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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Google on Monday \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/google-fires-employee-behind-controversial-diversity-memo\">fired\u003c/a> James Damore, the engineer who wrote a \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/exclusive-heres-the-full-10-page-anti-diversity-screed-1797564320\">10-page memo\u003c/a> saying the gender gap in computer engineering is due to “biological” differences that disadvantage women. All of this has sparked a heated debate. But among many lawyers, Google’s action was clear-cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.stanford.edu/directory/richard-thompson-ford/\">Richard Ford\u003c/a> is a professor at Stanford Law School. He says that while the government must honor your First Amendment right to free speech, the law is pretty clear that employers don’t have to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Employers have broad latitude to fire employees based on ideas that are antithetical to the ethos of the workplace,” Ford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are exceptions. An employer can’t fire somebody because of their race, religion or — in California — because of their political activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of Damore, Google CEO Sundar Pichai said \u003ca href=\"https://www.blog.google/topics/diversity/note-employees-ceo-sundar-pichai/\">in a blog post\u003c/a> that to suggest a group of colleagues have traits that make them less “biologically suited” to engineering is contrary to Google’s basic values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But legally, if Google didn’t fire Damore, the company could have been liable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Google, pay raises and promotions for engineers are determined in part by peer review. So if Damore gave a woman engineer a negative review, the woman could have a case because of his memo, Ford said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is case law with respect to that,” Ford said. “Employers have been held liable when they’ve done nothing to repudiate or correct for those points of view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at that point, he said, the burden is on the employer to prove that sexism wasn’t a factor in blocking a female engineer’s promotion or pay raise.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time, a generation of children is going through adolescence with smartphones ever-present. \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University, has a name for these young people born between 1995 and 2012: \"iGen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says members of this generation are physically safer than those who came before them. They drink less, they learn to drive later and they're holding off on having sex. But psychologically, she argues, they are far more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not an exaggeration to describe iGen as being on the brink of the worst mental health crisis in decades,\" she writes in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/\">story\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Atlantic, \u003c/em>adapted from her \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501151989\">forthcoming book\u003c/a>. And she says it's largely because of smartphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge spoke to \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> about her research and her conclusions. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/542016165/542087124\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does teen behavior now differ from generations past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's teens are just not spending as much time with their friends in person, face-to-face, where they can really read each others' emotions and get that social support. And we know from lots and lots of research that spending time with other people in person is one of the best predictors for psychological well-being and one of the best protections against having mental health issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is this generation facing that worries you so much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>iGen is showing mental health issues across a wide variety of indicators. They're more likely than young people just five or 10 years ago to say that they're anxious, that they have symptoms of depression, that they have thought about suicide or have even [attempted] suicide. So across the board, there's a really consistent trend with mental health issues increasing among teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it specifically the smartphone, or is it social media? Or is it the number of hours per day spent on these things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, you look at the pattern of loneliness. It suddenly begins to increase around 2012. And the majority of Americans had a cell phone by the end of 2012, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/06/05/smartphone-ownership-2013/\">Pew Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that using social media for more hours is linked to more loneliness, and that smartphones were used by the majority of Americans around 2012, and that's the same time loneliness increases, that's very suspicious. You can't absolutely prove causation, but by a bunch of different studies, there's this connection between spending a lot of time on social media and feeling lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much of a factor is parenting?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I was somewhat surprised when I interviewed iGen teens how many of them are deeply aware of the negative effects of smartphones. Parenting is playing a role. I think many parents are worried about their teens driving, and going out with their friends and drinking. Yet parents are often not worrying about their teen who stays at home but is on their phone all the time. But they should be worried about that. I think parents are worried about the wrong thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you propose solutions that might help people?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is just awareness that spending a lot of time on the phone is not harmless and that if you're spending a lot of time on the phone, then it may take away from activities that might be more beneficial for psychological well-being, like spending time with people in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for parents, I think it is [a] good idea to put off giving your child a smartphone as long as you can. If you feel they need a phone, say, for riding a bus, you can get them a flip phone. They still sell them. And then once your teen has a smartphone, there are apps that allow parents to restrict the number of hours a day that teens are on the smartphone, and also what time of day they use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Smartphones+Are+Making+Kids+Unhappy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, a generation of children is going through adolescence with smartphones ever-present. \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University, has a name for these young people born between 1995 and 2012: \"iGen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says members of this generation are physically safer than those who came before them. They drink less, they learn to drive later and they're holding off on having sex. But psychologically, she argues, they are far more vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not an exaggeration to describe iGen as being on the brink of the worst mental health crisis in decades,\" she writes in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198/\">story\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The Atlantic, \u003c/em>adapted from her \u003ca href=\"http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/iGen/Jean-M-Twenge/9781501151989\">forthcoming book\u003c/a>. And she says it's largely because of smartphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge spoke to \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> about her research and her conclusions. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/542016165/542087124\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does teen behavior now differ from generations past?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today's teens are just not spending as much time with their friends in person, face-to-face, where they can really read each others' emotions and get that social support. And we know from lots and lots of research that spending time with other people in person is one of the best predictors for psychological well-being and one of the best protections against having mental health issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is this generation facing that worries you so much?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>iGen is showing mental health issues across a wide variety of indicators. They're more likely than young people just five or 10 years ago to say that they're anxious, that they have symptoms of depression, that they have thought about suicide or have even [attempted] suicide. So across the board, there's a really consistent trend with mental health issues increasing among teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it specifically the smartphone, or is it social media? Or is it the number of hours per day spent on these things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, you look at the pattern of loneliness. It suddenly begins to increase around 2012. And the majority of Americans had a cell phone by the end of 2012, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/06/05/smartphone-ownership-2013/\">Pew Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that using social media for more hours is linked to more loneliness, and that smartphones were used by the majority of Americans around 2012, and that's the same time loneliness increases, that's very suspicious. You can't absolutely prove causation, but by a bunch of different studies, there's this connection between spending a lot of time on social media and feeling lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How much of a factor is parenting?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So I was somewhat surprised when I interviewed iGen teens how many of them are deeply aware of the negative effects of smartphones. Parenting is playing a role. I think many parents are worried about their teens driving, and going out with their friends and drinking. Yet parents are often not worrying about their teen who stays at home but is on their phone all the time. But they should be worried about that. I think parents are worried about the wrong thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can you propose solutions that might help people?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is just awareness that spending a lot of time on the phone is not harmless and that if you're spending a lot of time on the phone, then it may take away from activities that might be more beneficial for psychological well-being, like spending time with people in person.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for parents, I think it is [a] good idea to put off giving your child a smartphone as long as you can. If you feel they need a phone, say, for riding a bus, you can get them a flip phone. They still sell them. And then once your teen has a smartphone, there are apps that allow parents to restrict the number of hours a day that teens are on the smartphone, and also what time of day they use it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Smartphones+Are+Making+Kids+Unhappy&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Women in tech need to be more proactive in how they take their companies to task on sexism and gender inequality — including filing lawsuits, lawyer Anita Hill told KQED on Tuesday, in response to a senior engineer’s controversial memo condemning Google’s diversity initiatives. Hill is a professor of social policy, law, and women’s, gender and sexuality studies at Brandeis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer who wrote the memo, James Damore, was fired late Monday. In the memo, he \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo-Chamber.pdf\">wrote\u003c/a> that “biological causes” are part of the reason women aren’t represented equally in Google’s tech departments and leadership. Damore also said men have a “higher drive for status.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/08/AnitaHillInterview.mp3\" image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/RS26157_GettyImages-131933334-qut-1180x887.jpg\" title=\"An Interview with Anita Hill\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill, who made national headlines in 1991 for accusing her former boss Clarence Thomas — then a U.S. Supreme Court nominee — of sexual harassment, said women have to lead the charge to change the culture in tech. For her, that means legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hesitant to put more on women but I believe that there are some people ready to take that step, and when some step forward to file a complaint, others will join,” she said. “That’s really been my personal experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/opinion/anita-hill-women-in-tech-should-take-sexism-to-court.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-left-region®ion=opinion-c-col-left-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-left-region\">New York Times\u003c/a> opinion piece published Tuesday, Hill outlined what she sees as the most effective ways for women to combat sexism, gender inequality and arguments like Damore’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”zITiavysgZlI8CUP8DciBWNidZgow1kC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t afford to wait for the tech industry to police itself — and there are few indications that it will ever do so,” she wrote. “Women in the industry should collectively consider their legal options. Top among these would be class-action discrimination cases against employers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few years, women have \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2017/4/10/15246444/history-gender-timeline-discrimination-lawsuits-legal-silicon-valley-google-oracle\">filed discrimination lawsuits\u003c/a> against several tech companies. Many of these cases are ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I expect there will be co-workers who say you should be grateful to have this position. I think those are the most damaging feedback women can get. Dismissal by their co-workers,” Hill told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also noted the emotional toll that lawsuits can take. After she accused Thomas of sexual harassment, he denied all wrongdoing and was confirmed to the high court. Hill was ostracized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no answer to the problems that’s easy or quick,” she said. “But for those who have gone through the process it can be fulfilling and empowering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lawsuits, women have a vastly marginalized position in tech. Among other things, they are underrepresented by a large degree and receive less pay than their male counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adriana Gascoigne, CEO of the nonprofit S.F.-based Girls in Tech, said she agreed “100 percent” with Hill’s assessment that women needed to pursue individual and class-action lawsuits to push back against sexism and inequality in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet other women weren’t convinced lawsuits would always be the best route for pushing change in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That may be necessary but not sufficient,” said Elizabeth Ames, senior vice president at the Palo Alto-based Anita Borg Institute, an advocacy group for women in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear, however: The focus should be on the work and value that women are contributing to tech and not on a memo written by a man, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many senior-level executive technical women at Google today who are doing fantastic work and we don’t really hear much about them,” Ames said. “Instead, we’re wasting time talking about this guy.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Women in tech need to be more proactive in how they take their companies to task on sexism and gender inequality — including filing lawsuits, lawyer Anita Hill told KQED on Tuesday, in response to a senior engineer’s controversial memo condemning Google’s diversity initiatives. Hill is a professor of social policy, law, and women’s, gender and sexuality studies at Brandeis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer who wrote the memo, James Damore, was fired late Monday. In the memo, he \u003ca href=\"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3914586/Googles-Ideological-Echo-Chamber.pdf\">wrote\u003c/a> that “biological causes” are part of the reason women aren’t represented equally in Google’s tech departments and leadership. Damore also said men have a “higher drive for status.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill, who made national headlines in 1991 for accusing her former boss Clarence Thomas — then a U.S. Supreme Court nominee — of sexual harassment, said women have to lead the charge to change the culture in tech. For her, that means legal action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m hesitant to put more on women but I believe that there are some people ready to take that step, and when some step forward to file a complaint, others will join,” she said. “That’s really been my personal experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/08/opinion/anita-hill-women-in-tech-should-take-sexism-to-court.html?action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=opinion-c-col-left-region®ion=opinion-c-col-left-region&WT.nav=opinion-c-col-left-region\">New York Times\u003c/a> opinion piece published Tuesday, Hill outlined what she sees as the most effective ways for women to combat sexism, gender inequality and arguments like Damore’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t afford to wait for the tech industry to police itself — and there are few indications that it will ever do so,” she wrote. “Women in the industry should collectively consider their legal options. Top among these would be class-action discrimination cases against employers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few years, women have \u003ca href=\"https://www.recode.net/2017/4/10/15246444/history-gender-timeline-discrimination-lawsuits-legal-silicon-valley-google-oracle\">filed discrimination lawsuits\u003c/a> against several tech companies. Many of these cases are ongoing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I expect there will be co-workers who say you should be grateful to have this position. I think those are the most damaging feedback women can get. Dismissal by their co-workers,” Hill told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also noted the emotional toll that lawsuits can take. After she accused Thomas of sexual harassment, he denied all wrongdoing and was confirmed to the high court. Hill was ostracized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no answer to the problems that’s easy or quick,” she said. “But for those who have gone through the process it can be fulfilling and empowering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the lawsuits, women have a vastly marginalized position in tech. Among other things, they are underrepresented by a large degree and receive less pay than their male counterparts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adriana Gascoigne, CEO of the nonprofit S.F.-based Girls in Tech, said she agreed “100 percent” with Hill’s assessment that women needed to pursue individual and class-action lawsuits to push back against sexism and inequality in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet other women weren’t convinced lawsuits would always be the best route for pushing change in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That may be necessary but not sufficient,” said Elizabeth Ames, senior vice president at the Palo Alto-based Anita Borg Institute, an advocacy group for women in tech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing that’s clear, however: The focus should be on the work and value that women are contributing to tech and not on a memo written by a man, she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many senior-level executive technical women at Google today who are doing fantastic work and we don’t really hear much about them,” Ames said. “Instead, we’re wasting time talking about this guy.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pichai \u003ca href=\"https://www.blog.google/topics/diversity/note-employees-ceo-sundar-pichai/\">released a memo\u003c/a> of his own Monday night about the situation. Pichai said that he supported the right of workers to express themselves but that the memo had gone too far. The CEO wrote:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The memo has clearly impacted our co-workers, some of whom are hurting and feel judged based on their gender. Our co-workers shouldn’t have to worry that each time they open their mouths to speak in a meeting, they have to prove that they are not like the memo states, being ‘agreeable’ rather than ‘assertive,’ showing a ‘lower stress tolerance,’ or being ‘neurotic.’ “\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Pichai said portions of Damore’s memo violate “our Code of Conduct and cross the line by advancing harmful gender stereotypes in our workplace.” Pichai has scheduled an all-staff meeting to discuss the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/542210855/542286113\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an email to \u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em>, Damore said he is likely to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/07/business/google-women-engineer-fired-memo.html\">pursue legal action\u003c/a>. “I have a legal right to express my concerns about the terms and conditions of my working environment and to bring up potentially illegal behavior, which is what my document does,” Damore said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, social media continues to churn with tweets and posts on both sides of the issue. Conservative sites like \u003ca href=\"http://thefederalist.com/2017/08/08/google-fires-engineer-noticing-men-women-different/\">The Federalist\u003c/a> saw the firing as proof of Damore’s point that Google does not tolerate diversity of opinion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, former Google employee Kelly Ellis, who \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/07/542087066/google-engineers-criticism-of-diversity-programs-sparks-controversy\">told NPR on Monday\u003c/a> that she thought Google should fire Damore, sent out tweets supporting the decision. Ellis says she left Google because she was sexually harassed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis said Google promotes employees and determines salaries based on peer evaluations. Therefore, she says, Damore’s bias against women could harm female colleagues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Google+CEO+Cuts+Vacation+Short+To+Deal+With+Crisis+Over+Diversity+Memo&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Hacking the Vote: Why Voting Systems Aren't as Secure as You Might Think",
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"content": "\u003cp>LAS VEGAS -- While President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/president-trump-appears-dispute-russian-interference-2016-election/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">appears to be debating\u003c/a> whether the voting system in the U.S. was compromised by the Russians, hackers at Defcon were hard at work trying to understand its vulnerabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.defcon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defcon\u003c/a> is the annual hacker conference in Las Vegas, and the buzz this year centered around the Voting Machine Hacking Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen electronic voting machines, like those you might see at your local polling place, were set up along the walls of a conference room. In the center were tables where hackers took some machines apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the corner, three men sat at a table trying to hack into a cartridge used to store votes on one machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we still have wrong communication parameters,\" a hacker named Bryan said to one of the others. \"Bang your head again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan, who declined to give his last name, is a '\"white hat\" hacker, which means he works to protect computer systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that he needs to learn how the bad guys break in. Some of the work to figure that out can be illegal, which is why hackers at Defcon like to stay anonymous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11610314\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11610314 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/Hackers-taking-apart-machines-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hackers at Defcon take apart voting machines to try to understand how voting systems can be compromised. \u003ccite>(Queena Sook Kim)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, until 2015, hacking voting machines -- even to do research -- was against the law unless you got a special waiver, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.crypto.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Blaze\u003c/a>, a computer science professor at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, only a few dozen people who are computer scientists thinking about this have been able to get access to these machines,” Blaze said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He helped set up the voting village at Defcon, which took place over four days in late July. A decade ago, Blaze obtained a waiver to study electronic voting machines in California and Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And my team of graduate students and I were able to very quickly discover a number of really serious and exploitable problems with those systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Blaze said researchers missed more important targets: the companies that supply the electronic voting machines and county election offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike voting machines, which aren’t generally connected to the internet, \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2017/06/05/top-secret-nsa-report-details-russian-hacking-effort-days-before-2016-election/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the companies that supply them\u003c/a> and county offices that tabulate the votes are online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk, said Blaze, is that hackers could get their hands on the list of registered voters that is checked on Election Day, the description of the ballots that are presented to voters and the systems that count the final tallies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Security researchers need to better understand all the computing systems used in voting, Blaze added. So the hackers at Defcon set up a computing network that mocks ones used at a typical county voting office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they asked hackers to have a go at it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first day, three hackers attempted to figure out a password in order to get the list of voters. A day later, they succeeded, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/gilbrice\">Gil Brice\u003c/a>, who helped set up the mock network. He said a few other hackers got into the database of the mock county voting office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The manufacturers and the states can’t bury their head in the sand,” Brice said. They can’t say, “‘Yes it’s already secure, we don’t have to worry about it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brice said that, in less than 48 hours, hackers at Defcon demonstrated that the computer systems used in voting in this country aren’t really as secure as you might think.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LAS VEGAS -- While President Trump \u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/president-trump-appears-dispute-russian-interference-2016-election/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">appears to be debating\u003c/a> whether the voting system in the U.S. was compromised by the Russians, hackers at Defcon were hard at work trying to understand its vulnerabilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.defcon.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Defcon\u003c/a> is the annual hacker conference in Las Vegas, and the buzz this year centered around the Voting Machine Hacking Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A dozen electronic voting machines, like those you might see at your local polling place, were set up along the walls of a conference room. In the center were tables where hackers took some machines apart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the corner, three men sat at a table trying to hack into a cartridge used to store votes on one machine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we still have wrong communication parameters,\" a hacker named Bryan said to one of the others. \"Bang your head again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan, who declined to give his last name, is a '\"white hat\" hacker, which means he works to protect computer systems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that he needs to learn how the bad guys break in. Some of the work to figure that out can be illegal, which is why hackers at Defcon like to stay anonymous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11610314\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11610314 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/Hackers-taking-apart-machines-800x571.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"571\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hackers at Defcon take apart voting machines to try to understand how voting systems can be compromised. \u003ccite>(Queena Sook Kim)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, until 2015, hacking voting machines -- even to do research -- was against the law unless you got a special waiver, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.crypto.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matt Blaze\u003c/a>, a computer science professor at the University of Pennsylvania.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, only a few dozen people who are computer scientists thinking about this have been able to get access to these machines,” Blaze said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He helped set up the voting village at Defcon, which took place over four days in late July. A decade ago, Blaze obtained a waiver to study electronic voting machines in California and Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And my team of graduate students and I were able to very quickly discover a number of really serious and exploitable problems with those systems,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Blaze said researchers missed more important targets: the companies that supply the electronic voting machines and county election offices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike voting machines, which aren’t generally connected to the internet, \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2017/06/05/top-secret-nsa-report-details-russian-hacking-effort-days-before-2016-election/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the companies that supply them\u003c/a> and county offices that tabulate the votes are online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk, said Blaze, is that hackers could get their hands on the list of registered voters that is checked on Election Day, the description of the ballots that are presented to voters and the systems that count the final tallies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Security researchers need to better understand all the computing systems used in voting, Blaze added. So the hackers at Defcon set up a computing network that mocks ones used at a typical county voting office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they asked hackers to have a go at it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the first day, three hackers attempted to figure out a password in order to get the list of voters. A day later, they succeeded, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/gilbrice\">Gil Brice\u003c/a>, who helped set up the mock network. He said a few other hackers got into the database of the mock county voting office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The manufacturers and the states can’t bury their head in the sand,” Brice said. They can’t say, “‘Yes it’s already secure, we don’t have to worry about it.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brice said that, in less than 48 hours, hackers at Defcon demonstrated that the computer systems used in voting in this country aren’t really as secure as you might think.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In what's being called the \"Google manifesto\" \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/08/07/google-grapples-with-fallout-after-employee-slams-diversity-efforts/\">an engineer at the company wrote that \"biological causes\" are why women are underrepresented\u003c/a> in Google's tech and leadership positions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The leaked internal document was written by an anonymous software engineer who bashed Google's ongoing diversity efforts, writing that men have a \"higher drive for status.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 11:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior software engineer reportedly has been fired by Google after a memo he wrote criticizing diversity initiatives was leaked and sparked protests on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 3,300-word document that has been shared across Google’s internal networks says “biological causes” are part of the reason women aren’t represented equally in its tech departments and leadership. The senior engineer also cited “men’s higher drive for status.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another software engineer who used to work for Google, Kelly Ellis, says some women who still work at the company stayed home on Monday because the memo made them “uncomfortable going back to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/google-fires-employee-behind-controversial-diversity-memo\">Bloomberg\u003c/a> and Reuters report the memo was written by James Damore and Google has fired him for “perpetuating gender stereotypes.” The news services say Damore confirmed the dismissal by email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo that some have jokingly called a “manifesto” has been shared across Google’s internal networks and says “biological causes” are part of the reason women aren’t represented equally in its tech departments and leadership. The senior engineer also cited “men’s higher drive for status.” He criticized Google for being an “ideological echo chamber” that made it hard to dissent from “Google’s left bias” and “politically correct monoculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not enough has been done, the engineer said, to encourage a diversity of viewpoints and ideologies at Google. The author also faulted the company for offering mentoring and other opportunities to its employees based on gender or race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google also has been pushing more employees to take its classes on “unconscious bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis left Google in 2014 after she was sexually harassed. When she read the leaked document it didn’t surprise her “because I saw similar language when I was at Google being shared on internal message boards and other different internal forums.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis said although he isn’t a manager, the “manifesto” author’s opinions directly impact his female peers. “The main input to Google’s performance review process, which is how they slot engineers, which determines pay — the main input to that is peer review,” says Ellis. “It’s your peers writing feedback on your work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Brown, Google’s vice president of diversity sent out a company-wide memo in response to the document. She stated, “Diversity and inclusion are a fundamental part of our values and the culture we continue to cultivate. We are unequivocal in our belief that diversity and inclusion are critical to our success as a company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Brown, Ari Balogh, a vice president in engineering who heads the department in which the employee works, wrote a note in response to the “manifesto” in which Balogh stressed the importance of Google being open and inclusive. He wrote, “We cannot allow stereotyping and harmful assumptions to play any part.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “manifesto” made headlines over the weekend after reports from \u003ca href=\"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/kzbm4a/employees-anti-diversity-manifesto-goes-internally-viral-at-google\">Motherboard\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/exclusive-heres-the-full-10-page-anti-diversity-screed-1797564320\">Gizmodo\u003c/a>. In it, the author equated the company’s effort to attract more women to work in technology to (hypothetical, we assume) efforts to achieve gender balance in other areas, such as “the homeless, work-related and violent deaths, prisons, and school dropouts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide sharing of the document has highlighted struggles with gender equality and the wage gap in the tech industry and particularly at Google, which was sued by the federal government earlier this year for refusing to share compensation amounts and other data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, a Department of Labor official accused Google of practicing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/08/523129221/google-accused-of-underpaying-female-employees\">“systemic” discrimination against female employees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google maintains an online graphic of its employee demographics; \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/diversity/\">here’s the current breakdown\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Women make up 25 percent of the company’s leadership\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Women hold 20 percent of technology jobs\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Overall, 31 percent of Google’s employees are female\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>56 percent of employees are white; 35 percent are Asian\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>4 percent are Hispanic, 4 percent are mixed-race, and 2 percent are black\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Another engineer, Yonatan Zunger, who recently left Google, \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@yonatanzunger/so-about-this-googlers-manifesto-1e3773ed1788\">wrote an essay\u003c/a> in which he explored three main reactions to the post. From that essay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(1) Despite speaking very authoritatively, the author does not appear to understand gender.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(2) Perhaps more interestingly, the author does not appear to understand engineering.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(3) And most seriously, the author does not appear to understand the consequences of what he wrote, either for others or himself.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Addressing the engineer who wrote the document, Zunger wrote, “If you hadn’t written this manifesto, then maybe we’d be having a conversation about the skills you need to learn to not be blocked in your career — which are precisely the ones you described as ‘female skills.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the author’s feeling that their views couldn’t be discussed openly, Zunger called the author’s views “fundamentally corrosive” to any organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another response came from software developer Sarah Mei, who devoted a string of tweets to criticize both the document and the way its argument was presented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This guy almost certainly thinks of himself as a ‘computer scientist’, but he does exactly what you’re not supposed to do as a scientist,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sarahmei/status/893972255713050624\">Mei wrote\u003c/a>. “He draws a conclusion favorable to his ego, and then works backwards from there, constructing an argument to justify it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sarahmei/status/893953228756221952\">In another tweet\u003c/a>, Mei said, “This google dude literally works at the company that made it _trivially easy_ to locate relevant social science research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the author, the engineer who wrote the document said it was intended to prompt an honest discussion — one that could explore “blind spots” that can develop from inherent or unconscious biases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a footnote to the document, the author added, “Of course, I may be biased and only see evidence that supports my viewpoint.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times, the author appears to take conflicting positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer began the document by stating, “I value diversity and inclusion, am not denying that sexism exists, and don’t endorse using stereotypes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message ended with a similar sentiment — but with the added notion, “Stereotypes are much more accurate and responsive to new information than the [company’s] training suggests.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated 11:30 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A senior software engineer reportedly has been fired by Google after a memo he wrote criticizing diversity initiatives was leaked and sparked protests on social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 3,300-word document that has been shared across Google’s internal networks says “biological causes” are part of the reason women aren’t represented equally in its tech departments and leadership. The senior engineer also cited “men’s higher drive for status.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another software engineer who used to work for Google, Kelly Ellis, says some women who still work at the company stayed home on Monday because the memo made them “uncomfortable going back to work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-08/google-fires-employee-behind-controversial-diversity-memo\">Bloomberg\u003c/a> and Reuters report the memo was written by James Damore and Google has fired him for “perpetuating gender stereotypes.” The news services say Damore confirmed the dismissal by email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo that some have jokingly called a “manifesto” has been shared across Google’s internal networks and says “biological causes” are part of the reason women aren’t represented equally in its tech departments and leadership. The senior engineer also cited “men’s higher drive for status.” He criticized Google for being an “ideological echo chamber” that made it hard to dissent from “Google’s left bias” and “politically correct monoculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not enough has been done, the engineer said, to encourage a diversity of viewpoints and ideologies at Google. The author also faulted the company for offering mentoring and other opportunities to its employees based on gender or race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google also has been pushing more employees to take its classes on “unconscious bias.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis left Google in 2014 after she was sexually harassed. When she read the leaked document it didn’t surprise her “because I saw similar language when I was at Google being shared on internal message boards and other different internal forums.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ellis said although he isn’t a manager, the “manifesto” author’s opinions directly impact his female peers. “The main input to Google’s performance review process, which is how they slot engineers, which determines pay — the main input to that is peer review,” says Ellis. “It’s your peers writing feedback on your work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danielle Brown, Google’s vice president of diversity sent out a company-wide memo in response to the document. She stated, “Diversity and inclusion are a fundamental part of our values and the culture we continue to cultivate. We are unequivocal in our belief that diversity and inclusion are critical to our success as a company.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Brown, Ari Balogh, a vice president in engineering who heads the department in which the employee works, wrote a note in response to the “manifesto” in which Balogh stressed the importance of Google being open and inclusive. He wrote, “We cannot allow stereotyping and harmful assumptions to play any part.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “manifesto” made headlines over the weekend after reports from \u003ca href=\"https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/kzbm4a/employees-anti-diversity-manifesto-goes-internally-viral-at-google\">Motherboard\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://gizmodo.com/exclusive-heres-the-full-10-page-anti-diversity-screed-1797564320\">Gizmodo\u003c/a>. In it, the author equated the company’s effort to attract more women to work in technology to (hypothetical, we assume) efforts to achieve gender balance in other areas, such as “the homeless, work-related and violent deaths, prisons, and school dropouts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide sharing of the document has highlighted struggles with gender equality and the wage gap in the tech industry and particularly at Google, which was sued by the federal government earlier this year for refusing to share compensation amounts and other data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In April, a Department of Labor official accused Google of practicing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/08/523129221/google-accused-of-underpaying-female-employees\">“systemic” discrimination against female employees\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google maintains an online graphic of its employee demographics; \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/diversity/\">here’s the current breakdown\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Women make up 25 percent of the company’s leadership\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Women hold 20 percent of technology jobs\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Overall, 31 percent of Google’s employees are female\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>56 percent of employees are white; 35 percent are Asian\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>4 percent are Hispanic, 4 percent are mixed-race, and 2 percent are black\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Another engineer, Yonatan Zunger, who recently left Google, \u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@yonatanzunger/so-about-this-googlers-manifesto-1e3773ed1788\">wrote an essay\u003c/a> in which he explored three main reactions to the post. From that essay:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(1) Despite speaking very authoritatively, the author does not appear to understand gender.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(2) Perhaps more interestingly, the author does not appear to understand engineering.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(3) And most seriously, the author does not appear to understand the consequences of what he wrote, either for others or himself.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Addressing the engineer who wrote the document, Zunger wrote, “If you hadn’t written this manifesto, then maybe we’d be having a conversation about the skills you need to learn to not be blocked in your career — which are precisely the ones you described as ‘female skills.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the author’s feeling that their views couldn’t be discussed openly, Zunger called the author’s views “fundamentally corrosive” to any organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another response came from software developer Sarah Mei, who devoted a string of tweets to criticize both the document and the way its argument was presented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This guy almost certainly thinks of himself as a ‘computer scientist’, but he does exactly what you’re not supposed to do as a scientist,” \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sarahmei/status/893972255713050624\">Mei wrote\u003c/a>. “He draws a conclusion favorable to his ego, and then works backwards from there, constructing an argument to justify it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/sarahmei/status/893953228756221952\">In another tweet\u003c/a>, Mei said, “This google dude literally works at the company that made it _trivially easy_ to locate relevant social science research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the author, the engineer who wrote the document said it was intended to prompt an honest discussion — one that could explore “blind spots” that can develop from inherent or unconscious biases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a footnote to the document, the author added, “Of course, I may be biased and only see evidence that supports my viewpoint.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At times, the author appears to take conflicting positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The engineer began the document by stating, “I value diversity and inclusion, am not denying that sexism exists, and don’t endorse using stereotypes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message ended with a similar sentiment — but with the added notion, “Stereotypes are much more accurate and responsive to new information than the [company’s] training suggests.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Could a Bus With Sleep Pods Replace Airplanes?",
"title": "Could a Bus With Sleep Pods Replace Airplanes?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>If you ever have to travel a long distance — say, Washington, D.C., to Atlanta, Detroit to Chicago, San Francisco to Los Angeles — you might be stuck with only bad options: a flight from an airport with chronic delays that's hard to get to, or an Amtrak train ride that costs three times as much as a flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, now there's a new option on the horizon: a double-decker bus with pods for sleeping. It's called, simply, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ridecabin.com/\">Cabin\u003c/a>. It's an overnight service — like a red-eye — designed for people who love going places, but hate being in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last weekend, I gave it a try. My goal was to spend all day Sunday enjoying beautiful, warm, sunny Southern California, then get to work in Northern California by 8 a.m. Monday — feeling well rested, not a train wreck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part one went smoothly: I had a bike ride along the beach with a buddy, a hearty Persian dinner, and even caught that new movie \u003cem>Dunkirk\u003c/em> (not for the faint of heart).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part 2 starts at 11 p.m., when I board my Cabin in Santa Monica. The ground floor has table seating, kind of like the dining car in a train. The upper level, however, is like nothing I've ever seen before. On each side of the walkway, there are beds — several across, and stacked in two like bunk beds, only built into the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11610136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11610136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"NPR's Aarti Shahani tries one of the sleeping pods aboard a Cabin bus traveling from Santa Monica to San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c.jpg 829w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NPR's Aarti Shahani tries one of the sleeping pods aboard a Cabin bus traveling from Santa Monica to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Ashkan Soltani)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They're called pods, and crawling into one is jarring. It's not high enough to sit up in, so you have to crawl. And once inside, it feels like being in a cabinet or a coffin (you pick). I inch my way into a top pod, trying not to make noise because a mother and her little girl are sharing the pod below me. Note: Only petite people can share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first bus in the world to offer sleeping quarters. But Cabin is hipster, not hippie. Instead of a dirty mattress tossed on the floor (with beer stains and God knows what else), you get a firm solo mattress, a hypoallergenic comforter and a thick gray curtain you can draw for privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the dim lights are still on, I crawl back out to talk with fellow Cabineers. I'm literally on my knees, whispering, when I meet Jeff Kateman. He's tucked under his blanket — snug as a bug — as he explains why he paid $115 to travel this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I never liked flying into San Francisco, and if I can avoid flying, I avoid flying,\" says Kateman, a lawyer who does mergers and acquisitions. \"This just seemed better than driving. Someone else is driving for you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what Silicon Valley is betting on: that people don't want to drive. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/04/03/522099560/pittsburgh-offers-driving-lessons-for-ubers-autonomous-cars\">Autonomous cars\u003c/a> and the much-hyped (and nonexistent) \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/04/541538743/hyperloop-tests-magnetic-levitation-at-192-mph\">hyperloop\u003c/a> are on the sexier end of the tech industry's efforts to disrupt transportation. This new bus startup is on the practical end — aspiring to be the Uber or Lyft of long trips. (So far it's just offering service between Los Angeles and San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11610137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11610137\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The double-decker Cabin bus is an overnight service that promises riders they'll be well-rested when they arrive.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9.jpg 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The double-decker Cabin bus is an overnight service that promises riders they'll be well-rested when they arrive. \u003ccite>(Cabin Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kateman could get used to traveling this way. He's about 6 feet tall, \"but there's more than enough room,\" he says. \"It's actually very comfortable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in my pod, I draw the curtain and listen to the announcement, which sounds more like what you'd hear at a spa — not on a bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life water to keep you hydrated,\" the attendant says in a calm, slow cadence. \"Additionally, there's a shoe bag, so your shoes can sleep as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, my shoes and I both sleep very well. When we pull into a parking lot in San Francisco, I realize I've been out 7.5 hours (way more than usual).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pack up, take off and make it to work early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering how I slept for so long, since L.A. to San Francisco is only a six-hour drive. Well, to guarantee a full night's rest, the creators of Cabin turned it into eight hours — by driving slower and using back roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+A+Bus+With+Sleep+Pods+Replace+Airplanes%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you ever have to travel a long distance — say, Washington, D.C., to Atlanta, Detroit to Chicago, San Francisco to Los Angeles — you might be stuck with only bad options: a flight from an airport with chronic delays that's hard to get to, or an Amtrak train ride that costs three times as much as a flight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, now there's a new option on the horizon: a double-decker bus with pods for sleeping. It's called, simply, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ridecabin.com/\">Cabin\u003c/a>. It's an overnight service — like a red-eye — designed for people who love going places, but hate being in transit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last weekend, I gave it a try. My goal was to spend all day Sunday enjoying beautiful, warm, sunny Southern California, then get to work in Northern California by 8 a.m. Monday — feeling well rested, not a train wreck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part one went smoothly: I had a bike ride along the beach with a buddy, a hearty Persian dinner, and even caught that new movie \u003cem>Dunkirk\u003c/em> (not for the faint of heart).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part 2 starts at 11 p.m., when I board my Cabin in Santa Monica. The ground floor has table seating, kind of like the dining car in a train. The upper level, however, is like nothing I've ever seen before. On each side of the walkway, there are beds — several across, and stacked in two like bunk beds, only built into the bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11610136\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11610136\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"NPR's Aarti Shahani tries one of the sleeping pods aboard a Cabin bus traveling from Santa Monica to San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/aarti-bus-pod2-11a7d59fbde913e39b49382f4c2b9d794512a10c.jpg 829w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NPR's Aarti Shahani tries one of the sleeping pods aboard a Cabin bus traveling from Santa Monica to San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Ashkan Soltani)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They're called pods, and crawling into one is jarring. It's not high enough to sit up in, so you have to crawl. And once inside, it feels like being in a cabinet or a coffin (you pick). I inch my way into a top pod, trying not to make noise because a mother and her little girl are sharing the pod below me. Note: Only petite people can share.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn't the first bus in the world to offer sleeping quarters. But Cabin is hipster, not hippie. Instead of a dirty mattress tossed on the floor (with beer stains and God knows what else), you get a firm solo mattress, a hypoallergenic comforter and a thick gray curtain you can draw for privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the dim lights are still on, I crawl back out to talk with fellow Cabineers. I'm literally on my knees, whispering, when I meet Jeff Kateman. He's tucked under his blanket — snug as a bug — as he explains why he paid $115 to travel this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I never liked flying into San Francisco, and if I can avoid flying, I avoid flying,\" says Kateman, a lawyer who does mergers and acquisitions. \"This just seemed better than driving. Someone else is driving for you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what Silicon Valley is betting on: that people don't want to drive. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/04/03/522099560/pittsburgh-offers-driving-lessons-for-ubers-autonomous-cars\">Autonomous cars\u003c/a> and the much-hyped (and nonexistent) \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2017/08/04/541538743/hyperloop-tests-magnetic-levitation-at-192-mph\">hyperloop\u003c/a> are on the sexier end of the tech industry's efforts to disrupt transportation. This new bus startup is on the practical end — aspiring to be the Uber or Lyft of long trips. (So far it's just offering service between Los Angeles and San Francisco.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11610137\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11610137\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"The double-decker Cabin bus is an overnight service that promises riders they'll be well-rested when they arrive.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cabin-exterior-04-2f5ab65642400ef593f9e67d811eff5861d7ecb9.jpg 1780w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The double-decker Cabin bus is an overnight service that promises riders they'll be well-rested when they arrive. \u003ccite>(Cabin Technologies)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kateman could get used to traveling this way. He's about 6 feet tall, \"but there's more than enough room,\" he says. \"It's actually very comfortable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in my pod, I draw the curtain and listen to the announcement, which sounds more like what you'd hear at a spa — not on a bus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life water to keep you hydrated,\" the attendant says in a calm, slow cadence. \"Additionally, there's a shoe bag, so your shoes can sleep as well.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, my shoes and I both sleep very well. When we pull into a parking lot in San Francisco, I realize I've been out 7.5 hours (way more than usual).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I pack up, take off and make it to work early.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering how I slept for so long, since L.A. to San Francisco is only a six-hour drive. Well, to guarantee a full night's rest, the creators of Cabin turned it into eight hours — by driving slower and using back roads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Could+A+Bus+With+Sleep+Pods+Replace+Airplanes%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Precisely Edit DNA in Human Embryos to Fix a Disease Gene",
"headTitle": "Scientists Precisely Edit DNA in Human Embryos to Fix a Disease Gene | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have been tinkering with the DNA in humans and other living things for decades. But one thing has long been considered off-limits: Modifying human DNA in any way that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, an international team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23305\">reports\u003c/a> they have, for the first time, figured out a way to successfully edit the DNA in human embryos — without introducing the harmful mutations that were a problem in previous attempts elsewhere. The work was published online Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty exciting piece of science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, dean of the Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a technical tour-de-force. It’s really remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is ultimately aimed at helping families plagued by genetic diseases. The new experiment used a powerful new gene-editing technique to correct a genetic defect behind a heart disorder that can cause seemingly healthy young people to suddenly die from heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914005\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg 1773w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-520x389.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov, principal investigator for the embryo editing study, directs the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Sciences University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristyna Wentz-Graff/OHSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment corrected the defect in nearly two-thirds of several dozen embryos, without causing potentially dangerous mutations elsewhere in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the embryos were used to try to create a baby. But if future experiments confirm the techniques are safe and effective, the scientists say the same approach could be used to prevent a long list of inheritable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially, we’re talking about thousands of genes and thousands of patients,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/paula-amato/42A6A8A8BA74496A98855052CA32BFAD\">Paula Amato\u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. She was a member of the scientific team from the U.S., China and South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other diseases that might ultimately benefit from such an approach include \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/huntingtonsdisease.html\">Huntington’s disease\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, perhaps an inherited form of \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alzheimersdisease.html\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a> and cases of breast and ovarian cancer caused by mutations in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the work is setting off alarm bells among critics around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s extraordinarily disturbing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/marcy-darnovsky\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who directs the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group in Berkeley, Calif. “It’s a flagrant disregard of calls for a broad societal consensus in decisions about a really momentous technology that could be used good, but in this case is being used in preparation for an extraordinarily risky application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If irresponsible scientists are not stopped, the world may soon be presented with a fait accompli of the first [genetically modified] baby,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a>, who heads the U.K-based group Human Genetics Alert. “We call on governments and international organizations to wake up and pass an immediate global ban on creating cloned or GM babies, before it is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that.’\u003ccite>Paul Amato, Oregon Health & Science University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amato and others stress that their work is aimed at preventing terrible diseases, not creating genetically enhanced people. And they note that much more research is needed to confirm the technique is safe and effective before anyone tries to make a baby this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists hoping to continue the work in the U.S. face many regulatory obstacles. The National Institutes of Health will not fund any research involving human embryos (the new work was funded by Oregon Health & Science University). And the Food and Drug Administration is prohibited by Congress from considering any experiments that involve genetically modified human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the researchers say they’re hopeful about continuing the work, perhaps in Britain. The United Kingdom has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">permitted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">genetic experiments \u003c/a>involving human embryos forbidden in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If other countries would be interested, we would be happy to work with their regulatory bodies,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/embryonic-cell-gene-therapy-center/people.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, director of the Oregon Health & Science University’s Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major concern is safety to a developing embryo — whether genetically modified human embryos would indeed produce healthy babies. But on a broader level, any changes made in the DNA of an embryo would be passed down for generations. That raises fears that any mistakes in the editing that inadvertently caused new diseases could become a permanent part of that family’s genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and others also worry that modifying human DNA in an embryo could give rise to “designer babies.” That’s when parents pick and choose the traits of their children to try to make them smarter, taller, stronger or have other traits that make them seem superior. That’s not yet technically possible. But critics fear scientists are already moving in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scenario is that you would have fertility clinics advertising to people who wanted to engineer their future children so that they could be presented as ‘enhanced’ — as biologically better than everyone else,” Darnovsky says. “It’s not a world we want to build. It’s not a world we want to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unscrupulous researchers could also rush the technology into fertility clinics to try to start creating babies they can bill as genetically enhanced before the technology has even been proved safe, and before a societal consensus has been reached about what applications should be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a strong statement that we can do genome editing,” says Harvard’s Daley. “The question that remains is: ‘Should we?’ We need a deeper public discourse around the ethical implications of this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and some scientists argue that many couples who carry genetic diseases already have safer alternatives to this sort of gene editing. Couples carrying genetic diseases can go through in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sart.org/SART_Success_Rates/\">IVF\u003c/a>) and have their embryos tested before being implanted in the woman’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will admit to experiencing a sense of puzzlement,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.altius.org/#organization\">Fyodor Urnov\u003c/a>, an associate director at the Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, a nonprofit research institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question I have is: ‘Why did you folks bother, given that there is a safe, effective, approved and ethical way to attain exactly the goal you have set out to do without any of the significant logical and ethic hurdles of having to edit a human embryo?” Urnov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amato and the other scientists on the international team say their approach could offer an alternative for couples for whom those standard options won’t work or are less desirable. But they agree the work should only move forward with careful regulatory oversight to prevent abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that,” Amato says. “Personally I don’t feel that’s a reason not to pursue the research if you think there’s a potential benefit that outweighs that risk. And I think if you can prevent serious disease in future generations, that makes it worthwhile to pursue this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/\">reported\u003c/a> last week in \u003cem>Technology Review\u003c/em>, a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But the details were withheld and the researchers did not elaborate until the scientific paper had finished being vetted by other scientists for publication in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their experiments, the scientists obtained sperm from a donor carrying a mutation for the heart disorder \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/What-Is-Cardiomyopathy-in-Adults_UCM_444168_Article.jsp#.WYESnoTyvIU\">cardiomyopathy\u003c/a>. They then used that sperm to fertilize dozens of eggs obtained from healthy women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time as fertilization, the researchers injected a powerful, microscopic gene-editing tool known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. The new technique makes it much easier than previous approaches to make very precise changes in DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists likened the approach to doing surgery on fetuses when they are in the womb. But this takes that idea much further, and involves repairing damaged DNA at a molecular level in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is nano-surgery,” says \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/\">George Church\u003c/a>, a prominent Harvard geneticist who also was not involved in the research. “You’re doing it with the finest possible scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing tool very accurately cut into a mutated gene known known as MYBPC3, which causes cardiomyopathy. To the researchers’ surprise, the cut triggered the embryos to repair the defective gene on their own. This is a process that had previously been unknown, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most exciting moment was when we realized the mechanism of repair,” Amato says. “It was fixing itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then let the embryos develop for several days so they could analyze them to see how well the experiments worked. In one part of the experiments involving 58 embryos, the approach corrected the mutation in more than 70 percent of the embryos, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gene defect was corrected with high efficiency,” Amato says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a detailed genetic analysis of the embryos concluded that the gene editing had not caused safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a significant advance,” Church says. “This is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/23/401655818/critics-lash-out-at-chinese-scientists-who-edited-dna-in-human-embryos\">reported\u003c/a> trying to edit the DNA of embryos for the first time, also using CRISPR-Cas9. But that experiment involved embryos that could never develop normally. And while those researchers did succeed in editing the targeted defect, it also produced unintended defects elsewhere in the embryos’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists who conducted the new experiments say they think they avoided those problems by injecting CRISPR at the same time the eggs were being fertilized by sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was key,” Mitalipov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo@wisc.edu\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin, dismissed concerns about the work leading to designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby,” says Charo, who co-chaired a committee formed by the National Academies of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine to determine whether such experiments should be permissible. The committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded\u003c/a> earlier this year that gene-editing of human embryos could be allowed in rare cases when no other options are available — but only to treat diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think that the constant drum beat about the fear of designer baby is warranted, Charo says. “What this is, is a possible step toward being able to edit the DNA in human embryos that’s reliable and precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists in Britain have won \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval \u003c/a>to use CRISPR to edit the DNA in healthy human embryos to learn more about normal human development. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">team in Sweden\u003c/a> has started similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this needs to be tightly regulated,” says \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/people/frelan\">Fredrik Lanner\u003c/a>, a geneticist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm who is conducting those experiments. “This is very exciting. But it also could be a double-edged sword. So I think we really have to be extra cautious with this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Precisely+Edit+DNA+In+Human+Embryos+To+Fix+A+Disease+Gene&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have been tinkering with the DNA in humans and other living things for decades. But one thing has long been considered off-limits: Modifying human DNA in any way that could be passed down for generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, an international team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature23305\">reports\u003c/a> they have, for the first time, figured out a way to successfully edit the DNA in human embryos — without introducing the harmful mutations that were a problem in previous attempts elsewhere. The work was published online Wednesday in the journal \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty exciting piece of science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://daley.med.harvard.edu/\">George Daley\u003c/a>, dean of the Harvard Medical School, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a technical tour-de-force. It’s really remarkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research is ultimately aimed at helping families plagued by genetic diseases. The new experiment used a powerful new gene-editing technique to correct a genetic defect behind a heart disorder that can cause seemingly healthy young people to suddenly die from heart failure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1914005\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 367px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1914005\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"367\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c.jpg 1773w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-768x575.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1020x764.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-1180x884.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/08/mitalia-1_custom-116b972b37d76040e2641204f925236a7b5baf7c-520x389.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 367px) 100vw, 367px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov, principal investigator for the embryo editing study, directs the Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy at Oregon Health and Sciences University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Kristyna Wentz-Graff/OHSU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The experiment corrected the defect in nearly two-thirds of several dozen embryos, without causing potentially dangerous mutations elsewhere in the DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the embryos were used to try to create a baby. But if future experiments confirm the techniques are safe and effective, the scientists say the same approach could be used to prevent a long list of inheritable diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially, we’re talking about thousands of genes and thousands of patients,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ohsu.edu/providers/paula-amato/42A6A8A8BA74496A98855052CA32BFAD\">Paula Amato\u003c/a>, an associate professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Oregon Health & Science University in Portland. She was a member of the scientific team from the U.S., China and South Korea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other diseases that might ultimately benefit from such an approach include \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/huntingtonsdisease.html\">Huntington’s disease\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cystic-fibrosis\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>, perhaps an inherited form of \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/alzheimersdisease.html\">Alzheimer’s disease\u003c/a> and cases of breast and ovarian cancer caused by mutations in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/genetics/brca-fact-sheet\">BRCA genes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the work is setting off alarm bells among critics around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s extraordinarily disturbing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article/marcy-darnovsky\">Marcy Darnovsky\u003c/a>, who directs the Center for Genetics and Society, a genetics watchdog group in Berkeley, Calif. “It’s a flagrant disregard of calls for a broad societal consensus in decisions about a really momentous technology that could be used good, but in this case is being used in preparation for an extraordinarily risky application.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If irresponsible scientists are not stopped, the world may soon be presented with a fait accompli of the first [genetically modified] baby,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.hgalert.org/topics/hge/threat.htm\">David King\u003c/a>, who heads the U.K-based group Human Genetics Alert. “We call on governments and international organizations to wake up and pass an immediate global ban on creating cloned or GM babies, before it is too late.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that.’\u003ccite>Paul Amato, Oregon Health & Science University professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Amato and others stress that their work is aimed at preventing terrible diseases, not creating genetically enhanced people. And they note that much more research is needed to confirm the technique is safe and effective before anyone tries to make a baby this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But scientists hoping to continue the work in the U.S. face many regulatory obstacles. The National Institutes of Health will not fund any research involving human embryos (the new work was funded by Oregon Health & Science University). And the Food and Drug Administration is prohibited by Congress from considering any experiments that involve genetically modified human embryos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the researchers say they’re hopeful about continuing the work, perhaps in Britain. The United Kingdom has \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">permitted\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/02/03/383578221/u-k-lawmakers-allow-scientists-to-attempt-dna-transplants\">genetic experiments \u003c/a>involving human embryos forbidden in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If other countries would be interested, we would be happy to work with their regulatory bodies,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/research/centers-institutes/embryonic-cell-gene-therapy-center/people.cfm\">Shoukhrat Mitalipov\u003c/a>, director of the Oregon Health & Science University’s Center for Embryonic Cell and Gene Therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One major concern is safety to a developing embryo — whether genetically modified human embryos would indeed produce healthy babies. But on a broader level, any changes made in the DNA of an embryo would be passed down for generations. That raises fears that any mistakes in the editing that inadvertently caused new diseases could become a permanent part of that family’s genetic blueprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and others also worry that modifying human DNA in an embryo could give rise to “designer babies.” That’s when parents pick and choose the traits of their children to try to make them smarter, taller, stronger or have other traits that make them seem superior. That’s not yet technically possible. But critics fear scientists are already moving in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The scenario is that you would have fertility clinics advertising to people who wanted to engineer their future children so that they could be presented as ‘enhanced’ — as biologically better than everyone else,” Darnovsky says. “It’s not a world we want to build. It’s not a world we want to live in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unscrupulous researchers could also rush the technology into fertility clinics to try to start creating babies they can bill as genetically enhanced before the technology has even been proved safe, and before a societal consensus has been reached about what applications should be permitted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a strong statement that we can do genome editing,” says Harvard’s Daley. “The question that remains is: ‘Should we?’ We need a deeper public discourse around the ethical implications of this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Darnovsky and some scientists argue that many couples who carry genetic diseases already have safer alternatives to this sort of gene editing. Couples carrying genetic diseases can go through in vitro fertilization (\u003ca href=\"http://www.sart.org/SART_Success_Rates/\">IVF\u003c/a>) and have their embryos tested before being implanted in the woman’s womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I will admit to experiencing a sense of puzzlement,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.altius.org/#organization\">Fyodor Urnov\u003c/a>, an associate director at the Altius Institute for Biomedical Sciences, a nonprofit research institute in Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question I have is: ‘Why did you folks bother, given that there is a safe, effective, approved and ethical way to attain exactly the goal you have set out to do without any of the significant logical and ethic hurdles of having to edit a human embryo?” Urnov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amato and the other scientists on the international team say their approach could offer an alternative for couples for whom those standard options won’t work or are less desirable. But they agree the work should only move forward with careful regulatory oversight to prevent abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime there’s a new technology there’s a potential for misuse. We have to acknowledge that,” Amato says. “Personally I don’t feel that’s a reason not to pursue the research if you think there’s a potential benefit that outweighs that risk. And I think if you can prevent serious disease in future generations, that makes it worthwhile to pursue this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advance was first \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608350/first-human-embryos-edited-in-us/\">reported\u003c/a> last week in \u003cem>Technology Review\u003c/em>, a magazine published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But the details were withheld and the researchers did not elaborate until the scientific paper had finished being vetted by other scientists for publication in \u003cem>Nature.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their experiments, the scientists obtained sperm from a donor carrying a mutation for the heart disorder \u003ca href=\"http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/Cardiomyopathy/What-Is-Cardiomyopathy-in-Adults_UCM_444168_Article.jsp#.WYESnoTyvIU\">cardiomyopathy\u003c/a>. They then used that sperm to fertilize dozens of eggs obtained from healthy women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time as fertilization, the researchers injected a powerful, microscopic gene-editing tool known as \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\">CRISPR-Cas9\u003c/a>. The new technique makes it much easier than previous approaches to make very precise changes in DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several scientists likened the approach to doing surgery on fetuses when they are in the womb. But this takes that idea much further, and involves repairing damaged DNA at a molecular level in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is nano-surgery,” says \u003ca href=\"http://arep.med.harvard.edu/gmc/\">George Church\u003c/a>, a prominent Harvard geneticist who also was not involved in the research. “You’re doing it with the finest possible scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing tool very accurately cut into a mutated gene known known as MYBPC3, which causes cardiomyopathy. To the researchers’ surprise, the cut triggered the embryos to repair the defective gene on their own. This is a process that had previously been unknown, the scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most exciting moment was when we realized the mechanism of repair,” Amato says. “It was fixing itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers then let the embryos develop for several days so they could analyze them to see how well the experiments worked. In one part of the experiments involving 58 embryos, the approach corrected the mutation in more than 70 percent of the embryos, the researchers reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The gene defect was corrected with high efficiency,” Amato says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, a detailed genetic analysis of the embryos concluded that the gene editing had not caused safety problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this is a significant advance,” Church says. “This is important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chinese scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/04/23/401655818/critics-lash-out-at-chinese-scientists-who-edited-dna-in-human-embryos\">reported\u003c/a> trying to edit the DNA of embryos for the first time, also using CRISPR-Cas9. But that experiment involved embryos that could never develop normally. And while those researchers did succeed in editing the targeted defect, it also produced unintended defects elsewhere in the embryos’ DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists who conducted the new experiments say they think they avoided those problems by injecting CRISPR at the same time the eggs were being fertilized by sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was key,” Mitalipov says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo@wisc.edu\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the University of Wisconsin, dismissed concerns about the work leading to designer babies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not the dawn of the era of the designer baby,” says Charo, who co-chaired a committee formed by the National Academies of Sciences and the National Academy of Medicine to determine whether such experiments should be permissible. The committee \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/02/14/514580162/scientific-panel-says-editing-heritable-human-genes-could-be-ok-in-the-future\">concluded\u003c/a> earlier this year that gene-editing of human embryos could be allowed in rare cases when no other options are available — but only to treat diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I do not think that the constant drum beat about the fear of designer baby is warranted, Charo says. “What this is, is a possible step toward being able to edit the DNA in human embryos that’s reliable and precise.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, scientists in Britain have won \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/02/01/465180953/british-scientists-gain-approval-to-edit-dna-in-human-embryos\">approval \u003c/a>to use CRISPR to edit the DNA in healthy human embryos to learn more about normal human development. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/about-npr/494863809/npr-exclusive-report-stockholm-lab-first-to-try-to-edit-dna-of-healthy-human-emb\">team in Sweden\u003c/a> has started similar experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this needs to be tightly regulated,” says \u003ca href=\"http://ki.se/en/people/frelan\">Fredrik Lanner\u003c/a>, a geneticist at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm who is conducting those experiments. “This is very exciting. But it also could be a double-edged sword. So I think we really have to be extra cautious with this technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Precisely+Edit+DNA+In+Human+Embryos+To+Fix+A+Disease+Gene&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE — The U.S. Air Force was preparing Tuesday to test an unarmed Minuteman 3 intercontinental ballistic missile with a launch from California, the fourth such test this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30th Space Wing says the missile was to be launched between 12:01 a.m. and 6:01 a.m. Wednesday from Vandenberg Air Force Base, about 130 miles (209 kilometers) northwest of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Air Force statement said the test would show the effectiveness, readiness and accuracy of the weapon system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minuteman missiles are regularly tested with launches from Vandenberg that send unarmed re-entry vehicles 4,200 miles (6,800 kilometers) across the Pacific to a target area at Kwajalein Atoll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"9XEkpNY7tpKfnWpjU8Mxg45pSH6IFF46\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the latest U.S. launches come amid tensions with North Korea as that nation develops its own ICBMs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flight data on North Korea's most recent test, conducted Friday, showed that a broad part of the mainland United States, including Los Angeles and Chicago, is now in range of Pyongyang's weapons, according to analysts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, the U.S. Air Force flew two B-1 bombers over the Korean Peninsula on Sunday in a show of force. The U.S. also said it conducted a successful test of a missile defense system located in Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous Minuteman ICBM launches this year were conducted in February, April and May. That month, the Air Force also conducted a test of a missile interceptor launched from Vandenberg. The interceptor destroyed a mock warhead over the Pacific.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>VANDENBERG AIR FORCE BASE — The U.S. Air Force was preparing Tuesday to test an unarmed Minuteman 3 intercontinental ballistic missile with a launch from California, the fourth such test this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 30th Space Wing says the missile was to be launched between 12:01 a.m. and 6:01 a.m. Wednesday from Vandenberg Air Force Base, about 130 miles (209 kilometers) northwest of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An Air Force statement said the test would show the effectiveness, readiness and accuracy of the weapon system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minuteman missiles are regularly tested with launches from Vandenberg that send unarmed re-entry vehicles 4,200 miles (6,800 kilometers) across the Pacific to a target area at Kwajalein Atoll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the latest U.S. launches come amid tensions with North Korea as that nation develops its own ICBMs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>To an outsider, the actions might have looked swift and decisive: Within weeks of being accused of sexual harassment in the press, two high-profile venture capital investors issued public apologies and \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2017/06/26/technology/business/justin-caldbeck-quits/index.html\">resigned\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Silicon Valley, female entrepreneurs were asking: What took so long? There were venture capitalists around Silicon Valley who knew these guys were “creeps” — or at least that’s how one of the VCs who resigned \u003ca href=\"https://500hats.com/im-a-creep-i-m-sorry-d2c13e996ea0\">described himself\u003c/a>. But the industry turned a blind eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a few years now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycombinator.com/\">Y Combinator\u003c/a> has been trying to face the problem of sexual harassment in the VC community head-on. The organization, one of Silicon Valley’s most prestigious accelerators, runs essentially bootcamps for entrepreneurs starting up tech companies. It also introduces entrepreneurs to VCs, or the money men who invest in startups. (And yes, they are \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2017/03/13/female-founders-venture-capital/\">mostly men\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, Y Combinator sends out a form to the startup founders it works with, encouraging them to report sexual harassment. But when news of the tactic \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/this-influential-silicon-valley-firm-is-compiling-a-blacklist-of-venture-capitalists-who-harass-women/2017/07/14/1dfc7164-6661-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html?utm_term=.9f8bd60a8cdd\">got out recently\u003c/a>, it stirred some controversy and illustrated the potential landmines of trying to keep VCs in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a balancing act,” explains Sam Altman, Y Combinator’s president. He addressed the subject briefly on the sidelines of another interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/540578895/540652624\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman says they started sending out the questionnaire in 2014, when a startup founder reported that she had been sexually harassed. “And we just said, ‘We don’t want this, we have no tolerance for this. But we need people’s help — we obviously don’t see every interaction, so tell us,’ ” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Y Combinator receives a claim of sexual harassment, the organization evaluates its credibility, starting with interviews of both parties. If Y Combinator determines the claim to be credible, it keeps that information confidential but does not invite the accused VC back to its prestigious showcase event called \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/startup-incubator-idUSL2E8ESESX20120328\">Demo Day\u003c/a>. This is where Y Combinator-backed companies present to a roomful of investors. Airbnb, Reddit and Dropbox are three examples of Demo Day success stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in the room is “something most investors would like to have access to,” Altman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have argued that in addition to facing the usual issues of fairness and verification when investigating such sensitive claims, Y Combinator’s blacklisting approach risks creating a climate where male VCs simply won’t meet with women entrepreneurs. The argument is that investors will be afraid of being falsely accused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”jwtHpVXnScyYt2WhYBMHYFd73Q59Rbiy”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Burying your head in the sand by not asking is the worst possible thing investors could be doing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/joelle_emerson?lang=en\">Joelle Emerson\u003c/a>, a former women’s right’s attorney who now runs Paradigm, a diversity consulting firm in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerson says Y Combinator is trying to hack a solution to a particularly challenging problem. Entrepreneurs and VCs have a significant power dynamic like that between managers and employees: Startups need money from VCs to succeed. But unlike the manager-employee relationship, the investor and the startup founder are not technically co-workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re an employee (and) you’re harassed at your workplace by a manager, there are very clear steps to follow,” Emerson says. “To be clear HR doesn’t always handle these things well but there’s a clear system in place in most organizations.” No such system exists for reports about VCs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More importantly, Emerson says state and federal laws are pretty clear when it comes to addressing sexual harassment in the workplace, but “when you’re outside the employer-employee context, it’s a gray area from a legal standpoint because there are no laws directly governing the relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman says it’s this gray area that Y Combinator is trying to navigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the same way companies have HR departments and have a place to report inappropriate behavior,” Altman says, “the people in our program need a place to report inappropriate behavior, and I don’t think that should be a controversial thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tech+Incubator+Faces+Challenges+Of+Tackling+Sexual+Harassment+Among+Investors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>To an outsider, the actions might have looked swift and decisive: Within weeks of being accused of sexual harassment in the press, two high-profile venture capital investors issued public apologies and \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2017/06/26/technology/business/justin-caldbeck-quits/index.html\">resigned\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Silicon Valley, female entrepreneurs were asking: What took so long? There were venture capitalists around Silicon Valley who knew these guys were “creeps” — or at least that’s how one of the VCs who resigned \u003ca href=\"https://500hats.com/im-a-creep-i-m-sorry-d2c13e996ea0\">described himself\u003c/a>. But the industry turned a blind eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a few years now, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ycombinator.com/\">Y Combinator\u003c/a> has been trying to face the problem of sexual harassment in the VC community head-on. The organization, one of Silicon Valley’s most prestigious accelerators, runs essentially bootcamps for entrepreneurs starting up tech companies. It also introduces entrepreneurs to VCs, or the money men who invest in startups. (And yes, they are \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2017/03/13/female-founders-venture-capital/\">mostly men\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, Y Combinator sends out a form to the startup founders it works with, encouraging them to report sexual harassment. But when news of the tactic \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/this-influential-silicon-valley-firm-is-compiling-a-blacklist-of-venture-capitalists-who-harass-women/2017/07/14/1dfc7164-6661-11e7-8eb5-cbccc2e7bfbf_story.html?utm_term=.9f8bd60a8cdd\">got out recently\u003c/a>, it stirred some controversy and illustrated the potential landmines of trying to keep VCs in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a balancing act,” explains Sam Altman, Y Combinator’s president. He addressed the subject briefly on the sidelines of another interview.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/540578895/540652624\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman says they started sending out the questionnaire in 2014, when a startup founder reported that she had been sexually harassed. “And we just said, ‘We don’t want this, we have no tolerance for this. But we need people’s help — we obviously don’t see every interaction, so tell us,’ ” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Y Combinator receives a claim of sexual harassment, the organization evaluates its credibility, starting with interviews of both parties. If Y Combinator determines the claim to be credible, it keeps that information confidential but does not invite the accused VC back to its prestigious showcase event called \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/startup-incubator-idUSL2E8ESESX20120328\">Demo Day\u003c/a>. This is where Y Combinator-backed companies present to a roomful of investors. Airbnb, Reddit and Dropbox are three examples of Demo Day success stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being in the room is “something most investors would like to have access to,” Altman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics have argued that in addition to facing the usual issues of fairness and verification when investigating such sensitive claims, Y Combinator’s blacklisting approach risks creating a climate where male VCs simply won’t meet with women entrepreneurs. The argument is that investors will be afraid of being falsely accused.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Burying your head in the sand by not asking is the worst possible thing investors could be doing,” says \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/joelle_emerson?lang=en\">Joelle Emerson\u003c/a>, a former women’s right’s attorney who now runs Paradigm, a diversity consulting firm in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Emerson says Y Combinator is trying to hack a solution to a particularly challenging problem. Entrepreneurs and VCs have a significant power dynamic like that between managers and employees: Startups need money from VCs to succeed. But unlike the manager-employee relationship, the investor and the startup founder are not technically co-workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re an employee (and) you’re harassed at your workplace by a manager, there are very clear steps to follow,” Emerson says. “To be clear HR doesn’t always handle these things well but there’s a clear system in place in most organizations.” No such system exists for reports about VCs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More importantly, Emerson says state and federal laws are pretty clear when it comes to addressing sexual harassment in the workplace, but “when you’re outside the employer-employee context, it’s a gray area from a legal standpoint because there are no laws directly governing the relationship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Altman says it’s this gray area that Y Combinator is trying to navigate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the same way companies have HR departments and have a place to report inappropriate behavior,” Altman says, “the people in our program need a place to report inappropriate behavior, and I don’t think that should be a controversial thing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Tech+Incubator+Faces+Challenges+Of+Tackling+Sexual+Harassment+Among+Investors&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
},
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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