was a treacherous journey that required expert navigation across rough terrain — but the biggest challenge became thieves. They lay in wait, eager to rob drivers and passengers of their valuable cargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stage drivers had to be good with a gun to keep their cargo safe and their passengers alive. For their skill and fearlessness, stage drivers were paid very well, and the best ones were known by name across California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the best drivers in the entire state was Charley Parkhurst. In a profession where hypermasculinity was rewarded, Parkhurst stands out, because he was gender nonconforming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Charley Parkhurst: The Famous California Driver\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was described as a man of slight build, who chewed tobacco, drank whiskey and swore often. He wore beaded riding gloves and used a whip on his horses — and to stay out of brawls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was tough, and he looked even tougher after he was half-blinded when a horse kicked him in the face (it was probably scared by a snake), which earned him the nickname “One-Eyed Charley.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some knew the story of his crossing a crumbling bridge during a storm. Others cared only about his ability to keep the bandits away from their goods. None of his peers knew that Charley was \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">assigned female at birth\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Early Years\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The accounts of Parkhurst’s early years sometimes contradict one another. As far as we know, Parkhurst was born around 1812 in \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/50297431/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">New Hampshire\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say Parkhurst spent his early years in an orphanage, then ran away to find work in stables. Others say Parkhurst worked on an \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/35077156/\">uncle’s farm\u003c/a> until they had a falling out, after which Parkhurst ran away to Rhode Island. Either way, around this time, young Parkhurst started wearing boys clothes, living as a male and learning how to ride horses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742538\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11742538\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg\" alt=\"Tallyho Coaching, Sioux City party Coaching at the Great Hot Springs of Dakota\" width=\"640\" height=\"531\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Tallyho-Coaching-Sioux-City-party-Coaching-at-the-Great-Hot-Springs-of-Dakota-160x133.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A stagecoach back in the 1800s. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Eventually, Parkhurst started working as a stage driver on the East Coast, until the Gold Rush brought him out West around 1850.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Gender Terms in History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>One could use him or they as a pronoun for Parkhurst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because ‘they’ is a wonderful nonbinary pronoun that can be used today to mark people who are sort of refusing or renouncing the gender binary,” says Don Romesburg, a historian and chair of women’s and gender studies at Sonoma State University. “But I think they can also be used for people in the past as a kind of marker of undecidability. I think that if you’re going to pick one wrong gender pronoun for Charley, it would be she. Because for as much of Charley’s life that Charley was an active agent in asserting a gendered self … he was he.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to say if Parkhurst was trans because we don’t know why Parkhurst decided to live as a man. There could have been many motivations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Women were given very few economic opportunities in the mid-19th century California. They could be seamstresses or laundresses or teachers or sex workers essentially,” says Romesburg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, people who had romantic ties to someone of the same sex would have been marginalized at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s all sorts of reasons beyond perhaps a true expression of one’s gendered self that someone like Parkhurst might choose to live as a man for many years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Romesburg says, Parkhurst’s life is clearly part of trans history.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Gold Rush\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst ran stretches of road all around California — between Mariposa and Stockton, Oakland and San Jose, and San Juan and Santa Cruz. Parkhurst was highly sought after, working for many wealthy families, and even drove a large cargo of gold for Wells Fargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742554\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg\" alt=\"Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between circa 1848 and 1853.\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/el-dorado-04487v.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gold miners, El Dorado, California. Photo, between 1848 and 1853. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With a money box full of gold and a coach full of passengers, Parkhurst would drive six horses across rough terrain where bandits lay in wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once Parkhurst was stopped by a gang of highway robbers whose faces were disguised with masks made out of long underwear. They brought a gun to Parkhurst’s head and threatened the passengers. Parkhurst’s gun was out of reach, and he was forced to give the bandits the money box. However Parkhurst defiantly told the bandits that if it happened again, it would be unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After that, Parkhurst was always prepared. The next time he was stopped by a famous desperado called “Sugarfoot,” Parkhurst shot him dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t long before Parkhurst developed a reputation as one of the safest California “whips,” and became known as “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/283388836/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">the ‘boss’ driver of the road.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11742544\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11742544\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg\" alt=\"Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express Office\" width=\"640\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office-800x715.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/Wells-Fargo-Co.s-Express-Office.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wells, Fargo & Co.’s Express Office \u003ccite>(Library of Congress/Lawrence & Houseworth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But was living out on the road lonely?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While there were passengers floating in and out of Parkhurst’s life, it was said he often worked alone, serving as both driver and lookout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for love, it’s hard to say. There is a story about a poor widow who was about to lose her house. Parkhurst bought the house to give back to her. Some speculated Parkhurst did it for the widow’s daughter, who was pretty, but Parkhurst left that town soon after.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst retired from stagecoach driving after trains started crisscrossing the Golden State. He worked as a farmer and lumberman, where he “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">always commanded the highest wages\u003c/a>” and had saved “\u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">several thousands of dollars\u003c/a>” by that point. Parkhurst was also considered generous and social.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parkhurst was also registered to vote in 1867, about 50 years before women got suffrage. Some say Parkhurst could have been the first person assigned female at birth to cast a ballot in California for a presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charley continued to work until he developed severe rheumatism in his 60s, which eventually shriveled his limbs. Then in 1879, Parkhurst developed cancer of the tongue and died at the age of 67 near Watsonville, California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was when the public found out that Parkhurst was assigned female at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What followed was a national sensation.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignleft\">Often when talking about trans people, publications disclose birth names, usually with the implication that it is the person’s “real name.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.glaad.org/reference/covering-trans-community\">Guidelines for covering the trans community\u003c/a> instruct media outlets to treat chosen names as real names.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Across the country, papers printed stories that might be seen as insensitive today. A number of headlines erase Parkhurst’s experience living as a man: \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/20424854/?terms=Charley%2BParkhurst\">Thirty Years in Disguise\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/457374668/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">The Female Stage Driver\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newspapers.com/image/194684511/?terms=charley%2Bparkhurst\">A Queer Woman\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most national coverage of Parkhurst still conveyed a sense of awe in everything he accomplished. In Emily Skidmore’s book, \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/True-Sex-Lives-Twentieth-Century-ebook/dp/B0757458G3\">“True Sex: the Lives of Trans Men at the Turn of the Century,”\u003c/a> she found that when gender histories of trans men are revealed, local communities tend to be quite sympathetic to that person. When national newspapers picked those stories up, the narratives shift to degeneracy, masquerading, fooling, disguising and pathology.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Parkhurst Today\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Since his death, Charley’s story has been told in more obscure historical texts, but now it seems Charley will take a more permanent place in California history books.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FAIR Education Act passed in 2011 ensures the roles and contributions of LGBT Americans and people with disabilities be included in K–12 history education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romesburg fought to include Charley in lesson plans and says, “It’s important that we see LGBT lives in the past so that we understand that queerness and transness is not something that simply appears after Stonewall, for example. But it’s something that’s been around in some form everywhere for always.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Great Stories From Trans History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Charley highlights just one of many trans stories. To learn a little more, we’ve compiled a list of a few people in trans history to read about: \u003ca href=\"https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-incredible-chevalier-deon-who-left-france-as-a-male-spy-and-returned-as-a-christian-woman\">Chevalier D’Eon\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/obituaries/overlooked-marsha-p-johnson.html\">Marsha P. Johnson\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.masstpc.org/wewha/\">We’wha\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/aug/22/donald-trump-transgender-military-ban-albert-cashier\">Albert D. J. Cashier\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HObtUIElQZY\">Sir Lady Java\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/its-easier-to-change-a-body-than-to-change-a-mind-the-extraordinary-life-and-lonely-death-of-roberta-8899823.html\">Roberta Cowell\u003c/a>,\u003ca href=\"http://outhistory.org/exhibits/show/tgi-bios/alan-l-hart\"> Dr. Alan L. Hart\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/aug/19/2\">Nong Toom\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://srlp.org/about/who-was-sylvia-rivera/\">Sylvia Rivera\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.historyisgaypodcast.com/notes/2019/1/20/episode-21-the-real-housewife-of-rome\">Emperor Elagabalus\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.queerportraits.com/bio/anderson\">Lucy Hicks Anderson,\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/18/style/paris-has-burned.html\">Angie Xtravaganza\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/03/30/tennissrenee-richards-first-transgender-woman-play-professional/\">Renee Richards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a region dealing with an immense housing crisis, it’s not surprising that some people have turned to the water to find an affordable place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anchor-outs,” people who live mostly rent-free on boats anchored offshore, can be found in several parts of San Francisco Bay. The most well-known are in Richardson Bay, a shallow estuary that borders the Marin County towns of Sausalito, Tiburon, Mill Valley and Belvedere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hot topic,” said Polly Chandler, who can see the boats from her home in Tiburon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anchor-outs have been a point of tension for decades. Dropping anchor and living on a boat in the bay is technically against state law, but enforcement — which is left to local governments and agencies — has always been spotty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandler asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, “How did we end up with so many boats getting anchored out there?”\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>All Aboard the Arks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740018\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg\" alt=\"A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-160x217.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1020x1382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-885x1200.jpg 885w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1920x2602.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1.jpg 1511w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1880s, rich San Franciscans built houseboats on the waters around Belvedere and Tiburon to use as weekend retreats and summer homes. They referred to their boats as “arks,” which featured arched roofs, decks at either end and French doors at the bow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thriving social scene grew up around these Victorian arks. There was swimming, boating and parties — and boardwalks were built to connect the boats to land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake and fires of 1906 turned some of these pleasure arks into full-time homes after their owners’ homes in San Francisco were destroyed. Over the next 30 years, most of the arks moved in from the open waters. They were either moored to shore or transported onto land to become traditional homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>World War II Sparks a New Era of Waterfront Living\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During World War II, the Sausalito waterfront was transformed into a shipyard known as Marinship. At its peak, Marinship employed 20,000 workers pumping out vessels for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And when the war was over, the Bechtel Corporation, which had been running the shipyard, just abandoned it,” said Larry Clinton, former president of the Sausalito Historical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former shipyard worker, Don Arques, acquired much of the land and excess Marinship materials, and began offering them to returning soldiers and free-spirited artists who were looking for cheap housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740575\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11740575\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg\" alt=\"The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on.\" width=\"628\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg 628w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship-160x122.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials, and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on. \u003ccite>(Sausalito Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“(Arques) allowed them to grab a leftover lifeboat, build a little superstructure on it, pull it onshore and live aboard it for free,” Clinton said. “So that became the genesis of this community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several decades, the community would flourish, growing into an anarchistic and passionate collective that helped shape Sausalito’s image as an artist’s paradise. Beatniks and bohemians like Allen Ginsberg and Shel Silverstein found refuge on the water, which was filled with eclectic vessels ranging from the barely buoyant to floating works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were many, many very weird boats, sloppy homemade things, piles of junk,” said Jeff Costello, who moved to the water from the East Coast as a musician in the 1970s. “There was a little thing called the Donald Duck boat, which was a 22-foot metal lifeboat with a cabin on it and two front windows, and made to look like Donald Duck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the boats at this time were tied up along shore — and like Haight-Ashbury across the bridge in San Francisco, drugs, sex and rock ‘n’ roll fueled a raucous party scene on the water. But also like the hippies in the Haight, the party wasn’t allowed to go on uninterrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739994\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11739994 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as 'The Owl,' that is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as ‘The Owl,’ which is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The Houseboat Wars\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As early as the 1950s, officials tried to curtail and clean up the water dwellers, focusing on the houseboats’ lack of sewage hookups and an old Sausalito plan to build a canal system to try and get rid of the boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades of legal battles, heated committee hearings and physical skirmishes between police and boaters followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got really serious on June 7, 1971, when Marin County sheriff’s deputies pulled their guns on one resident who refused to give up his boat, which they had a court order to remove. For the next decade, officials and boat owners continued to spar in what has come to be known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theava.com/archives/23500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Houseboat Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late ’70s, a detente of sorts was reached, after the building of five permanent marinas where “floating homes” could permanently dock and get linked to utilities and sewage. Yet some saw this as gentrification of the waterfront, and some of the boats made the move to open water to become anchor-outs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBlUnKzdEME\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the Houseboat Wars raged along shore, Greg Baker and the other early anchor-outs mostly avoided the drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The government didn’t know we existed,” he said. “Nobody had the slightest idea we were living on our boats out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Baker first dropped anchor in Richardson Bay in 1963, he said there were around 20 boats anchored out. “I think I lived on an old metal lifeboat with a canvas over it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the building of the marinas in the late ’70s, which drove more people out to the open waters, Baker said there were still fewer than 100 anchor-outs. That changed about a decade ago, when numbers started to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around this time, other anchorages in the Bay Area closed or clamped down on live-aboards, leaving Richardson Bay as one of the few places where people could live freely on the water. It was also the height of the Great Recession — as it became harder to afford a place to live in the Bay Area, a rent-free life on the water became an even more attractive option.[aside postID='news_11535091' label='A Cartoonists Look at Life as an Anchor-Out']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2016, there were 235 anchor-outs in Richardson Bay, according to the Richardson’s Bay Regional Agency (RBRA), a cooperative agency serving Belvedere, Tiburon, Mill Valley, Marin County and, until 2017, Sausalito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said many of the newcomers didn’t come with a lot of marine knowledge, leading to more calls to police about domestic violence, drug use and drownings. There were also environmental concerns about the boats’ impact on the bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/news/tangled-web-issues-complicates-effort-protect-richardson-bays-eelgrass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eelgrass population\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Sausalito passed a law saying the city could impound any vessel left in its waters for more than 72 hours. But city leaders say the top priority of the new law is getting rid of the many boats anchored \u003cem>without\u003c/em> anyone living on them, boats that are either abandoned or being used as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not our intention to ever force folks who are living on their boats to leave our waters,” said Sausalito City Councilwoman Joan Cox. “But as people do leave, we intend not to have them replaced by other people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Future of Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739993\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739993\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him.\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cox says Sausalito has reduced the number of boats in its waters from more than 70 a few years ago to just 27 at last count. Earlier this week, the City Council agreed to move forward with a pilot program that would pay for eight anchor-outs to dock at one of the city’s marinas for six months and get connected to social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are anchor-outs who, if simply given the opportunity to bring their boat from the water to a slip, will not have to spend all of their time surviving on the water,” Cox said. “They’ll be able to go out and seek job opportunities, get on their feet again and move their lives forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RBRA is looking at the feasibility of setting up a permanent mooring field that would allow permitted anchor-outs to stay in the bay while being as ecologically friendly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said he understands why some people are upset about the current state of the anchor-outs. He’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://anchoredout.org/AnchoredOut/RBSAA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">group of live-aboards\u003c/a> who have committed to having their anchors inspected to make sure the boats don’t get blown away, registering their boats with the U.S. Coast Guard, having a reliable way to dispose of sewage and keeping their decks clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to keep people safe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also makes it clear that he doesn’t plan on leaving the water anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s home, and I wouldn’t want to live anywhere else,” he said. “They’ll have to take me away in handcuffs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a region dealing with an immense housing crisis, it’s not surprising that some people have turned to the water to find an affordable place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anchor-outs,” people who live mostly rent-free on boats anchored offshore, can be found in several parts of San Francisco Bay. The most well-known are in Richardson Bay, a shallow estuary that borders the Marin County towns of Sausalito, Tiburon, Mill Valley and Belvedere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a hot topic,” said Polly Chandler, who can see the boats from her home in Tiburon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The anchor-outs have been a point of tension for decades. Dropping anchor and living on a boat in the bay is technically against state law, but enforcement — which is left to local governments and agencies — has always been spotty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chandler asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>, “How did we end up with so many boats getting anchored out there?”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>All Aboard the Arks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740018\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11740018\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg\" alt=\"A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-800x1084.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-160x217.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1020x1382.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-885x1200.jpg 885w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1-1920x2602.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/The_San_Francisco_Call_Sun__Sep_17__1899_-2-1.jpg 1511w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A full-page spread in the Sept. 17, 1899, edition of the San Francisco Call highlights a celebration on the waters of Belvedere, one of the homes of the late-19th century ark scene. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Starting in the 1880s, rich San Franciscans built houseboats on the waters around Belvedere and Tiburon to use as weekend retreats and summer homes. They referred to their boats as “arks,” which featured arched roofs, decks at either end and French doors at the bow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A thriving social scene grew up around these Victorian arks. There was swimming, boating and parties — and boardwalks were built to connect the boats to land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake and fires of 1906 turned some of these pleasure arks into full-time homes after their owners’ homes in San Francisco were destroyed. Over the next 30 years, most of the arks moved in from the open waters. They were either moored to shore or transported onto land to become traditional homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>World War II Sparks a New Era of Waterfront Living\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>During World War II, the Sausalito waterfront was transformed into a shipyard known as Marinship. At its peak, Marinship employed 20,000 workers pumping out vessels for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And when the war was over, the Bechtel Corporation, which had been running the shipyard, just abandoned it,” said Larry Clinton, former president of the Sausalito Historical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A former shipyard worker, Don Arques, acquired much of the land and excess Marinship materials, and began offering them to returning soldiers and free-spirited artists who were looking for cheap housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11740575\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 628px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11740575\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg\" alt=\"The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on.\" width=\"628\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship.jpg 628w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/1976.268.Marinship-160x122.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marinship shipyard along the Sausalito waterfront in 1943. After the war, a local shipyard worker acquired much of the land and excess materials, and gave them to returning soldiers and free spirits to live on. \u003ccite>(Sausalito Historical Society)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“(Arques) allowed them to grab a leftover lifeboat, build a little superstructure on it, pull it onshore and live aboard it for free,” Clinton said. “So that became the genesis of this community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next several decades, the community would flourish, growing into an anarchistic and passionate collective that helped shape Sausalito’s image as an artist’s paradise. Beatniks and bohemians like Allen Ginsberg and Shel Silverstein found refuge on the water, which was filled with eclectic vessels ranging from the barely buoyant to floating works of art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were many, many very weird boats, sloppy homemade things, piles of junk,” said Jeff Costello, who moved to the water from the East Coast as a musician in the 1970s. “There was a little thing called the Donald Duck boat, which was a 22-foot metal lifeboat with a cabin on it and two front windows, and made to look like Donald Duck.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the boats at this time were tied up along shore — and like Haight-Ashbury across the bridge in San Francisco, drugs, sex and rock ‘n’ roll fueled a raucous party scene on the water. But also like the hippies in the Haight, the party wasn’t allowed to go on uninterrupted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739994\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11739994 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as 'The Owl,' that is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36522_DSC_2290-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Many of the houseboats in Sausalito in the 1960s and 1970s were works of art, like this one, known as ‘The Owl,’ which is still docked there. Others were barely buoyant scrap heaps. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The Houseboat Wars\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As early as the 1950s, officials tried to curtail and clean up the water dwellers, focusing on the houseboats’ lack of sewage hookups and an old Sausalito plan to build a canal system to try and get rid of the boats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades of legal battles, heated committee hearings and physical skirmishes between police and boaters followed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things got really serious on June 7, 1971, when Marin County sheriff’s deputies pulled their guns on one resident who refused to give up his boat, which they had a court order to remove. For the next decade, officials and boat owners continued to spar in what has come to be known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.theava.com/archives/23500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Houseboat Wars\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the late ’70s, a detente of sorts was reached, after the building of five permanent marinas where “floating homes” could permanently dock and get linked to utilities and sewage. Yet some saw this as gentrification of the waterfront, and some of the boats made the move to open water to become anchor-outs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DBlUnKzdEME'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DBlUnKzdEME'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>While the Houseboat Wars raged along shore, Greg Baker and the other early anchor-outs mostly avoided the drama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The government didn’t know we existed,” he said. “Nobody had the slightest idea we were living on our boats out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Baker first dropped anchor in Richardson Bay in 1963, he said there were around 20 boats anchored out. “I think I lived on an old metal lifeboat with a canvas over it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even after the building of the marinas in the late ’70s, which drove more people out to the open waters, Baker said there were still fewer than 100 anchor-outs. That changed about a decade ago, when numbers started to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around this time, other anchorages in the Bay Area closed or clamped down on live-aboards, leaving Richardson Bay as one of the few places where people could live freely on the water. It was also the height of the Great Recession — as it became harder to afford a place to live in the Bay Area, a rent-free life on the water became an even more attractive option.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2016, there were 235 anchor-outs in Richardson Bay, according to the Richardson’s Bay Regional Agency (RBRA), a cooperative agency serving Belvedere, Tiburon, Mill Valley, Marin County and, until 2017, Sausalito.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said many of the newcomers didn’t come with a lot of marine knowledge, leading to more calls to police about domestic violence, drug use and drownings. There were also environmental concerns about the boats’ impact on the bay’s \u003ca href=\"http://ca.audubon.org/news/tangled-web-issues-complicates-effort-protect-richardson-bays-eelgrass\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eelgrass population\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Sausalito passed a law saying the city could impound any vessel left in its waters for more than 72 hours. But city leaders say the top priority of the new law is getting rid of the many boats anchored \u003cem>without\u003c/em> anyone living on them, boats that are either abandoned or being used as storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not our intention to ever force folks who are living on their boats to leave our waters,” said Sausalito City Councilwoman Joan Cox. “But as people do leave, we intend not to have them replaced by other people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Future of Anchor-Outs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11739993\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11739993\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg\" alt=\"Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him.\" width=\"800\" height=\"530\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut-1200x795.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36504_DSC_2381-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Greg Baker has had several boats since he first became an anchor-out on Richardson Bay in 1963. His current boat is anchored behind him. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cox says Sausalito has reduced the number of boats in its waters from more than 70 a few years ago to just 27 at last count. Earlier this week, the City Council agreed to move forward with a pilot program that would pay for eight anchor-outs to dock at one of the city’s marinas for six months and get connected to social services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are anchor-outs who, if simply given the opportunity to bring their boat from the water to a slip, will not have to spend all of their time surviving on the water,” Cox said. “They’ll be able to go out and seek job opportunities, get on their feet again and move their lives forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The RBRA is looking at the feasibility of setting up a permanent mooring field that would allow permitted anchor-outs to stay in the bay while being as ecologically friendly as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baker said he understands why some people are upset about the current state of the anchor-outs. He’s part of a \u003ca href=\"http://anchoredout.org/AnchoredOut/RBSAA.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">group of live-aboards\u003c/a> who have committed to having their anchors inspected to make sure the boats don’t get blown away, registering their boats with the U.S. Coast Guard, having a reliable way to dispose of sewage and keeping their decks clear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are trying to keep people safe,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he also makes it clear that he doesn’t plan on leaving the water anytime soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s home, and I wouldn’t want to live anywhere else,” he said. “They’ll have to take me away in handcuffs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can’t miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Laura Sneddon of Los Gatos has heard some stories about this spot over the years, and wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to ask, “What is Moffett Field used for? Is it a NASA research center, a military base, or an airfield for private use by tech companies like Google?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: Yes! Moffett Federal Airfield is part NASA research center, part military base and part airfield for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the long answer is much more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Moffett Field Gets Its Start with the Navy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Back in 1930, the good citizens of Santa Clara County bought 1,000 acres of waterfront property in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, and then sold the land to the U.S. Navy for $1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land was considered ideal to house the \u003cem>USS Macon\u003c/em>, part of the U.S. Navy’s rigid dirigible fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738471\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Moffett Field from way up high.\" width=\"800\" height=\"781\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1020x996.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1200x1172.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Moffett Field from way up high. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A dirigible is steerable, inflatable aircraft, first developed in the mid-19th century in France and Germany. This category includes everything from balloons to blimps to the rigid dirigible, a massive wonder of design developed in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you travel northbound on 101 in Mountain View, you’ll see to the east what looks like a giant empty birdcage on an airfield. That was the garage, if you will, where Naval Air Station Sunnyvale parked the USS Macon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933.\" width=\"800\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1020x792.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933. \u003ccite>(U.S. Naval Historical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, \u003c/a>explains: “After World War I, the U.S. Navy was extremely concerned about Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and they wanted a way to scout. Well, there was no radar. There was no satellites, and if you wanted to know where the enemy fleet was, somebody had to go out and look for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to get your mind around how big the USS Macon and its like were, even though they show up in a number of movies, including Pixar’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Up.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DaTKDdn939M]A rigid dirigible has an internal metal frame and inflatable bags of gas that can carry the giant way up into the atmosphere and help you see far over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were used in World War I for scouting and even bombing attacks in Europe. The Navy commissioned six in the 1920s and ’30s, including the USS Macon, once called the “Queen of the Skies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“785 feet long. It was a flying aircraft carrier,” Stubkjaer says. “It had what was called a trapeze, which was basically an arm that could swing down, that would hold the aircraft until it was ready to fly off. And off it would go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it wanted to land, the frame would come down, the airplane would fly up, hook on and swing up into it. So it could hold four airplanes (Sparrowhawk biplanes, to be specific). And the idea was that the airship would take it out to the area they wanted to investigate and then send the airplanes in a search pattern to cover a great deal of distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWoEQRl8dCs]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But Rigid Dirigibles Had a Tendency to Die Young\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The USS Macon went down off the coast of Big Sur in 1935, when it ran into some bad weather. Two of its 83 crewmen died. “That basically ends the rigid airship program,” Stubkjaer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what the team of \u003ca href=\"https://nautiluslive.org/ev-nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Vehicle Nautilus\u003c/a> saw when they \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Y1xi_3_wnlU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explored the wreck\u003c/a> of the USS Macon on the ocean floor in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting the end of the Navy’s rigid dirigible program predates the horrific \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hindenberg Disaster\u003c/a> in 1937, when the hydrogen-inflated German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and went up in flames while trying to dock in New Jersey. Thirty-six people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military’s rigid dirigible fleet flew using helium, not hydrogen, but the giant airships were delicate creatures. For a variety of reasons, nearly all of them crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738473\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11738473 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. "From a visual perspective, it's more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure," Stubkjaer says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. “From a visual perspective, it’s more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure,” Stubkjaer says. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moffett saw a lot of military use in the decades that followed, including blimp patrols in WWII, but let’s fast forward to today, when this former naval air station is now owned and operated by the \u003ca href=\"https://history.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, also known as NASA Ames. Scientists and engineers are working on a wide variety of projects related to manned and unmanned space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also rents out space to the California Air National Guard and other military units, as well as private outfits like \u003ca href=\"https://su.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So is Google Building a Modern Dirigible at Moffett?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That was the \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/googles-spending-1-billion-on-an-old-nasa-hangar-no-o-1657058955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buzz\u003c/a> a few years ago, and you could see why, given that a) NASA Ames \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-signs-lease-with-planetary-ventures-llc-for-use-of-moffett-airfield-and/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leased Hangar One\u003c/a> and part of Moffett Field to Google subsidiary Planetary Ventures in 2014; and b) Hangar One is so big. Right? Why else would you want to lease that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a far-fetched idea. Dirigible development continues today \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OapLIy46zvs&app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the U.S. military, \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/c-0aYicv26M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the U.S. military\u003c/a> and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.rdrnews.com/2017/08/23/venture-works-on-new-airship-technology-launching-of-structure-is-planned-before-the-end-of-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private outfits\u003c/a>, too. There’s a lot of interest in what can be accomplished for science, business and national security at the edge of the earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Google spokespeople I spoke with insist they are not working on dirigibles at Moffett. They are working on \u003cem>balloons\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons up into the air: 60 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons into the air: 60,000 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Project Loon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alphabet, Google’s parent company, owns a number of subsidiaries, including \u003ca href=\"https://loon.co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, which employs a network of stratospheric balloons to deliver internet connectivity to far-flung places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do that with stratospheric balloons,” says operations program manager Nick Kohli, who also likes to call himself Loon’s “global balloon concierge.” Basically, he organizes balloon launches, keeping them up in the air, and then collecting them when they come down to earth, often more than 100 days after they first launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in “near space,” he explains, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit, the atmosphere is thin. There, the helium inside Loon’s polyethylene balloons expands, and the balloons, which look like jellyfish at ground level, expand to the size of “two tennis courts, laid end to end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moffett’s Hangar Two, one of three giant hangars on the property, was a handy place to conduct early tests. “It’s a nice, big space that you can shield from the wind and so that you can inflate these balloons to full size, to be able to see how they take shape, just as if we were in the stratosphere,” Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airfield is pretty handy, too. “Moffett’s one of the longest open runways that’s around. It was designed for huge aircraft. You really have to struggle to find places where you can see line of sight for that long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Giant airships that served as flying aircraft carriers were once housed at Moffett Field's Hangar One. These days, it's a hub for research and development.",
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"title": "That Giant Structure Off 101 Once Housed a Flying Aircraft Carrier | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve driven north on 101 through Mountain View, you really can’t miss Moffett Field. Seeing the giant open airfield is one thing — but what really grabs the eye is the larger-than-life birdcage-looking structure known as Hangar One.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> listener Laura Sneddon of Los Gatos has heard some stories about this spot over the years, and wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> to ask, “What is Moffett Field used for? Is it a NASA research center, a military base, or an airfield for private use by tech companies like Google?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer is: Yes! Moffett Federal Airfield is part NASA research center, part military base and part airfield for private use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the long answer is much more interesting.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Moffett Field Gets Its Start with the Navy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Back in 1930, the good citizens of Santa Clara County bought 1,000 acres of waterfront property in Mountain View and Sunnyvale, and then sold the land to the U.S. Navy for $1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land was considered ideal to house the \u003cem>USS Macon\u003c/em>, part of the U.S. Navy’s rigid dirigible fleet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738471\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738471\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg\" alt=\"A view of Moffett Field from way up high.\" width=\"800\" height=\"781\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-800x781.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-160x156.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1020x996.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-1200x1172.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36436_Screen-Shot-2019-04-07-at-8.43.23-PM-qut.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of Moffett Field from way up high. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A dirigible is steerable, inflatable aircraft, first developed in the mid-19th century in France and Germany. This category includes everything from balloons to blimps to the rigid dirigible, a massive wonder of design developed in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you travel northbound on 101 in Mountain View, you’ll see to the east what looks like a giant empty birdcage on an airfield. That was the garage, if you will, where Naval Air Station Sunnyvale parked the USS Macon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738453\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738453\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg\" alt=\"The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933.\" width=\"800\" height=\"621\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-800x621.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1020x792.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut-1200x931.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36431_NH43901-enhanced-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The USS Macon flying over New York in 1933. \u003ccite>(U.S. Naval Historical Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, \u003c/a>explains: “After World War I, the U.S. Navy was extremely concerned about Japanese expansion in the Pacific, and they wanted a way to scout. Well, there was no radar. There was no satellites, and if you wanted to know where the enemy fleet was, somebody had to go out and look for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to get your mind around how big the USS Macon and its like were, even though they show up in a number of movies, including Pixar’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.pixar.com/feature-films/up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“Up.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/DaTKDdn939M'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/DaTKDdn939M'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>A rigid dirigible has an internal metal frame and inflatable bags of gas that can carry the giant way up into the atmosphere and help you see far over the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were used in World War I for scouting and even bombing attacks in Europe. The Navy commissioned six in the 1920s and ’30s, including the USS Macon, once called the “Queen of the Skies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“785 feet long. It was a flying aircraft carrier,” Stubkjaer says. “It had what was called a trapeze, which was basically an arm that could swing down, that would hold the aircraft until it was ready to fly off. And off it would go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it wanted to land, the frame would come down, the airplane would fly up, hook on and swing up into it. So it could hold four airplanes (Sparrowhawk biplanes, to be specific). And the idea was that the airship would take it out to the area they wanted to investigate and then send the airplanes in a search pattern to cover a great deal of distance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/IWoEQRl8dCs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/IWoEQRl8dCs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But Rigid Dirigibles Had a Tendency to Die Young\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The USS Macon went down off the coast of Big Sur in 1935, when it ran into some bad weather. Two of its 83 crewmen died. “That basically ends the rigid airship program,” Stubkjaer says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what the team of \u003ca href=\"https://nautiluslive.org/ev-nautilus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exploration Vehicle Nautilus\u003c/a> saw when they \u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/Y1xi_3_wnlU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">explored the wreck\u003c/a> of the USS Macon on the ocean floor in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s worth noting the end of the Navy’s rigid dirigible program predates the horrific \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgWHbpMVQ1U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hindenberg Disaster\u003c/a> in 1937, when the hydrogen-inflated German passenger airship LZ 129 Hindenburg caught fire and went up in flames while trying to dock in New Jersey. Thirty-six people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military’s rigid dirigible fleet flew using helium, not hydrogen, but the giant airships were delicate creatures. For a variety of reasons, nearly all of them crashed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738473\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11738473 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. "From a visual perspective, it's more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure," Stubkjaer says.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36437_IMG_4523-qut-536x402.jpg 536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Stubkjaer, curator of the Moffett Field Historical Society Museum, stands in front of a Vultee BT-13 Valiant and Hangar One. That hangar used to have a skin, but it was peeled off due to its toxicity. “From a visual perspective, it’s more interesting without the skin, because you can see the intricacies of the internal structure,” Stubkjaer says. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Moffett saw a lot of military use in the decades that followed, including blimp patrols in WWII, but let’s fast forward to today, when this former naval air station is now owned and operated by the \u003ca href=\"https://history.arc.nasa.gov/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ames Research Center\u003c/a>, also known as NASA Ames. Scientists and engineers are working on a wide variety of projects related to manned and unmanned space travel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also rents out space to the California Air National Guard and other military units, as well as private outfits like \u003ca href=\"https://su.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Singularity University\u003c/a> and Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So is Google Building a Modern Dirigible at Moffett?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>That was the \u003ca href=\"https://gizmodo.com/googles-spending-1-billion-on-an-old-nasa-hangar-no-o-1657058955\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">buzz\u003c/a> a few years ago, and you could see why, given that a) NASA Ames \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/november/nasa-signs-lease-with-planetary-ventures-llc-for-use-of-moffett-airfield-and/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">leased Hangar One\u003c/a> and part of Moffett Field to Google subsidiary Planetary Ventures in 2014; and b) Hangar One is so big. Right? Why else would you want to lease that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not a far-fetched idea. Dirigible development continues today \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OapLIy46zvs&app=desktop\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">by the U.S. military, \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/c-0aYicv26M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">for the U.S. military\u003c/a> and for \u003ca href=\"https://www.rdrnews.com/2017/08/23/venture-works-on-new-airship-technology-launching-of-structure-is-planned-before-the-end-of-2017/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">private outfits\u003c/a>, too. There’s a lot of interest in what can be accomplished for science, business and national security at the edge of the earth’s atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Google spokespeople I spoke with insist they are not working on dirigibles at Moffett. They are working on \u003cem>balloons\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11738454\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11738454\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons up into the air: 60 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/04/RS36432_20171018-5D3_2104-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project Loon sends networks of stratospheric balloons into the air: 60,000 to 70,000 feet up, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit. Those balloons were developed at Moffett Field. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Project Loon)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Alphabet, Google’s parent company, owns a number of subsidiaries, including \u003ca href=\"https://loon.co\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Project Loon\u003c/a>, which employs a network of stratospheric balloons to deliver internet connectivity to far-flung places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do that with stratospheric balloons,” says operations program manager Nick Kohli, who also likes to call himself Loon’s “global balloon concierge.” Basically, he organizes balloon launches, keeping them up in the air, and then collecting them when they come down to earth, often more than 100 days after they first launch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in “near space,” he explains, above where airplanes fly, below where satellites orbit, the atmosphere is thin. There, the helium inside Loon’s polyethylene balloons expands, and the balloons, which look like jellyfish at ground level, expand to the size of “two tennis courts, laid end to end.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moffett’s Hangar Two, one of three giant hangars on the property, was a handy place to conduct early tests. “It’s a nice, big space that you can shield from the wind and so that you can inflate these balloons to full size, to be able to see how they take shape, just as if we were in the stratosphere,” Kohli says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The airfield is pretty handy, too. “Moffett’s one of the longest open runways that’s around. It was designed for huge aircraft. You really have to struggle to find places where you can see line of sight for that long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Where Do Kids Live in the Bay Area?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Renee Watkins is worried that something is missing from her quiet street, lined with single-family homes in the Berkeley Hills. Families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though Renee lives just a few blocks from an elementary school, she says she rarely sees kids in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where I live, I’d say half the people are over 70. Perhaps I’m exaggerating, but it’s amazing how many people are old. And on the other hand I see hardly any children,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renee’s partially right. There are more elderly people in her neighborhood than children. In 2017, about 31 percent of the people who lived around Renee were 65 or over and about 17 percent were under 18, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of children living in a neighborhood varies dramatically throughout the Bay Area. Although San Francisco is known for having very few children, the Bay Area as a whole is not that different from other major metropolitan areas. Contra Costa County has the largest percentage of children in the Bay Area, while Santa Clara County has the most children, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Where are children in the Bay Area?\" aria-label=\"Column Chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/MkhSf/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where children live in the Bay Area has changed over the decades, but the percentage of children as part of the population has not drastically changed since the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Bay Area Children Under 18\" aria-label=\"Column Chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/h5jlx/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with children are looking for single-family homes, says Cynthia Kroll, the head economist at the Association of Bay Area Governments, and those homes tend to be in the suburbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographics and affordability tend to impact where in the suburbs families are moving at any point. For instance, right now there’s a shift happening in older neighborhoods, like Renee’s in the Berkeley Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many parts of the Bay Area where older households are still living there. People are aging in place, they haven’t moved elsewhere,” Kroll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When older residents do leave their homes, new families are moving in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someplace, like Marin County, is actually starting to inch up in the proportion of children they have total in their population,” Kroll says. “They have been one of the oldest counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of families can’t afford to live in Marin, even if there is a growing housing stock there. Affordability is a major reason there’s been an increase in families in places like Contra Costa and Solano counties, Kroll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this may change though, as several nationwide demographic trends collide. For one, millennials are having fewer children and delaying home ownership. That could change where people live in the future. Regional planners, like Kroll, are tasked with considering things like emissions and commute times when deciding where and what kinds of housing to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of focus on density of housing. And that means more multifamily, less single-family housing,” Kroll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while families may continue to move to the outskirts of the Bay Area now, things could look different in a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Renee Watkins is worried that something is missing from her quiet street, lined with single-family homes in the Berkeley Hills. Families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though Renee lives just a few blocks from an elementary school, she says she rarely sees kids in the neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where I live, I’d say half the people are over 70. Perhaps I’m exaggerating, but it’s amazing how many people are old. And on the other hand I see hardly any children,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Renee’s partially right. There are more elderly people in her neighborhood than children. In 2017, about 31 percent of the people who lived around Renee were 65 or over and about 17 percent were under 18, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of children living in a neighborhood varies dramatically throughout the Bay Area. Although San Francisco is known for having very few children, the Bay Area as a whole is not that different from other major metropolitan areas. Contra Costa County has the largest percentage of children in the Bay Area, while Santa Clara County has the most children, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Where are children in the Bay Area?\" aria-label=\"Column Chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/MkhSf/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where children live in the Bay Area has changed over the decades, but the percentage of children as part of the population has not drastically changed since the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Bay Area Children Under 18\" aria-label=\"Column Chart\" src=\"//datawrapper.dwcdn.net/h5jlx/2/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with children are looking for single-family homes, says Cynthia Kroll, the head economist at the Association of Bay Area Governments, and those homes tend to be in the suburbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographics and affordability tend to impact where in the suburbs families are moving at any point. For instance, right now there’s a shift happening in older neighborhoods, like Renee’s in the Berkeley Hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many parts of the Bay Area where older households are still living there. People are aging in place, they haven’t moved elsewhere,” Kroll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When older residents do leave their homes, new families are moving in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someplace, like Marin County, is actually starting to inch up in the proportion of children they have total in their population,” Kroll says. “They have been one of the oldest counties.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a lot of families can’t afford to live in Marin, even if there is a growing housing stock there. Affordability is a major reason there’s been an increase in families in places like Contra Costa and Solano counties, Kroll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this may change though, as several nationwide demographic trends collide. For one, millennials are having fewer children and delaying home ownership. That could change where people live in the future. Regional planners, like Kroll, are tasked with considering things like emissions and commute times when deciding where and what kinds of housing to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of focus on density of housing. And that means more multifamily, less single-family housing,” Kroll says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while families may continue to move to the outskirts of the Bay Area now, things could look different in a few decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you think about a college town, chances are good the abundance of alcohol springs to mind. But Palo Alto owes its entire existence to the want of a college town \u003cem>without\u003c/em> booze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also why Palo Alto has two downtown-like districts: the “official” downtown along University Avenue that leads into Stanford University, and California Avenue a few miles to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Palo Alto has two separate downtowns because it was originally two separate towns,” said Steve Staiger, the historian for the Palo Alto Historical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Mayfield, California\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before there was Palo Alto, there was Mayfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in the 1850s, it was one of several small communities interspersed among the rural farmland of the 19th century Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 597px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11735747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36243_Mayfield-Bank-and-Post-Office-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The corner of Main and Lincoln in Mayfield (present-day El Camino Real and California Avenue) in 1908. This is the intersection where Leland Stanford met the leaders of Mayfield in 1886 to see if they would close their saloons.\" width=\"597\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36243_Mayfield-Bank-and-Post-Office-qut.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36243_Mayfield-Bank-and-Post-Office-qut-160x88.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The corner of Main and Lincoln in Mayfield (present-day El Camino Real and California Avenue) in 1908. This is the intersection where Leland Stanford met the leaders of Mayfield in 1886 to see if they would close their saloons. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was a small downtown of general stores, blacksmiths, saloons and lumberyards that served the farming community that surrounded it,” said Laura Jones, Stanford archaeologist and president of the Stanford Historical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That small downtown was present-day California Avenue, or Lincoln Street as it was then known. And in 1886, when Leland and Jane Stanford were looking for a college town to support the new university they were building nearby, they turned to Mayfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was just one condition: Mayfield would have to go dry, ending the sale of liquor within the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735897\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 596px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/getimage-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Mayfield's Main Street in 1902.\" width=\"596\" height=\"363\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11735897\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/getimage-6.jpeg 596w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/getimage-6-160x97.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayfield’s Main Street in 1902. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was during the heart of the Temperance Movement, and the Stanfords knew that associating their school with an alcohol-free town would be enticing to many of the parents of prospective students. (The Stanfords themselves had no issues with alcohol production. They owned the\u003ca href=\"https://www.newclairvauxvineyard.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> world’s largest winery\u003c/a> just north of Chico, and they even operated a winery on Stanford’s campus for a time.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going dry was going to be a hard sell in Mayfield, though, because much of the community’s economy was built on the back of its 13 saloons and two breweries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a place where the population of predominantly single men would come off the farms or the ranches or the sawmills on Friday, come to town and spend their week’s wages drinking,” Staiger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Mayfield’s leaders decided that booze was more profitable than books and rejected the Stanfords’ offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the couple quickly turned to Plan B. If Mayfield wouldn’t become their dry college town, they would create their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Birth of Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735751\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735751\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Early-Palo-Alto-1896-800x390.jpeg\" alt=\"Palo Alto in 1896.\" width=\"800\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Early-Palo-Alto-1896.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Early-Palo-Alto-1896-160x78.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Palo Alto in 1896. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Stanfords asked Timothy Hopkins, one of Leland Stanford’s friends and colleagues in the railroad industry, to buy 700 acres of farmland a few miles north of Mayfield and start selling lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you bought one of the lots from Timothy Hopkins, you were not allowed to sell liquor on it,” Jones said. “And if you did the property reverted to Timothy Hopkins. And so they established a dry town, which is now what we think of as Palo Alto.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Due to a combination of local bans, nationwide Prohibition and a state law restricting the sale of liquor near college campuses, you couldn’t legally buy a drink on University Avenue — Palo Alto’s original downtown — \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltohistory.org/liquor-in-palo-alto.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until 1971\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two towns coexisted for a few decades. Stanford University opened in 1891 with Palo Alto as its dry college town, attracting mostly transplants from the East Coast and Midwest. Mayfield, on the other hand, remained a blue-collar town that offered cheaper housing to Stanford students and, of course, a steady supply of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735761\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-800x1079.jpg\" alt=\"A Jan. 2, 1905, San Francisco Examiner item commiserating with the drinkers of Stanford that nearby Mayfield could no longer provide their libations.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1079\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-800x1079.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-160x216.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-1020x1376.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-890x1200.jpg 890w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-1920x2590.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut.jpg 1518w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Jan. 2, 1905, San Francisco Examiner item commiserating with the drinkers of Stanford that nearby Mayfield could no longer provide their libations. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayfield was such a popular destination for Stanford students and faculty that the president of the university reportedly closed the gate on the road leading to Mayfield in hopes of preventing students from making the libatious pilgrimage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the steady stream of customers from Stanford wasn’t enough to keep Mayfield afloat. The farmhands and lumber workers who had kept the saloons filled were increasingly being replaced by young families who were less interested in a community built around alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Mayfield officially incorporated itself as a town at the beginning of the 20th century, one of the first things the new town’s elected leaders did was follow Palo Alto’s lead and close down its saloons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They realized their old economic model was no longer viable,” Staiger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a dry Mayfield turned out to be just a poorer, less impressive version of Palo Alto, which was continuing to grow in size and success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1925, the residents of Mayfield voted to merge with Palo Alto, and on July 6 Mayfield officially ceased to exist. Palo Alto already had a Lincoln Street, so they rechristened Mayfield’s downtown as California Avenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/University-Avenue-800x499.jpeg\" alt=\"University Avenue in Palo Alto after 1906.\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/University-Avenue.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/University-Avenue-160x100.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University Avenue in Palo Alto after 1906. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Main-Street-Mayfield-800x553.jpeg\" alt=\"Main Street (present-day El Camino Real) in Mayfield in about 1909.\" width=\"800\" height=\"553\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Main-Street-Mayfield.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Main-Street-Mayfield-160x111.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Main Street (present-day El Camino Real) in Mayfield in about 1909. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Palo Alto government did its best to scrub its new addition of the name Mayfield, renaming everything South Palo Alto. But Staiger said that the people who lived in Mayfield never lost their sense of where they were truly from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a woman on our board who grew up in Mayfield for the first five years of her life, and she had lived in the neighborhood ever since,” Staiger said. “She was not a Palo Altan in her mind. She was a Mayfieldian.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736067\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"University Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019. You could not legally buy a drink on this street until 1971.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019. You could not legally buy a drink on this street until 1971. \u003ccite>(Sruti Mamidanna/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"California Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019, at the intersection with El Camino Real, where Leland Stanford met with Mayfield leaders in 1886.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736068\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019, at the intersection with El Camino Real, where Leland Stanford met with Mayfield leaders in 1886. \u003ccite>(Sruti Mamidanna/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Palo Alto wasn't the first choice to be Stanford University's college town.",
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"title": "How Stanford's Desire for a Booze-Free Town Gave Birth to Palo Alto | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you think about a college town, chances are good the abundance of alcohol springs to mind. But Palo Alto owes its entire existence to the want of a college town \u003cem>without\u003c/em> booze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also why Palo Alto has two downtown-like districts: the “official” downtown along University Avenue that leads into Stanford University, and California Avenue a few miles to the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Palo Alto has two separate downtowns because it was originally two separate towns,” said Steve Staiger, the historian for the Palo Alto Historical Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Mayfield, California\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before there was Palo Alto, there was Mayfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Founded in the 1850s, it was one of several small communities interspersed among the rural farmland of the 19th century Peninsula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735747\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 597px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11735747 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36243_Mayfield-Bank-and-Post-Office-qut.jpg\" alt=\"The corner of Main and Lincoln in Mayfield (present-day El Camino Real and California Avenue) in 1908. This is the intersection where Leland Stanford met the leaders of Mayfield in 1886 to see if they would close their saloons.\" width=\"597\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36243_Mayfield-Bank-and-Post-Office-qut.jpg 597w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36243_Mayfield-Bank-and-Post-Office-qut-160x88.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 597px) 100vw, 597px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The corner of Main and Lincoln in Mayfield (present-day El Camino Real and California Avenue) in 1908. This is the intersection where Leland Stanford met the leaders of Mayfield in 1886 to see if they would close their saloons. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There was a small downtown of general stores, blacksmiths, saloons and lumberyards that served the farming community that surrounded it,” said Laura Jones, Stanford archaeologist and president of the Stanford Historical Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That small downtown was present-day California Avenue, or Lincoln Street as it was then known. And in 1886, when Leland and Jane Stanford were looking for a college town to support the new university they were building nearby, they turned to Mayfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was just one condition: Mayfield would have to go dry, ending the sale of liquor within the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735897\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 596px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/getimage-6.jpeg\" alt=\"Mayfield's Main Street in 1902.\" width=\"596\" height=\"363\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11735897\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/getimage-6.jpeg 596w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/getimage-6-160x97.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mayfield’s Main Street in 1902. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This was during the heart of the Temperance Movement, and the Stanfords knew that associating their school with an alcohol-free town would be enticing to many of the parents of prospective students. (The Stanfords themselves had no issues with alcohol production. They owned the\u003ca href=\"https://www.newclairvauxvineyard.com/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> world’s largest winery\u003c/a> just north of Chico, and they even operated a winery on Stanford’s campus for a time.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Going dry was going to be a hard sell in Mayfield, though, because much of the community’s economy was built on the back of its 13 saloons and two breweries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a place where the population of predominantly single men would come off the farms or the ranches or the sawmills on Friday, come to town and spend their week’s wages drinking,” Staiger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the end, Mayfield’s leaders decided that booze was more profitable than books and rejected the Stanfords’ offer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the couple quickly turned to Plan B. If Mayfield wouldn’t become their dry college town, they would create their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Birth of Palo Alto\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735751\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735751\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Early-Palo-Alto-1896-800x390.jpeg\" alt=\"Palo Alto in 1896.\" width=\"800\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Early-Palo-Alto-1896.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Early-Palo-Alto-1896-160x78.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Palo Alto in 1896. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Stanfords asked Timothy Hopkins, one of Leland Stanford’s friends and colleagues in the railroad industry, to buy 700 acres of farmland a few miles north of Mayfield and start selling lots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you bought one of the lots from Timothy Hopkins, you were not allowed to sell liquor on it,” Jones said. “And if you did the property reverted to Timothy Hopkins. And so they established a dry town, which is now what we think of as Palo Alto.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(Due to a combination of local bans, nationwide Prohibition and a state law restricting the sale of liquor near college campuses, you couldn’t legally buy a drink on University Avenue — Palo Alto’s original downtown — \u003ca href=\"http://www.paloaltohistory.org/liquor-in-palo-alto.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">until 1971\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two towns coexisted for a few decades. Stanford University opened in 1891 with Palo Alto as its dry college town, attracting mostly transplants from the East Coast and Midwest. Mayfield, on the other hand, remained a blue-collar town that offered cheaper housing to Stanford students and, of course, a steady supply of alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735761\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735761\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-800x1079.jpg\" alt=\"A Jan. 2, 1905, San Francisco Examiner item commiserating with the drinkers of Stanford that nearby Mayfield could no longer provide their libations.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1079\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-800x1079.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-160x216.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-1020x1376.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-890x1200.jpg 890w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut-1920x2590.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36251_The_San_Francisco_Examiner_Mon__Jan_2__1905_-1-qut.jpg 1518w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Jan. 2, 1905, San Francisco Examiner item commiserating with the drinkers of Stanford that nearby Mayfield could no longer provide their libations. \u003ccite>(Newspapers.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mayfield was such a popular destination for Stanford students and faculty that the president of the university reportedly closed the gate on the road leading to Mayfield in hopes of preventing students from making the libatious pilgrimage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the steady stream of customers from Stanford wasn’t enough to keep Mayfield afloat. The farmhands and lumber workers who had kept the saloons filled were increasingly being replaced by young families who were less interested in a community built around alcohol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Mayfield officially incorporated itself as a town at the beginning of the 20th century, one of the first things the new town’s elected leaders did was follow Palo Alto’s lead and close down its saloons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They realized their old economic model was no longer viable,” Staiger said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a dry Mayfield turned out to be just a poorer, less impressive version of Palo Alto, which was continuing to grow in size and success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1925, the residents of Mayfield voted to merge with Palo Alto, and on July 6 Mayfield officially ceased to exist. Palo Alto already had a Lincoln Street, so they rechristened Mayfield’s downtown as California Avenue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736071\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/University-Avenue-800x499.jpeg\" alt=\"University Avenue in Palo Alto after 1906.\" width=\"800\" height=\"499\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/University-Avenue.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/University-Avenue-160x100.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University Avenue in Palo Alto after 1906. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736072\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Main-Street-Mayfield-800x553.jpeg\" alt=\"Main Street (present-day El Camino Real) in Mayfield in about 1909.\" width=\"800\" height=\"553\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Main-Street-Mayfield.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/Main-Street-Mayfield-160x111.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Main Street (present-day El Camino Real) in Mayfield in about 1909. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Palo Alto Historical Association)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Palo Alto government did its best to scrub its new addition of the name Mayfield, renaming everything South Palo Alto. But Staiger said that the people who lived in Mayfield never lost their sense of where they were truly from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a woman on our board who grew up in Mayfield for the first five years of her life, and she had lived in the neighborhood ever since,” Staiger said. “She was not a Palo Altan in her mind. She was a Mayfieldian.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736067\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"University Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019. You could not legally buy a drink on this street until 1971.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36264_IMG_2985-6-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019. You could not legally buy a drink on this street until 1971. \u003ccite>(Sruti Mamidanna/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11736068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"California Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019, at the intersection with El Camino Real, where Leland Stanford met with Mayfield leaders in 1886.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11736068\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS36260_IMG_2906-2-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Avenue in Palo Alto on March 27, 2019, at the intersection with El Camino Real, where Leland Stanford met with Mayfield leaders in 1886. \u003ccite>(Sruti Mamidanna/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What's Up With the 'Weeping Women' at the Palace of Fine Arts?",
"headTitle": "What’s Up With the ‘Weeping Women’ at the Palace of Fine Arts? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The Palace of Fine Arts is an iconic San Francisco location, a favorite for engagement photos and tour groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across a scenic lake sits the giant pastel rotunda, flanked by two colonnades. At the top of those colonnades is a series of large concrete boxes surrounded on each corner by “weeping women.” These women have their backs turned to the viewer and lay their heads upon the tops of the boxes, obscuring their presumably mournful faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women have puzzled some passers-by: “Why do the women at the top of the Palace of Fine Arts have their backs turned?” asks Emily Stauffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11732273\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11732273 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Stauffer in front of the Palace of Fine Arts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Stauffer in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>The 1915 World’s Fair\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Palace of Fine Arts was built for the 1915 World’s Fair, also called the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition. The PPIE honored the completion of the Panama Canal and was seen as a way for San Francisco to show the world it had risen from the ashes of the devastating 1906 earthquake and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the city, temporary buildings were constructed for fairgoers. Among them were showstoppers like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanfranciscomemories.com/ppie/TowerOfJewels.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tower of Jewels\u003c/a>, which scintillated with thousands of colorful cut glass gems. Courtyards were landscaped, clubhouses tricked out, and a number of “palaces” were built around various themes like transportation, food, agriculture, metallurgy and of course … fine arts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Palace of Fine Arts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During the fair, the Palace of Fine Arts showcased works ranging from the Renaissance to more contemporary pieces. The rotunda and colonnade served as the gateway to see the art inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Maybeck designed the Palace of Fine Arts to emphasize the European influences on American culture and to convey a sense of mystery. “He wished to evoke the ‘sad, minor note’ of ‘an old Roman ruin … partly covered with bushes and trees,” wrote James Ganz in “Jewel City: Art From San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybeck worked with sculptor Ulric Ellerhusen to make the weeping women. The melancholy figures with their backs turned were supposed to enhance the idea of sadness and ruin. He wanted to strike a quiet and reflective tone amid a bustling and stimulating fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybeck planned to fill the giant boxes with flowers and vines so that the women would be shrouded in plant life, and only partially seen. However, due to cost, the vines were never installed, and thus the melancholy ladies have always been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735914\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"The Palace, built in 1915, was designed by architect Bernard Maybeck for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Expo. The Palace is the only remaining structure from the Panama-Pacific Expo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-800x541.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-1020x690.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Palace, built in 1915, was designed by architect Bernard Maybeck for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Expo. The Palace is the only remaining structure from the Panama-Pacific Expo. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like all the other structures at the PPIE, the Palace of Fine Arts was built for temporary use, and construction materials were chosen almost as if they were building a stage set. All the columns, figures, walls and entablatures were made of plaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the fair, when most other structures were destroyed, the Palace of Fine Arts got a pass from the wrecking ball. It was saved by the Palace Preservationist League, founded by Phoebe Apperson Hearst, the mother of William Randolph Hearst. However, due to the weak materials it was made from, as the years passed, it became in desperate need of repair. In the 1960s it was completely reconstructed, using more lasting materials like concrete. And after seismic retrofitting was completed in 2009, it looks like these ladies will be weeping well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Palace of Fine Arts is an iconic San Francisco location, a favorite for engagement photos and tour groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across a scenic lake sits the giant pastel rotunda, flanked by two colonnades. At the top of those colonnades is a series of large concrete boxes surrounded on each corner by “weeping women.” These women have their backs turned to the viewer and lay their heads upon the tops of the boxes, obscuring their presumably mournful faces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women have puzzled some passers-by: “Why do the women at the top of the Palace of Fine Arts have their backs turned?” asks Emily Stauffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11732273\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11732273 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Emily Stauffer in front of the Palace of Fine Arts.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/IMG_4198.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emily Stauffer in front of the Palace of Fine Arts. \u003ccite>(Jessica Placzek/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>The 1915 World’s Fair\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Palace of Fine Arts was built for the 1915 World’s Fair, also called the Panama-Pacific International Exhibition. The PPIE honored the completion of the Panama Canal and was seen as a way for San Francisco to show the world it had risen from the ashes of the devastating 1906 earthquake and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the city, temporary buildings were constructed for fairgoers. Among them were showstoppers like the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanfranciscomemories.com/ppie/TowerOfJewels.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tower of Jewels\u003c/a>, which scintillated with thousands of colorful cut glass gems. Courtyards were landscaped, clubhouses tricked out, and a number of “palaces” were built around various themes like transportation, food, agriculture, metallurgy and of course … fine arts.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The Palace of Fine Arts\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During the fair, the Palace of Fine Arts showcased works ranging from the Renaissance to more contemporary pieces. The rotunda and colonnade served as the gateway to see the art inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernard Maybeck designed the Palace of Fine Arts to emphasize the European influences on American culture and to convey a sense of mystery. “He wished to evoke the ‘sad, minor note’ of ‘an old Roman ruin … partly covered with bushes and trees,” wrote James Ganz in “Jewel City: Art From San Francisco’s Panama-Pacific International Exposition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybeck worked with sculptor Ulric Ellerhusen to make the weeping women. The melancholy figures with their backs turned were supposed to enhance the idea of sadness and ruin. He wanted to strike a quiet and reflective tone amid a bustling and stimulating fair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybeck planned to fill the giant boxes with flowers and vines so that the women would be shrouded in plant life, and only partially seen. However, due to cost, the vines were never installed, and thus the melancholy ladies have always been exposed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735914\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735914\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"The Palace, built in 1915, was designed by architect Bernard Maybeck for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Expo. The Palace is the only remaining structure from the Panama-Pacific Expo. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-800x541.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-160x108.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409-1020x690.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/GettyImages-86813409.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Palace, built in 1915, was designed by architect Bernard Maybeck for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Expo. The Palace is the only remaining structure from the Panama-Pacific Expo. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Like all the other structures at the PPIE, the Palace of Fine Arts was built for temporary use, and construction materials were chosen almost as if they were building a stage set. All the columns, figures, walls and entablatures were made of plaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the fair, when most other structures were destroyed, the Palace of Fine Arts got a pass from the wrecking ball. It was saved by the Palace Preservationist League, founded by Phoebe Apperson Hearst, the mother of William Randolph Hearst. However, due to the weak materials it was made from, as the years passed, it became in desperate need of repair. In the 1960s it was completely reconstructed, using more lasting materials like concrete. And after seismic retrofitting was completed in 2009, it looks like these ladies will be weeping well into the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you’ve ever driven northbound on Interstate 280 through Hillsborough, you’ve surely seen The Flintstone House from the highway. A cluster of orange and purple tubular domes, the home is reminiscent of the 1960s Hanna-Barbera cartoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The house has always had it’s fans and detractors, but recent renovations have sparked controversy, and prompted the city of Hillsborough to sue the homeowner and \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/16/highly-visible-eyesore-hillsborough-sues-to-declare-flintstone-house-a-public-nuisance/\">declare the home a “public nuisance.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renovations include the addition of several large sculptures in the back yard: three 15-foot dinosaurs, a giraffe and a mammoth. There’s also the more benign infrastructure improvements, like a retaining wall, steps and a parking strip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Bay Curious, we revisit our 2017 story that includes a tour of the home (web version: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11350365/whats-that-thing-off-280-the-flintstone-house\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What’s That Thing Off 280? The Flintstone House)\u003c/a> and we get an update on the controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rachaelmyrow\">Rachael Myrow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Katie McMurran, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Suzie Racho, Ethan Lindsey and David Weir.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ask us a question or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/bay-curious-newsletter-sign-up\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\">BayCurious.org. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you’ve ever driven northbound on Interstate 280 through Hillsborough, you’ve surely seen The Flintstone House from the highway. A cluster of orange and purple tubular domes, the home is reminiscent of the 1960s Hanna-Barbera cartoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The house has always had it’s fans and detractors, but recent renovations have sparked controversy, and prompted the city of Hillsborough to sue the homeowner and \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/16/highly-visible-eyesore-hillsborough-sues-to-declare-flintstone-house-a-public-nuisance/\">declare the home a “public nuisance.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The renovations include the addition of several large sculptures in the back yard: three 15-foot dinosaurs, a giraffe and a mammoth. There’s also the more benign infrastructure improvements, like a retaining wall, steps and a parking strip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this episode of Bay Curious, we revisit our 2017 story that includes a tour of the home (web version: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11350365/whats-that-thing-off-280-the-flintstone-house\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What’s That Thing Off 280? The Flintstone House)\u003c/a> and we get an update on the controversy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/rachaelmyrow\">Rachael Myrow.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "How Bill Graham's Nazi Escape Might Explain His Fillmore Apples",
"headTitle": "How Bill Graham’s Nazi Escape Might Explain His Fillmore Apples | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>To see a show put on by Bill Graham at San Francisco’s Fillmore Auditorium in the late 1960s was to see a new kind of concert experience.\u003cbr>\n[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003cbr>\nIt started with the musicians. Graham cultivated many of the rock and roll acts that created a new kind of music, and provided the soundtrack for the counterculture revolution. Acts like the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix and Santana were regulars at the Fillmore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He used to book very unusual opening acts,” said Bonnie Simmons, executive director of the Bill Graham Memorial Foundation. “You might be coming to see the Jefferson Airplane, but the opening act would be Andrei Voznesensky, the Russian poet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731738\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11731738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"The apples are such an iconic part of the Fillmore that the theater's marquee includes one.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The apples are such an iconic part of the Fillmore that the theater’s marquee includes one. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But maybe the oddest aspect of Graham’s Fillmore shows had nothing to do with the performances at all. At every show, concertgoers were greeted by a barrel of Red Delicious apples, free for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simmons remembers seeing the apples when she went to concerts at the Fillmore in the 1960s. When the venue in the city’s Western Addition reopened under new management in the mid-1990s, the apple tradition continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the shows that I’ve been to and all the different venues, it’s the only place that hands out fruit,” said Sandra Julien, who’s been going to shows at the Fillmore since she moved to the Bay Area eight years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julien wanted to know more, and asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>: \u003cstrong>Why does the Fillmore hand out free apples?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham, who was killed in a helicopter crash in 1991, never explained his reasoning behind the apples, leaving others to guess at his motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say that he wanted to give the broke hippies who came to his shows something nutritious to eat. Many believe that it was an extension of his famous hospitality, which he learned working as a waiter in the Catskills.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n“To my mind the barrel of apples was Bill’s attempt to welcome people to his house,” said Bob Greenfield, who co-wrote Graham’s autobiography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a decade ago, Bonnie Simmons stumbled on another possible explanation that dates back to Graham’s experience fleeing Nazi Germany as a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Fleeing the Holocaust\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Graham was born Wolfgang Grajonca to a Jewish family in Berlin in 1931. After Nazis brutally attacked Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses in a 1938 event that came to be known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristallnacht\u003c/a>, or the Night of Broken Glass, Graham’s single mother put him and one of his sisters in a German orphanage to protect them from the government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following year, they were sent to an orphanage in France. It was the beginning of an arduous journey through Europe and Africa that would kill his sister and eventually ended with young Graham in 1939 getting on a boat bound for the United States, where he was adopted by a family in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on that journey was a boy named Ralph Moratz, who became friends with Graham when they met at the German orphanage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11732886\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35805_Bill_Graham-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Graham, circa 1990.\" width=\"450\" height=\"309\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11732886\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35805_Bill_Graham-qut.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35805_Bill_Graham-qut-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Graham, circa 1990. \u003ccite>(Photo by Mark Sarfati via Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We became best friends sharing, for the next few years, the hardships imposed by the German invasion of its surrounding countries,” Moratz wrote in his \u003ca href=\"https://ralphm1935.wordpress.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronicles\u003c/a> of their friendship and journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the kids’ early stops was a chateau in Quincy-sous-Sénart in northern France. The neighborhood was filled with German soldiers, and the kids were stuck inside with little to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For breakfast we got a cup of watery porridge and a thin stale slice of bread. No lunch. Dinner consisted of half a cup of rice from the one bag still stored in the cellar,” Moratz wrote. “We spent most of our time trying to sleep. Only with sleep could we get some relief from the constant hunger pangs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ralphm1935.wordpress.com/2014/12/02/chapter-6-bill-graham-presents-and-the-famous-apple-barrel/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Moratz\u003c/a>, a few of the older boys decided to organize the kids into groups to sneak out and forage for apples from the many orchards in town. Groups of four boys would be lowered out a window in the chateau 6 feet down to the ground. They carried empty rice bags, which could fit 15 to 20 apples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger boys, like Moratz and Graham, were sent out most often, under the assumption that they would attract less attention from German patrols. The older boys liked to vary who went out to try to avoid detection, but Moratz said Graham found a way to be a part of the raiding party more often than not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would it surprise you to find out that Wolfgang [Graham] volunteered to go out and forage every day?” Moratz wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Way to Know for Sure\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11731763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Since Bill Graham first started putting on shows at the Fillmore Auditorium in the late 1960s, the venue has put out a barrel of free apples for guests.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since Bill Graham first started putting on shows at the Fillmore Auditorium in the late 1960s, the venue has put out a barrel of free apples for guests. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Graham never spoke publicly about this experience, and he rarely talked about his time during the Holocaust at all, telling people that he remembered very little of his life before making it to the United States. But that hasn’t stopped people from latching onto Moratz’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of us now believe [giving away apples] was some kind of hidden impulse to share the life preserving fruit, which saved us from certain starvation, with the public as a form of thanksgiving,” Moratz wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Greenfield, Graham’s biographer, is not convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s making a link that I don’t think Bill ever made even unconsciously,” he said of Moratz, who died in 2016. “Bill always lived in the moment. He wasn’t someone who was possessed by or living in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Graham gone, we will never know for sure why the apples became a Fillmore staple. But question asker Sandra Julien said hearing about Graham’s escape from Europe makes the Fillmore even more meaningful to her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now when I go to the Fillmore, I’m always going to think of this,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11732715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11732715 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A concertgoer who identified himself only as Sean enjoys his first Fillmore apple while he waits for a concert to begin. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"headline": "How Bill Graham's Nazi Escape Might Explain His Fillmore Apples",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To see a show put on by Bill Graham at San Francisco’s Fillmore Auditorium in the late 1960s was to see a new kind of concert experience.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nIt started with the musicians. Graham cultivated many of the rock and roll acts that created a new kind of music, and provided the soundtrack for the counterculture revolution. Acts like the Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix and Santana were regulars at the Fillmore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He used to book very unusual opening acts,” said Bonnie Simmons, executive director of the Bill Graham Memorial Foundation. “You might be coming to see the Jefferson Airplane, but the opening act would be Andrei Voznesensky, the Russian poet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731738\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11731738\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"The apples are such an iconic part of the Fillmore that the theater's marquee includes one.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-160x213.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-900x1200.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35731_alt_835.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The apples are such an iconic part of the Fillmore that the theater’s marquee includes one. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But maybe the oddest aspect of Graham’s Fillmore shows had nothing to do with the performances at all. At every show, concertgoers were greeted by a barrel of Red Delicious apples, free for the taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simmons remembers seeing the apples when she went to concerts at the Fillmore in the 1960s. When the venue in the city’s Western Addition reopened under new management in the mid-1990s, the apple tradition continued.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Of all the shows that I’ve been to and all the different venues, it’s the only place that hands out fruit,” said Sandra Julien, who’s been going to shows at the Fillmore since she moved to the Bay Area eight years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julien wanted to know more, and asked \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Curious\u003c/a>: \u003cstrong>Why does the Fillmore hand out free apples?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham, who was killed in a helicopter crash in 1991, never explained his reasoning behind the apples, leaving others to guess at his motivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some say that he wanted to give the broke hippies who came to his shows something nutritious to eat. Many believe that it was an extension of his famous hospitality, which he learned working as a waiter in the Catskills.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n“To my mind the barrel of apples was Bill’s attempt to welcome people to his house,” said Bob Greenfield, who co-wrote Graham’s autobiography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But about a decade ago, Bonnie Simmons stumbled on another possible explanation that dates back to Graham’s experience fleeing Nazi Germany as a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Fleeing the Holocaust\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Graham was born Wolfgang Grajonca to a Jewish family in Berlin in 1931. After Nazis brutally attacked Jewish synagogues, homes and businesses in a 1938 event that came to be known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.history.com/topics/holocaust/kristallnacht\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristallnacht\u003c/a>, or the Night of Broken Glass, Graham’s single mother put him and one of his sisters in a German orphanage to protect them from the government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following year, they were sent to an orphanage in France. It was the beginning of an arduous journey through Europe and Africa that would kill his sister and eventually ended with young Graham in 1939 getting on a boat bound for the United States, where he was adopted by a family in New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also on that journey was a boy named Ralph Moratz, who became friends with Graham when they met at the German orphanage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11732886\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35805_Bill_Graham-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Bill Graham, circa 1990.\" width=\"450\" height=\"309\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11732886\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35805_Bill_Graham-qut.jpg 450w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35805_Bill_Graham-qut-160x110.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Graham, circa 1990. \u003ccite>(Photo by Mark Sarfati via Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We became best friends sharing, for the next few years, the hardships imposed by the German invasion of its surrounding countries,” Moratz wrote in his \u003ca href=\"https://ralphm1935.wordpress.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">chronicles\u003c/a> of their friendship and journey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the kids’ early stops was a chateau in Quincy-sous-Sénart in northern France. The neighborhood was filled with German soldiers, and the kids were stuck inside with little to eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For breakfast we got a cup of watery porridge and a thin stale slice of bread. No lunch. Dinner consisted of half a cup of rice from the one bag still stored in the cellar,” Moratz wrote. “We spent most of our time trying to sleep. Only with sleep could we get some relief from the constant hunger pangs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ralphm1935.wordpress.com/2014/12/02/chapter-6-bill-graham-presents-and-the-famous-apple-barrel/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Moratz\u003c/a>, a few of the older boys decided to organize the kids into groups to sneak out and forage for apples from the many orchards in town. Groups of four boys would be lowered out a window in the chateau 6 feet down to the ground. They carried empty rice bags, which could fit 15 to 20 apples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Younger boys, like Moratz and Graham, were sent out most often, under the assumption that they would attract less attention from German patrols. The older boys liked to vary who went out to try to avoid detection, but Moratz said Graham found a way to be a part of the raiding party more often than not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Would it surprise you to find out that Wolfgang [Graham] volunteered to go out and forage every day?” Moratz wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>No Way to Know for Sure\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731763\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11731763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Since Bill Graham first started putting on shows at the Fillmore Auditorium in the late 1960s, the venue has put out a barrel of free apples for guests.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35733_Filmore-Apples-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Since Bill Graham first started putting on shows at the Fillmore Auditorium in the late 1960s, the venue has put out a barrel of free apples for guests. \u003ccite>(Ryan Levi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Graham never spoke publicly about this experience, and he rarely talked about his time during the Holocaust at all, telling people that he remembered very little of his life before making it to the United States. But that hasn’t stopped people from latching onto Moratz’s story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of us now believe [giving away apples] was some kind of hidden impulse to share the life preserving fruit, which saved us from certain starvation, with the public as a form of thanksgiving,” Moratz wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bob Greenfield, Graham’s biographer, is not convinced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s making a link that I don’t think Bill ever made even unconsciously,” he said of Moratz, who died in 2016. “Bill always lived in the moment. He wasn’t someone who was possessed by or living in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With Graham gone, we will never know for sure why the apples became a Fillmore staple. But question asker Sandra Julien said hearing about Graham’s escape from Europe makes the Fillmore even more meaningful to her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Now when I go to the Fillmore, I’m always going to think of this,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11732715\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11732715 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-1020x681.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut-1200x801.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/RS35334__DSC6258-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A concertgoer who identified himself only as Sean enjoys his first Fillmore apple while he waits for a concert to begin. \u003ccite>(Stephanie Lister/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "san-francisco-bay-is-filled-with-boats-but-what-do-they-do",
"title": "San Francisco Bay Is Filled With Boats, But What Do They Do?",
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"headTitle": "San Francisco Bay Is Filled With Boats, But What Do They Do? | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Even though the Bay Area is surrounded by water, a lot of people don’t know much about the nautical vessels that roam our waters, and many of you have asked Bay Curious about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we turned to the experts — the Coast Guard’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=vtsMain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vessel Traffic Services\u003c/a> (VTS) — to help us find the answers to your many questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What’s the difference between the various vessels on the bay?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most of the large boats on the bay are either \u003cstrong>barges\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>cargo ships\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731084 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-800x509.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-800x509.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-1200x764.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-1920x1223.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A construction barge next to the Bay Bridge took part in the last of the demolition work on the old bridge span. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003cstrong>barge\u003c/strong> is a floating platform. It doesn’t have a motor, like the trailer part of a tractor-trailer.\u003cbr>\n[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003cbr>\nThere are many kinds of barges. Spud barges, for example, use a big steel shaft or spud that goes down to the bay floor to stay anchored in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other barges are used for dredging and construction, which is constantly happening to keep certain channels in the bay deep enough for big vessels to get in and out of the ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731086 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Treasure Island East Moorings. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of these dredging barges are anchored at the Treasure Island East Moorings, east of Treasure Island and north of the Bay Bridge. Empty barges are tied there to floating mooring balls, which are anchored to the bay floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When silt and rocks are dredged from the bay floor, they’re piled onto a barge. Once that barge is full, it’s towed away to be dumped, and then one of the empty barges parked at the mooring group is brought in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a big parking lot is what it is,” said Michael Roja, who leads VTS for the Coast Guard. “This is the biggest mooring group in the bay.”\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Cargo ships\u003c/strong> have an engine and are designed to go long distances. They’re often designed to carry specific cargo — cars, fuel — but in theory they can carry anything. \u003cstrong>Container ships\u003c/strong> are a type of cargo ship designed to carry shipping containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1100px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731081 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1100\" height=\"777\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328.jpg 1100w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328-1020x720.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A container ship. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, there are a lot of container ships that come in from Asia and head to various ports (often the Port of Oakland), filled with all the stuff we buy from overseas. But before these ships can enter the bay, they have to go through a lengthy approval process:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Ship operators have to submit a notice of arrival with the Coast Guard and request pilotage.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ships are assigned a pilot and a spot in the bay — either a berth at a port or a spot at an anchorage. (An anchorage is a set place in the bay for ships to drop anchor and wait. There are anchorages all over. Anchorage 9, off Hunters Point, is the largest in the bay and the only place fueling is allowed. Anchorage 23, up by Benicia, is for ships to wait out the fog.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The pilot boards the ship out at the pilot station — about 11 miles into the ocean from the Golden Gate Bridge — and then brings the ship into the bay.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The ship goes straight to the port it’s been assigned to unload or load (each port is designed for specific types of cargo) OR the ship goes to an anchorage to wait for a spot at port.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>VTS oversees all boat traffic within 38 nautical miles from the top of Mount Tamalpais, so after a big ship enters that circle, they have to notify Roja’s people — and they stay in constant communication about conditions and any obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It looks like some boats stay anchored in the bay for days at a time. Why?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1100px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731184 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1100\" height=\"733\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444.jpg 1100w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444-1020x680.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A container ship being unloaded at the Port of Oakland. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the time big ships are unloaded and reloaded all in a few days, sometimes even just in one day. But it can be a little complicated to line up everything — the staff to unload, and then the next shipment for a company to load up and take to the next port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 25 berths in Oakland, but it really can handle only about nine container ships at once, and that doesn’t count \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Biggest-cargo-ship-to-ever-grace-S-F-Bay-is-here-6730044.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ultralarge container ships, which can be over 1,300 feet long\u003c/a>. So when things back up, it slows down the whole process, like in 2016 when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10912162/labor-dispute-shuts-down-port-of-oaklands-largest-terminal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">labor dispute\u003c/a> at the Port of Oakland caused major slowdowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, though, if a boat sits around for more than a couple of days, it’s because the shipping company hasn’t given it new orders yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be based on their agent setting up their mooring inside the port,” Roja said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes if a boat is anchored for an especially long time, the Coast Guard has to check in to make sure the crew has enough supplies and is being taken care of.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the roles of the different ports?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731087\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1100px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731087 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1100\" height=\"729\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075.jpg 1100w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075-1020x676.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Lord, our question asker, and Michael Roja, our question answerer. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only does each port have a specific role, but so do the docks at those different ports. For example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The Port of Oakland\u003c/strong> is designed to unload containers with those big \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11629563/bay-curious-lightning-round-inspiration-for-at-ats-the-tenderloin-and-popeyes-voice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Star Wars-esque cranes\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The ports in\u003cstrong> Richmond, Benicia and Martinez\u003c/strong> all have fuel docks, meaning they can load and unload oil and petroleum; Richmond also has a car dock and an aggregate dock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong> has a car dock, designed to drive cars right off the boats. There are also two piers in San Francisco for cruise ships.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Which port and dock a ship is assigned to depends on what it’s carrying and what the requirements are. If you’re a little confused about where all this stuff is, here’s a map:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731194 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-800x592.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-800x592.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-1020x754.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-1200x888.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Mark Fiore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What happens to the sewage on the boats?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s collected, treated and processed, and then either pumped out when the ship is at dock or dumped as treated wastewater (not raw sewage) out at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do the crews get on and off the boats that are anchored in the bay?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With a ladder! Smaller boats bring mail and supplies out to the big ships at the anchorages, and even ferry crew members on and off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now here is a bonus photo of sea lions playing on the hull of a container ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11731098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "What are those barges floating next to the Bay Bridge, and why do ships stay anchored for so long?",
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"title": "San Francisco Bay Is Filled With Boats, But What Do They Do? | KQED",
"description": "What are those barges floating next to the Bay Bridge, and why do ships stay anchored for so long?",
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"headline": "San Francisco Bay Is Filled With Boats, But What Do They Do?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Even though the Bay Area is surrounded by water, a lot of people don’t know much about the nautical vessels that roam our waters, and many of you have asked Bay Curious about them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we turned to the experts — the Coast Guard’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=vtsMain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vessel Traffic Services\u003c/a> (VTS) — to help us find the answers to your many questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What’s the difference between the various vessels on the bay?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Most of the large boats on the bay are either \u003cstrong>barges\u003c/strong> or \u003cstrong>cargo ships\u003c/strong>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731084\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731084 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-800x509.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-800x509.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-1020x650.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-1200x764.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6-1920x1223.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_6.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A construction barge next to the Bay Bridge took part in the last of the demolition work on the old bridge span. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A \u003cstrong>barge\u003c/strong> is a floating platform. It doesn’t have a motor, like the trailer part of a tractor-trailer.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThere are many kinds of barges. Spud barges, for example, use a big steel shaft or spud that goes down to the bay floor to stay anchored in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other barges are used for dredging and construction, which is constantly happening to keep certain channels in the bay deep enough for big vessels to get in and out of the ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731086\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731086 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BARGE_7-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Treasure Island East Moorings. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of these dredging barges are anchored at the Treasure Island East Moorings, east of Treasure Island and north of the Bay Bridge. Empty barges are tied there to floating mooring balls, which are anchored to the bay floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When silt and rocks are dredged from the bay floor, they’re piled onto a barge. Once that barge is full, it’s towed away to be dumped, and then one of the empty barges parked at the mooring group is brought in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a big parking lot is what it is,” said Michael Roja, who leads VTS for the Coast Guard. “This is the biggest mooring group in the bay.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Cargo ships\u003c/strong> have an engine and are designed to go long distances. They’re often designed to carry specific cargo — cars, fuel — but in theory they can carry anything. \u003cstrong>Container ships\u003c/strong> are a type of cargo ship designed to carry shipping containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731081\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1100px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731081 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1100\" height=\"777\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328.jpg 1100w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328-800x565.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-328-1020x720.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A container ship. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, there are a lot of container ships that come in from Asia and head to various ports (often the Port of Oakland), filled with all the stuff we buy from overseas. But before these ships can enter the bay, they have to go through a lengthy approval process:\u003c/p>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Ship operators have to submit a notice of arrival with the Coast Guard and request pilotage.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ships are assigned a pilot and a spot in the bay — either a berth at a port or a spot at an anchorage. (An anchorage is a set place in the bay for ships to drop anchor and wait. There are anchorages all over. Anchorage 9, off Hunters Point, is the largest in the bay and the only place fueling is allowed. Anchorage 23, up by Benicia, is for ships to wait out the fog.)\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The pilot boards the ship out at the pilot station — about 11 miles into the ocean from the Golden Gate Bridge — and then brings the ship into the bay.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The ship goes straight to the port it’s been assigned to unload or load (each port is designed for specific types of cargo) OR the ship goes to an anchorage to wait for a spot at port.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003cp>VTS oversees all boat traffic within 38 nautical miles from the top of Mount Tamalpais, so after a big ship enters that circle, they have to notify Roja’s people — and they stay in constant communication about conditions and any obstacles.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>It looks like some boats stay anchored in the bay for days at a time. Why?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1100px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731184 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1100\" height=\"733\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444.jpg 1100w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-444-1020x680.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A container ship being unloaded at the Port of Oakland. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the time big ships are unloaded and reloaded all in a few days, sometimes even just in one day. But it can be a little complicated to line up everything — the staff to unload, and then the next shipment for a company to load up and take to the next port.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are 25 berths in Oakland, but it really can handle only about nine container ships at once, and that doesn’t count \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Biggest-cargo-ship-to-ever-grace-S-F-Bay-is-here-6730044.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the ultralarge container ships, which can be over 1,300 feet long\u003c/a>. So when things back up, it slows down the whole process, like in 2016 when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10912162/labor-dispute-shuts-down-port-of-oaklands-largest-terminal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">labor dispute\u003c/a> at the Port of Oakland caused major slowdowns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, though, if a boat sits around for more than a couple of days, it’s because the shipping company hasn’t given it new orders yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be based on their agent setting up their mooring inside the port,” Roja said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes if a boat is anchored for an especially long time, the Coast Guard has to check in to make sure the crew has enough supplies and is being taken care of.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>What are the roles of the different ports?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731087\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1100px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731087 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1100\" height=\"729\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075.jpg 1100w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-075-1020x676.jpg 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Lord, our question asker, and Michael Roja, our question answerer. \u003ccite>(Samantha Shanahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not only does each port have a specific role, but so do the docks at those different ports. For example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>The Port of Oakland\u003c/strong> is designed to unload containers with those big \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11629563/bay-curious-lightning-round-inspiration-for-at-ats-the-tenderloin-and-popeyes-voice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Star Wars-esque cranes\u003c/a>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>The ports in\u003cstrong> Richmond, Benicia and Martinez\u003c/strong> all have fuel docks, meaning they can load and unload oil and petroleum; Richmond also has a car dock and an aggregate dock.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>San Francisco\u003c/strong> has a car dock, designed to drive cars right off the boats. There are also two piers in San Francisco for cruise ships.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Which port and dock a ship is assigned to depends on what it’s carrying and what the requirements are. If you’re a little confused about where all this stuff is, here’s a map:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11731194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11731194 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-800x592.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-800x592.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-1020x754.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01-1200x888.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/bayarea_ships_final01.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Mark Fiore/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>What happens to the sewage on the boats?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>It’s collected, treated and processed, and then either pumped out when the ship is at dock or dumped as treated wastewater (not raw sewage) out at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do the crews get on and off the boats that are anchored in the bay?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>With a ladder! Smaller boats bring mail and supplies out to the big ships at the anchorages, and even ferry crew members on and off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now here is a bonus photo of sea lions playing on the hull of a container ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11731098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/BayCuriousBarges-289.jpg 1100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Find the full story and some awesome archival photos in our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11720617/pisco-punch-the-pricey-san-francisco-cocktail-that-was-a-gold-rush-knock-out\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">web story on Pisco Punch.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/golden-state-plate/\">Golden State Plate series\u003c/a>, made in partnership with The California Report Magazine. Find more stories about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/golden-state-plate/\">food from California.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by Carly Severn. Edited by Victoria Mauleon. Scoring by Suzie Racho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Katie McMurran, Suzie Racho, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Ethan Lindsey, Carly Severn, Holly Kernan and David Weir. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ask us a question or \u003ca href=\"http://baycurious.org/newsletter\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">BayCurious.org.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Find the full story and some awesome archival photos in our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11720617/pisco-punch-the-pricey-san-francisco-cocktail-that-was-a-gold-rush-knock-out\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">web story on Pisco Punch.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story is part of our \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/golden-state-plate/\">Golden State Plate series\u003c/a>, made in partnership with The California Report Magazine. Find more stories about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/golden-state-plate/\">food from California.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reported by Carly Severn. Edited by Victoria Mauleon. Scoring by Suzie Racho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made by Olivia Allen-Price, Jessica Placzek, Katie McMurran, Suzie Racho, Paul Lancour and Ryan Levi. Additional support from Julie Caine, Ethan Lindsey, Carly Severn, Holly Kernan and David Weir. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theme music by Pat Mesiti-Miller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ask us a question or \u003ca href=\"http://baycurious.org/newsletter\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">sign up for our newsletter\u003c/a> at \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/baycurious\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">BayCurious.org.\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Follow Olivia Allen-Price on Twitter \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/oallenprice\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">@oallenprice.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Are There Dinosaur Bones in UC Berkeley's Campanile?",
"headTitle": "Are There Dinosaur Bones in UC Berkeley’s Campanile? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]t over 300 feet tall, the bell tower at UC Berkeley is hard to miss. On a clear day, it’s even visible from across San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Groschner, a Cal materials science doctoral candidate, asked Bay Curious to look into a rumor she’s heard about the tower: that it’s a massive storehouse for dinosaur bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s \u003cem>always\u003c/em> dinosaur bones,” says Pat Holroyd, feigning exasperation. She handles Vertebrate Collections for the UC Museum of Paleontology. Leslea Hlusko, a professor in the department of integrative biology, interjects: “But it’s actually better … dire wolves!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case “Game of Thrones” led you to believe otherwise, dire wolves were real. An upsized relative of modern gray wolves, they roamed the Americas, including California, before going extinct around 10,000 years ago — which makes them old, but nowhere close to the age of dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s known as Sather Tower — or the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/A-tintinnabulation-of-bells-in-UC-Campanile-3281272.php\">Campanile\u003c/a>, an Italian word for bell tower — boasts several floors packed with not just dire wolf skulls but also tiny shells, bird bones, pieces of whales and prehistoric buffalo. There’s even part of an ancient, toothy swimming reptile called hydrotherosaurus. (Sorry, fossil fans: While the observation deck at the top of the Campanile is open to the public, the floors housing old bones are not.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11727532\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11727532 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From mammoth bones to prehistoric skulls, fossils and casts sit on open wooden shelves, or are packed away in boxes. The whole space has a Raiders of the Lost Ark vibe. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So how did so many old bones end up in the university’s bell tower?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossils that are here in the Campanile are primarily from the La Brea Tar Pits [in Los Angeles],” Holroyd explains. At that site, underground tar bubbled to the surface over thousands of years, sometimes trapping and preserving wildlife. (\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve ever visited the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tarpits.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">museum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Los Angeles full of mammoths and saber-toothed cats, you’re familiar with this.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, not long before the Campanile was built, Berkeley paleontologists like \u003ca href=\"https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/about-ucmp/history-of-ucmp/a-program-develops/\">John C. Merriam\u003c/a> excavated the tar pits, and began hauling back curious bones from the likes of extinct horses and ground sloths. Researchers needed to store them somewhere. But around this time, Holroyd says, the paleontology department was moved to a smaller building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said, ‘What are we going to do with all our fossils? We need to have them here; they’re active study. Could we use that empty space inside the Campanile to store the fossils?’ ” says Holroyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11727685\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11727685 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Leslea Hlusko cradles the skull of a dire wolf—an extinct predator that once roamed California. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It turned out to be an ideal arrangement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not a lot else that could be housed there without significant renovations to the Campanile itself,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed — the middle floors of the bell tower feel like an old garage, with low industrial lighting, concrete floors, exposed girders and the distinct smell of old bones that were once covered in tar, and later cleaned using kerosene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a spooky space,” Hlusko says. “You wouldn’t want your office in there. But fossils don’t care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groschner, this week’s question asker, didn’t complain either. “Is that a femur?” she asked at one point, amazed. “It’s the size of my body.” (Holroyd believes the giant bone belonged to a Columbian mammoth — a distinct variety separate from woolly mammoths — but said she’d need to take measurements to be certain it wasn’t a mastodon.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The dearth of the dinosaurs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bell tower doesn’t have much in the way of dinosaur bones, Holroyd says, because “dinosaurs weren’t being found and excavated at the time that we first started putting fossils into the Campanile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the state’s first dinosaur wasn’t discovered until some two decades later, in the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11727686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11727686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Pat Holroyd shows off a fossil camel skull to Bay Curious question asker Kate Groschner. California was home to camels starting around 40 million years ago; some were even pet-sized. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth noting that dinosaur fossils are rare in California because much of the state was underwater when they walked the Earth. (For more on this, check out our Bay Curious episode\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11487363/what-dinosaurs-roamed-the-bay-area\"> on the area’s dino-era denizens\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Groschner was not disappointed. “Dinosaurs are great, but all mammals are cool, too,” she said. She gave dire wolves a shoutout, but there was another unexpected find in the Campanile that also impressed her: the skull of a prehistoric camel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, California had camels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While llama-like camels have turned up in the La Brea Tar Pits, their lineage goes back some 40 million years, Holroyd explains, to a tiny ur-camel whose fossils have been found in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The skull of one of the first camels would be about the size of your hand, so it was a tiny animal, but with very, very long legs. It would maybe come halfway up your leg, so maybe its head would be near your hip — but just a very delicate, tiny animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was enough to prompt Groschner to daydream aloud about a pet tiny camel. Squee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>t over 300 feet tall, the bell tower at UC Berkeley is hard to miss. On a clear day, it’s even visible from across San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kate Groschner, a Cal materials science doctoral candidate, asked Bay Curious to look into a rumor she’s heard about the tower: that it’s a massive storehouse for dinosaur bones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s \u003cem>always\u003c/em> dinosaur bones,” says Pat Holroyd, feigning exasperation. She handles Vertebrate Collections for the UC Museum of Paleontology. Leslea Hlusko, a professor in the department of integrative biology, interjects: “But it’s actually better … dire wolves!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In case “Game of Thrones” led you to believe otherwise, dire wolves were real. An upsized relative of modern gray wolves, they roamed the Americas, including California, before going extinct around 10,000 years ago — which makes them old, but nowhere close to the age of dinosaurs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s known as Sather Tower — or the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/A-tintinnabulation-of-bells-in-UC-Campanile-3281272.php\">Campanile\u003c/a>, an Italian word for bell tower — boasts several floors packed with not just dire wolf skulls but also tiny shells, bird bones, pieces of whales and prehistoric buffalo. There’s even part of an ancient, toothy swimming reptile called hydrotherosaurus. (Sorry, fossil fans: While the observation deck at the top of the Campanile is open to the public, the floors housing old bones are not.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11727532\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11727532 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4324.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From mammoth bones to prehistoric skulls, fossils and casts sit on open wooden shelves, or are packed away in boxes. The whole space has a Raiders of the Lost Ark vibe. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So how did so many old bones end up in the university’s bell tower?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossils that are here in the Campanile are primarily from the La Brea Tar Pits [in Los Angeles],” Holroyd explains. At that site, underground tar bubbled to the surface over thousands of years, sometimes trapping and preserving wildlife. (\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve ever visited the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://tarpits.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">museum\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> in Los Angeles full of mammoths and saber-toothed cats, you’re familiar with this.)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, not long before the Campanile was built, Berkeley paleontologists like \u003ca href=\"https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/about-ucmp/history-of-ucmp/a-program-develops/\">John C. Merriam\u003c/a> excavated the tar pits, and began hauling back curious bones from the likes of extinct horses and ground sloths. Researchers needed to store them somewhere. But around this time, Holroyd says, the paleontology department was moved to a smaller building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They said, ‘What are we going to do with all our fossils? We need to have them here; they’re active study. Could we use that empty space inside the Campanile to store the fossils?’ ” says Holroyd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11727685\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11727685 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4342.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Professor Leslea Hlusko cradles the skull of a dire wolf—an extinct predator that once roamed California. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It turned out to be an ideal arrangement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not a lot else that could be housed there without significant renovations to the Campanile itself,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Indeed — the middle floors of the bell tower feel like an old garage, with low industrial lighting, concrete floors, exposed girders and the distinct smell of old bones that were once covered in tar, and later cleaned using kerosene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s kind of a spooky space,” Hlusko says. “You wouldn’t want your office in there. But fossils don’t care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Groschner, this week’s question asker, didn’t complain either. “Is that a femur?” she asked at one point, amazed. “It’s the size of my body.” (Holroyd believes the giant bone belonged to a Columbian mammoth — a distinct variety separate from woolly mammoths — but said she’d need to take measurements to be certain it wasn’t a mastodon.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The dearth of the dinosaurs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The bell tower doesn’t have much in the way of dinosaur bones, Holroyd says, because “dinosaurs weren’t being found and excavated at the time that we first started putting fossils into the Campanile.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the state’s first dinosaur wasn’t discovered until some two decades later, in the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11727686\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11727686 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/02/IMG_4367.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Pat Holroyd shows off a fossil camel skull to Bay Curious question asker Kate Groschner. California was home to camels starting around 40 million years ago; some were even pet-sized. \u003ccite>(Daniel Potter/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s also worth noting that dinosaur fossils are rare in California because much of the state was underwater when they walked the Earth. (For more on this, check out our Bay Curious episode\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11487363/what-dinosaurs-roamed-the-bay-area\"> on the area’s dino-era denizens\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Groschner was not disappointed. “Dinosaurs are great, but all mammals are cool, too,” she said. She gave dire wolves a shoutout, but there was another unexpected find in the Campanile that also impressed her: the skull of a prehistoric camel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, California had camels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While llama-like camels have turned up in the La Brea Tar Pits, their lineage goes back some 40 million years, Holroyd explains, to a tiny ur-camel whose fossils have been found in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The skull of one of the first camels would be about the size of your hand, so it was a tiny animal, but with very, very long legs. It would maybe come halfway up your leg, so maybe its head would be near your hip — but just a very delicate, tiny animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was enough to prompt Groschner to daydream aloud about a pet tiny camel. Squee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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