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"content": "\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.[contextly_sidebar id=”CLtze1ldR9e4PnYovsqnrijpsSZOdmkP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Southern California is home to some of the most diverse plant communities in the world, from coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands to conifer forests and inland chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where biologists see ecological niches, fire officials see fuel sources for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many climate models predict that greenhouse gases will create a hotter, drier future for California over the next century. And that will likely amp up the potential for big blazes on these varying landscapes, creating new challenges for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One plant community already feeling the heat is the high-elevation pine woodlands in places like Mount Baldy, Idyllwild and Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a lot of Jeffrey pines and a lot of white firs,” Paris Krause pointed out on a recent hike through the piney peaks of the San Bernardino Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s a contract botanist with the U.S. Forest Service, hired to study the aftermath of 2015’s Lake Fire near Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to extremely dry conditions, that fire quickly spread across 48 miles, reducing entire hillsides of pines to charred trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few needles left on trees. Like this tree in front of us has four needles at the very peak,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the needles, that tree and scores around it are dead. Krause said the fire was so intense it likely baked any seeds resting in the ground, making it hard for new trees to come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for another plant community to move in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right here this is a white thorn or a Ceanothus,” Krause says, pointing to a small green cluster of leaves. “And right over there, that is a baby Manzanita.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are both common chaparral species that are now thriving in the wake of the Lake Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s actually a pattern that is quite familiar to us in California,” said James Thorne, a researcher with UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral often comes into piney areas right after a fire, but it doesn’t typically stick around as new saplings grow through it. But that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne and his team of researchers modeled future climate conditions in the state and found that if we don’t significantly curb greenhouse gases, it’s likely that areas now dominated by conifer forests may not be able to sustain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll become more suitable for the chaparral,” Thorne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means in a hotter, drier future we may permanently lose our conifers to chaparral. For firefighters, that would mean a shift in approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://i.imgur.com/JVCkGPP.gif\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of pine forests from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for these forests to thrive. Red areas show unsuitable conditions triggered by climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with chaparral, and as we see an increase in it, is that it burns very hot and very rapidly,” said Mike Mohler from Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral fires grow fast and out of control. Since so many Southern Californians live near chaparral, he says these are the fires that often destroy homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent Sand Fire was a textbook example: It torched more than 40,000 acres, claimed one life and burned nearly 20 structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says fires in pine forests are hard to fight up close, because there are often few roads and lots of trees. Instead, crews make fire breaks and back-burn to take away fuel as the fire advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral fires, on the other hand, are easier to attack head-on with hoses and hand crews, but that puts firefighters in more danger, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://imgur.com/vXLadxr\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of chaparral from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for chaparral. Red areas show unsuitable conditions because of climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even as chaparral threatens to take over pine forests, chaparral itself is at risk of being replaced by an even more flammable plant community, according to Rick Halsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey runs the nonprofit Chaparral Institute, and he is full of facts on the benefits of this ever-present ecosystem. For instance, he says chaparral plants prevent erosion, help rainwater absorb deeper into soils and provide habitat for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey said most people, though, just see chaparral as a fire waiting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so as a consequence they look at these areas as a place of fear and danger rather than an important part of California’s ecology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral systems actually need fire every couple of decades to help certain plants germinate and to weed out others. But he adds that too many fires in too short a time means even these plants can disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That happened on a hillside of the Del Dios Highlands Preserve in San Diego County where a fire struck in 1997 and another one hit 10 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066277\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the hillside is covered in non-native, weedy grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point is there’s no shrubs, and they were here before. The frequency between the two fires eliminated the shrubs and allowed different species to come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey says the non-native grasses that are choking out the chaparral dry out easily and burn even faster than the native shrubs that were here before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasslands aren’t new to California, says Cal Fire’s Mohler, but they may be the most dangerous of all the plant types because of how quickly a fire can shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fire] can turn in a moment’s notice with just a minor wind shift, and come back against fire personnel, and cause massive burns,” Mohler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said firefighters have to be on high alert when dealing with grass fires, but luckily they respond well to attacks from above with water- and retardant-dropping planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says firefighters and forest managers can work together to mitigate new fire risks from changing plant communities, but a lot of the changes expected from global warming can’t be stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others worry that as these effects strengthen, explosive fires will be the new normal for every ecosystem in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A hotter, drier future could mean more chaparral where pine forests used to be — and eventually still more flammable grasses where chaparral used to be.",
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"title": "Why Climate Change Could Mean More Explosive Southern California Fires | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Southern California is home to some of the most diverse plant communities in the world, from coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands to conifer forests and inland chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where biologists see ecological niches, fire officials see fuel sources for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many climate models predict that greenhouse gases will create a hotter, drier future for California over the next century. And that will likely amp up the potential for big blazes on these varying landscapes, creating new challenges for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One plant community already feeling the heat is the high-elevation pine woodlands in places like Mount Baldy, Idyllwild and Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a lot of Jeffrey pines and a lot of white firs,” Paris Krause pointed out on a recent hike through the piney peaks of the San Bernardino Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s a contract botanist with the U.S. Forest Service, hired to study the aftermath of 2015’s Lake Fire near Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to extremely dry conditions, that fire quickly spread across 48 miles, reducing entire hillsides of pines to charred trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few needles left on trees. Like this tree in front of us has four needles at the very peak,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the needles, that tree and scores around it are dead. Krause said the fire was so intense it likely baked any seeds resting in the ground, making it hard for new trees to come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for another plant community to move in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right here this is a white thorn or a Ceanothus,” Krause says, pointing to a small green cluster of leaves. “And right over there, that is a baby Manzanita.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are both common chaparral species that are now thriving in the wake of the Lake Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s actually a pattern that is quite familiar to us in California,” said James Thorne, a researcher with UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral often comes into piney areas right after a fire, but it doesn’t typically stick around as new saplings grow through it. But that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne and his team of researchers modeled future climate conditions in the state and found that if we don’t significantly curb greenhouse gases, it’s likely that areas now dominated by conifer forests may not be able to sustain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll become more suitable for the chaparral,” Thorne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means in a hotter, drier future we may permanently lose our conifers to chaparral. For firefighters, that would mean a shift in approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://i.imgur.com/JVCkGPP.gif\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of pine forests from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for these forests to thrive. Red areas show unsuitable conditions triggered by climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with chaparral, and as we see an increase in it, is that it burns very hot and very rapidly,” said Mike Mohler from Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral fires grow fast and out of control. Since so many Southern Californians live near chaparral, he says these are the fires that often destroy homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent Sand Fire was a textbook example: It torched more than 40,000 acres, claimed one life and burned nearly 20 structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says fires in pine forests are hard to fight up close, because there are often few roads and lots of trees. Instead, crews make fire breaks and back-burn to take away fuel as the fire advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral fires, on the other hand, are easier to attack head-on with hoses and hand crews, but that puts firefighters in more danger, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://imgur.com/vXLadxr\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of chaparral from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for chaparral. Red areas show unsuitable conditions because of climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even as chaparral threatens to take over pine forests, chaparral itself is at risk of being replaced by an even more flammable plant community, according to Rick Halsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey runs the nonprofit Chaparral Institute, and he is full of facts on the benefits of this ever-present ecosystem. For instance, he says chaparral plants prevent erosion, help rainwater absorb deeper into soils and provide habitat for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey said most people, though, just see chaparral as a fire waiting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so as a consequence they look at these areas as a place of fear and danger rather than an important part of California’s ecology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral systems actually need fire every couple of decades to help certain plants germinate and to weed out others. But he adds that too many fires in too short a time means even these plants can disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That happened on a hillside of the Del Dios Highlands Preserve in San Diego County where a fire struck in 1997 and another one hit 10 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066277\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the hillside is covered in non-native, weedy grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point is there’s no shrubs, and they were here before. The frequency between the two fires eliminated the shrubs and allowed different species to come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey says the non-native grasses that are choking out the chaparral dry out easily and burn even faster than the native shrubs that were here before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasslands aren’t new to California, says Cal Fire’s Mohler, but they may be the most dangerous of all the plant types because of how quickly a fire can shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fire] can turn in a moment’s notice with just a minor wind shift, and come back against fire personnel, and cause massive burns,” Mohler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said firefighters have to be on high alert when dealing with grass fires, but luckily they respond well to attacks from above with water- and retardant-dropping planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says firefighters and forest managers can work together to mitigate new fire risks from changing plant communities, but a lot of the changes expected from global warming can’t be stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others worry that as these effects strengthen, explosive fires will be the new normal for every ecosystem in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"publishDate": 1472488919,
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"title": "Scientists Investigate a Mysterious Cancer Plaguing California Sea Lions",
"headTitle": "Scientists Investigate a Mysterious Cancer Plaguing California Sea Lions | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>“This one might be a little stinky,” says Tenaya Norris, a scientist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito. Research assistant Barbie Halaska carries a limp, sodden carcass into the room and drapes it across a gleaming steel table.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Each [sea lion] death is a loss — and an opportunity.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even before the researchers slice into the tiny, brown California sea lion pup and remove its internal organs, the animal is mostly skin and bones. The young male was less than a year old when he arrived. He hung on for ten days, but was already suffering the effects of severe malnourishment when he arrived — he was about one-quarter the size of a healthy pup—and the staff were unable to save him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris stretches out the subject’s flippers. Picking up a scalpel, she gets ready to open the animal from chin to tail. The pup occupies just one narrow corner of a table large enough for an animal many times this size. And the center has seen its fair share of those. The facility takes in several hundred distressed animals each year, from sea lions to elephant seals to the occasional dolphin or sea turtle. Scientists and volunteers do their best to rehabilitate the sick animals and return them to the ocean. But about half will end up on the metal table instead. Each death is a loss — and an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every animal that dies here is studied exhaustively. Researchers carve the bodies into samples for dozens of ongoing studies. They’re especially interested in the carcasses of California sea lions, which are helping them study a mysterious and aggressive cancer that’s plaguing the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25-.jpg\" alt=\"Research assistant Barbie Halaska prepares a California sea lion pup carcass for a necropsy at The Marine Mammal Center. Necropsies, like autopsies, help researchers evaluate cause of death—a necessary part of the science and rehabilitation of marine wildlife.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research assistant Barbie Halaska prepares a California sea lion pup carcass for a necropsy at The Marine Mammal Center. Necropsies, like autopsies, help researchers evaluate cause of death—a necessary part of the science and rehabilitation of marine wildlife. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26-.jpg\" alt=\"A variety of surgical instruments lie ready for use in the necropsy procedure. The Marine Mammal Center shares tissue samples with researchers from around the world.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A variety of surgical instruments lie ready for use in the necropsy procedure. The Marine Mammal Center shares tissue samples with researchers from around the world. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The disease starts in the reproductive organs of adult males and females. By the time they die, tumors have sometimes infiltrated their backbones and turned vertebrae to “mush,” Norris says. She describes examining one dead animal whose spine she could simply slice through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a quarter of the adult California sea lions that die at the Marine Mammal Center suffer from cancer, says director of veterinary science Shawn Johnson. That’s one of the highest cancer rates seen in any wild animal, which is why the center’s scientists have made the disease a research priority. This emphasis has led to some promising discoveries, including the identification of a virus that is likely transmitted sexually and that seems to trigger the cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers can piece together the full story of the California sea lions’ disease, it may help explain how some cancers develop in other animals—including humans. After all, cancer-causing viruses strike people too. At the same time, our understanding of disease susceptibility in humans — in particular, how environmental stressors can turn relatively minor infections into life-threatening disease — is helping scientists understand the role the environment might play in sea lion cancer. In other words, we may not be able to fully understand the set of threats to either species’ health without understanding the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10-.jpg\" alt=\"A pickup truck used by Marine Mammal Center staff to rescue injured wildlife sports a custom vanity plate. The full word—pinniped—means fin- or flipper-footed, and refers to seals, sea lions, and walruses.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pickup truck used by Marine Mammal Center staff to rescue injured wildlife sports a custom vanity plate. The full word — pinniped — means fin- or flipper-footed, and refers to seals, sea lions, and walruses. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Under Pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a sick or injured marine mammal washes up anywhere along 600 miles of the Pacific coastline, volunteers send word to The Marine Mammal Center. If the center decides a rescue is necessary and feasible, it sends a truck. The vehicles carry vanity plates like PINNIPD (for pinniped, a shorthand name for a seal, sea lion, or walrus) or BG ELIE (for elephant seal, a species that’s also represented by a life-sized sculpture at the center). Volunteers use nets and wooden boards to maneuver each sickly or injured creature into an animal crate and onto the truck for its journey to the Marin Headlands — a hilly peninsula separated from San Francisco by the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center sits high above the ocean, perched on a dry brown hillside dotted with scrubby manzanita. Its remote location is a reminder of the site’s former life as a missile silo during the Cold War. On a beach visible from the center, rolling Pacific waves crest and break against tall humps of rock. In normal years, 600 to 800 different animals come through the center’s doors. But these aren’t normal years. There’s been a surge of sick animals, especially California sea lions (\u003cem>Zalophus californianus\u003c/em>), which live up and down the west coast of North America. The center took in 1,800 animals last year, 1,300 of which were California sea lions. Both numbers were records in the center’s four decades of operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A variety of environmental conditions has led to the surge. A patch of freakishly warm water nicknamed “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the blob\u003c/a>” sat in the northeastern Pacific from 2013 to 2015. The year 2015 also brought a massive bloom of the algae Pseudonitzschia. These microscopic plants produce domoic acid, a toxin that travels up the food chain and concentrates in top predators like sea lions, in some cases causing seizures and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Off the California coast, the ecosystem is really under stress,” says Johnson. That stress is hitting California sea lions particularly hard. Amid these challenging environmental conditions, “The females are having a really, really hard time even finding enough food to produce milk for their pups,” he says. With their mothers struggling to feed them, pups may strike out on their own too soon. They’re landing on shore starving and emaciated — like the one on Norris’s autopsy table. Over the past three years, Johnson says, 80 to 90 percent of all California sea lion pups have died. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has dubbed it an “unusual mortality event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21-.jpg\" alt=\"As part of ongoing patient care, veterinarians use portable technology to examine an X-ray of a sea lion pup's flipper on-site at The Marine Mammal Center.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As part of ongoing patient care, veterinarians use portable technology to examine an X-ray of a sea lion pup’s flipper on-site at The Marine Mammal Center. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953866\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22-.jpg\" alt=\"The X-ray image of an injured sea lion’s flipper reveals the hardware used to set the break.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The X-ray image of an injured sea lion’s flipper reveals the hardware used to set the break. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953868\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23-.jpg\" alt=\"Still recovering from sedation, a disoriented sea lion pup ambles back to its enclosure. Taking the X-ray required multiple staff members to ensure the animal’s safety throughout the procedure.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Still recovering from sedation, a disoriented sea lion pup ambles back to its enclosure. Taking the X-ray required multiple staff members to ensure the animal’s safety throughout the procedure. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the cancer. Scientists first noticed it in California in the 1970s, and they now know it affects Z. californianus along the entire western U.S. coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the 1980s and mid-90s, researchers at the Marine Mammal Center saw cancer in 18 percent of adult California sea lions they examined after death. From 1998 through 2012, that number increased to 26 percent. This may mean the rate of cancer is increasing in the wild, or simply that researchers are paying better attention. Now that they know what to look for, they can spot early-stage cancer in animals without obvious tumors. The toxic algal bloom is also sending young adult animals to the center that might not otherwise have required rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the California sea lion population is large enough that it can absorb the losses from cancer, Johnson says. But if starving pups and other challenges cause the population to plunge, cancer’s relative influence could increase dramatically. And whether or not the disease is becoming more common or simply holding steady, Johnson says he knows one thing for certain: “It’s not declining.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease rates researchers are seeing among sea lions are far from normal, and they want to know why. “Wild populations shouldn’t have cancers like this,” Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Viral Discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the center’s outdoor pens, patients swim in pools or loll like dogs on sunny patches of concrete. Elephant seal pups with identifying yellow “hat” tags stuck on the tops of their heads watch the goings-on with bulging, Disney-esque eyes. Workers and visitors don rubber boots and step into disinfecting footbaths to avoid cross-contamination among species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals in the pens are starving sea lion pups that volunteers are fattening up with a diet of thick, pink “fish milkshakes.” Others have infections, wounds from boat strikes, or brain damage from domoic acid poisoning. If the animals recover, the staff happily sends them splashing back into the surf. While about half of all patients here make it, sea lions don’t fare as well. Last year, only about 35 percent survived to be released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first cancerous California sea lion — a male that staff members nicknamed “Bobby” — showed up among the center’s patients in 1978. During the 1980s and early 1990s, dozens more died during rehabilitation, and researchers found the same types of tumors in the reproductive tracts of all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumors first form in the cervix or penis, then spread, often metastasizing to the lymph nodes and spine. Sick animals typically have swollen genitals and hind flippers. If the cancer has infiltrated the spine, causing partial paralysis, they may have to drag their hind flippers behind them. Inside a stricken animal, “there’s just masses of yellow, cancerous tissue,” says Frances Gulland, senior scientist at the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea lions themselves are affectionate animals. They’re nice to each other. They’re very endearing,” Gulland says. “When you see a sea lion coming in with cancer and they’re in pain… it’s not only distressing but it also compels you to understand why it’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past two decades, the center has intensified its work on cancer research. Scientists have largely focused on causes of the disease and why and how it spreads, Gulland says. When she started working at the center in the mid-1990s, scientists were beginning to suspect that the culprit might be a virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t a crazy idea. Creatures throughout the animal kingdom suffer from cancers that begin as viral infections. In humans, viruses have been linked to as many as 15 to 20 percent of cancers, including cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, lymphomas, and liver cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gulland and others scoured the DNA of cancerous tissues taken from dead sea lions and discovered a previously unknown herpesvirus. The virus appears in the tumors and reproductive tracts of all cancerous sea lions, but is scarce in other parts of the body, and is rarely found in healthy sea lions. While the scientists haven’t proven definitively that the virus causes cancer, evidence is piling up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although that evidence hasn’t yet gotten them closer to curing the cancer-stricken animals, understanding the disease could lead to earlier diagnoses and the development of measures to help prevent its spread. Right now, California sea lions that arrive at the center with suspicious symptoms receive an ultrasound and other tests for cancer. If an animal tests positive, it is euthanized, Gulland says regretfully; there’s nothing else to be done. “We know [the disease] progresses, it’s painful, and it’s not curable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in death, Gulland says, the animals provide a goldmine of information. “Because we have them in hand, we can obtain a lot of very fresh samples.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Causes of Death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris, it turns out, is right about the smell. The sea lion pup she’s now dissecting on the metal table has been frozen and thawed, making its odor reminiscent of roadkill. She says fresh carcasses have more of a musty, sometimes fishy aroma. An open door lets in air, along with barks and chirps that drift in from the outdoor pens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris and Halaska begin to remove and sort through the sea lion’s organs. They pull out fistfuls of intestines in long, pink loops. Halaska dons goggles and turns on a buzzing electric saw to cut through the skull and get at the animal’s brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Marine Mammal Center must determine a cause of death for every animal that reaches this metal table. And each one—fur seal, harbor seal, pregnant female, unborn fetus—surrenders its own set of scientific samples. It may be swabbed for flu viruses; its urine or milk or bile or body lice may be carefully saved. These samples will go to labs all over the country, and some will travel the world. Researchers at the center are participating in 40 different collaborative research projects at the moment, Johnson says. And he estimates that a third of those have to do with the cancer that’s afflicting the California sea lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny sea lion whose blood is now pooling at the edge of the rimmed table was not a cancer victim, and his autopsy is comparatively short. Cancerous sea lions, in contrast, as well as a select few adult “controls” that died of other causes, undergo a much more involved “cancer protocol.” For these, researchers must take extensive samples. Skin. Blood. Brain. Tumor. Norris holds a kidney sample in her gloved palm that looks like a slice of beet—she will send tissue slices like this one to a pathologist, who will scrutinize them under a microscope for cancerous cells. Some of the “control” samples have, when observed more closely, revealed very early signs of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists have learned a few things for certain about the disease. They know animals with cancer carry the herpesvirus. The cancerous animals all have a specific genotype that may help the disease spread. They are also more inbred than other sea lions. Finally, animals with cancer have more pollutants—specifically PCBs and DDT—stored in their blubber than individuals that die of other causes. Research on other marine mammals has linked these ocean contaminants to suppressed immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these pieces of knowledge all fit together, however, isn’t yet clear. The scientists’ best guess, Gulland says, is that exposure to pollutants makes a sea lion more susceptible to a herpesvirus infection. When the virus takes hold, it triggers cancer—somehow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more, researchers are studying the DNA of cancerous tissues in the lab, focusing on changes at the level of the chromosome. They’re measuring the concentrations of contaminants like DDT and PCBs in sea lions’ blubber to find out whether these might make the animals more susceptible to a virus. Alissa Deming, a veterinarian and University of Florida PhD student, is looking at the genetics of the sea lion herpesvirus. She wants to prove that the virus indeed causes sea lion cells to turn cancerous. The next question will be how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Herpesviruses are one of the oldest classes of viruses,” says University of Florida geneticist Rolf Renne, who studies the human herpesvirus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma. “They’re pretty much in all mammals, and even in sea urchins.” Humans alone can be infected by eight different herpesviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These viruses have spent a long time evolving alongside their animal hosts, and they’re usually well-adapted to do little harm, because a dead host is not much good to a virus. Infections can be quite common, and typically lead to cancer or other serious illness only when something suppresses the host’s immune response. “If your immune system craps out on you, then a herpesvirus can take control,” Deming says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human Epstein-Barr virus, for example, is a herpesvirus that infects about 90 percent of adults. It commonly causes mononucleosis, but if its host has an impaired immune system, the virus can lead to lymphomas or other cancers. Another human herpesvirus causes Kaposi’s sarcoma, a disease best known in the U.S. for affecting immune-suppressed AIDS patients. According to Renne, in sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria and other infections compromise people’s immune systems, Kaposi’s sarcoma is much more common—the most common cancer among men, in fact. Ocean contaminants like PCBs and DDT might compromise the immune systems of California sea lions in similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding that cancer-stricken sea lions have more pollutants in their blubber has caught researchers’ attention. “That’s really important for the human health perspective as well,” Gulland says. “These are contaminants the sea lions are acquiring from their prey. And the fish they eat are the same fish that we eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their environment is our environment, in other words. And what scientists can learn about cancer in each species might help the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Messy World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flies circle as Norris and Halaska scoop up and discard what’s left of the young sea lion. Its stripped-down carcass goes into a barrel, which will be picked up and taken to a rendering plant. The carefully collected slices and scraps of its body—anything the researchers aren’t immediately shipping on ice to other scientists—go into vials and plastic baggies, and then into freezers for storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those freezers are in the basement, where Cold War missiles were once stored. The freezers stand at attention in a long white row, drawers stuffed with thousands of samples for future research. Frost crackles as Halaska opens the door to one of them. She points out a baggie holding a whale eyeball as big as an apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who study cancer particularly value samples like these, which come from animals that lived not in the sterile confines of a lab but in the complicated, messy, germy natural world. These marine mammals’ diseases almost certainly arose from a collision of many factors: genes, environment, other animals and parasites with which they crossed paths. Complex as their stories are, in many ways these specimens are far better than specially bred, genetically identical lab rats for helping scientists understand how cancer develops in humans and other animals living in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How can we look at diseases in our marine mammals and translate what we are learning from that to human medicine, and vice versa?” Johnson asks. To him, this cross-species exploration is the most exciting research underway at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that human and veterinary medicine can inform each other is part of a philosophy known as “One Health,” which says that we need to consider the health of people, animals, and the environment simultaneously if want to truly understand each of them. Human diseases don’t exist in isolation and, Deming says, “people are animals too.” This philosophy isn’t yet widespread in the medical world, where doctors tend to be highly specialized. But the National Institutes of Health is starting to embrace the idea. It held a workshop in 2015 on incorporating One Health into its own research; its program for “comparative biomedical scientists” trains new researchers in both human and animal health at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using such an approach, the research on sea lion cancer can help answer big-picture questions about cancer in other species—humans included—and the viruses that may cause it. One place it’s already revealing connections to human cancer-causing viruses is in Renne’s work on Kaposi’s sarcoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying the herpesvirus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma in the lab is difficult. “There’s not an animal model that’s very close,” Renne says. That’s why his interest was piqued when Deming approached him about working together on her PhD research: The sea lions and their resident herpesvirus are turning out to be a great model for humans and our own viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deming’s investigation into the genome of the sea lion herpesvirus has already shown it to have striking similarities to both the Epstein-Barr and Kaposi’s sarcoma viruses. The three belong to the same subfamily, and the sea lion virus has genes that seem equivalent to two cancer-triggering genes in the human herpesviruses. These genes help push a host cell into an immortal, constantly dividing state—a strong hint that the sea lion virus not only causes cancer in its hosts, but does so using similar mechanisms to human viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Renne and Deming are looking into whether the virus targets sea lion genes using microRNAs, tiny bits of genetic material that regulate gene activity. Renne has found this to be the case with the Kaposi’s sarcoma virus. If this is also true of the sea lion virus, Renne says, then the researchers will have solid evidence that there are general mechanisms by which this type of herpesvirus causes cancer across very different mammalian species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she began her PhD research, Deming worked as a clinical veterinarian at SeaWorld in San Diego. She used to get discouraged when she saw cancerous sea lions and could do nothing but euthanize them. But now, her work at the Marine Mammal Center is turning the deaths of these animals into research opportunities. “[It] gives us something productive to do,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the center itself is also turning death into opportunity. Today the deadly missiles are gone, and the walls that once protected them now hold countless samples of animals that lost their lives on this coast. Armed with those bits of blood and bone, scientists hope to protect the health of this ecosystem and the animals—all the animals—that share it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "An aggressive disease afflicting California sea lions is helping scientists understand the causes of cancer in all animals—including humans.",
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"description": "An aggressive disease afflicting California sea lions is helping scientists understand the causes of cancer in all animals—including humans.",
"title": "Scientists Investigate a Mysterious Cancer Plaguing California Sea Lions | KQED",
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"headline": "Scientists Investigate a Mysterious Cancer Plaguing California Sea Lions",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“This one might be a little stinky,” says Tenaya Norris, a scientist at \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a> in Sausalito. Research assistant Barbie Halaska carries a limp, sodden carcass into the room and drapes it across a gleaming steel table.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Each [sea lion] death is a loss — and an opportunity.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Even before the researchers slice into the tiny, brown California sea lion pup and remove its internal organs, the animal is mostly skin and bones. The young male was less than a year old when he arrived. He hung on for ten days, but was already suffering the effects of severe malnourishment when he arrived — he was about one-quarter the size of a healthy pup—and the staff were unable to save him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris stretches out the subject’s flippers. Picking up a scalpel, she gets ready to open the animal from chin to tail. The pup occupies just one narrow corner of a table large enough for an animal many times this size. And the center has seen its fair share of those. The facility takes in several hundred distressed animals each year, from sea lions to elephant seals to the occasional dolphin or sea turtle. Scientists and volunteers do their best to rehabilitate the sick animals and return them to the ocean. But about half will end up on the metal table instead. Each death is a loss — and an opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every animal that dies here is studied exhaustively. Researchers carve the bodies into samples for dozens of ongoing studies. They’re especially interested in the carcasses of California sea lions, which are helping them study a mysterious and aggressive cancer that’s plaguing the species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25-.jpg\" alt=\"Research assistant Barbie Halaska prepares a California sea lion pup carcass for a necropsy at The Marine Mammal Center. Necropsies, like autopsies, help researchers evaluate cause of death—a necessary part of the science and rehabilitation of marine wildlife.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-25--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Research assistant Barbie Halaska prepares a California sea lion pup carcass for a necropsy at The Marine Mammal Center. Necropsies, like autopsies, help researchers evaluate cause of death—a necessary part of the science and rehabilitation of marine wildlife. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26-.jpg\" alt=\"A variety of surgical instruments lie ready for use in the necropsy procedure. The Marine Mammal Center shares tissue samples with researchers from around the world.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-26--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A variety of surgical instruments lie ready for use in the necropsy procedure. The Marine Mammal Center shares tissue samples with researchers from around the world. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The disease starts in the reproductive organs of adult males and females. By the time they die, tumors have sometimes infiltrated their backbones and turned vertebrae to “mush,” Norris says. She describes examining one dead animal whose spine she could simply slice through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than a quarter of the adult California sea lions that die at the Marine Mammal Center suffer from cancer, says director of veterinary science Shawn Johnson. That’s one of the highest cancer rates seen in any wild animal, which is why the center’s scientists have made the disease a research priority. This emphasis has led to some promising discoveries, including the identification of a virus that is likely transmitted sexually and that seems to trigger the cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers can piece together the full story of the California sea lions’ disease, it may help explain how some cancers develop in other animals—including humans. After all, cancer-causing viruses strike people too. At the same time, our understanding of disease susceptibility in humans — in particular, how environmental stressors can turn relatively minor infections into life-threatening disease — is helping scientists understand the role the environment might play in sea lion cancer. In other words, we may not be able to fully understand the set of threats to either species’ health without understanding the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953859\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10-.jpg\" alt=\"A pickup truck used by Marine Mammal Center staff to rescue injured wildlife sports a custom vanity plate. The full word—pinniped—means fin- or flipper-footed, and refers to seals, sea lions, and walruses.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-10--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A pickup truck used by Marine Mammal Center staff to rescue injured wildlife sports a custom vanity plate. The full word — pinniped — means fin- or flipper-footed, and refers to seals, sea lions, and walruses. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Under Pressure\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a sick or injured marine mammal washes up anywhere along 600 miles of the Pacific coastline, volunteers send word to The Marine Mammal Center. If the center decides a rescue is necessary and feasible, it sends a truck. The vehicles carry vanity plates like PINNIPD (for pinniped, a shorthand name for a seal, sea lion, or walrus) or BG ELIE (for elephant seal, a species that’s also represented by a life-sized sculpture at the center). Volunteers use nets and wooden boards to maneuver each sickly or injured creature into an animal crate and onto the truck for its journey to the Marin Headlands — a hilly peninsula separated from San Francisco by the Golden Gate Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center sits high above the ocean, perched on a dry brown hillside dotted with scrubby manzanita. Its remote location is a reminder of the site’s former life as a missile silo during the Cold War. On a beach visible from the center, rolling Pacific waves crest and break against tall humps of rock. In normal years, 600 to 800 different animals come through the center’s doors. But these aren’t normal years. There’s been a surge of sick animals, especially California sea lions (\u003cem>Zalophus californianus\u003c/em>), which live up and down the west coast of North America. The center took in 1,800 animals last year, 1,300 of which were California sea lions. Both numbers were records in the center’s four decades of operation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A variety of environmental conditions has led to the surge. A patch of freakishly warm water nicknamed “\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/23/how-warmer-waters-have-led-to-emaciated-seals-on-california-beaches/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the blob\u003c/a>” sat in the northeastern Pacific from 2013 to 2015. The year 2015 also brought a massive bloom of the algae Pseudonitzschia. These microscopic plants produce domoic acid, a toxin that travels up the food chain and concentrates in top predators like sea lions, in some cases causing seizures and brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Off the California coast, the ecosystem is really under stress,” says Johnson. That stress is hitting California sea lions particularly hard. Amid these challenging environmental conditions, “The females are having a really, really hard time even finding enough food to produce milk for their pups,” he says. With their mothers struggling to feed them, pups may strike out on their own too soon. They’re landing on shore starving and emaciated — like the one on Norris’s autopsy table. Over the past three years, Johnson says, 80 to 90 percent of all California sea lion pups have died. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has dubbed it an “unusual mortality event.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953867\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953867\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21-.jpg\" alt=\"As part of ongoing patient care, veterinarians use portable technology to examine an X-ray of a sea lion pup's flipper on-site at The Marine Mammal Center.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-21--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As part of ongoing patient care, veterinarians use portable technology to examine an X-ray of a sea lion pup’s flipper on-site at The Marine Mammal Center. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953866\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953866\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22-.jpg\" alt=\"The X-ray image of an injured sea lion’s flipper reveals the hardware used to set the break.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-22--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The X-ray image of an injured sea lion’s flipper reveals the hardware used to set the break. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_953868\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2048px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-953868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23-.jpg\" alt=\"Still recovering from sedation, a disoriented sea lion pup ambles back to its enclosure. Taking the X-ray required multiple staff members to ensure the animal’s safety throughout the procedure.\" width=\"2048\" height=\"1365\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23-.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/CAS-Sea-Lions-Valcarcel-23--960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Still recovering from sedation, a disoriented sea lion pup ambles back to its enclosure. Taking the X-ray required multiple staff members to ensure the animal’s safety throughout the procedure. \u003ccite>(Josh Valcarcel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the cancer. Scientists first noticed it in California in the 1970s, and they now know it affects Z. californianus along the entire western U.S. coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between the 1980s and mid-90s, researchers at the Marine Mammal Center saw cancer in 18 percent of adult California sea lions they examined after death. From 1998 through 2012, that number increased to 26 percent. This may mean the rate of cancer is increasing in the wild, or simply that researchers are paying better attention. Now that they know what to look for, they can spot early-stage cancer in animals without obvious tumors. The toxic algal bloom is also sending young adult animals to the center that might not otherwise have required rehabilitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the California sea lion population is large enough that it can absorb the losses from cancer, Johnson says. But if starving pups and other challenges cause the population to plunge, cancer’s relative influence could increase dramatically. And whether or not the disease is becoming more common or simply holding steady, Johnson says he knows one thing for certain: “It’s not declining.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The disease rates researchers are seeing among sea lions are far from normal, and they want to know why. “Wild populations shouldn’t have cancers like this,” Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Viral Discovery\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the center’s outdoor pens, patients swim in pools or loll like dogs on sunny patches of concrete. Elephant seal pups with identifying yellow “hat” tags stuck on the tops of their heads watch the goings-on with bulging, Disney-esque eyes. Workers and visitors don rubber boots and step into disinfecting footbaths to avoid cross-contamination among species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals in the pens are starving sea lion pups that volunteers are fattening up with a diet of thick, pink “fish milkshakes.” Others have infections, wounds from boat strikes, or brain damage from domoic acid poisoning. If the animals recover, the staff happily sends them splashing back into the surf. While about half of all patients here make it, sea lions don’t fare as well. Last year, only about 35 percent survived to be released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first cancerous California sea lion — a male that staff members nicknamed “Bobby” — showed up among the center’s patients in 1978. During the 1980s and early 1990s, dozens more died during rehabilitation, and researchers found the same types of tumors in the reproductive tracts of all of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumors first form in the cervix or penis, then spread, often metastasizing to the lymph nodes and spine. Sick animals typically have swollen genitals and hind flippers. If the cancer has infiltrated the spine, causing partial paralysis, they may have to drag their hind flippers behind them. Inside a stricken animal, “there’s just masses of yellow, cancerous tissue,” says Frances Gulland, senior scientist at the Marine Mammal Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea lions themselves are affectionate animals. They’re nice to each other. They’re very endearing,” Gulland says. “When you see a sea lion coming in with cancer and they’re in pain… it’s not only distressing but it also compels you to understand why it’s happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past two decades, the center has intensified its work on cancer research. Scientists have largely focused on causes of the disease and why and how it spreads, Gulland says. When she started working at the center in the mid-1990s, scientists were beginning to suspect that the culprit might be a virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t a crazy idea. Creatures throughout the animal kingdom suffer from cancers that begin as viral infections. In humans, viruses have been linked to as many as 15 to 20 percent of cancers, including cervical cancer, Hodgkin’s disease, lymphomas, and liver cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gulland and others scoured the DNA of cancerous tissues taken from dead sea lions and discovered a previously unknown herpesvirus. The virus appears in the tumors and reproductive tracts of all cancerous sea lions, but is scarce in other parts of the body, and is rarely found in healthy sea lions. While the scientists haven’t proven definitively that the virus causes cancer, evidence is piling up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although that evidence hasn’t yet gotten them closer to curing the cancer-stricken animals, understanding the disease could lead to earlier diagnoses and the development of measures to help prevent its spread. Right now, California sea lions that arrive at the center with suspicious symptoms receive an ultrasound and other tests for cancer. If an animal tests positive, it is euthanized, Gulland says regretfully; there’s nothing else to be done. “We know [the disease] progresses, it’s painful, and it’s not curable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in death, Gulland says, the animals provide a goldmine of information. “Because we have them in hand, we can obtain a lot of very fresh samples.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Causes of Death\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris, it turns out, is right about the smell. The sea lion pup she’s now dissecting on the metal table has been frozen and thawed, making its odor reminiscent of roadkill. She says fresh carcasses have more of a musty, sometimes fishy aroma. An open door lets in air, along with barks and chirps that drift in from the outdoor pens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Norris and Halaska begin to remove and sort through the sea lion’s organs. They pull out fistfuls of intestines in long, pink loops. Halaska dons goggles and turns on a buzzing electric saw to cut through the skull and get at the animal’s brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at the Marine Mammal Center must determine a cause of death for every animal that reaches this metal table. And each one—fur seal, harbor seal, pregnant female, unborn fetus—surrenders its own set of scientific samples. It may be swabbed for flu viruses; its urine or milk or bile or body lice may be carefully saved. These samples will go to labs all over the country, and some will travel the world. Researchers at the center are participating in 40 different collaborative research projects at the moment, Johnson says. And he estimates that a third of those have to do with the cancer that’s afflicting the California sea lion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tiny sea lion whose blood is now pooling at the edge of the rimmed table was not a cancer victim, and his autopsy is comparatively short. Cancerous sea lions, in contrast, as well as a select few adult “controls” that died of other causes, undergo a much more involved “cancer protocol.” For these, researchers must take extensive samples. Skin. Blood. Brain. Tumor. Norris holds a kidney sample in her gloved palm that looks like a slice of beet—she will send tissue slices like this one to a pathologist, who will scrutinize them under a microscope for cancerous cells. Some of the “control” samples have, when observed more closely, revealed very early signs of cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists have learned a few things for certain about the disease. They know animals with cancer carry the herpesvirus. The cancerous animals all have a specific genotype that may help the disease spread. They are also more inbred than other sea lions. Finally, animals with cancer have more pollutants—specifically PCBs and DDT—stored in their blubber than individuals that die of other causes. Research on other marine mammals has linked these ocean contaminants to suppressed immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these pieces of knowledge all fit together, however, isn’t yet clear. The scientists’ best guess, Gulland says, is that exposure to pollutants makes a sea lion more susceptible to a herpesvirus infection. When the virus takes hold, it triggers cancer—somehow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more, researchers are studying the DNA of cancerous tissues in the lab, focusing on changes at the level of the chromosome. They’re measuring the concentrations of contaminants like DDT and PCBs in sea lions’ blubber to find out whether these might make the animals more susceptible to a virus. Alissa Deming, a veterinarian and University of Florida PhD student, is looking at the genetics of the sea lion herpesvirus. She wants to prove that the virus indeed causes sea lion cells to turn cancerous. The next question will be how.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Herpesviruses are one of the oldest classes of viruses,” says University of Florida geneticist Rolf Renne, who studies the human herpesvirus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma. “They’re pretty much in all mammals, and even in sea urchins.” Humans alone can be infected by eight different herpesviruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These viruses have spent a long time evolving alongside their animal hosts, and they’re usually well-adapted to do little harm, because a dead host is not much good to a virus. Infections can be quite common, and typically lead to cancer or other serious illness only when something suppresses the host’s immune response. “If your immune system craps out on you, then a herpesvirus can take control,” Deming says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human Epstein-Barr virus, for example, is a herpesvirus that infects about 90 percent of adults. It commonly causes mononucleosis, but if its host has an impaired immune system, the virus can lead to lymphomas or other cancers. Another human herpesvirus causes Kaposi’s sarcoma, a disease best known in the U.S. for affecting immune-suppressed AIDS patients. According to Renne, in sub-Saharan Africa, where malaria and other infections compromise people’s immune systems, Kaposi’s sarcoma is much more common—the most common cancer among men, in fact. Ocean contaminants like PCBs and DDT might compromise the immune systems of California sea lions in similar way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding that cancer-stricken sea lions have more pollutants in their blubber has caught researchers’ attention. “That’s really important for the human health perspective as well,” Gulland says. “These are contaminants the sea lions are acquiring from their prey. And the fish they eat are the same fish that we eat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their environment is our environment, in other words. And what scientists can learn about cancer in each species might help the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Messy World\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flies circle as Norris and Halaska scoop up and discard what’s left of the young sea lion. Its stripped-down carcass goes into a barrel, which will be picked up and taken to a rendering plant. The carefully collected slices and scraps of its body—anything the researchers aren’t immediately shipping on ice to other scientists—go into vials and plastic baggies, and then into freezers for storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of those freezers are in the basement, where Cold War missiles were once stored. The freezers stand at attention in a long white row, drawers stuffed with thousands of samples for future research. Frost crackles as Halaska opens the door to one of them. She points out a baggie holding a whale eyeball as big as an apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists who study cancer particularly value samples like these, which come from animals that lived not in the sterile confines of a lab but in the complicated, messy, germy natural world. These marine mammals’ diseases almost certainly arose from a collision of many factors: genes, environment, other animals and parasites with which they crossed paths. Complex as their stories are, in many ways these specimens are far better than specially bred, genetically identical lab rats for helping scientists understand how cancer develops in humans and other animals living in the real world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How can we look at diseases in our marine mammals and translate what we are learning from that to human medicine, and vice versa?” Johnson asks. To him, this cross-species exploration is the most exciting research underway at the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea that human and veterinary medicine can inform each other is part of a philosophy known as “One Health,” which says that we need to consider the health of people, animals, and the environment simultaneously if want to truly understand each of them. Human diseases don’t exist in isolation and, Deming says, “people are animals too.” This philosophy isn’t yet widespread in the medical world, where doctors tend to be highly specialized. But the National Institutes of Health is starting to embrace the idea. It held a workshop in 2015 on incorporating One Health into its own research; its program for “comparative biomedical scientists” trains new researchers in both human and animal health at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using such an approach, the research on sea lion cancer can help answer big-picture questions about cancer in other species—humans included—and the viruses that may cause it. One place it’s already revealing connections to human cancer-causing viruses is in Renne’s work on Kaposi’s sarcoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studying the herpesvirus that causes Kaposi’s sarcoma in the lab is difficult. “There’s not an animal model that’s very close,” Renne says. That’s why his interest was piqued when Deming approached him about working together on her PhD research: The sea lions and their resident herpesvirus are turning out to be a great model for humans and our own viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deming’s investigation into the genome of the sea lion herpesvirus has already shown it to have striking similarities to both the Epstein-Barr and Kaposi’s sarcoma viruses. The three belong to the same subfamily, and the sea lion virus has genes that seem equivalent to two cancer-triggering genes in the human herpesviruses. These genes help push a host cell into an immortal, constantly dividing state—a strong hint that the sea lion virus not only causes cancer in its hosts, but does so using similar mechanisms to human viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Renne and Deming are looking into whether the virus targets sea lion genes using microRNAs, tiny bits of genetic material that regulate gene activity. Renne has found this to be the case with the Kaposi’s sarcoma virus. If this is also true of the sea lion virus, Renne says, then the researchers will have solid evidence that there are general mechanisms by which this type of herpesvirus causes cancer across very different mammalian species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before she began her PhD research, Deming worked as a clinical veterinarian at SeaWorld in San Diego. She used to get discouraged when she saw cancerous sea lions and could do nothing but euthanize them. But now, her work at the Marine Mammal Center is turning the deaths of these animals into research opportunities. “[It] gives us something productive to do,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a way, the center itself is also turning death into opportunity. Today the deadly missiles are gone, and the walls that once protected them now hold countless samples of animals that lost their lives on this coast. Armed with those bits of blood and bone, scientists hope to protect the health of this ecosystem and the animals—all the animals—that share it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story comes from \u003ca href=\"http://biographic.com/\">Biographic\u003c/a>, an online magazine published by San Francisco’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Exploring Historic Shipwrecks Along California's Redwood Coast",
"title": "Exploring Historic Shipwrecks Along California's Redwood Coast",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Traveling along the seafloor, 2,600 feet beneath the surface, a remotely operated vessel approaches a shipwreck that’s not been seen in 65 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swimming through the jellyfish and \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenophores.html\">ctenophore\u003c/a>-flecked waters, the ROV’s cameras focus on a ship, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvl-22.com/\" target=\"_blank\">USS Independence\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. It’s encrusted with sea life -- nature quickly colonizes all in its domain -- yet many features are still intact on the deck of this World War II-era aircraft carrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> was part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and in October 1944 was part of\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> the \u003ca href=\"http://www.public.navy.mil/surflant/cg55/Pages/Battle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Battle of Leyte Gulf\u003c/a>, the largest naval battle in modern history. Fought to support the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese occupation, the battle was a decisive victory for the Allies against the Japanese Navy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the war, the ship was used as a target in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/operation-crossroads\" target=\"_blank\">Operation Crossroads\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> to test the impacts of nuclear weapons at Bikini Atoll. The U.S. Navy scuttled the heavily damaged carrier in 1951, not far from the Farallon Islands. It has been there ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/qZLNKc84YA4\">[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZLNKc84YA4&w=800&h=349]\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding and exploring \u003cem>Independence \u003c/em>was a joint project between the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanexplorationtrust.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Exploration Trust\u003c/a>, a Connecticut organization founded by famed underwater explorer Robert Ballard, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/local/navhist/\" target=\"_blank\">Naval History and Heritage Command\u003c/a>. The remotely operated vehicles \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/hercules/hercules.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Hercules\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-argus\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Argus\u003c/em>\u003c/a> were both \u003ca href=\"http://ojhstreasure.weebly.com/the-rovs.html\" target=\"_blank\">part of the Titanic exploration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this fresh look at \u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> has just been one part of the search for maritime artifacts along the Northern Californian coast this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early August, James Delgado, director of the NOAA's Maritime Heritage Program, stands on a bluff at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=449\">Fort Ross Historic State Park\u003c/a>, about a three-hour drive north of San Francisco. It's an area that has long attracted people to the coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280107851\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For thousands of years this environment has nurtured people,\" says Delgado. \"Its rich offshore nutrients have made the marine mammals thrive, along with fish. And so, for the Kashia (band of Pomo) and their ancestors, they certainly have used these waters. The Russians came by sea and settled here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, Russian settlers hunted marine mammals at Fort Ross, primarily selling otter pelts. By the middle of the century, though, otter populations crashed, and most Russians returned to their homeland. So, t\u003cspan class=\"s1\">he main industry became timber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062465\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg\" alt=\"A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1075\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-400x537.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-1180x1585.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-960x1290.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries. \u003ccite>(Robert Schwemmer, NOAA ONMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know if the average person realizes what an active area this was back in the 19th century and turn of the century,\" says Deborah Marx, a maritime archaeologist with NOAA. \"Schooners were traveling up and down the coast, shipping this lumber, mainly to San Francisco.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma and Mendocino redwood ended up around the globe, attractive because it is so resistant to rot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was moved onto larger vessels and shipped all over the world,\" says Marx. \"They shipped it to Hong Kong, China, Australia, South America. And so our lumber industry here really fueled the development of lots of these countries. It was essential for the building of the railroads. You wanted a very durable hardwood that would last especially in the hot humid conditions, in places like South America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support that industry, tiny ports known as \"doghole ports\" (so named because a dog could barely turn around in them) popped up along the coast: Duncans Mills, Timber Cove and Salt Point Landing are a few of the places still known today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the ports, loggers and mariners set up elaborate timber chutes to transfer cargo from the shore directly to the deck of a ship anchored near the coast at a mooring. It was easy for things to go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" size=\"large\" ids=\"11062459,11062461\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're anchored in and a storm comes up, then you're going to get pushed into the rocks. And in that way a lot of these ships were lost,\" says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists searched the national archive, old news clippings and historical accounts to find sites of shipwrecks along the coast. Their underwater and land survey of ports this month searched for both old shipwrecks and old port infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Divers searched the waters at four ports: Fort Ross, Gerstle Cove, Fisk Mill Cove and Duncan's Landing. They found old port infrastructure at Fort Ross and Gerstle, visited the remains of the steamship \u003ci>Pomona, \u003c/i>which sank in 1908 near Fort Ross and made exploratory dives to locate the schooner \u003ci>J. Eppinger\u003c/i>, bark \u003ci>Windermere\u003c/i> and steamship \u003ci>Whitelaw\u003c/i>. It seems that \u003cem>Eppinger\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Windermere\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Whitelaw \u003c/em>may be lost to time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg\" alt=\"A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"497\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-400x248.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-1180x733.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo. \u003ccite>(Fort Ross Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Searching for old shipwrecks, especially the ones that have been battered by storms and waves, isn’t like in the movies, explains Ken Kramer, diving safety officer for\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\"> California State Parks\u003c/a> and one of the searchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Usually when you see these things, they're so encrusted with marine life and plant life that sometimes it's hard to tell submerged features just from parts of the reef,\" says Kramer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It could simply be a piece of wood or a piece of iron or some other feature that now is almost unrecognizable until you do the homework and doing the investigation. You know, with the ruggedness of the coast, and the exposure to waves, it's very unlikely that you find anything fully intact or even partially intact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Footage from the dives and maps made with new uncovered information will be available to the public through the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html\" target=\"_blank\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> website in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Traveling along the seafloor, 2,600 feet beneath the surface, a remotely operated vessel approaches a shipwreck that’s not been seen in 65 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swimming through the jellyfish and \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.washington.edu/cemills/Ctenophores.html\">ctenophore\u003c/a>-flecked waters, the ROV’s cameras focus on a ship, the \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.cvl-22.com/\" target=\"_blank\">USS Independence\u003c/a>\u003c/em>. It’s encrusted with sea life -- nature quickly colonizes all in its domain -- yet many features are still intact on the deck of this World War II-era aircraft carrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> was part of the U.S. Pacific Fleet, and in October 1944 was part of\u003cspan class=\"s1\"> the \u003ca href=\"http://www.public.navy.mil/surflant/cg55/Pages/Battle.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Battle of Leyte Gulf\u003c/a>, the largest naval battle in modern history. Fought to support the liberation of the Philippines from Japanese occupation, the battle was a decisive victory for the Allies against the Japanese Navy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the war, the ship was used as a target in \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/operation-crossroads\" target=\"_blank\">Operation Crossroads\u003c/a>,\u003c/em> to test the impacts of nuclear weapons at Bikini Atoll. The U.S. Navy scuttled the heavily damaged carrier in 1951, not far from the Farallon Islands. It has been there ever since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/qZLNKc84YA4\">\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/qZLNKc84YA4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/qZLNKc84YA4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding and exploring \u003cem>Independence \u003c/em>was a joint project between the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oceanexplorationtrust.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Ocean Exploration Trust\u003c/a>, a Connecticut organization founded by famed underwater explorer Robert Ballard, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.navy.mil/local/navhist/\" target=\"_blank\">Naval History and Heritage Command\u003c/a>. The remotely operated vehicles \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/hercules/hercules.html\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Hercules\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nautiluslive.org/tech/rov-argus\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Argus\u003c/em>\u003c/a> were both \u003ca href=\"http://ojhstreasure.weebly.com/the-rovs.html\" target=\"_blank\">part of the Titanic exploration\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this fresh look at \u003cem>Independence\u003c/em> has just been one part of the search for maritime artifacts along the Northern Californian coast this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In early August, James Delgado, director of the NOAA's Maritime Heritage Program, stands on a bluff at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=449\">Fort Ross Historic State Park\u003c/a>, about a three-hour drive north of San Francisco. It's an area that has long attracted people to the coastline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280107851&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280107851'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For thousands of years this environment has nurtured people,\" says Delgado. \"Its rich offshore nutrients have made the marine mammals thrive, along with fish. And so, for the Kashia (band of Pomo) and their ancestors, they certainly have used these waters. The Russians came by sea and settled here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1800s, Russian settlers hunted marine mammals at Fort Ross, primarily selling otter pelts. By the middle of the century, though, otter populations crashed, and most Russians returned to their homeland. So, t\u003cspan class=\"s1\">he main industry became timber.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062465\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg\" alt=\"A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1075\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062465\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-800x1075.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-400x537.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-1180x1585.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Poster-960x1290.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of shipwrecks and doghole ports in Cordell Bank and Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuaries. \u003ccite>(Robert Schwemmer, NOAA ONMS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I don't know if the average person realizes what an active area this was back in the 19th century and turn of the century,\" says Deborah Marx, a maritime archaeologist with NOAA. \"Schooners were traveling up and down the coast, shipping this lumber, mainly to San Francisco.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sonoma and Mendocino redwood ended up around the globe, attractive because it is so resistant to rot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was moved onto larger vessels and shipped all over the world,\" says Marx. \"They shipped it to Hong Kong, China, Australia, South America. And so our lumber industry here really fueled the development of lots of these countries. It was essential for the building of the railroads. You wanted a very durable hardwood that would last especially in the hot humid conditions, in places like South America.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To support that industry, tiny ports known as \"doghole ports\" (so named because a dog could barely turn around in them) popped up along the coast: Duncans Mills, Timber Cove and Salt Point Landing are a few of the places still known today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the ports, loggers and mariners set up elaborate timber chutes to transfer cargo from the shore directly to the deck of a ship anchored near the coast at a mooring. It was easy for things to go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're anchored in and a storm comes up, then you're going to get pushed into the rocks. And in that way a lot of these ships were lost,\" says Delgado.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archaeologists searched the national archive, old news clippings and historical accounts to find sites of shipwrecks along the coast. Their underwater and land survey of ports this month searched for both old shipwrecks and old port infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Divers searched the waters at four ports: Fort Ross, Gerstle Cove, Fisk Mill Cove and Duncan's Landing. They found old port infrastructure at Fort Ross and Gerstle, visited the remains of the steamship \u003ci>Pomona, \u003c/i>which sank in 1908 near Fort Ross and made exploratory dives to locate the schooner \u003ci>J. Eppinger\u003c/i>, bark \u003ci>Windermere\u003c/i> and steamship \u003ci>Whitelaw\u003c/i>. It seems that \u003cem>Eppinger\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Windermere\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Whitelaw \u003c/em>may be lost to time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11062475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg\" alt=\"A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"497\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11062475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-800x497.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-400x248.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-1180x733.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Doghole3-960x596.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A waiting schooner at a Timber Cove doghole port is moored at three points, perilously close to shore, to receive its cargo. \u003ccite>(Fort Ross Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Searching for old shipwrecks, especially the ones that have been battered by storms and waves, isn’t like in the movies, explains Ken Kramer, diving safety officer for\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\"> California State Parks\u003c/a> and one of the searchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Usually when you see these things, they're so encrusted with marine life and plant life that sometimes it's hard to tell submerged features just from parts of the reef,\" says Kramer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It could simply be a piece of wood or a piece of iron or some other feature that now is almost unrecognizable until you do the homework and doing the investigation. You know, with the ruggedness of the coast, and the exposure to waves, it's very unlikely that you find anything fully intact or even partially intact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Footage from the dives and maps made with new uncovered information will be available to the public through the \u003ca href=\"http://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html\" target=\"_blank\">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> website in the coming months.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Cities Try to Revive PCB Pollution Case Against Monsanto",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Jose, Oakland and Berkeley plan to refile water pollution lawsuits against Monsanto that a federal judge dismissed earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the St. Louis-based company over the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls -- more commonly known as PCBs -- that continue to pollute San Francisco Bay through storm runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto was the only U.S. manufacturer of PCBs from the 1930s until the late 1970s, when \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-bans-pcb-manufacture-phases-out-uses.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal ban\u003c/a> took effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCBs, a group of toxic chemicals that pose \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=30&po=10\" target=\"_blank\">a wide array of health hazards\u003c/a>, were used to insulate electrical transformers and in a variety of other applications, including paint, caulking, ink and lubricants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area cities each sued Monsanto, which now focuses on biotech and chemicals for the agricultural market, arguing the company should share in the cost they're required to pay to clean up PCB-polluted stormwater flowing into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, the cities' complaints alleged that Monsanto was responsible for a public nuisance -- a claim that under California law would require the cities to own the stormwater passing through their pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_30283980/judge-dismisses-bay-area-cities-suit-against-monsanto\">dismissed the cities' suits\u003c/a>, agreeing with Monsanto that California law makes stormwater the property of the state, not its municipalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The cities do not take ownership of stormwater merely because it flows through municipal pipes on its way to the bay,\" Davila wrote..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Davila is allowing the cities to amend and refile their lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three cities plan to take the judge up on that offer. They will try to prove that because the cities are tasked with various tasks related to stormwater -- including pollution control -- they do have a property right and should be able to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is unfair to the cities to say, 'You are being required to clean up all of this stormwater, but we're not going to let you bring a lawsuit when there's a third party responsible for polluting that stormwater,' \" said John Fiske, one of the attorneys representing the cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fiske said there is a \"logical gap\" in state law that requires cities to clean up the stormwater but doesn't give them property rights to that same stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to show Judge Davila why that gap should not exist in the law and why the cities do have standing to bring stormwater cases,\" Fiske said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case comes as the usefulness of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Word-change-will-help-California-capture-storm-9174021.php\">stormwater is getting a closer look\u003c/a> as California continues to deal with a prolonged drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cities and towns have traditionally treated stormwater as an annoyance,\" said Dave Owen, a professor at UC Hastings College of the Law who specializes in water law. \"A lot of the water that floods out of our cities, especially during heavy rainstorms, is a problem when we send it off as stormwater, but it could be really useful if we could somehow hold onto it and make use of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Owen said it's unclear whether cities own the stormwater that flows through their pipes or whether it belongs to the state and cities merely might have permission to use it, like a tenant who uses an apartment that a landlord actually owns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities have until Sept. 13 to file their amended complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto did not respond to requests for comment. But in a statement issued after Davila delivered his ruling, the company was critical of the cities' litigation. From the Mercury News:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The court's ruling confirms that there is no legal basis of the cities' claims,\" Scott Partridge, vice president of global strategy at Monsanto, said in a statement. \"The cities of San Jose, Berkeley and Oakland have been ill-served by the overly aggressive tactics of their contingency fee counsel, and we hope this ruling will conclude this matter.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Jose, Oakland and Berkeley plan to refile water pollution lawsuits against Monsanto that a federal judge dismissed earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities sued the St. Louis-based company over the presence of polychlorinated biphenyls -- more commonly known as PCBs -- that continue to pollute San Francisco Bay through storm runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto was the only U.S. manufacturer of PCBs from the 1930s until the late 1970s, when \u003ca href=\"https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-bans-pcb-manufacture-phases-out-uses.html\" target=\"_blank\">a federal ban\u003c/a> took effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PCBs, a group of toxic chemicals that pose \u003ca href=\"http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=30&po=10\" target=\"_blank\">a wide array of health hazards\u003c/a>, were used to insulate electrical transformers and in a variety of other applications, including paint, caulking, ink and lubricants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area cities each sued Monsanto, which now focuses on biotech and chemicals for the agricultural market, arguing the company should share in the cost they're required to pay to clean up PCB-polluted stormwater flowing into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, the cities' complaints alleged that Monsanto was responsible for a public nuisance -- a claim that under California law would require the cities to own the stormwater passing through their pipes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, U.S. District Court Judge Edward J. Davila \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_30283980/judge-dismisses-bay-area-cities-suit-against-monsanto\">dismissed the cities' suits\u003c/a>, agreeing with Monsanto that California law makes stormwater the property of the state, not its municipalities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The cities do not take ownership of stormwater merely because it flows through municipal pipes on its way to the bay,\" Davila wrote..\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Davila is allowing the cities to amend and refile their lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three cities plan to take the judge up on that offer. They will try to prove that because the cities are tasked with various tasks related to stormwater -- including pollution control -- they do have a property right and should be able to sue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is unfair to the cities to say, 'You are being required to clean up all of this stormwater, but we're not going to let you bring a lawsuit when there's a third party responsible for polluting that stormwater,' \" said John Fiske, one of the attorneys representing the cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fiske said there is a \"logical gap\" in state law that requires cities to clean up the stormwater but doesn't give them property rights to that same stormwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're going to show Judge Davila why that gap should not exist in the law and why the cities do have standing to bring stormwater cases,\" Fiske said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This case comes as the usefulness of \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/editorials/article/Word-change-will-help-California-capture-storm-9174021.php\">stormwater is getting a closer look\u003c/a> as California continues to deal with a prolonged drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Cities and towns have traditionally treated stormwater as an annoyance,\" said Dave Owen, a professor at UC Hastings College of the Law who specializes in water law. \"A lot of the water that floods out of our cities, especially during heavy rainstorms, is a problem when we send it off as stormwater, but it could be really useful if we could somehow hold onto it and make use of it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Owen said it's unclear whether cities own the stormwater that flows through their pipes or whether it belongs to the state and cities merely might have permission to use it, like a tenant who uses an apartment that a landlord actually owns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cities have until Sept. 13 to file their amended complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto did not respond to requests for comment. But in a statement issued after Davila delivered his ruling, the company was critical of the cities' litigation. From the Mercury News:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The court's ruling confirms that there is no legal basis of the cities' claims,\" Scott Partridge, vice president of global strategy at Monsanto, said in a statement. \"The cities of San Jose, Berkeley and Oakland have been ill-served by the overly aggressive tactics of their contingency fee counsel, and we hope this ruling will conclude this matter.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tesla Motors moved a step closer in its bid to buy SolarCity after federal regulators said the $2.6 billion deal doesn't present antitrust concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla announced plans to purchase the solar panel installer earlier this month, and Reuters says the Federal Trade Commission quickly signed off \"because the merging companies have few or no overlaps.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR's Jeff Brady has more on the deal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Tesla is pursing the acquisition because on top of building cars, the company says it wants to produce the renewable energy that could power them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deal comes as rooftop solar companies face pressure from competition and a changing regulatory landscape. Utility regulators across the country have begun reducing the subsidies designed to encourage new solar panel installations.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.solarcity.com/tesla-and-solarcity-to-combine/\">SolarCity agreed to the deal\u003c/a> amid decreased expectations of growth for the company. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-08-09/solarcity-earnings-the-ultimate-tesla-takeover-pitch\">As Bloomberg Gadfly\u003c/a> columnist Liam Denning wrote shortly after:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"SolarCity's cash balance at the end of June was less than a third the level of a year earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SolarCity blamed the rapid burn in the second quarter in part on Tesla's initial takeover announcement, saying it complicated getting some financing in the door by the end of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But that takeover offer is a lifeline, albeit a qualified one. Until Tesla made its announcement, SolarCity's stock had joined its peers in a downhill run this year.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In January, Brady reported that the company would \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/01/13/462883585/solar-firms-stop-selling-panels-in-nevada-to-protest-state-rule-change\">cut more than 500 jobs\u003c/a> after Nevada regulators \"increased a fee for solar customers and reduced how much utilities pay for excess power sold back to the grid.\" And just this week, SolarCity announced layoffs for 108 employees at two of its California offices in anticipation of the Tesla deal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_30280720/solarcity-lay-off-108-workers-san-mateo-san\">the Mercury News\u003c/a> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That report came a day after Tesla CEO Elon Musk — who is SolarCity's chairman, its largest shareholder and a cousin of founders Lyndon and Peter Rive — announced his plan to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-solarcity-debt-idUSKCN10Y2G6\">purchase $65 million in bonds\u003c/a> from SolarCity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tesla Motors moved a step closer in its bid to buy SolarCity after federal regulators said the $2.6 billion deal doesn't present antitrust concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tesla announced plans to purchase the solar panel installer earlier this month, and Reuters says the Federal Trade Commission quickly signed off \"because the merging companies have few or no overlaps.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR's Jeff Brady has more on the deal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Tesla is pursing the acquisition because on top of building cars, the company says it wants to produce the renewable energy that could power them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deal comes as rooftop solar companies face pressure from competition and a changing regulatory landscape. Utility regulators across the country have begun reducing the subsidies designed to encourage new solar panel installations.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blog.solarcity.com/tesla-and-solarcity-to-combine/\">SolarCity agreed to the deal\u003c/a> amid decreased expectations of growth for the company. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-08-09/solarcity-earnings-the-ultimate-tesla-takeover-pitch\">As Bloomberg Gadfly\u003c/a> columnist Liam Denning wrote shortly after:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"SolarCity's cash balance at the end of June was less than a third the level of a year earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"SolarCity blamed the rapid burn in the second quarter in part on Tesla's initial takeover announcement, saying it complicated getting some financing in the door by the end of June.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But that takeover offer is a lifeline, albeit a qualified one. Until Tesla made its announcement, SolarCity's stock had joined its peers in a downhill run this year.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In January, Brady reported that the company would \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/01/13/462883585/solar-firms-stop-selling-panels-in-nevada-to-protest-state-rule-change\">cut more than 500 jobs\u003c/a> after Nevada regulators \"increased a fee for solar customers and reduced how much utilities pay for excess power sold back to the grid.\" And just this week, SolarCity announced layoffs for 108 employees at two of its California offices in anticipation of the Tesla deal, \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_30280720/solarcity-lay-off-108-workers-san-mateo-san\">the Mercury News\u003c/a> reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That report came a day after Tesla CEO Elon Musk — who is SolarCity's chairman, its largest shareholder and a cousin of founders Lyndon and Peter Rive — announced his plan to \u003ca href=\"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-solarcity-debt-idUSKCN10Y2G6\">purchase $65 million in bonds\u003c/a> from SolarCity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "The Future of National Parks is Going to be a Lot Hotter",
"headTitle": "The Future of National Parks is Going to be a Lot Hotter | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Summertime is primetime for national parks. As snow melts, wildflowers bloom and waterfalls roar, generations of visitors have flocked to the natural wonders that dot the American landscape (to say nothing of all the amazing cultural sites the National Park Service protects).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service was created a century ago — August 25, 1916 to be exact — to keep an eye on the growing treasure trove of national parks. It’s been a good century as more and more land has been set aside and annual visitors now number more than 300 million, but it’s also not been without challenges. Chief among them is \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/director/\">climate change\u003c/a>, which will drastically \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/quiz/\">alter national park landscapes\u003c/a> in the coming decades including cranking up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/100-years-of-warming-at-the-national-parks\">heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As part of Climate Central’s ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> project, we analyzed just how much hotter parks are projected to get later this century. We looked at the future summer temperatures in all the parks in the Lower 48 states except Dry Tortugas National Park (sorry, Fort Jefferson lovers!) assuming greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could make you sweat. Parks are projected to have summers that are 8-12°F hotter by 2100. That means currently cool mountainous parks could be as hot as the plains. Parks in the Southeast, already a pretty hot place, will face even more extreme temperatures with a climate more like southern Texas. And otherworldly Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also analyzed how many more days with extreme heat the parks could face. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/extreme-heat\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is a hallmark of global warming, and its impact will be most arresting in the national parks where people go, by design, to be outside in the summer. Like the rest of the country, parks are going to be seeing more dangerously hot days above 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2100, the glaciers of Montana’s Glacier National Park \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">will be long gone\u003c/a> and rising temperatures will be one of the big reasons why. Visitors will not only have to contend with an ice-free landscape, but also hotter temperatures. Today the park sees an average of only one 90°F day each year. It could see 27 days with temperatures above 90°F by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park, high in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, currently sees about two weeks of 90°F weather every year. By 2050, it could see nearly a month of those temperatures, and by 2100 it could get nearly 50 such days each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Great Smoky Mountains, currently the most-visited National Park, could go from fewer than 10 days above 90°F each year, on average now, to three months with those scorching temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous other parks, the number of days above 100°F is projected to skyrocket. Big Bend National Park in Texas could see more than 110 days above 100°F each year, on average. And Great Basin National Park in Nevada, which currently doesn’t have any days above 100°F in a typical year, could see a month of those temperatures each year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s likely that parks on the more extreme end of the temperature scale will see a drop in summer visitation, but more visitors are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/national-parks-warm-temps-19123\">likely to show up in fall\u003c/a> and spring when it won’t be fry-an-egg-on-the-sidewalk hot. That may stretch park resources thin as most parks are set up to handle summer crowds and quieter shoulder seasons. How parks deal with the change in visitation season is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all this is to say nothing about the impacts extreme heat will have on the natural resources around which we created national parks in the first place. Joshua Tree could become too hot for its namesake trees and there’s evidence that extreme summer days could create more rockfalls in Yosemite, which could change the face of the stunning valley at the center of the park. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">Wildfire risk\u003c/a> will also skyrocket across the West and could make summer park vacations not only more hot but \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-national-park-service-birthday-19371\">more smoky\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are just the most visible changes. Whole ecosystems are likely to be disrupted and there are consequences scientists probably haven’t even uncovered yet (those are the ones that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/gradual-climate-changes-could-cause-sudden-impacts-16792\">could be the worst\u003c/a> since we’ll be least prepared).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the daunting situation facing the National Park Service in its second century, there are signs it’s up for the challenge. It’s already addressing climate change from \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/new-york-parks-sea-level-rise/\">the coast\u003c/a> to the \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">high mountains\u003c/a> and has an \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">A-Team team of experts\u003c/a> to help parks answer the gnarly questions they face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no denying that national parks will look a lot different by the end of the century, but that won’t make them any less a part of the fabric of American identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by James Bronzan and Alyson Kenward, PhD.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology:\u003c/strong>\u003cem> Future temperatures for 47 National Parks were calculated based on the median of 29 spatially downscaled climate models (CMIP5) at 1/8 degree scale, then averaged within park boundaries. National parks in Alaska and Hawaii, along with Dry Tortugas National Park, were excluded because projections at this resolution were unavailable. Temperatures for 2050 are based on the 20-year average of 2041-2060 and for 2100 are based on the period 2080-2099. Projected temperatures assume that greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate (RCP8.5). The interactive map features the average summer daily high temperature (June-August), while days over 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, 95\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, and 100\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F were counted annually. The current period values for parks and climate divisions are based on the 1991-2010 average calculated using a gridded observational dataset by Ed Maurer of Santa Clara University. \u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Summertime is primetime for national parks. As snow melts, wildflowers bloom and waterfalls roar, generations of visitors have flocked to the natural wonders that dot the American landscape (to say nothing of all the amazing cultural sites the National Park Service protects).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service was created a century ago — August 25, 1916 to be exact — to keep an eye on the growing treasure trove of national parks. It’s been a good century as more and more land has been set aside and annual visitors now number more than 300 million, but it’s also not been without challenges. Chief among them is \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/director/\">climate change\u003c/a>, which will drastically \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/quiz/\">alter national park landscapes\u003c/a> in the coming decades including cranking up the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/gallery/graphics/100-years-of-warming-at-the-national-parks\">heat\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>As part of Climate Central’s ongoing \u003ca href=\"http://statesatrisk.org/\">States at Risk\u003c/a> project, we analyzed just how much hotter parks are projected to get later this century. We looked at the future summer temperatures in all the parks in the Lower 48 states except Dry Tortugas National Park (sorry, Fort Jefferson lovers!) assuming greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results could make you sweat. Parks are projected to have summers that are 8-12°F hotter by 2100. That means currently cool mountainous parks could be as hot as the plains. Parks in the Southeast, already a pretty hot place, will face even more extreme temperatures with a climate more like southern Texas. And otherworldly Joshua Tree National Park in southern California will face the greatest geographical climate shift, with temperatures more like Abu Dhabi by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also analyzed how many more days with extreme heat the parks could face. \u003ca href=\"http://wxshift.com/climate-change/climate-indicators/extreme-heat\">Extreme heat\u003c/a> is a hallmark of global warming, and its impact will be most arresting in the national parks where people go, by design, to be outside in the summer. Like the rest of the country, parks are going to be seeing more dangerously hot days above 90°F, 95°F, and 100°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2100, the glaciers of Montana’s Glacier National Park \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">will be long gone\u003c/a> and rising temperatures will be one of the big reasons why. Visitors will not only have to contend with an ice-free landscape, but also hotter temperatures. Today the park sees an average of only one 90°F day each year. It could see 27 days with temperatures above 90°F by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yosemite National Park, high in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, currently sees about two weeks of 90°F weather every year. By 2050, it could see nearly a month of those temperatures, and by 2100 it could get nearly 50 such days each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Great Smoky Mountains, currently the most-visited National Park, could go from fewer than 10 days above 90°F each year, on average now, to three months with those scorching temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In numerous other parks, the number of days above 100°F is projected to skyrocket. Big Bend National Park in Texas could see more than 110 days above 100°F each year, on average. And Great Basin National Park in Nevada, which currently doesn’t have any days above 100°F in a typical year, could see a month of those temperatures each year by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s likely that parks on the more extreme end of the temperature scale will see a drop in summer visitation, but more visitors are \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/national-parks-warm-temps-19123\">likely to show up in fall\u003c/a> and spring when it won’t be fry-an-egg-on-the-sidewalk hot. That may stretch park resources thin as most parks are set up to handle summer crowds and quieter shoulder seasons. How parks deal with the change in visitation season is an open question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all this is to say nothing about the impacts extreme heat will have on the natural resources around which we created national parks in the first place. Joshua Tree could become too hot for its namesake trees and there’s evidence that extreme summer days could create more rockfalls in Yosemite, which could change the face of the stunning valley at the center of the park. \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">Wildfire risk\u003c/a> will also skyrocket across the West and could make summer park vacations not only more hot but \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildfires-national-park-service-birthday-19371\">more smoky\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are just the most visible changes. Whole ecosystems are likely to be disrupted and there are consequences scientists probably haven’t even uncovered yet (those are the ones that \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/gradual-climate-changes-could-cause-sudden-impacts-16792\">could be the worst\u003c/a> since we’ll be least prepared).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the daunting situation facing the National Park Service in its second century, there are signs it’s up for the challenge. It’s already addressing climate change from \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/new-york-parks-sea-level-rise/\">the coast\u003c/a> to the \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/glacier/\">high mountains\u003c/a> and has an \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">A-Team team of experts\u003c/a> to help parks answer the gnarly questions they face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no denying that national parks will look a lot different by the end of the century, but that won’t make them any less a part of the fabric of American identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> \u003cem>is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Analysis by James Bronzan and Alyson Kenward, PhD.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Methodology:\u003c/strong>\u003cem> Future temperatures for 47 National Parks were calculated based on the median of 29 spatially downscaled climate models (CMIP5) at 1/8 degree scale, then averaged within park boundaries. National parks in Alaska and Hawaii, along with Dry Tortugas National Park, were excluded because projections at this resolution were unavailable. Temperatures for 2050 are based on the 20-year average of 2041-2060 and for 2100 are based on the period 2080-2099. Projected temperatures assume that greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate (RCP8.5). The interactive map features the average summer daily high temperature (June-August), while days over 90\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, 95\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F, and 100\u003csup>o\u003c/sup>F were counted annually. The current period values for parks and climate divisions are based on the 1991-2010 average calculated using a gridded observational dataset by Ed Maurer of Santa Clara University. \u003c/em>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:15 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 24:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers on Wednesday sent Gov. Jerry Brown a package of climate change legislation that he vowed to sign into law, capping weeks of uncertainty over the future of an issue that both legislative leaders and the governor consider among their top priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a> would, together, set out much more ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goals, give lawmakers more oversight over the controversial California Air Resources Board and direct the board to prioritize disadvantaged communities when setting rules that help reduce pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, California took another historic step forward to clean up our air and reduce harmful fuel emissions,” said state Senate President Pro Tem Kevin \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León\u003c/span>, D-Los Angeles. “We showed, also, that we will not be intimidated. We carried out the will of the people of California who overwhelmingly want us to take action, and we are sending a very clear message to the state, the nation and the world that we are committed to our economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that we can grow and prosper without poisoning our communities or the lungs of our children. and we have proof beyond question that there is indeed a better way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The portion of AB 197 that attempts to help low-income, highly polluted regions is a response to complaints that past environmental measures have mostly benefited already wealthy communities. Its inclusion, along with the increased legislative oversight of regulators, helped convince moderate Democrats and even a few Republicans to support the bill package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In passing SB 32, we drew up a road map. AB 197 is the vehicle that gets us there,” said Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, D-Los Angeles. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Assembly Bill 197 provides the mechanisms to make sure the goals we set in SB 32 are reached. Greater legislative oversight, as well as agency accountability and data transparency from the Air Resources Board, will only make our climate change efforts benefit all Californians.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11060153 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg\" alt='Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an “important milestone.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-400x279.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-1180x824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-960x671.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an ‘important milestone.’ \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AB 197 attempts to help disadvantaged communities by directing the Air Resources Board to collect and publicly release more data and create regulations that would reduce pollution at the biggest “stationary” and “mobile” polluters — i.e., industries and vehicles that could be harming those communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led to charges that supporters were trying to move away from the state’s cap-and-trade program, which lets big polluters buy the right to emit greenhouse gases, in favor of reducing emissions at their source, like at factories and in cars. While backers of the bills say that’s not the case, the legislation doesn’t specifically mention the state’s cap-and-trade program, which has an uncertain future in part because it is being fought by business groups in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown called the bills an “important milestone,” acknowledging the strong opposition to all of the state’s climate change policies and laws by the oil industry and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The passage of these bills gives legislative force to our goals for 2030. This is a real commitment backed up by real power as a result as the votes taken,” he said. “And in many ways the struggle of the last few days is actually quite helpful because often people talk about clean air and global warming in a very abstract way, but the effort to decarbonize our economy in California and throughout the world is a tall hill that we are climbing. And there is opposition, and it is a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Republican Assemblywoman Kristin Olsen, of Modesto, said the legislation will only exacerbate the “tale of two Californians” by continuing to pit poorer inland areas against wealthier coastal communities and destroying jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all want cleaner air. My son has asthma, I get it — we all want to work on policies that will improve the environment, but the question is at what cost?” she said. “And we have already seen thousands upon thousands of Californians hurt, middle-class families, hurt by the policies we have already passed. And we will be driving more people into poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, Tuesday, August 23:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly on Tuesday approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a>, which would require California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030. That’s a step up from the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32\">current law\u003c/a> that requires emissions meet 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get there, the state would focus on things like increasing the use of renewable energy and encouraging the use of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) cast the issue as a moral one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this context of climate change and global warming, you know we talk a lot about making sure we save polar bears,” he says. “Well, I want to talk about saving children and making sure they don’t have to live with dirty air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A broader version of the bill \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/10/lawmakers-rush-to-pass-bills-by-Friday-deadline/\">failed in the Assembly\u003c/a> last year, and the 2016 version still has many critics. Among them is Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Plumas Lake). He says the policy undercuts job-creating industries like trucking, construction and manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And everybody just likes to just pile it on the oil and gas industry. Those are good-paying jobs that employ a whole lot of people in this state,” he says. “A heck of a lot more than any solar array company does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill faces a final vote in the Senate before it can go to Gov. Jerry Brown, who announced his support in a statement on Tuesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Yesterday, big oil bought a full-page ad in the capital city’s newspaper of record to halt action on climate. Today, the Assembly Speaker, most Democrats and one brave Republican passed SB 32, rejecting the brazen deception of the oil lobby and their Trump-inspired allies who deny science and fight every reasonable effort to curb global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look forward to signing this bill – and AB 197 – when they land on my desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these bills, California’s charting a clear path on climate beyond 2020 and we’ll continue to work to shore up the cap-and-trade program, reduce super pollutants and direct more investment to disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But SB 32 can take effect only if \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a>, which would regulate the California Air Resources Board, is approved as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED reporter Marisa Lagos contributed to this report. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4:15 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 24:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers on Wednesday sent Gov. Jerry Brown a package of climate change legislation that he vowed to sign into law, capping weeks of uncertainty over the future of an issue that both legislative leaders and the governor consider among their top priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a> would, together, set out much more ambitious greenhouse gas reduction goals, give lawmakers more oversight over the controversial California Air Resources Board and direct the board to prioritize disadvantaged communities when setting rules that help reduce pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, California took another historic step forward to clean up our air and reduce harmful fuel emissions,” said state Senate President Pro Tem Kevin \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León\u003c/span>, D-Los Angeles. “We showed, also, that we will not be intimidated. We carried out the will of the people of California who overwhelmingly want us to take action, and we are sending a very clear message to the state, the nation and the world that we are committed to our economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that we can grow and prosper without poisoning our communities or the lungs of our children. and we have proof beyond question that there is indeed a better way,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The portion of AB 197 that attempts to help low-income, highly polluted regions is a response to complaints that past environmental measures have mostly benefited already wealthy communities. Its inclusion, along with the increased legislative oversight of regulators, helped convince moderate Democrats and even a few Republicans to support the bill package.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In passing SB 32, we drew up a road map. AB 197 is the vehicle that gets us there,” said Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon, D-Los Angeles. \u003cspan class=\"s1\">“Assembly Bill 197 provides the mechanisms to make sure the goals we set in SB 32 are reached. Greater legislative oversight, as well as agency accountability and data transparency from the Air Resources Board, will only make our climate change efforts benefit all Californians.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11060153\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11060153 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg\" alt='Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an “important milestone.\"' width=\"800\" height=\"559\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-800x559.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-400x279.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-1180x824.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Brown-960x671.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Jerry Brown has announced he supports the bills, calling them an ‘important milestone.’ \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>AB 197 attempts to help disadvantaged communities by directing the Air Resources Board to collect and publicly release more data and create regulations that would reduce pollution at the biggest “stationary” and “mobile” polluters — i.e., industries and vehicles that could be harming those communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That led to charges that supporters were trying to move away from the state’s cap-and-trade program, which lets big polluters buy the right to emit greenhouse gases, in favor of reducing emissions at their source, like at factories and in cars. While backers of the bills say that’s not the case, the legislation doesn’t specifically mention the state’s cap-and-trade program, which has an uncertain future in part because it is being fought by business groups in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown called the bills an “important milestone,” acknowledging the strong opposition to all of the state’s climate change policies and laws by the oil industry and others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The passage of these bills gives legislative force to our goals for 2030. This is a real commitment backed up by real power as a result as the votes taken,” he said. “And in many ways the struggle of the last few days is actually quite helpful because often people talk about clean air and global warming in a very abstract way, but the effort to decarbonize our economy in California and throughout the world is a tall hill that we are climbing. And there is opposition, and it is a struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Republican Assemblywoman Kristin Olsen, of Modesto, said the legislation will only exacerbate the “tale of two Californians” by continuing to pit poorer inland areas against wealthier coastal communities and destroying jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We all want cleaner air. My son has asthma, I get it — we all want to work on policies that will improve the environment, but the question is at what cost?” she said. “And we have already seen thousands upon thousands of Californians hurt, middle-class families, hurt by the policies we have already passed. And we will be driving more people into poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original Post, Tuesday, August 23:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Assembly on Tuesday approved \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\">Senate Bill 32\u003c/a>, which would require California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030. That’s a step up from the \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32\">current law\u003c/a> that requires emissions meet 1990 levels by 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get there, the state would focus on things like increasing the use of renewable energy and encouraging the use of electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia (D-Coachella) cast the issue as a moral one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In this context of climate change and global warming, you know we talk a lot about making sure we save polar bears,” he says. “Well, I want to talk about saving children and making sure they don’t have to live with dirty air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A broader version of the bill \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/10/lawmakers-rush-to-pass-bills-by-Friday-deadline/\">failed in the Assembly\u003c/a> last year, and the 2016 version still has many critics. Among them is Assemblyman James Gallagher (R-Plumas Lake). He says the policy undercuts job-creating industries like trucking, construction and manufacturing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And everybody just likes to just pile it on the oil and gas industry. Those are good-paying jobs that employ a whole lot of people in this state,” he says. “A heck of a lot more than any solar array company does.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill faces a final vote in the Senate before it can go to Gov. Jerry Brown, who announced his support in a statement on Tuesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Yesterday, big oil bought a full-page ad in the capital city’s newspaper of record to halt action on climate. Today, the Assembly Speaker, most Democrats and one brave Republican passed SB 32, rejecting the brazen deception of the oil lobby and their Trump-inspired allies who deny science and fight every reasonable effort to curb global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I look forward to signing this bill – and AB 197 – when they land on my desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With these bills, California’s charting a clear path on climate beyond 2020 and we’ll continue to work to shore up the cap-and-trade program, reduce super pollutants and direct more investment to disadvantaged communities.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But SB 32 can take effect only if \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\">Assembly Bill 197\u003c/a>, which would regulate the California Air Resources Board, is approved as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story includes \u003ca href=\"#correction\">a correction\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators plan to fine the East Bay Municipal Utility District $426,000 for polluting a creek in Oakland’s Upper Rockridge neighborhood last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD crews were working on a major pipeline replacement project near Glen Echo Creek on April 8, 2015, when a worker accidentally opened an old out-of-service water pipe, dumping more than 34,000 gallons of cellular concrete into the waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/10/oakland-creek-cement-spill-could-take-a-year-to-clean-up/\">spill\u003c/a> violated state water law, prompting the proposed fine by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, which the local agency has agreed to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an expensive mistake and East Bay MUD has learned its lesson,” said EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. “For us as a water agency, stewardship of the environment is our main value and our main goal and it’s important to us that we fix this … and that it doesn’t happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative fine comes on the heels of an investigation by state fish and game officials that determined the water district accidentally polluted state waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creek is still suffering damage from the spill, and Pook says efforts to restore Glen Echo will take several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11059900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png\" alt=\"The East Bay Municipal Utility District's map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png 792w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The East Bay Municipal Utility District’s map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(EBMUD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>EBMUD’s latest restoration job will include placing 8 cubic yards of rocks in the creek to prevent erosion and improve wildlife habitat, Pook said. The agency plans to monitor the health of the creek for years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill also changed how the water district handles some of its major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last year’s pipeline replacement work, an employee thought a valve on the 24-inch water pipe was closed when it was actually open, leading to the spill of about a dozen truckloads of cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, EBMUD requires crews to conduct air-pressure tests on water pipes before placing any material in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We instituted a pressure-testing procedure which makes sure that this can’t occur again,” Pook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spill was judged to be an accident, state officials decided not to file criminal charges and instead agreed to a civil settlement, according to Andrew Hughan, a California Fish and Wildlife spokesman who said his department conducts investigations into hundreds of similar incidents yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed penalty is the result of an agreement between several state and local agencies, including Fish and Wildlife, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board and EBMUD. The public can comment on the tentative fine for the next several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the agreement is adopted, the penalty would go to the regional water board for water pollution cleanup, the San Francisco Estuary Institute to study water quality and the state Office of Spill Prevention and Response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"correction\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: We initially reported that the proposed fine was being issued by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The agency proposing the fine is actually the California Regional Water Quality Control Board.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Utility says it has learned a lesson from what it calls 'an expensive mistake.' ",
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"title": "State Fines East Bay MUD Over Oakland Cement Spill | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note: This story includes \u003ca href=\"#correction\">a correction\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State regulators plan to fine the East Bay Municipal Utility District $426,000 for polluting a creek in Oakland’s Upper Rockridge neighborhood last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EBMUD crews were working on a major pipeline replacement project near Glen Echo Creek on April 8, 2015, when a worker accidentally opened an old out-of-service water pipe, dumping more than 34,000 gallons of cellular concrete into the waterway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/04/10/oakland-creek-cement-spill-could-take-a-year-to-clean-up/\">spill\u003c/a> violated state water law, prompting the proposed fine by the California Regional Water Quality Control Board, which the local agency has agreed to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an expensive mistake and East Bay MUD has learned its lesson,” said EBMUD spokeswoman Andrea Pook. “For us as a water agency, stewardship of the environment is our main value and our main goal and it’s important to us that we fix this … and that it doesn’t happen again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative fine comes on the heels of an investigation by state fish and game officials that determined the water district accidentally polluted state waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The creek is still suffering damage from the spill, and Pook says efforts to restore Glen Echo will take several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059900\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11059900\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png\" alt=\"The East Bay Municipal Utility District's map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.)\" width=\"400\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap-400x309.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/ebmudspillmap.png 792w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The East Bay Municipal Utility District’s map of the areas affected by a 2015 concrete spill into Glen Echo Creek. (Click for larger image.) \u003ccite>(EBMUD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>EBMUD’s latest restoration job will include placing 8 cubic yards of rocks in the creek to prevent erosion and improve wildlife habitat, Pook said. The agency plans to monitor the health of the creek for years, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill also changed how the water district handles some of its major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During last year’s pipeline replacement work, an employee thought a valve on the 24-inch water pipe was closed when it was actually open, leading to the spill of about a dozen truckloads of cement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, EBMUD requires crews to conduct air-pressure tests on water pipes before placing any material in them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We instituted a pressure-testing procedure which makes sure that this can’t occur again,” Pook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the spill was judged to be an accident, state officials decided not to file criminal charges and instead agreed to a civil settlement, according to Andrew Hughan, a California Fish and Wildlife spokesman who said his department conducts investigations into hundreds of similar incidents yearly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposed penalty is the result of an agreement between several state and local agencies, including Fish and Wildlife, the California Regional Water Quality Control Board and EBMUD. The public can comment on the tentative fine for the next several weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the agreement is adopted, the penalty would go to the regional water board for water pollution cleanup, the San Francisco Estuary Institute to study water quality and the state Office of Spill Prevention and Response.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca id=\"correction\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: We initially reported that the proposed fine was being issued by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. The agency proposing the fine is actually the California Regional Water Quality Control Board.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Inside the Tech Center That Keeps Firefighting at the Cutting Edge",
"title": "Inside the Tech Center That Keeps Firefighting at the Cutting Edge",
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"content": "\u003cp>Here's a sobering idea during one of the most destructive fire seasons in memory: Over the next few decades, climate change is expected to supercharge fire risk in California. Researchers think summers will be hotter and drier, increasing the potential for big blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">One study by the research group Climate Central\u003c/a> predicts that by 2050, the number of high-risk fire days in the state will jump by a fifth, from 120 a year to 145. Add that to the fact that right now, there are 11 million Californians living in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this looming threat ahead, what are firefighters doing to prepare?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blowing up hoses for starters, said Sam Wu, project leader with the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is a sprawling 18-acre campus owned by the U.S. Forest Service in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. It's where the future of firefighting is being developed and tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059781\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg\" alt=\"Sam Wu holds out two samples of fire hose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-400x270.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-1180x795.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-960x647.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Wu holds out two samples of firehose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team push trucks, pumps and hoses to their limits. On a typical day, they might pump a hose with as much as 1,200 pounds per square inch of water pressure, four times what your normal firehose experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they'll drop hot metal cubes on it to see how well the material withstands being struck by a burning ember.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty often the hoses explode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Last year we bought over 6,600 miles of firehose,\" he added. \"That's a lot of firehose.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Jsm6yMVdwcJvzf2DdJSXwD9njlUMFmte\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all in service of making sure firefighters have the toughest, safest and most effective gear when battling blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Dimas Technology and Development Center was founded just after World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The government was looking at repurposing excess military equipment to use for domestic firefighting efforts,\" Wu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service took trucks, planes and even helicopters and turned them into tools for fighting fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, the center started designing better fire engines that could climb steep hills without tipping over. Today it's still tweaking the design, strengthening cabs so trucks that roll over won't crush passengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059789\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over.\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-400x281.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-960x675.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also helped develop special filters that stop fire-causing sparks from flying out of the exhaust systems of motorcycles and chainsaws. And it pioneered standards for the use of planes that drop fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the center is working on helping the Forest Service switch its fleet of fire tankers from propeller planes to jets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though jets are old hat to commercial airlines, converting them to firefighting safety standards has taken time. Making sure these new planes drop the right amount of retardant in the right place is key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281630829\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest models are piloting a newly developed tanker door system to evenly spread that signature orange goo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's worth the effort, said test pilot Brent Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been flying and fighting fires for more than 30 years. One thing he likes about the new jets is the speed. Last year he was able to zip from a fire in Fairbanks, Alaska, to another fire in Wendover, Nevada, in roughly four hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the older airplanes, depending on what that was, that could have been a six to 10-hour flight,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery type=\"rectangular\" link=\"file\" size=\"medium\" ids=\"11059836,11059835,11059840\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//giphy.com/embed/l0MYssaDHN0nXDIpG\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big part of firefighting is dealing with, well, a lot of fire. How do you do that in a controlled setting to test crucial gear without accidentally burning down your lab?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center just recently purchased a new burn simulator. It's a machine that can create a large and controlled fire, perfect for seeing how much heat new equipment can take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first of its kind in the country and cost around $350,000. The simulator is capable of generating a wall of fire 47 feet long. The center plans to use it to evaluate the toughness of trucks and other firefighting equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment.\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment. \u003ccite>(SAN DIMAS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The center also evaluates new firefighting tools developed elsewhere, like the Personal Alert and Tracking System (PATS) created by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a combination monitor and communication device that can send alerts across several miles of wilderness, even when there’s no cell reception, said Ed Chow, project leader for the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it can let firefighters know if a blaze is headed their way. It can also keeps tabs on where team members are. It monitors their vital signs and even senses if one falls down a slope and needs help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chow said the San Dimas Center tested the system and gave feedback on everything from the display to the batteries, which at first were fancy lithium ion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then firefighters say they only use AA-batteries ... all the equipment uses AA-batteries,\" he laughed. He switched to AA after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the system is just a prototype, but it could one day be a crucial tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-400x273.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-960x655.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, new technology alone won't be enough to curb the growing threat of wildfire, said Tom Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s some point where the concept that you have gear that’s going to save you is irrelevant,\" Scott said. \"That’s not going to happen because the fires are going to be too intense and people are going to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott thinks research and forest management are also a key part of reducing fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stresses the need to think critically about where homes are built since in Southern California, people are by far the number one cause of fire. At the same time, we continue to develop communities in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Wu with the San Dimas center knows that the threat of wildfire grows year by year. He tries not to let it stress him out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hope that we are putting ourselves in a position where we can handle that stuff,\" he said. \"We need to refine the things that we do and think of it on a bigger scale in terms of how we can help firefighters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team will keep looking for new ways to keep people safe, no matter how many exploded hoses it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/sanden-totten\">Sanden Totten\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Here's a sobering idea during one of the most destructive fire seasons in memory: Over the next few decades, climate change is expected to supercharge fire risk in California. Researchers think summers will be hotter and drier, increasing the potential for big blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/western-wildfires-climate-change-20475\">One study by the research group Climate Central\u003c/a> predicts that by 2050, the number of high-risk fire days in the state will jump by a fifth, from 120 a year to 145. Add that to the fact that right now, there are 11 million Californians living in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this looming threat ahead, what are firefighters doing to prepare?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blowing up hoses for starters, said Sam Wu, project leader with the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is a sprawling 18-acre campus owned by the U.S. Forest Service in the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. It's where the future of firefighting is being developed and tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059781\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059781\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg\" alt=\"Sam Wu holds out two samples of fire hose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-800x539.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-400x270.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-1180x795.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/WuHoses-960x647.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sam Wu holds out two samples of firehose used at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team push trucks, pumps and hoses to their limits. On a typical day, they might pump a hose with as much as 1,200 pounds per square inch of water pressure, four times what your normal firehose experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they'll drop hot metal cubes on it to see how well the material withstands being struck by a burning ember.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty often the hoses explode.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Last year we bought over 6,600 miles of firehose,\" he added. \"That's a lot of firehose.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's all in service of making sure firefighters have the toughest, safest and most effective gear when battling blazes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Dimas Technology and Development Center was founded just after World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The government was looking at repurposing excess military equipment to use for domestic firefighting efforts,\" Wu said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service took trucks, planes and even helicopters and turned them into tools for fighting fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1960s, the center started designing better fire engines that could climb steep hills without tipping over. Today it's still tweaking the design, strengthening cabs so trucks that roll over won't crush passengers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059789\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg\" alt=\"Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over.\" width=\"800\" height=\"563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-800x563.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-400x281.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-1180x830.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TiltingTruck-960x675.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Staff at the San Dimas Technology and Development Center use a tilt bed to see how much incline fire trucks can take before they start to tip over. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It also helped develop special filters that stop fire-causing sparks from flying out of the exhaust systems of motorcycles and chainsaws. And it pioneered standards for the use of planes that drop fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the center is working on helping the Forest Service switch its fleet of fire tankers from propeller planes to jets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though jets are old hat to commercial airlines, converting them to firefighting safety standards has taken time. Making sure these new planes drop the right amount of retardant in the right place is key.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281630829&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281630829'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest models are piloting a newly developed tanker door system to evenly spread that signature orange goo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's worth the effort, said test pilot Brent Connor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been flying and fighting fires for more than 30 years. One thing he likes about the new jets is the speed. Last year he was able to zip from a fire in Fairbanks, Alaska, to another fire in Wendover, Nevada, in roughly four hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the older airplanes, depending on what that was, that could have been a six to 10-hour flight,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"//giphy.com/embed/l0MYssaDHN0nXDIpG\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" scrolling=\"yes\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big part of firefighting is dealing with, well, a lot of fire. How do you do that in a controlled setting to test crucial gear without accidentally burning down your lab?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center just recently purchased a new burn simulator. It's a machine that can create a large and controlled fire, perfect for seeing how much heat new equipment can take.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the first of its kind in the country and cost around $350,000. The simulator is capable of generating a wall of fire 47 feet long. The center plans to use it to evaluate the toughness of trucks and other firefighting equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059843\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg\" alt=\"A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment.\" width=\"800\" height=\"536\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-800x536.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-400x268.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-1180x790.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/BurnSim-960x643.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A large fire simulator. The U.S. Forest Service recently purchased one to use in various tests of new firefighting equipment. \u003ccite>(SAN DIMAS TECHNOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The center also evaluates new firefighting tools developed elsewhere, like the Personal Alert and Tracking System (PATS) created by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a combination monitor and communication device that can send alerts across several miles of wilderness, even when there’s no cell reception, said Ed Chow, project leader for the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means it can let firefighters know if a blaze is headed their way. It can also keeps tabs on where team members are. It monitors their vital signs and even senses if one falls down a slope and needs help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chow said the San Dimas Center tested the system and gave feedback on everything from the display to the batteries, which at first were fancy lithium ion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And then firefighters say they only use AA-batteries ... all the equipment uses AA-batteries,\" he laughed. He switched to AA after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the system is just a prototype, but it could one day be a crucial tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11059845\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11059845\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-400x273.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-1180x805.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/TrackingSystem-960x655.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ed Chow with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory shows off the Personal Alert and Tracking System he helped develop for firefighters. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, new technology alone won't be enough to curb the growing threat of wildfire, said Tom Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There’s some point where the concept that you have gear that’s going to save you is irrelevant,\" Scott said. \"That’s not going to happen because the fires are going to be too intense and people are going to die.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott thinks research and forest management are also a key part of reducing fire risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stresses the need to think critically about where homes are built since in Southern California, people are by far the number one cause of fire. At the same time, we continue to develop communities in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sam Wu with the San Dimas center knows that the threat of wildfire grows year by year. He tries not to let it stress him out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We hope that we are putting ourselves in a position where we can handle that stuff,\" he said. \"We need to refine the things that we do and think of it on a bigger scale in terms of how we can help firefighters.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wu and his team will keep looking for new ways to keep people safe, no matter how many exploded hoses it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Poll Challenges Stereotypes About People of Color and National Parks",
"headTitle": "Poll Challenges Stereotypes About People of Color and National Parks | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>A recent poll challenges the stereotype that people of color aren’t interested in outdoor recreation or national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/\">New America Media\u003c/a> surveyed 900 African American, Latino and Asian Pacific-American voters nationwide about their recreation habits. Seventy percent of participants said they enjoy activities like picnicking, camping, fishing and hunting. And 57 percent of respondents said they’ve visited a national park — more than two-thirds of them in the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It really is as simple as providing people with a map. To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.’\u003ccite>Anthony Williams,\u003cbr>\nBendixen & Amandi International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The numbers do not surprise Rue Mapp, the founder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which sponsors outdoor activities. She says she’s talked with lots of blacks who love spending time in wild places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been out in the field and I have been listening to the stories,” Mapp says. “I have been pushing back on the stereotypes and assumptions. My answer has been consistently that you’re not looking in the right places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to note that the poll surveyed \u003ci>voters\u003c/i>. The results reflect higher interest levels than one might deduce from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national visitation numbers\u003c/a>. The most recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009RaceEthnicity.pdf\">survey\u003c/a> of national parks in 2009 showed that only one in five tourists was a person of color. Yet, the country is twice that diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barriers to Entry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survey respondents cited long distances and costs as the main reasons they don’t visit national parks more frequently. People of color are more likely to choose a community park near their home than trek to an unknown destination that may be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re simply unaware, to a great extent, about the national public lands that are available around them whether it be parks, forests, historic sites, etcetera,” says Anthony Williams of Bendixen & Amandi International, the public opinion research firm which conducted the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several African-Americans I interviewed on the streets of San Francisco expressed a similar sentiment, for a recent \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\">story\u003c/a> about efforts to increase diversity in national parks. Besides not knowing which national parks are nearby, some people I talked to said they don’t feel welcome and think of national parks as playgrounds for white wealthy folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The National Parks Need Visitors of Color to Stay Relevant\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says increased outreach efforts are needed to educate underrepresented groups that neither the location nor the cost of many national parks is prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-895961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Olive-Tambou-backpacking-at-point-reyes-annual-female-backpacking-trip-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Olive Tambou backpacking at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olive Tambou backpacks at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It really is as simple as providing people with a map,” he says. “To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of survey respondents support proposals to increase visitor access through urban parks, monuments, historic and cultural sites that focus on the contributions of minorities in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, the National Park Service has not focused on marketing to communities of color because the the majority of the U.S. population has been of European descent. But demographics are changing. The Census Bureau predicts that by 2043, communities of color will be the national majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The parks have to be reintroduced to more Americans in order to create a legacy of experience,” says Williams. “I would compare it to Disneyland. Disneyland has an enormous marketing budget and everybody knows where Disneyland is and what to expect when they get there. And so people budget for it, make the time for it and they go. The national public lands are really a secret that needs to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The release of the New America Media poll coincides with a national tour this week by federal officials who are commemorating the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell and Small Business Administrator Maria Contreras-Sweet will tour César E. Chávez National Monument in Southern California on Wednesday, August 24. They will then hold a town hall discussion addressing diversity and inclusion at national parks.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A recent poll challenges the stereotype that people of color aren’t interested in outdoor recreation or national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newamericamedia.org/\">New America Media\u003c/a> surveyed 900 African American, Latino and Asian Pacific-American voters nationwide about their recreation habits. Seventy percent of participants said they enjoy activities like picnicking, camping, fishing and hunting. And 57 percent of respondents said they’ve visited a national park — more than two-thirds of them in the past three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It really is as simple as providing people with a map. To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.’\u003ccite>Anthony Williams,\u003cbr>\nBendixen & Amandi International\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The numbers do not surprise Rue Mapp, the founder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"http://www.outdoorafro.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor Afro\u003c/a>, which sponsors outdoor activities. She says she’s talked with lots of blacks who love spending time in wild places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been out in the field and I have been listening to the stories,” Mapp says. “I have been pushing back on the stereotypes and assumptions. My answer has been consistently that you’re not looking in the right places.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s important to note that the poll surveyed \u003ci>voters\u003c/i>. The results reflect higher interest levels than one might deduce from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national visitation numbers\u003c/a>. The most recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/docs/CompSurvey2008_2009RaceEthnicity.pdf\">survey\u003c/a> of national parks in 2009 showed that only one in five tourists was a person of color. Yet, the country is twice that diverse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barriers to Entry\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Survey respondents cited long distances and costs as the main reasons they don’t visit national parks more frequently. People of color are more likely to choose a community park near their home than trek to an unknown destination that may be expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re simply unaware, to a great extent, about the national public lands that are available around them whether it be parks, forests, historic sites, etcetera,” says Anthony Williams of Bendixen & Amandi International, the public opinion research firm which conducted the poll.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several African-Americans I interviewed on the streets of San Francisco expressed a similar sentiment, for a recent \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2016/08/08/national-parks-have-some-work-to-do-to-become-parks-for-all/\">story\u003c/a> about efforts to increase diversity in national parks. Besides not knowing which national parks are nearby, some people I talked to said they don’t feel welcome and think of national parks as playgrounds for white wealthy folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The National Parks Need Visitors of Color to Stay Relevant\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Williams says increased outreach efforts are needed to educate underrepresented groups that neither the location nor the cost of many national parks is prohibitive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_895961\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-895961\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Olive-Tambou-backpacking-at-point-reyes-annual-female-backpacking-trip-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Olive Tambou backpacking at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Olive Tambou backpacks at Point Reyes National Seashore, about an hour north of San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It really is as simple as providing people with a map,” he says. “To go to a national park doesn’t mean you have to go to Yosemite. There’s probably one within 30 minutes of wherever you live.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eighty percent of survey respondents support proposals to increase visitor access through urban parks, monuments, historic and cultural sites that focus on the contributions of minorities in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now, the National Park Service has not focused on marketing to communities of color because the the majority of the U.S. population has been of European descent. But demographics are changing. The Census Bureau predicts that by 2043, communities of color will be the national majority.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The parks have to be reintroduced to more Americans in order to create a legacy of experience,” says Williams. “I would compare it to Disneyland. Disneyland has an enormous marketing budget and everybody knows where Disneyland is and what to expect when they get there. And so people budget for it, make the time for it and they go. The national public lands are really a secret that needs to get out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The release of the New America Media poll coincides with a national tour this week by federal officials who are commemorating the 100th anniversary of the National Park Service. U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell and Small Business Administrator Maria Contreras-Sweet will tour César E. Chávez National Monument in Southern California on Wednesday, August 24. They will then hold a town hall discussion addressing diversity and inclusion at national parks.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why California’s Current Drought Is Different From the Past",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 1987, California was at the beginning of what would be a six-year drought — the second driest in the state’s history. Fittingly, that same year \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/staff-and-board/dr-peter-h-gleick/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Gleick\u003c/a> helped to co-found the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://pacinst.org/\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a global think tank that would become a leader in global environmental and California water issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, Gleick had just finished a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley, in the Energy & Resources Group, where his dissertation was the first to study the impact of climate change on water resources. Eager to use his background in climate science and hydrology in a multidisciplinary endeavor, he and graduate school colleagues launched the Pacific Institute, turning a $37,000 grant into an internationally recognized research institute that has just celebrated 29 years in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick’s academic training taught him that environmental problems are not technology problems, economic problems or political problems — but all of those things. That lens has helped inform the research perspectives at the Pacific Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_940415\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-940415\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Gleick co-founded the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, in 1987 and now serves as its president emeritus and chief scientist. \" width=\"3000\" height=\"2263\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-400x302.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-768x579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-1440x1086.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-1920x1448.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-1180x890.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-960x724.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Gleick co-founded the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, in 1987 and now serves as its president emeritus and chief scientist. \u003ccite>(John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In July, Gleick transitioned his role at the organization to president emeritus and chief scientist, to focus less on the daily tasks of running the organization and more on research and writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently sat down with Gleick to talk about the evolution of California water issues over the last three decades and the biggest problems facing the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Since you started the Pacific Institute, California has been through several droughts. Is this drought different, or are we handling it differently this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Gleick: Yes and yes. Droughts are a natural part of our landscape. We have wet years and dry years. But this particular drought is unusual for a couple of reasons. One of the big differences is that we have around 39 million people now. We have millions more people than the 1976–77 drought and the 1987–92 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the question is: How do you define drought? If it’s just hydrologic – this drought is bad enough. It’s probably the worst hydrologic drought, four years in a row and now the fifth year. But I define drought as not having enough water to do what you want. If that’s the case, then there are social and economic and population factors that come into it. It’s certainly the worst, given growing pressure on the limited water that we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very clearly one of the things that sets this drought apart is that now there is this incredibly clear climate signal. I think it’s unambiguous and that’s new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are we approaching drought any differently?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: There is that John Steinbeck quote from “East of Eden”: “And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. It was always that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it rains a lot we forget about drought, and when it’s dry we forget that sometimes it floods in California. Having said that, there are permanent changes happening, like the fact that we were able to get groundwater legislation passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to say whether the conservation we’ve seen over the last year, especially when there was a mandatory 25 percent cutback in urban use, will disappear or not now that it has been lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most urban agencies have now set new \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/executive-summaries/2016/08/19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conservation targets of zero\u003c/a>, which is an indication of the mentality that we can go back to our old way of thinking, but I don’t think all the conservation will disappear. Some of it is permanent replacement of inefficient toilets and washing machines and shower heads and lawns. Some of it is behavioral, and we’ll see that slip somewhat. I don’t know yet. I think we may be in a transition — we’ll see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You’re not buying the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/08/05/why-scoring-zero-in-stress-tests-is-good-news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argument from water suppliers\u003c/a> that having zero conservation goals is a good thing because it means they have a resilient water supply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: No, I’m not. Some agencies are doing really well on conservation and efficiency, and some are doing terribly. The standard that the state board set — do this evaluation and if you have three years of reliable supply, you’re OK — is a very weak standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one other critical issue: Whether or not a water agency has three years of reliable supply is not a good measurement of whether or not ecosystems are healthy, or our salmon runs are being restored, or the Pacific flyway and the bird migratory routes are healthy, or water quality is good. It’s an incomplete measure of how well we are doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think a loss of revenue by water suppliers because of conservation is part of the issue?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: Yes, I completely understand why the water agencies don’t want a mandate. It’s largely, but not solely, due to the fact that we have not done a good job in California of providing economic models that encourage water utilities to save water. As long as their revenues depend on selling water, there is a fundamental conflict of interest between their need to fund their operations and their fixed costs, and the state’s need to encourage more efficient use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: California is often seen as a leader on environmental issues. When it comes to water, where is the state leading and where is it lagging?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: We’ve always been a leader on water efficiency standards and before that a huge leader on energy efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find another area where I would say we are really leading. Groundwater management has been abysmal – we were the last state to have any groundwater law, and it’s still not implemented. We still have unmetered connections. We’re still not balancing ecosystem needs and human needs for water. The fight in the [Sacramento-San Joaquin] Delta is a never-ending fight and that’s what it is about – it’s about delivery of water to humans versus ecosystem health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are innovative things going on all over the state, but they aren’t widespread enough in my opinion to be able to say we’re a leader to the extent we ought to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are a few things we should do right away?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: We need massively comprehensive water efficiency standards for residential, agriculture, commercial and industrial [use]. We are way behind on collecting and making publicly available water data. We need to be massively expanding wastewater treatment and reuse, and that’s slowly happening. And stormwater capture, we could do more. We need to fix the Delta. We need to get over this hump of the political impasse. Everyone agrees the Delta’s broken, we just can’t agree on how to fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you see that being resolved any time in the near future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: No, not as long as there is this antiquated, archaic belief that one more piece of infrastructure will solve the problem. Some kind of tunnel or diversion might be a good idea, but not the way they are proposing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem is tied to a difference of opinion about how much water we can take out of the Delta. As long as there is a belief by some contractors and south of Delta water users that they can have as much as they are having now or more, there is not going to be an agreement – because the science suggests we are taking too much water out of the Delta. As long as there is unceasing rhetoric from Central Valley politicians that the environment is a problem, rather than part of the solution, it’s going to be a stalemate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You’ve written a lot of about the “\u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/issues/sustainable-water-management-local-to-global/soft-path-for-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soft path\u003c/a>” for water, which is very different from the reliance on big dams and other infrastructure that drove water policy in the 20th century. Are we on that soft path or anywhere near it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: We are on it in the sense that there is a transition happening from the idea that hard infrastructure and hard institutions will solve our water problems, to a realization that it’s not just water supply, that it’s supply and demand. It’s not just centralized infrastructure, it’s community participation in decision-making. That economics is not just the price of water but dealing with environmental externalities and environmental justice issues – all of those are components of the soft path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there’s a growing realization that all of those are critical components of a sustainable California water future. But it’s slow. We still see people who think a couple more dams, another $15 or $20 billion set of tunnels will solve our problems, and that’s a fantasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are more voices in California water policy. The environmental justice community is increasingly participating and sought-after in discussions about policy. We’re thinking about new forms of economics and markets and transfers. And we’re completely shifting the focus not just from supply, to demand. And to new supplies like treated wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, I think we’re on the path, but I think it’s a long slog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m convinced that we’re moving toward a sustainable water future in California and globally. It will take a long time, but it’s inevitable. The challenge is how to make it happen faster and with less pain than following the old traditional approaches will produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/23/peter-gleick-why-californias-current-drought-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Nearly 30 years after founding the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, Peter Gleick talks about California’s current drought, how it compares to past crises and how the state needs to change water-use mentality.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 1987, California was at the beginning of what would be a six-year drought — the second driest in the state’s history. Fittingly, that same year \u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/about-us/staff-and-board/dr-peter-h-gleick/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Gleick\u003c/a> helped to co-found the \u003ca title=\"Link: http://pacinst.org/\" href=\"http://pacinst.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a global think tank that would become a leader in global environmental and California water issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, Gleick had just finished a doctorate from the University of California, Berkeley, in the Energy & Resources Group, where his dissertation was the first to study the impact of climate change on water resources. Eager to use his background in climate science and hydrology in a multidisciplinary endeavor, he and graduate school colleagues launched the Pacific Institute, turning a $37,000 grant into an internationally recognized research institute that has just celebrated 29 years in existence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick’s academic training taught him that environmental problems are not technology problems, economic problems or political problems — but all of those things. That lens has helped inform the research perspectives at the Pacific Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_940415\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-940415\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Gleick co-founded the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, in 1987 and now serves as its president emeritus and chief scientist. \" width=\"3000\" height=\"2263\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-400x302.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-800x603.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-768x579.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-1440x1086.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-1920x1448.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-1180x890.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/gleick_peter_download_3-960x724.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Gleick co-founded the Pacific Institute, a global water think tank, in 1987 and now serves as its president emeritus and chief scientist. \u003ccite>(John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In July, Gleick transitioned his role at the organization to president emeritus and chief scientist, to focus less on the daily tasks of running the organization and more on research and writing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently sat down with Gleick to talk about the evolution of California water issues over the last three decades and the biggest problems facing the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Since you started the Pacific Institute, California has been through several droughts. Is this drought different, or are we handling it differently this time?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Gleick: Yes and yes. Droughts are a natural part of our landscape. We have wet years and dry years. But this particular drought is unusual for a couple of reasons. One of the big differences is that we have around 39 million people now. We have millions more people than the 1976–77 drought and the 1987–92 drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, the question is: How do you define drought? If it’s just hydrologic – this drought is bad enough. It’s probably the worst hydrologic drought, four years in a row and now the fifth year. But I define drought as not having enough water to do what you want. If that’s the case, then there are social and economic and population factors that come into it. It’s certainly the worst, given growing pressure on the limited water that we have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Very clearly one of the things that sets this drought apart is that now there is this incredibly clear climate signal. I think it’s unambiguous and that’s new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Are we approaching drought any differently?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: There is that John Steinbeck quote from “East of Eden”: “And it never failed that during the dry years the people forgot about the rich years, and during the wet years they lost all memory of the dry years. It was always that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it rains a lot we forget about drought, and when it’s dry we forget that sometimes it floods in California. Having said that, there are permanent changes happening, like the fact that we were able to get groundwater legislation passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to say whether the conservation we’ve seen over the last year, especially when there was a mandatory 25 percent cutback in urban use, will disappear or not now that it has been lifted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most urban agencies have now set new \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/executive-summaries/2016/08/19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conservation targets of zero\u003c/a>, which is an indication of the mentality that we can go back to our old way of thinking, but I don’t think all the conservation will disappear. Some of it is permanent replacement of inefficient toilets and washing machines and shower heads and lawns. Some of it is behavioral, and we’ll see that slip somewhat. I don’t know yet. I think we may be in a transition — we’ll see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You’re not buying the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/op-eds/2016/08/05/why-scoring-zero-in-stress-tests-is-good-news\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argument from water suppliers\u003c/a> that having zero conservation goals is a good thing because it means they have a resilient water supply?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: No, I’m not. Some agencies are doing really well on conservation and efficiency, and some are doing terribly. The standard that the state board set — do this evaluation and if you have three years of reliable supply, you’re OK — is a very weak standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one other critical issue: Whether or not a water agency has three years of reliable supply is not a good measurement of whether or not ecosystems are healthy, or our salmon runs are being restored, or the Pacific flyway and the bird migratory routes are healthy, or water quality is good. It’s an incomplete measure of how well we are doing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you think a loss of revenue by water suppliers because of conservation is part of the issue?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: Yes, I completely understand why the water agencies don’t want a mandate. It’s largely, but not solely, due to the fact that we have not done a good job in California of providing economic models that encourage water utilities to save water. As long as their revenues depend on selling water, there is a fundamental conflict of interest between their need to fund their operations and their fixed costs, and the state’s need to encourage more efficient use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: California is often seen as a leader on environmental issues. When it comes to water, where is the state leading and where is it lagging?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: We’ve always been a leader on water efficiency standards and before that a huge leader on energy efficiency standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find another area where I would say we are really leading. Groundwater management has been abysmal – we were the last state to have any groundwater law, and it’s still not implemented. We still have unmetered connections. We’re still not balancing ecosystem needs and human needs for water. The fight in the [Sacramento-San Joaquin] Delta is a never-ending fight and that’s what it is about – it’s about delivery of water to humans versus ecosystem health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are innovative things going on all over the state, but they aren’t widespread enough in my opinion to be able to say we’re a leader to the extent we ought to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: What are a few things we should do right away?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: We need massively comprehensive water efficiency standards for residential, agriculture, commercial and industrial [use]. We are way behind on collecting and making publicly available water data. We need to be massively expanding wastewater treatment and reuse, and that’s slowly happening. And stormwater capture, we could do more. We need to fix the Delta. We need to get over this hump of the political impasse. Everyone agrees the Delta’s broken, we just can’t agree on how to fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: Do you see that being resolved any time in the near future?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: No, not as long as there is this antiquated, archaic belief that one more piece of infrastructure will solve the problem. Some kind of tunnel or diversion might be a good idea, but not the way they are proposing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the problem is tied to a difference of opinion about how much water we can take out of the Delta. As long as there is a belief by some contractors and south of Delta water users that they can have as much as they are having now or more, there is not going to be an agreement – because the science suggests we are taking too much water out of the Delta. As long as there is unceasing rhetoric from Central Valley politicians that the environment is a problem, rather than part of the solution, it’s going to be a stalemate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: You’ve written a lot of about the “\u003ca href=\"http://pacinst.org/issues/sustainable-water-management-local-to-global/soft-path-for-water/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soft path\u003c/a>” for water, which is very different from the reliance on big dams and other infrastructure that drove water policy in the 20th century. Are we on that soft path or anywhere near it?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick: We are on it in the sense that there is a transition happening from the idea that hard infrastructure and hard institutions will solve our water problems, to a realization that it’s not just water supply, that it’s supply and demand. It’s not just centralized infrastructure, it’s community participation in decision-making. That economics is not just the price of water but dealing with environmental externalities and environmental justice issues – all of those are components of the soft path.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think there’s a growing realization that all of those are critical components of a sustainable California water future. But it’s slow. We still see people who think a couple more dams, another $15 or $20 billion set of tunnels will solve our problems, and that’s a fantasy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are more voices in California water policy. The environmental justice community is increasingly participating and sought-after in discussions about policy. We’re thinking about new forms of economics and markets and transfers. And we’re completely shifting the focus not just from supply, to demand. And to new supplies like treated wastewater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, I think we’re on the path, but I think it’s a long slog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m convinced that we’re moving toward a sustainable water future in California and globally. It will take a long time, but it’s inevitable. The challenge is how to make it happen faster and with less pain than following the old traditional approaches will produce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/23/peter-gleick-why-californias-current-drought-is-different\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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