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"title": "Most Humpback Whales Taken Off Endangered Species List",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most populations of humpback whales no longer need endangered species protections, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2016/09_September/06_09.html\">a decision\u003c/a> by the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government listed all humpback whales as endangered back in 1970, after commercial whaling had drastically reduced their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”DGLWaiP9KRCpoyqn13mk7DWCIK8ZCEIn”]But now, officials say they have divided humpback whales into 14 distinct populations. And after a scientific review, they say that nine of those populations have recovered enough that they no longer need to be considered endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that we have conducted a very thorough scientific assessment,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/docs/seminars/sommabio10_07_14.pdf\">Angela Somma\u003c/a>, chief of the endangered species division at the agency, also known as NOAA Fisheries. “Most of the humpback populations have increased and increased substantially from where they were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whales that are still considered endangered include populations in Central America, off northwest Africa, in the Arabian Sea and in the western north Pacific. And a population near Mexico is listed as threatened. Whales from the Central America and Mexico populations travel through U.S. waters at certain times of year as they feed in areas off the West Coast and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a practical matter, little will change for the whales — they’ll still be covered under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, she notes. And the \u003ca href=\"https://iwc.int/home\">International Whaling Commission’s\u003c/a> moratorium on hunting these huge ocean creatures, which was imposed in 1982, remains in effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the day-to-day protections and activities will continue to occur,” Somma says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, officials have filed regulations to ensure that vessels around Hawaii and Alaska continue to maintain a safe distance from the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions with ships is a danger to the whales, and they face other threats, such as getting tangled up in fishing gear. The Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/humpback-whales-09-06-2016.html\">nearly 40 reports\u003c/a> of whales becoming entangled were recorded off the West Coast in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Most+Humpback+Whales+Taken+Off+Endangered+Species+List&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most populations of humpback whales no longer need endangered species protections, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/mediacenter/2016/09_September/06_09.html\">a decision\u003c/a> by the National Marine Fisheries Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government listed all humpback whales as endangered back in 1970, after commercial whaling had drastically reduced their numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>But now, officials say they have divided humpback whales into 14 distinct populations. And after a scientific review, they say that nine of those populations have recovered enough that they no longer need to be considered endangered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe that we have conducted a very thorough scientific assessment,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.eli.org/sites/default/files/docs/seminars/sommabio10_07_14.pdf\">Angela Somma\u003c/a>, chief of the endangered species division at the agency, also known as NOAA Fisheries. “Most of the humpback populations have increased and increased substantially from where they were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whales that are still considered endangered include populations in Central America, off northwest Africa, in the Arabian Sea and in the western north Pacific. And a population near Mexico is listed as threatened. Whales from the Central America and Mexico populations travel through U.S. waters at certain times of year as they feed in areas off the West Coast and Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a practical matter, little will change for the whales — they’ll still be covered under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, she notes. And the \u003ca href=\"https://iwc.int/home\">International Whaling Commission’s\u003c/a> moratorium on hunting these huge ocean creatures, which was imposed in 1982, remains in effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many of the day-to-day protections and activities will continue to occur,” Somma says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, officials have filed regulations to ensure that vessels around Hawaii and Alaska continue to maintain a safe distance from the whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collisions with ships is a danger to the whales, and they face other threats, such as getting tangled up in fishing gear. The Center for Biological Diversity, a conservation group, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2016/humpback-whales-09-06-2016.html\">nearly 40 reports\u003c/a> of whales becoming entangled were recorded off the West Coast in the first half of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Most+Humpback+Whales+Taken+Off+Endangered+Species+List&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Supervisor Pressures County to Get More Data on Chevron Refinery Flaring",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the third time in the last six months, local air regulators and Contra Costa County health officials are looking into a problem at Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large flames and black smoke shot out of the facility for three hours on Saturday morning after one of the refinery's hydrocracking units, which helps turn gas-oil into gasoline, failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The refinery lost one of its hydrocrackers and sent a lot of fuel to the flares,\" said Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \"upset\" built up pressure inside the unit, leading to \"some intermittent flaring,\" Chevron spokeswoman Leah Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is investigating and could penalize Chevron if it violated air regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11076796\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 472px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11076796 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/FullSizeRender1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the flare at the Chevron Refinery on Sept. 3, 2016\" width=\"472\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/FullSizeRender1-1.jpg 472w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/FullSizeRender1-1-400x359.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of the flare at the Chevron refinery on Sept. 3, 2016 \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Gioia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, the county did not plan on asking Chevron for a 72-hour report on the incident because it was not expected to have a health impact on the community, Sawyer said Tuesday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Any smoke in the environment is not good, but this situation did not warrant a health advisory,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that worried Supervisor John Gioia, who represents the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a pretty visible flaring event,\" Gioia said in an interview. \"It clearly was seen and impacted the broader community,\" he said. \"I'm concerned because ... there was an underlying equipment failure and ... there was a release of gas through flares.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer then changed his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After discussing the incident with Supervisor Gioia, I decided that a 72-hour report was warranted,\" Sawyer said in an email Tuesday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron is now required to send the report to the county by the close of business on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says it promptly reported the flaring to the local government agencies that oversee the refinery and said that the incident was not a threat to public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We understand that the sight of the flare may have caused concern, but we want to assure our neighbors that occasional flaring is an important part of keeping the refinery running safely,\" Casey said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She emphasized that flares help the refinery operate safely and that the part of the refinery that had trouble on Saturday is back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The unit is performing at a safe posture and the refinery continues to supply the market and fulfill commitments to our customers,\" Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it took three days for Chevron to reveal information about Saturday's upset, a delay that frustrates Gioia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have been in contact with Chevron over this and other flaring incidents,\" Gioia said. \"You need to be honest and transparent with the public about what's happening when these events occur. They should not be minimizing the significance of what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday's incident is the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/30/local-air-regulators-investigating-three-separate-recent-refinery-problems/\">third problem in the last six months\u003c/a> at Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/pdf/chevron-incident-2016-0329-72hr-report.pdf\">March 29\u003c/a> and June 19, the refinery had separate processing unit problems that led to unplanned flaring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is normal for those of us who live in Richmond and see the flare to wonder what's going on,\" Gioia said. \"Having these flaring events on these occasions is bad for Chevron, and it's not something the community wants to accept.\"\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the third time in the last six months, local air regulators and Contra Costa County health officials are looking into a problem at Chevron's Richmond refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Large flames and black smoke shot out of the facility for three hours on Saturday morning after one of the refinery's hydrocracking units, which helps turn gas-oil into gasoline, failed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The refinery lost one of its hydrocrackers and sent a lot of fuel to the flares,\" said Randy Sawyer, Contra Costa's chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That \"upset\" built up pressure inside the unit, leading to \"some intermittent flaring,\" Chevron spokeswoman Leah Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District is investigating and could penalize Chevron if it violated air regulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11076796\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 472px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11076796 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/FullSizeRender1-1.jpg\" alt=\"Photo of the flare at the Chevron Refinery on Sept. 3, 2016\" width=\"472\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/FullSizeRender1-1.jpg 472w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/FullSizeRender1-1-400x359.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo of the flare at the Chevron refinery on Sept. 3, 2016 \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Gioia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Initially, the county did not plan on asking Chevron for a 72-hour report on the incident because it was not expected to have a health impact on the community, Sawyer said Tuesday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Any smoke in the environment is not good, but this situation did not warrant a health advisory,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that worried Supervisor John Gioia, who represents the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a pretty visible flaring event,\" Gioia said in an interview. \"It clearly was seen and impacted the broader community,\" he said. \"I'm concerned because ... there was an underlying equipment failure and ... there was a release of gas through flares.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer then changed his mind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After discussing the incident with Supervisor Gioia, I decided that a 72-hour report was warranted,\" Sawyer said in an email Tuesday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chevron is now required to send the report to the county by the close of business on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says it promptly reported the flaring to the local government agencies that oversee the refinery and said that the incident was not a threat to public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We understand that the sight of the flare may have caused concern, but we want to assure our neighbors that occasional flaring is an important part of keeping the refinery running safely,\" Casey said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She emphasized that flares help the refinery operate safely and that the part of the refinery that had trouble on Saturday is back online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The unit is performing at a safe posture and the refinery continues to supply the market and fulfill commitments to our customers,\" Casey said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it took three days for Chevron to reveal information about Saturday's upset, a delay that frustrates Gioia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have been in contact with Chevron over this and other flaring incidents,\" Gioia said. \"You need to be honest and transparent with the public about what's happening when these events occur. They should not be minimizing the significance of what happened.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Saturday's incident is the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/30/local-air-regulators-investigating-three-separate-recent-refinery-problems/\">third problem in the last six months\u003c/a> at Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On \u003ca href=\"http://cchealth.org/hazmat/pdf/chevron-incident-2016-0329-72hr-report.pdf\">March 29\u003c/a> and June 19, the refinery had separate processing unit problems that led to unplanned flaring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is normal for those of us who live in Richmond and see the flare to wonder what's going on,\" Gioia said. \"Having these flaring events on these occasions is bad for Chevron, and it's not something the community wants to accept.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]A deadly fungus that’s been devastating frog populations is still spreading across the globe. In California, the chytrid fungus has moved inexorably across the Sierra Nevada from west to east, leaving thousands of frogs dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area scientists are trying to turn the tide against the fungus with an experimental treatment, one that could matter to frogs worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re making a last-ditch effort to save the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog by immunizing it against chytrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain yellow-legged frogs, found only in California’s alpine lakes, have been in steep decline due to the fungus as well as predation by non-native trout. More than 90 percent of the population has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"689\" height=\"389\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-IXVcyCZVBg\" frameborder=\"1\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>Video produced by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it hits, it’s within weeks that they’re just gone, just literally gone,” says Jessie Bushell, director of conservation at the San Francisco Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is part of an emergency search-and-rescue operation for the frogs. Like last summer, when she got up before dawn and drove five hours to meet a helicopter flying out of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Roland Knapp, UC Santa Barbara\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This bright yellow helicopter comes landing down,” she says. “The doors fly open. The firefighters start unloading these large white coolers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coolers were holding hundreds of wiggling, green tadpoles, the sole survivors of a deadly outbreak at their remote alpine lake. Federal biologists had found dozens of frogs dying from chytrid fungus and\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>hoping to save the species, had collected their remaining young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Priming Immunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell brought them to the San Francisco Zoo. Scientists there and at the Oakland Zoo are doing an experimental treatment on the frogs in the hope that they’ll survive when they return to the wild. The treatment was pioneered at UC Santa Barbara, where results have been encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what we do is we expose them to small amounts of this fungus,” Bushell says, pointing to more than 200 of the frogs, no longer tadpoles, in quarantined tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is making the frogs sick in the hope of building their immunity to chytrid fungus, which attacks the frog’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1482px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1482\" height=\"770\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg 1482w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-400x208.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-800x416.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-768x399.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1440x748.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1180x613.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-960x499.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The skin is a really important part of the frog,” she says. “They breathe through their skin underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frogs also absorb key nutrients such as electrolytes through their skin. But when the fungus attacks it, the skin stops functioning normally. The frogs die before their immune systems can fight the fungus off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is hoping a mild fungal infection will teach the frogs’ immune systems how to fight chytrid. She lets her frogs get sick, but before they get too close to dying, she gives them an anti-fungal treatment to clear up the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the frogs get chytrid again out in the wild, the idea is their immune systems will be trained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg\" alt=\"Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake, south of Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake south of Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Their bodies identify it and can already be primed to fight off that infection, at least to keep it under control because they’ve seen it before,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some of the yellow-legged frogs, the big test has arrived. Bushell and a field crew hike up a rocky trail in the Desolation Wilderness, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their big backpacks are loaded with frogs, each in its own tiny Tupperware container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new frog home,” says Bushell, looking at a sapphire-blue lake, surrounded by pine trees and granite cliffs. “An oasis for frogs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/09/WEBYellowLeggedFrogsSommer.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But chytrid fungus is there, so their immunity will be tested. One-by-one, the team releases each frog on the water’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like letting your kids go,” says Bushell. “Go! Be wild!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the best chance that we know how to give them,” says Roland Knapp, a biologist with UC Santa Barbara who has tracked frog die-offs across the Sierra as the chytrid wave has moved through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the biggest one I’ve ever seen last summer,” he says. “Thousands of dying frogs. Carcasses of frogs all over the place. It was pretty rough to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That threat is why biologists are going to such lengths to save yellow-legged frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959979\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1032\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-400x215.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-800x430.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-768x413.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1440x774.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1180x634.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-960x516.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It sometimes seems a little crazy,” Knapp says. “It’s a huge amount of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says the early results are promising. This is the third summer the team has released vaccinated frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They seem to be surviving pretty well,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the immunized frogs survive the worst of the fungus outbreak, the mountain yellow-legged frogs may eventually be able to become resistant to it on their own, generation-after-generation, without human help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means we have to figure out ways to keep these frogs on the landscape with the chytrid long enough that evolution can actually happen,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg\" alt=\"Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1440x872.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-960x581.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest hope, and the biggest question mark, is whether this research could lead to a treatment for other frog species. Some frogs don’t seem to be able to build immunity to chytrid like the yellow-legged frogs can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have watched chytrid fungus spread across the globe at an alarming rate, driving 200 frog species to extinction. In Central America, scientists have brought some frog species into captivity to spare them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, that’s the only place they exist. And they don’t have much hope of going back to the wild unless some kind of chytrid treatment succeeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians,” Knapp says. “So if we can do something to reverse that, even for a few species here and there, we should try to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hopeless, scientists say, but it could depend in large part on the survival of one California frog.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A deadly fungus that’s been devastating frog populations is still spreading across the globe. In California, the chytrid fungus has moved inexorably across the Sierra Nevada from west to east, leaving thousands of frogs dead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Bay Area scientists are trying to turn the tide against the fungus with an experimental treatment, one that could matter to frogs worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re making a last-ditch effort to save the endangered mountain yellow-legged frog by immunizing it against chytrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mountain yellow-legged frogs, found only in California’s alpine lakes, have been in steep decline due to the fungus as well as predation by non-native trout. More than 90 percent of the population has disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"689\" height=\"389\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/-IXVcyCZVBg\" frameborder=\"1\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp style=\"text-align: right\">\u003cem>Video produced by Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it hits, it’s within weeks that they’re just gone, just literally gone,” says Jessie Bushell, director of conservation at the San Francisco Zoo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is part of an emergency search-and-rescue operation for the frogs. Like last summer, when she got up before dawn and drove five hours to meet a helicopter flying out of the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians.’\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Roland Knapp, UC Santa Barbara\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“This bright yellow helicopter comes landing down,” she says. “The doors fly open. The firefighters start unloading these large white coolers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coolers were holding hundreds of wiggling, green tadpoles, the sole survivors of a deadly outbreak at their remote alpine lake. Federal biologists had found dozens of frogs dying from chytrid fungus and\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>hoping to save the species, had collected their remaining young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Priming Immunity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell brought them to the San Francisco Zoo. Scientists there and at the Oakland Zoo are doing an experimental treatment on the frogs in the hope that they’ll survive when they return to the wild. The treatment was pioneered at UC Santa Barbara, where results have been encouraging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So what we do is we expose them to small amounts of this fungus,” Bushell says, pointing to more than 200 of the frogs, no longer tadpoles, in quarantined tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is making the frogs sick in the hope of building their immunity to chytrid fungus, which attacks the frog’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959847\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1482px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959847\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1482\" height=\"770\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web.jpg 1482w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-400x208.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-800x416.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-768x399.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1440x748.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-1180x613.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs4-web-960x499.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1482px) 100vw, 1482px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frogs get an experimental vaccination at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The skin is a really important part of the frog,” she says. “They breathe through their skin underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frogs also absorb key nutrients such as electrolytes through their skin. But when the fungus attacks it, the skin stops functioning normally. The frogs die before their immune systems can fight the fungus off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bushell is hoping a mild fungal infection will teach the frogs’ immune systems how to fight chytrid. She lets her frogs get sick, but before they get too close to dying, she gives them an anti-fungal treatment to clear up the infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the frogs get chytrid again out in the wild, the idea is their immune systems will be trained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959963\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959963\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg\" alt=\"Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake, south of Lake Tahoe.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frogs1-web-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Roland Knapp releases a yellow-legged frog in a high alpine lake south of Lake Tahoe. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Their bodies identify it and can already be primed to fight off that infection, at least to keep it under control because they’ve seen it before,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Back to the Wild\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For some of the yellow-legged frogs, the big test has arrived. Bushell and a field crew hike up a rocky trail in the Desolation Wilderness, south of Lake Tahoe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their big backpacks are loaded with frogs, each in its own tiny Tupperware container.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a new frog home,” says Bushell, looking at a sapphire-blue lake, surrounded by pine trees and granite cliffs. “An oasis for frogs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the Story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>But chytrid fungus is there, so their immunity will be tested. One-by-one, the team releases each frog on the water’s edge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like letting your kids go,” says Bushell. “Go! Be wild!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the best chance that we know how to give them,” says Roland Knapp, a biologist with UC Santa Barbara who has tracked frog die-offs across the Sierra as the chytrid wave has moved through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I saw the biggest one I’ve ever seen last summer,” he says. “Thousands of dying frogs. Carcasses of frogs all over the place. It was pretty rough to see.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That threat is why biologists are going to such lengths to save yellow-legged frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959979\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959979\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1032\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-400x215.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-800x430.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-768x413.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1440x774.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-1180x634.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog3-web-960x516.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mountain yellow-legged frog populations have declined by more than 90 percent. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It sometimes seems a little crazy,” Knapp says. “It’s a huge amount of work.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he says the early results are promising. This is the third summer the team has released vaccinated frogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They seem to be surviving pretty well,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the immunized frogs survive the worst of the fungus outbreak, the mountain yellow-legged frogs may eventually be able to become resistant to it on their own, generation-after-generation, without human help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That means we have to figure out ways to keep these frogs on the landscape with the chytrid long enough that evolution can actually happen,” Knapp says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959981\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg\" alt=\"Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1162\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-400x242.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-800x484.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-768x465.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1440x872.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-1180x714.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/frog2-web-960x581.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jessie Bushell with a treated frog at the San Francisco Zoo. \u003ccite>(Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The biggest hope, and the biggest question mark, is whether this research could lead to a treatment for other frog species. Some frogs don’t seem to be able to build immunity to chytrid like the yellow-legged frogs can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have watched chytrid fungus spread across the globe at an alarming rate, driving 200 frog species to extinction. In Central America, scientists have brought some frog species into captivity to spare them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, that’s the only place they exist. And they don’t have much hope of going back to the wild unless some kind of chytrid treatment succeeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re staring at what could be the extinction of a significant fraction of the world’s amphibians,” Knapp says. “So if we can do something to reverse that, even for a few species here and there, we should try to do that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not hopeless, scientists say, but it could depend in large part on the survival of one California frog.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When the iconic sandstone formation known as \"the duckbill\" collapsed, the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department wasn't suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion happens. Rocks fall. The stretch of cliff where the formation was located, in Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area, was so unstable it was fenced off to keep visitors away. There seemed to be no mystery: The 7- by-10-foot pedestal on the coast probably collapsed on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then a man named David Kalas said it wasn't time and weather that brought down the rock. It was vandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he had video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11076455\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11076455 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2.jpg\" alt=\"This undated photo provided by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department shows a natural rock formation that was found in pieces last week at a state park in Pacific City, Ore. Oregon parks officials originally said they did not think the break was caused by humans, but cellphone video captured a group of people apparently knocking over the popular sandstone formation. \" width=\"700\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This undated photo provided by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department shows a natural rock formation that was found in pieces last week at a state park in Pacific City, Oregon. Parks officials originally said they did not think the break was caused by humans, but cellphone video captured a group of people apparently knocking over the popular sandstone formation. \u003ccite>(Oregon Parks and Recreation Department/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kalas \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/09/video_shows_group_toppling_cap.html#incart_2box\">told The Oregonian\u003c/a> that when he saw a group of strangers messing with the formation, he was laughing instead of alarmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then he saw it start to wobble, and he hit record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His footage — which we should note includes one expletive -- appears to show a group of people gathered around a pedestal rock formation, pushing and pulling on the rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes down, a voice is heard shouting, \"Got 'em!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/uNiZ3yxIpW4\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalas told KATU News that he spoke with the people who he says brought down the rock in the fenced-off section of Cape Kiwanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I asked them, you know, why they knocked the rock down, and the reply I got was: Their buddy broke their leg earlier because of that rock,\" Kalas told KATU. \"They basically told me themselves that it was a safety hazard, and that they did the world or Oregon a favor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tillamook County Pioneer news site published a statement from the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, saying the department and the state police are reviewing the video and determining how to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The department takes vandalism of a state park's natural features seriously,\" the statement reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who helped bring down the rock might face a fine of up to $435, \u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/09/05/cape-kiwanda-rock-duckbill-pedestal-state-police/89884678/\">the Statesman Journal newspaper reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instagram users are mourning the loss of the frequently photographed rock, sharing their images of its former glory with the tag #ripthatPNWrock. (The rock was known variously as \"the duckbill,\" \"Pedestal Rock\" or, well, \"that Pacific Northwest rock.\")\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.instagram.com/p/BJ-5LYgjDHz/?taken-by=lauralawsonvisconti\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But commenters have noted that many of those images show people standing or posing on top of the rock — meaning they, too, hopped over the fence meant to keep visitors away. (Several Instagram users, including the one who posted the photo above, say there was no fence at the time of their visit, but the Statesman Journal says the area has had a fence, and warning signs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/07/09/cape-kiwanda-risking-death-perfect-photo/86620870/\">for decades\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And whether or not that was hard on the formation, it was definitely risky for the rock clamberers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Statesman Journal reported just a few months ago on \u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/07/09/cape-kiwanda-risking-death-perfect-photo/86620870/\">the dangerous allure of the rock\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A picture atop the now-collapsed pedestal was \"one of the most sought-after images\" of the Oregon coast, the paper wrote in July — but getting the shot required evading that fence and crossing to a perilous bluff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/03/03/seven-deaths-cape-kiwanda-spark-inquiry/81280180/\">Seven people have died\u003c/a> in the area since 2009. Six fatal falls have taken place during the past two years. Rescue efforts by the local fire district and U.S. Coast Guard cost upward of $21,000 per hour, often topping out near $106,000,\" the newspaper wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yet people continue to flood past the fence and signs. Adults, teenagers, grandparents, photographers and even parents with small children disregard the warnings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A park ranger was assigned to patrol the fence, but \"combating the allure of that perfect picture — that happy couple perched on a natural pedestal above the ocean — will be no easy task,\" the Statesman Journal wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the perfect photo is impossible — raising a question. Might vandalism succeed in keeping visitors away, where safety warnings failed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Video+Appears+To+Show+Tourists+Destroying+Popular+Oregon+Rock+Formation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When the iconic sandstone formation known as \"the duckbill\" collapsed, the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department wasn't suspicious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erosion happens. Rocks fall. The stretch of cliff where the formation was located, in Cape Kiwanda State Natural Area, was so unstable it was fenced off to keep visitors away. There seemed to be no mystery: The 7- by-10-foot pedestal on the coast probably collapsed on its own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then a man named David Kalas said it wasn't time and weather that brought down the rock. It was vandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he had video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11076455\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11076455 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2.jpg\" alt=\"This undated photo provided by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department shows a natural rock formation that was found in pieces last week at a state park in Pacific City, Ore. Oregon parks officials originally said they did not think the break was caused by humans, but cellphone video captured a group of people apparently knocking over the popular sandstone formation. \" width=\"700\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/pedestal2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This undated photo provided by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department shows a natural rock formation that was found in pieces last week at a state park in Pacific City, Oregon. Parks officials originally said they did not think the break was caused by humans, but cellphone video captured a group of people apparently knocking over the popular sandstone formation. \u003ccite>(Oregon Parks and Recreation Department/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kalas \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2016/09/video_shows_group_toppling_cap.html#incart_2box\">told The Oregonian\u003c/a> that when he saw a group of strangers messing with the formation, he was laughing instead of alarmed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then he saw it start to wobble, and he hit record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His footage — which we should note includes one expletive -- appears to show a group of people gathered around a pedestal rock formation, pushing and pulling on the rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes down, a voice is heard shouting, \"Got 'em!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe width=\"560\" height=\"315\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/uNiZ3yxIpW4\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalas told KATU News that he spoke with the people who he says brought down the rock in the fenced-off section of Cape Kiwanda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I asked them, you know, why they knocked the rock down, and the reply I got was: Their buddy broke their leg earlier because of that rock,\" Kalas told KATU. \"They basically told me themselves that it was a safety hazard, and that they did the world or Oregon a favor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Tillamook County Pioneer news site published a statement from the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, saying the department and the state police are reviewing the video and determining how to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The department takes vandalism of a state park's natural features seriously,\" the statement reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone who helped bring down the rock might face a fine of up to $435, \u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/09/05/cape-kiwanda-rock-duckbill-pedestal-state-police/89884678/\">the Statesman Journal newspaper reports\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instagram users are mourning the loss of the frequently photographed rock, sharing their images of its former glory with the tag #ripthatPNWrock. (The rock was known variously as \"the duckbill,\" \"Pedestal Rock\" or, well, \"that Pacific Northwest rock.\")\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>But commenters have noted that many of those images show people standing or posing on top of the rock — meaning they, too, hopped over the fence meant to keep visitors away. (Several Instagram users, including the one who posted the photo above, say there was no fence at the time of their visit, but the Statesman Journal says the area has had a fence, and warning signs, \u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/07/09/cape-kiwanda-risking-death-perfect-photo/86620870/\">for decades\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And whether or not that was hard on the formation, it was definitely risky for the rock clamberers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the Statesman Journal reported just a few months ago on \u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/07/09/cape-kiwanda-risking-death-perfect-photo/86620870/\">the dangerous allure of the rock\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A picture atop the now-collapsed pedestal was \"one of the most sought-after images\" of the Oregon coast, the paper wrote in July — but getting the shot required evading that fence and crossing to a perilous bluff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2016/03/03/seven-deaths-cape-kiwanda-spark-inquiry/81280180/\">Seven people have died\u003c/a> in the area since 2009. Six fatal falls have taken place during the past two years. Rescue efforts by the local fire district and U.S. Coast Guard cost upward of $21,000 per hour, often topping out near $106,000,\" the newspaper wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yet people continue to flood past the fence and signs. Adults, teenagers, grandparents, photographers and even parents with small children disregard the warnings.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A park ranger was assigned to patrol the fence, but \"combating the allure of that perfect picture — that happy couple perched on a natural pedestal above the ocean — will be no easy task,\" the Statesman Journal wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now the perfect photo is impossible — raising a question. Might vandalism succeed in keeping visitors away, where safety warnings failed?\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Video+Appears+To+Show+Tourists+Destroying+Popular+Oregon+Rock+Formation&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The natural world is under siege by climate change. Rising temperatures are pushing plants and animals outside their current range. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">keep pace with climate change\u003c/a>, species will need a path to follow northward or up in elevation, minimally interrupted by human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.tnc.org/migrations-in-motion/#4/19.00/-78.00\">This map\u003c/a> shows that path (well, paths actually) in the most beautiful way possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It uses the \u003ca href=\"https://earth.nullschool.net/\">dreamy Earth wind map\u003c/a> for inspiration. But rather than using temperature, wind and sea level pressure data, Dan Majka, a web developer at The Nature Conservancy, used data from two studies to show all the feasible paths that mammals, birds and amphibians can use to find their way to a more suitable climate as their habitat becomes too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map doesn’t show specific species (you’re not going to be able to find the grizzly bear path, for example), but rather shows the general patterns scientists expect animals to follow as the world warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AmazonConnected.gif\" alt=\"Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \" width=\"720\" height=\"375\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The visualization is stunning, but also hopeful. It shows that despite the challenges of climate change and increased urbanization, there are still pathways for the natural world to deal with those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoomed out, it’s clear that the Appalachians are a crucial funnel for climate-induced migration. They’re smack dab in one of the most developed parts of the country and represent some of the last wild land in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of the land outside of the mountain range is developed or in agriculture,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/science-in-action/our-scientists/brad-mcrae.xml\">Brad McRae\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy, said. “So as species ranges shift north, the Appalachians are providing some of the least-developed routes for movement. They also provide some climate relief due to their high elevation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those high elevation lands will take on added importance and zooming in on the map only reinforces that reality. In South America, there’s a bright swath of yellow moving west out of the Amazon basin to higher elevations. In the Catskills of upstate New York, it’s the same story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976946\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/CatskillsMigrationTNC.gif\" alt=\"New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \" width=\"640\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond high elevations, zooming in anywhere on the map gives a glimpse into not just the geography of where and how species will move to beat the heat, but where humans live, work and grow things. New York may be the most populous city in the U.S. but it’s a veritable ghost town when it comes to animal migrations spurred by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">one of the studies\u003c/a> on which the map is based, only 2 percent of natural areas east of the Mississippi are connected in a way that allows species to migrate north or up in elevation. Because of the dismal state of connectivity, a small increase in conserved land could provide major benefits in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">National Parks\u003c/a> are the lynch pins of wild land out West and could be part of a \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/future/\">future solution\u003c/a> in the East to ensure species can handle climate change. The recently dedicated Maine North Woods National Monument is a step in that direction, but more land will be needed if plants and animals are going to find new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "These maps show the migration pathways mammals (pink), birds (blue) and amphibians (yellow) may follow to escape rising heat.",
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"description": "These maps show the migration pathways mammals (pink), birds (blue) and amphibians (yellow) may follow to escape rising heat.",
"title": "MAP: Where Will Animals Migrate as Climate Changes? | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Brian Kahn\u003cbr>Climate Central\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The natural world is under siege by climate change. Rising temperatures are pushing plants and animals outside their current range. To \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">keep pace with climate change\u003c/a>, species will need a path to follow northward or up in elevation, minimally interrupted by human development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.tnc.org/migrations-in-motion/#4/19.00/-78.00\">This map\u003c/a> shows that path (well, paths actually) in the most beautiful way possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It uses the \u003ca href=\"https://earth.nullschool.net/\">dreamy Earth wind map\u003c/a> for inspiration. But rather than using temperature, wind and sea level pressure data, Dan Majka, a web developer at The Nature Conservancy, used data from two studies to show all the feasible paths that mammals, birds and amphibians can use to find their way to a more suitable climate as their habitat becomes too hot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The map doesn’t show specific species (you’re not going to be able to find the grizzly bear path, for example), but rather shows the general patterns scientists expect animals to follow as the world warms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976943\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976943\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/AmazonConnected.gif\" alt=\"Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \" width=\"720\" height=\"375\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amphibians — represented by yellow lines — are likely to migrate westward out of the Amazon as the world warms. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The visualization is stunning, but also hopeful. It shows that despite the challenges of climate change and increased urbanization, there are still pathways for the natural world to deal with those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zoomed out, it’s clear that the Appalachians are a crucial funnel for climate-induced migration. They’re smack dab in one of the most developed parts of the country and represent some of the last wild land in the eastern U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much of the land outside of the mountain range is developed or in agriculture,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.org/science-in-action/our-scientists/brad-mcrae.xml\">Brad McRae\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy, said. “So as species ranges shift north, the Appalachians are providing some of the least-developed routes for movement. They also provide some climate relief due to their high elevation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those high elevation lands will take on added importance and zooming in on the map only reinforces that reality. In South America, there’s a bright swath of yellow moving west out of the Amazon basin to higher elevations. In the Catskills of upstate New York, it’s the same story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_976946\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-976946\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/CatskillsMigrationTNC.gif\" alt=\"New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \" width=\"640\" height=\"331\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New York City is a relatively quiet spot on the climate migration corridor but the Catskills located northwest of the city will be an important climate migration pathway for wildlife. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Beyond high elevations, zooming in anywhere on the map gives a glimpse into not just the geography of where and how species will move to beat the heat, but where humans live, work and grow things. New York may be the most populous city in the U.S. but it’s a veritable ghost town when it comes to animal migrations spurred by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/wildlife-climate-change-adaptation-20436\">one of the studies\u003c/a> on which the map is based, only 2 percent of natural areas east of the Mississippi are connected in a way that allows species to migrate north or up in elevation. Because of the dismal state of connectivity, a small increase in conserved land could provide major benefits in the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/overview/\">National Parks\u003c/a> are the lynch pins of wild land out West and could be part of a \u003ca href=\"http://reports.climatecentral.org/nps/future/\">future solution\u003c/a> in the East to ensure species can handle climate change. The recently dedicated Maine North Woods National Monument is a step in that direction, but more land will be needed if plants and animals are going to find new homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Flying Fish That Transformed the Sierra -- for Better and for Worse",
"title": "A Flying Fish That Transformed the Sierra -- for Better and for Worse",
"headTitle": "California Foodways | The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>here’s no road in California quite like Highway 395. For more than 200 miles, the Sierra Nevada rises up alongside the route, a towering granite wall bordering starkly beautiful desert valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are driving 395, chances are you’ve come to fish for trout in one of the area’s alpine lakes. Fishing is synonymous with life in the communities that dot the highway, and it’s responsible for luring nearly half of all tourists to Inyo and Mono counties. But there’s almost nothing natural about trout in the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281145916\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people who are fishing in the High Sierra don’t realize that the fish weren’t native,” says Roland Knapp, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sierra-nevada-aquatic-research-laboratory.html\" target=\"_blank\">UC Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Lab\u003c/a>. He says they also don’t know the fish were likely born in hatcheries and dropped into the lakes from airplanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We witness this firsthand on an early morning in July at a tiny airport outside Bishop, a four-hour drive north of L.A., a six-hour drive from San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An airplane idles on the tarmac, and employees from the nearby \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Hatcheries/Fish-Springs\" target=\"_blank\">Fish Springs Hatchery\u003c/a> transfer rainbow trout fingerlings from a pickup into special hoppers built into this King Air 200’s tiny interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11067400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11067400\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"A Department of Fish and Wildlife biologist checks on the accuracy of a trout drop high in the Sierra. \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Department of Fish and Wildlife biologist checks on the accuracy of a trout drop high in the Sierra. \u003ccite>(Lacy Jane Roberts/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soon the plane is flying uncomfortably close to snowy Sierra peaks, swooping in and out of lake basins. It feels like a video game, with the plane diving down to 200 feet above the surface of each lake, then slowing down. Water splashes when the pilots in the cockpit open the hoppers, releasing thousands of baby trout, and there’s an audible, high-pitched whine as the fish fly through the air. The pilots pull up from the lake, clear the valley wall on the other side of the basin, and look back to see if they hit their mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>erial stocking got its start in the mid-1940s, when lots of skilled pilots came home from World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our chief pilot was a B-24 Liberator pilot down in the South Pacific,” says fish biologist Phil Pister, who worked for the California Department of Fish and Game (now Department of Fish and Wildlife) for 40 years, managing 1,000 bodies of water in the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pister says that stocking fish by plane is much more efficient than loading them into containers and hauling them into the backcountry on horses and mules, which is how it used to be done. The first introduction of trout to the Eastern Sierra that he’s heard of came in 1876, thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/stories3/golden_invitation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the owner\u003c/a> of a high-country \u003ca href=\"http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/stories1/stevens_timber.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">sawmill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Most people who are fishing in the High Sierra don’t realize that the fish weren’t native.'\u003ccite>Roland Knapp,\u003cbr>\nUC Sierra Nevada Aquatic Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“He brought 13 golden trout in a coffee pot on his horse,” says Pister. A dozen are said to have survived the trip and were planted in a nearby creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miners and prospectors released trout in lakes and streams near their work sites for food. Mountaineers did, too, creating a food source for their future explorations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, fishing became more and more associated with recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book, \"An Entirely Synthetic Fish,\" evolutionary biologist Anders Halverson says that, among well-to-do men living in East Coast industrialized cities, \"the outdoor life became \u003cem>de rigeur\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors recommended more outdoor time, and tourists visited wilderness resorts or camped in remote places. It was thought, Halverson says, that “to really reconnect with their virility, men needed to capture and kill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though far from urban centers, fishing became more connected to recreation in the Eastern Sierra, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You had a group in Bishop called the Rainbow Club. Their sole mission was to introduce rainbow trout into the high country,” says Roland Knapp. “You had the Sierra Club doing a lot of the early fish stocking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, government agencies became the major player managing hatcheries and transportation, transforming a once fishless landscape into one brimming with trout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11067478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11067478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-400x243.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. 395 in the Eastern Sierra, just north of Mammoth Lakes\" width=\"400\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-400x243.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-800x487.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-960x584.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. 395 in the Eastern Sierra, just north of Mammoth Lakes \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a recent summer morning, Department of Fish and Wildlife technician Tony Ambriz drives a big truck up 395 toward Convict Lake, outside the town of Mammoth Lakes. It’s carrying tanks filled with water and 2,400 pounds of fish for stocking into roadside lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we go out here, people are all excited and happy. You’re almost like rock stars,” says Ambriz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if on cue, a huge Suburban with two coolers strapped on the back pulls up alongside his truck. The two guys inside wave, and give Ambriz big smiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you were little, do you remember that truck with that funky clown music? ‘Ice cream! Ice cream!’ We’re like the big ice cream truck for adults,” says Ambriz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the lake, Ambriz backs up and releases 3,600 fish in a long gush of water. They swim around wildly once they hit the surface. Gayle Odell and her family, visiting from Orange County, watch and clap. For them, she says, fishing offers “fun, good conversations, getting away from the problems of the world. Just enjoying the beauty that God created. And rainbow trout is delicious. It’s good eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11070528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Department of Fish and Wildlife technician Tony Ambriz during a trout-planting trip to Convict Lake in the Eastern Sierra.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11070528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Department of Fish and Wildlife technician Tony Ambriz during a trout-planting trip to Convict Lake in the Eastern Sierra.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An hour south, Seth Blackamore steers a boat to the quiet end of South Lake, where trout are biting. He runs the dock at South Lake for Parchers, \u003ca href=\"http://parchersresort.net/\" target=\"_blank\">a century-old resort\u003c/a> that caters to anglers. He says the fishing attracts all kinds of people: honeymooners, retirees and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get three generations worth of father, son, and son coming up, just passing down those memories, showing them what their fathers showed them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anglers are vital to the local economy. Fishing is such an important source of jobs and income that communities pay extra to make sure nearby lakes are stocked for recreational fishing. The Chamber of Commerce in Bishop pays to have the Pleasant Valley Reservoir and Lower Owens River stocked year-round, and Mono County spends over $100,000 annually to stock 21 bodies of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he introduction of trout into Eastern Sierra waters hasn’t worked out as well for native species, says biologist Knapp. He and a team spent much of the 1990s surveying 7,000 Sierra lakes, ponds and puddles, looking at the trout’s impact on native species like the mountain yellow-legged frog. They found that lakes with trout had no more native frogs or invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trout basically eat themselves out of house and home. They will eat anything they can wrap their jaws around, understandably,” Knapp says. “They’re predators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing attention to the damage that trout were causing made Knapp pretty unpopular among fishermen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were certainly people who didn’t want to hear the data we were providing. I remember being called the Trout Anti-Christ in one public meeting,” he says. “And I totally understand why somebody might get upset about some scientist saying, ‘Hey, these fish are having negative effects,’ and they’re talking about your favorite lake to go fishing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11067540\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11067540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Retired state fish biologist Phil Pister at Fish Slough in the Owens Valley.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired state fish biologist Phil Pister at Fish Slough in the Owens Valley. \u003ccite>(Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Phil Pister made a similar discovery in the early 1960s, when he was a new employee at the Department of Fish and Game. Two visiting fish biologists asked him to lead them on an excursion to Fish Slough, a desert wetlands outside Bishop. Their thinking was that water diversions and the introduction of trout had killed off all native fish, including one called the Owens pupfish, but they wanted to make sure. They started mucking around in the marsh and discovered a small remnant population of the small native fish. From that moment, Pister became committed to pushing for more balance between maintaining recreational fisheries and stewarding fragile native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Owens pupfish] are important because they’re part of the biota that evolved here since the beginning of time,” says Pister. “We showed up later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>o, how to find a balance between native species and recreation? “There’s no doubt in my mind that fish and fishing provides a very direct connection between people and the land,” says biologist Knapp, “and sometimes you have to trade off what’s best for native species and what’s best for that more challenging thing to define which is: How we relate to this landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DFW is still committed to recreational fishing, and their employees plant nearly 1.7 million fish a year in the Eastern Sierra, but nearby national parks stopped planting trout in the '90s, and the state has significantly scaled back aerial stocking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Knapp have advised agencies that eradicating trout from some lakes -- mostly using gill nets and electroshockers (and, occasionally, Rotenone, a chemical pesticide) -- allows for the recovery of native frogs and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The native frog] populations will increase exponentially really quickly,” says Jim Erdman, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife fisheries biologist. “It’s amazing sometimes how well that works, just to remove some fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native frogs face another major challenge: chytrid fungus. “It’s gotten more complicated since the mid-1990s, when we thought that fish were the [only] major contributor to frog declines,” says Knapp. “So we’re just trying to now find again another balance between all these different stressors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of balancing the desire for recreation with the needs of native species is the Owens Valley Native Fish Sanctuary, in Fish Slough. It’s one of a handful of spots where the Owens pupfish still live, now protected, in the middle of a region where millions of trout are planted every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Support for this story comes from the Fund for Environmental Journalism and California Humanities. Vicky Ly did additional research for this piece.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Trout fishing is synonymous with life in the Eastern Sierra, but there’s almost nothing natural about the fish's presence in most of the region. ",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>Lacy Jane Roberts and Lisa Morehouse\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>here’s no road in California quite like Highway 395. For more than 200 miles, the Sierra Nevada rises up alongside the route, a towering granite wall bordering starkly beautiful desert valleys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are driving 395, chances are you’ve come to fish for trout in one of the area’s alpine lakes. Fishing is synonymous with life in the communities that dot the highway, and it’s responsible for luring nearly half of all tourists to Inyo and Mono counties. But there’s almost nothing natural about trout in the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281145916&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/281145916'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most people who are fishing in the High Sierra don’t realize that the fish weren’t native,” says Roland Knapp, a biologist with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucnrs.org/reserves/sierra-nevada-aquatic-research-laboratory.html\" target=\"_blank\">UC Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Lab\u003c/a>. He says they also don’t know the fish were likely born in hatcheries and dropped into the lakes from airplanes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We witness this firsthand on an early morning in July at a tiny airport outside Bishop, a four-hour drive north of L.A., a six-hour drive from San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An airplane idles on the tarmac, and employees from the nearby \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Fishing/Hatcheries/Fish-Springs\" target=\"_blank\">Fish Springs Hatchery\u003c/a> transfer rainbow trout fingerlings from a pickup into special hoppers built into this King Air 200’s tiny interior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11067400\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11067400\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"A Department of Fish and Wildlife biologist checks on the accuracy of a trout drop high in the Sierra. \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS21011_IMG_0601-qut-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Department of Fish and Wildlife biologist checks on the accuracy of a trout drop high in the Sierra. \u003ccite>(Lacy Jane Roberts/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Soon the plane is flying uncomfortably close to snowy Sierra peaks, swooping in and out of lake basins. It feels like a video game, with the plane diving down to 200 feet above the surface of each lake, then slowing down. Water splashes when the pilots in the cockpit open the hoppers, releasing thousands of baby trout, and there’s an audible, high-pitched whine as the fish fly through the air. The pilots pull up from the lake, clear the valley wall on the other side of the basin, and look back to see if they hit their mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">A\u003c/span>erial stocking got its start in the mid-1940s, when lots of skilled pilots came home from World War II.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our chief pilot was a B-24 Liberator pilot down in the South Pacific,” says fish biologist Phil Pister, who worked for the California Department of Fish and Game (now Department of Fish and Wildlife) for 40 years, managing 1,000 bodies of water in the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pister says that stocking fish by plane is much more efficient than loading them into containers and hauling them into the backcountry on horses and mules, which is how it used to be done. The first introduction of trout to the Eastern Sierra that he’s heard of came in 1876, thanks to \u003ca href=\"http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/stories3/golden_invitation.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">the owner\u003c/a> of a high-country \u003ca href=\"http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/stories1/stevens_timber.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">sawmill\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Most people who are fishing in the High Sierra don’t realize that the fish weren’t native.'\u003ccite>Roland Knapp,\u003cbr>\nUC Sierra Nevada Aquatic Lab\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“He brought 13 golden trout in a coffee pot on his horse,” says Pister. A dozen are said to have survived the trip and were planted in a nearby creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miners and prospectors released trout in lakes and streams near their work sites for food. Mountaineers did, too, creating a food source for their future explorations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, fishing became more and more associated with recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his book, \"An Entirely Synthetic Fish,\" evolutionary biologist Anders Halverson says that, among well-to-do men living in East Coast industrialized cities, \"the outdoor life became \u003cem>de rigeur\u003c/em>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doctors recommended more outdoor time, and tourists visited wilderness resorts or camped in remote places. It was thought, Halverson says, that “to really reconnect with their virility, men needed to capture and kill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though far from urban centers, fishing became more connected to recreation in the Eastern Sierra, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You had a group in Bishop called the Rainbow Club. Their sole mission was to introduce rainbow trout into the high country,” says Roland Knapp. “You had the Sierra Club doing a lot of the early fish stocking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, government agencies became the major player managing hatcheries and transportation, transforming a once fishless landscape into one brimming with trout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11067478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11067478\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-400x243.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. 395 in the Eastern Sierra, just north of Mammoth Lakes\" width=\"400\" height=\"243\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-400x243.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-800x487.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-1920x1168.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-1180x718.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k-960x584.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/27509406620_fb27eaf7d1_k.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. 395 in the Eastern Sierra, just north of Mammoth Lakes \u003ccite>(Dan Brekke/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n a recent summer morning, Department of Fish and Wildlife technician Tony Ambriz drives a big truck up 395 toward Convict Lake, outside the town of Mammoth Lakes. It’s carrying tanks filled with water and 2,400 pounds of fish for stocking into roadside lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we go out here, people are all excited and happy. You’re almost like rock stars,” says Ambriz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As if on cue, a huge Suburban with two coolers strapped on the back pulls up alongside his truck. The two guys inside wave, and give Ambriz big smiles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you were little, do you remember that truck with that funky clown music? ‘Ice cream! Ice cream!’ We’re like the big ice cream truck for adults,” says Ambriz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the lake, Ambriz backs up and releases 3,600 fish in a long gush of water. They swim around wildly once they hit the surface. Gayle Odell and her family, visiting from Orange County, watch and clap. For them, she says, fishing offers “fun, good conversations, getting away from the problems of the world. Just enjoying the beauty that God created. And rainbow trout is delicious. It’s good eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11070528\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Department of Fish and Wildlife technician Tony Ambriz during a trout-planting trip to Convict Lake in the Eastern Sierra.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11070528\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/09/RS20839_P1040857-qut-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Department of Fish and Wildlife technician Tony Ambriz during a trout-planting trip to Convict Lake in the Eastern Sierra.\u003cbr> \u003ccite>(Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>An hour south, Seth Blackamore steers a boat to the quiet end of South Lake, where trout are biting. He runs the dock at South Lake for Parchers, \u003ca href=\"http://parchersresort.net/\" target=\"_blank\">a century-old resort\u003c/a> that caters to anglers. He says the fishing attracts all kinds of people: honeymooners, retirees and families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I get three generations worth of father, son, and son coming up, just passing down those memories, showing them what their fathers showed them,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anglers are vital to the local economy. Fishing is such an important source of jobs and income that communities pay extra to make sure nearby lakes are stocked for recreational fishing. The Chamber of Commerce in Bishop pays to have the Pleasant Valley Reservoir and Lower Owens River stocked year-round, and Mono County spends over $100,000 annually to stock 21 bodies of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">T\u003c/span>he introduction of trout into Eastern Sierra waters hasn’t worked out as well for native species, says biologist Knapp. He and a team spent much of the 1990s surveying 7,000 Sierra lakes, ponds and puddles, looking at the trout’s impact on native species like the mountain yellow-legged frog. They found that lakes with trout had no more native frogs or invertebrates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trout basically eat themselves out of house and home. They will eat anything they can wrap their jaws around, understandably,” Knapp says. “They’re predators.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drawing attention to the damage that trout were causing made Knapp pretty unpopular among fishermen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were certainly people who didn’t want to hear the data we were providing. I remember being called the Trout Anti-Christ in one public meeting,” he says. “And I totally understand why somebody might get upset about some scientist saying, ‘Hey, these fish are having negative effects,’ and they’re talking about your favorite lake to go fishing in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11067540\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11067540\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Retired state fish biologist Phil Pister at Fish Slough in the Owens Valley.\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20821_P1040862-qut-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired state fish biologist Phil Pister at Fish Slough in the Owens Valley. \u003ccite>(Lisa Morehouse/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Phil Pister made a similar discovery in the early 1960s, when he was a new employee at the Department of Fish and Game. Two visiting fish biologists asked him to lead them on an excursion to Fish Slough, a desert wetlands outside Bishop. Their thinking was that water diversions and the introduction of trout had killed off all native fish, including one called the Owens pupfish, but they wanted to make sure. They started mucking around in the marsh and discovered a small remnant population of the small native fish. From that moment, Pister became committed to pushing for more balance between maintaining recreational fisheries and stewarding fragile native species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Owens pupfish] are important because they’re part of the biota that evolved here since the beginning of time,” says Pister. “We showed up later.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">S\u003c/span>o, how to find a balance between native species and recreation? “There’s no doubt in my mind that fish and fishing provides a very direct connection between people and the land,” says biologist Knapp, “and sometimes you have to trade off what’s best for native species and what’s best for that more challenging thing to define which is: How we relate to this landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DFW is still committed to recreational fishing, and their employees plant nearly 1.7 million fish a year in the Eastern Sierra, but nearby national parks stopped planting trout in the '90s, and the state has significantly scaled back aerial stocking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers like Knapp have advised agencies that eradicating trout from some lakes -- mostly using gill nets and electroshockers (and, occasionally, Rotenone, a chemical pesticide) -- allows for the recovery of native frogs and other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The native frog] populations will increase exponentially really quickly,” says Jim Erdman, a California Department of Fish and Wildlife fisheries biologist. “It’s amazing sometimes how well that works, just to remove some fish.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The native frogs face another major challenge: chytrid fungus. “It’s gotten more complicated since the mid-1990s, when we thought that fish were the [only] major contributor to frog declines,” says Knapp. “So we’re just trying to now find again another balance between all these different stressors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One result of balancing the desire for recreation with the needs of native species is the Owens Valley Native Fish Sanctuary, in Fish Slough. It’s one of a handful of spots where the Owens pupfish still live, now protected, in the middle of a region where millions of trout are planted every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Support for this story comes from the Fund for Environmental Journalism and California Humanities. Vicky Ly did additional research for this piece.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>PASADENA — Three black bears treated a suburban California neighborhood like a resort, taking a dip in a backyard pool and helping themselves to a dumpster buffet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trio — two cubs and their mother — wandered out of the San Gabriel Mountains and into the foothill city of Pasadena on Thursday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/KTLA/status/771436152393900032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ventured through several backyards and jumped into at least two pools before being chased out of the area by a brave dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CBSLA/status/771435638553915392\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Fish and Wildlife spokesman Andrew Hughan \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-pasadena-bears-backyard-pool-20160901-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">tells the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a> the mother bear appeared to be about 300 pounds. He said the cubs looked healthy and were likely less than a year old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps they were inspired by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/04/mama-bear-2-cubs-join-the-crowd-at-lake-tahoe-beach/\" target=\"_blank\">another mother black bear\u003c/a> who took her two cubs for a recent swim at a popular Lake Tahoe beach?\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Obama addressed the annual Lake Tahoe Summit on Wednesday, highlighting his administration’s commitment to fighting climate change and protecting natural resources. The speech came as presidential nominees Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump stake their positions on a range of science-related issues, including climate and energy policy, science education, nuclear power and vaccines. As part of NPR’s “A Nation Engaged” conversation, we’ll discuss the candidates’ positions and the use and misuse of science in political discourse and public policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mentioned on Air:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2016/08/17/490245464/20-science-questions-for-the-presidential-candidates\">20 Questions for the Presidential Candidates (NPR)\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"disqusTitle": "Legislature Wraps Up Session, Sends Hundreds of Bills to Governor",
"title": "Legislature Wraps Up Session, Sends Hundreds of Bills to Governor",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The Legislature has been meeting throughout the month of August taking final votes on hundreds of bills. Gov. Jerry Brown now has a month to review and act on them. Below we highlight some of the major legislation lawmakers took up in their final weeks of session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280905404\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://link%20to%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/15/california-lawmakers-move-to-limit-seizures-by-police/\">\u003cstrong>Asset Forfeiture\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nLawmakers sent the governor a bill seeking to limit seizures of property or money by police in situations where a person is never convicted of a crime. Known as asset forfeiture, the practice allows law enforcement officials to seize someone’s property if they suspect it is tied to criminal activity. Asset forfeiture originally became popular among law enforcement agencies as a way to go after large drug dealers, but critics say it’s become a way for police and prosecutors to pad their budgets with the money of innocent, often marginalized people. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB443\" target=\"_blank\">SB 443\u003c/a> by state Sen. Holly Mitchell, D-Los Angeles, was two years in the making. Last year, prosecutors successfully lobbied to kill the bill in the Assembly. But this year, law enforcement groups agreed to a series of amendments, and the bill passed with bipartisan support in both houses. If signed by Brown, the legislation would require a conviction before the permanent seizure of cash or property worth less than $40,000.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://Link%20to:%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/25/lawmakers-back-retirement-plan-for-california-workers/\">\u003cstrong>Retirement Savings Accounts:\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThere are an estimated 7 million California workers who aren’t offered any sort of retirement account by their jobs -- and state Senate President Pro Tem Kevin \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León \u003c/span>has been working for years to change that. If Brown signs \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1234\" target=\"_blank\">SB 1234\u003c/a>, those private sector workers will soon see a small portion of their earnings automatically directed into a retirement savings account that would be managed by a state board. They could opt out -- but supporters believe most would not, and that the measure would be a big step toward offering millions of Californians, often people working in lower-wage or hourly jobs, more retirement security. The federal government recently approved the creation of these types of state programs, and if California’s legislation is enacted, \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León \u003c/span>expects the program to be up and running within a year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://Link%20to%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/22/legislature-moves-toward-landmark-reforms-of-public-utilities-commission/\">\u003cstrong>CPUC Reform:\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11039484\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11039484\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-400x259.jpg\" alt=\"A law enforcement official runs towards a massive fire in a residential neighborhood September 9, 2010 in San Bruno, California.\" width=\"400\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-400x259.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-1180x763.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-960x621.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A law enforcement official runs toward a massive fire in a residential neighborhood Sept. 9, 2010, in San Bruno, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission has been in the news a lot since a PG&E gas pipeline exploded in San Bruno six years ago, killing eight people. Investigations into that tragedy and other flaps involving utilities since then have raised questions about the agency and led to charges that its members are too cozy with the private businesses they are tasked with overseeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in Sacramento for years have been trying to get at some of the accountability issues raised during those investigations -- including making sure utility officials don’t have inappropriate private conversations with CPUC commissioners and staff before key votes, and more broadly ensuring CPUC officials are following ethics rules. Last fall, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/06/19/leno-its-time-for-reform-at-the-california-public-utilities-commission/\" target=\"_blank\">Gov. Brown vetoed a package of bills\u003c/a> aimed at reforming the troubled agency -- but he promised to work with the Legislature in 2016 to reach a compromise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of negotiations, Brown and Democratic lawmakers in June \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/27/brown-lawmakers-propose-legislation-to-reform-utilities-commission/\" target=\"_blank\">announced an agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB215\" target=\"_blank\">SB 215\u003c/a> by state Sen. Mark Leno, D-San Francisco, would set stricter rules and disclosure requirements around lobbying CPUC commissioners and expand the circumstances under which they would be required to recuse themselves from a vote because of a conflict of interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB512\" target=\"_blank\">SB 512\u003c/a> by Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, would require the CPUC to reach out to all potentially affected parties, not just utilities, before a vote, would require annual reviews of the commission’s executive director and would make some changes to the agency’s governance structure. The governor has promised to sign both bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third CPUC reform bill failed to win passage. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2903\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2903\u003c/a>, by Assemblyman Mike Gatto, D-Los Angeles, would have created two new CPUC positions to oversee ethics and safety issues while also moving transportation oversight from the agency to Caltrans. It was a bitter defeat for Gatto, who is termed out of the Assembly.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://Link%20to:%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/13/female-lawmakers-seek-to-expand-californias-definition-of-rape/\">Rape and Sexual Assault:\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>The Legislature acted on several bills this year stemming from the case of former Stanford student Brock Turner, who was sentenced to just \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/06/481010919/california-rape-case-sentence-sparks-outrage\" target=\"_blank\">six months in jail\u003c/a> despite being convicted on three counts of felony sexual assault. His victim was unconscious at the time of the January 2015 assault. Two rape charges against Turner were dropped. He is scheduled to be released from Santa Clara County’s jail on Friday after serving three months of his sentence.\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10988235\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10988235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-400x245.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on June 12, 2016.\" width=\"400\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-400x245.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-800x489.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-1180x722.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-960x587.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on June 12, 2016. \u003ccite>(Gabrielle Lurie/AFP-Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB701\" target=\"_blank\">AB 701\u003c/a> by Assemblywomen Cristina Garcia, D-Bell Gardens, and Susan Talamantes Eggman, D-Stockton, would expand California’s definition of rape to include all forms of nonconsensual sexual assault. The current law limits rape to nonconsensual intercourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2888\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2888\u003c/a> by Assemblymen Evan Low, D-Silicon Valley, Bill Dodd, D-Napa, and Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, would prohibit judges from granting probation in sexual assault cases where the victim was unconscious or intoxicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another measure, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB813\" target=\"_blank\">SB 813\u003c/a> by Sen. Connie Leyva, D-Chino, was taken up before Turner’s sentencing. It would eliminate the statute of limitations for several sex offenses, including rape and continuous sexual abuse of a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of those bills are headed to the governor.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/18/assembly-acts-to-end-criminal-charges-against-minors-trafficked-in-sex-trade/\">Human Trafficking:\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>The Legislature took up several bills aimed at curbing human trafficking and treating those who are trafficked as victims rather than criminals. One of the more hotly debated measures was \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1322\" target=\"_blank\">SB 1322\u003c/a> from Sen. Holly Mitchell, D-Los Angeles. It would prevent children under 18 from being charged with prostitution. Supporters said it would allow children to get the services they need without being classified as criminals. But opponents argued arresting kids is the only reliable way to get them away from their traffickers. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1761\" target=\"_blank\">AB 1761\u003c/a> from Assemblywoman Shirley Weber, D-San Diego, would allow human trafficking victims to present an affirmative defense in court, meaning they agree they committed a crime, but can argue their circumstances justified their actions. Weber says victims are often forced to commit crimes under threat from their traffickers. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1762\" target=\"_blank\">AB 1762\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Nora Campos, D-San Jose, would allow human trafficking victims convicted of nonviolent crimes to request their convictions be vacated. All three measures are headed to the governor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/26/assembly-to-vote-on-farmworker-overtime-bill-after-protest/\">Labor: \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>California lawmakers took up several bills this year aimed at eliminating income disparities in the state. Among the more controversial was \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1066\" target=\"_blank\">AB 1066\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Lorena Gonzalez, D-San Diego. It would allow farmworkers to be paid overtime after they work eight hours a day or 40 hours a week. Right now they must work 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week to get extra pay.\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11065133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11065133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-400x219.jpg\" alt=\"Farmworkers harvest strawberries in Carlsbad.\" width=\"400\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-800x438.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-1180x645.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-960x525.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworkers harvest strawberries in Carlsbad. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The measure failed to get enough votes to pass the Assembly in June. But Gonzalez used the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/11/Sacramento-Laws-appear-flash/\" target=\"_blank\">gut-and-amend process\u003c/a> to revive the bill. Though it faced tough opposition, the proposal passed the Assembly this week with 44 votes, three more than needed. Critics argue the bill will be a financial burden for farmers and cause them to cut hours for farm workers to avoid overtime costs. The measure now goes to the governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB654\" target=\"_blank\">SB 654\u003c/a> would expand the state’s existing family leave job protections for anyone — man or woman — with a new child within a year of their birth, adoption or foster placement. It was a top priority of the Legislative Women’s Caucus. An earlier version of the bill was killed in the Assembly Labor Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But legislative leaders revived it after a restraining order was issued against the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/22/effort-to-expand-parental-leave-law-stalls-in-assembly-committee/\">committee's chair\u003c/a> following domestic abuse allegations. Currently, California’s family leave laws apply only to businesses with 50 or more employers. SB 654 would include businesses with 20 or more employees within 75 miles of one another, meaning a business with multiple job sites would have to comply even if there are only a handful of workers at each location. The bill now goes to the governor.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/23/tougher-greenhouse-gas-emission-limits-move-forward-in-legislature/\">Climate:\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>Ten years ago California took steps to limit its greenhouse gas emissions with the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32\" target=\"_blank\">AB 32\u003c/a>. It required the state to reduce emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Since then, Gov. Brown has made fighting climate change a hallmark of his administration. The issue is also a priority for leaders in both the Senate and Assembly.\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10855887\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10855887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-400x296.jpg\" alt=\"San Antonio-based Valero Corp. is the nation's biggest refiner. The Benicia refinery is one of two the company operates in California.\" width=\"400\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-400x296.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-800x593.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-768x569.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-1440x1067.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-1180x875.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-960x712.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Antonio-based Valero Corp. is the nation's biggest refiner. The Benicia refinery is one of two the company operates in California. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\">SB 32\u003c/a>, by Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, seeks to extend and expand AB 32. It would require emissions be reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its companion measure, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\" target=\"_blank\">AB 197\u003c/a> from Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, D-Coachella, attempts to help disadvantaged communities by directing the state Air Resources Board to collect and publicly release more data and create regulations that would reduce pollution at the biggest “stationary” and “mobile” polluters — i.e., industries and vehicles that could be harming those communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills do not address the future of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\" target=\"_blank\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which sets statewide limits on greenhouse gas emissions and sets up a market where companies can buy and sell credits (a company that can easily reduce emissions can sell credits to those for which such a reduction would be difficult). The program has an uncertain future, in part because it is being fought by business groups in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has said he will sign both bills.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Legislature has been meeting throughout the month of August taking final votes on hundreds of bills. Gov. Jerry Brown now has a month to review and act on them. Below we highlight some of the major legislation lawmakers took up in their final weeks of session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280905404&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280905404'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://link%20to%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/15/california-lawmakers-move-to-limit-seizures-by-police/\">\u003cstrong>Asset Forfeiture\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\nLawmakers sent the governor a bill seeking to limit seizures of property or money by police in situations where a person is never convicted of a crime. Known as asset forfeiture, the practice allows law enforcement officials to seize someone’s property if they suspect it is tied to criminal activity. Asset forfeiture originally became popular among law enforcement agencies as a way to go after large drug dealers, but critics say it’s become a way for police and prosecutors to pad their budgets with the money of innocent, often marginalized people. \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB443\" target=\"_blank\">SB 443\u003c/a> by state Sen. Holly Mitchell, D-Los Angeles, was two years in the making. Last year, prosecutors successfully lobbied to kill the bill in the Assembly. But this year, law enforcement groups agreed to a series of amendments, and the bill passed with bipartisan support in both houses. If signed by Brown, the legislation would require a conviction before the permanent seizure of cash or property worth less than $40,000.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://Link%20to:%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/25/lawmakers-back-retirement-plan-for-california-workers/\">\u003cstrong>Retirement Savings Accounts:\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThere are an estimated 7 million California workers who aren’t offered any sort of retirement account by their jobs -- and state Senate President Pro Tem Kevin \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León \u003c/span>has been working for years to change that. If Brown signs \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1234\" target=\"_blank\">SB 1234\u003c/a>, those private sector workers will soon see a small portion of their earnings automatically directed into a retirement savings account that would be managed by a state board. They could opt out -- but supporters believe most would not, and that the measure would be a big step toward offering millions of Californians, often people working in lower-wage or hourly jobs, more retirement security. The federal government recently approved the creation of these types of state programs, and if California’s legislation is enacted, \u003cspan class=\"il\">de\u003c/span> \u003cspan class=\"il\">León \u003c/span>expects the program to be up and running within a year.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://Link%20to%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/22/legislature-moves-toward-landmark-reforms-of-public-utilities-commission/\">\u003cstrong>CPUC Reform:\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11039484\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11039484\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-400x259.jpg\" alt=\"A law enforcement official runs towards a massive fire in a residential neighborhood September 9, 2010 in San Bruno, California.\" width=\"400\" height=\"259\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-400x259.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-800x517.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-1180x763.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS16582_GettyImages-103953021-qut-960x621.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A law enforcement official runs toward a massive fire in a residential neighborhood Sept. 9, 2010, in San Bruno, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Public Utilities Commission has been in the news a lot since a PG&E gas pipeline exploded in San Bruno six years ago, killing eight people. Investigations into that tragedy and other flaps involving utilities since then have raised questions about the agency and led to charges that its members are too cozy with the private businesses they are tasked with overseeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in Sacramento for years have been trying to get at some of the accountability issues raised during those investigations -- including making sure utility officials don’t have inappropriate private conversations with CPUC commissioners and staff before key votes, and more broadly ensuring CPUC officials are following ethics rules. Last fall, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/06/19/leno-its-time-for-reform-at-the-california-public-utilities-commission/\" target=\"_blank\">Gov. Brown vetoed a package of bills\u003c/a> aimed at reforming the troubled agency -- but he promised to work with the Legislature in 2016 to reach a compromise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After months of negotiations, Brown and Democratic lawmakers in June \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/27/brown-lawmakers-propose-legislation-to-reform-utilities-commission/\" target=\"_blank\">announced an agreement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB215\" target=\"_blank\">SB 215\u003c/a> by state Sen. Mark Leno, D-San Francisco, would set stricter rules and disclosure requirements around lobbying CPUC commissioners and expand the circumstances under which they would be required to recuse themselves from a vote because of a conflict of interest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB512\" target=\"_blank\">SB 512\u003c/a> by Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, would require the CPUC to reach out to all potentially affected parties, not just utilities, before a vote, would require annual reviews of the commission’s executive director and would make some changes to the agency’s governance structure. The governor has promised to sign both bills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A third CPUC reform bill failed to win passage. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2903\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2903\u003c/a>, by Assemblyman Mike Gatto, D-Los Angeles, would have created two new CPUC positions to oversee ethics and safety issues while also moving transportation oversight from the agency to Caltrans. It was a bitter defeat for Gatto, who is termed out of the Assembly.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://Link%20to:%20https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/13/female-lawmakers-seek-to-expand-californias-definition-of-rape/\">Rape and Sexual Assault:\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>The Legislature acted on several bills this year stemming from the case of former Stanford student Brock Turner, who was sentenced to just \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/06/481010919/california-rape-case-sentence-sparks-outrage\" target=\"_blank\">six months in jail\u003c/a> despite being convicted on three counts of felony sexual assault. His victim was unconscious at the time of the January 2015 assault. Two rape charges against Turner were dropped. He is scheduled to be released from Santa Clara County’s jail on Friday after serving three months of his sentence.\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10988235\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10988235\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-400x245.jpg\" alt=\"Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on June 12, 2016.\" width=\"400\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-400x245.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-800x489.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-1180x722.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/06/RapeIsRape-960x587.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Stanford student Paul Harrison carries a sign in a show of solidarity for the victim in the Brock Turner case during graduation ceremonies at Stanford University on June 12, 2016. \u003ccite>(Gabrielle Lurie/AFP-Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB701\" target=\"_blank\">AB 701\u003c/a> by Assemblywomen Cristina Garcia, D-Bell Gardens, and Susan Talamantes Eggman, D-Stockton, would expand California’s definition of rape to include all forms of nonconsensual sexual assault. The current law limits rape to nonconsensual intercourse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2888\" target=\"_blank\">AB 2888\u003c/a> by Assemblymen Evan Low, D-Silicon Valley, Bill Dodd, D-Napa, and Sen. Jerry Hill, D-San Mateo, would prohibit judges from granting probation in sexual assault cases where the victim was unconscious or intoxicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another measure, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB813\" target=\"_blank\">SB 813\u003c/a> by Sen. Connie Leyva, D-Chino, was taken up before Turner’s sentencing. It would eliminate the statute of limitations for several sex offenses, including rape and continuous sexual abuse of a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of those bills are headed to the governor.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/18/assembly-acts-to-end-criminal-charges-against-minors-trafficked-in-sex-trade/\">Human Trafficking:\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>The Legislature took up several bills aimed at curbing human trafficking and treating those who are trafficked as victims rather than criminals. One of the more hotly debated measures was \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB1322\" target=\"_blank\">SB 1322\u003c/a> from Sen. Holly Mitchell, D-Los Angeles. It would prevent children under 18 from being charged with prostitution. Supporters said it would allow children to get the services they need without being classified as criminals. But opponents argued arresting kids is the only reliable way to get them away from their traffickers. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1761\" target=\"_blank\">AB 1761\u003c/a> from Assemblywoman Shirley Weber, D-San Diego, would allow human trafficking victims to present an affirmative defense in court, meaning they agree they committed a crime, but can argue their circumstances justified their actions. Weber says victims are often forced to commit crimes under threat from their traffickers. \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1762\" target=\"_blank\">AB 1762\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Nora Campos, D-San Jose, would allow human trafficking victims convicted of nonviolent crimes to request their convictions be vacated. All three measures are headed to the governor.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/26/assembly-to-vote-on-farmworker-overtime-bill-after-protest/\">Labor: \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>California lawmakers took up several bills this year aimed at eliminating income disparities in the state. Among the more controversial was \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1066\" target=\"_blank\">AB 1066\u003c/a> by Assemblywoman Lorena Gonzalez, D-San Diego. It would allow farmworkers to be paid overtime after they work eight hours a day or 40 hours a week. Right now they must work 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week to get extra pay.\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11065133\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11065133\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-400x219.jpg\" alt=\"Farmworkers harvest strawberries in Carlsbad.\" width=\"400\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-400x219.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-800x438.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-1180x645.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FarmworkersBerries-960x525.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Farmworkers harvest strawberries in Carlsbad. \u003ccite>(Sandy Huffaker/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The measure failed to get enough votes to pass the Assembly in June. But Gonzalez used the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/09/11/Sacramento-Laws-appear-flash/\" target=\"_blank\">gut-and-amend process\u003c/a> to revive the bill. Though it faced tough opposition, the proposal passed the Assembly this week with 44 votes, three more than needed. Critics argue the bill will be a financial burden for farmers and cause them to cut hours for farm workers to avoid overtime costs. The measure now goes to the governor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB654\" target=\"_blank\">SB 654\u003c/a> would expand the state’s existing family leave job protections for anyone — man or woman — with a new child within a year of their birth, adoption or foster placement. It was a top priority of the Legislative Women’s Caucus. An earlier version of the bill was killed in the Assembly Labor Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But legislative leaders revived it after a restraining order was issued against the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/06/22/effort-to-expand-parental-leave-law-stalls-in-assembly-committee/\">committee's chair\u003c/a> following domestic abuse allegations. Currently, California’s family leave laws apply only to businesses with 50 or more employers. SB 654 would include businesses with 20 or more employees within 75 miles of one another, meaning a business with multiple job sites would have to comply even if there are only a handful of workers at each location. The bill now goes to the governor.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/23/tougher-greenhouse-gas-emission-limits-move-forward-in-legislature/\">Climate:\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>Ten years ago California took steps to limit its greenhouse gas emissions with the passage of \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200520060AB32\" target=\"_blank\">AB 32\u003c/a>. It required the state to reduce emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. Since then, Gov. Brown has made fighting climate change a hallmark of his administration. The issue is also a priority for leaders in both the Senate and Assembly.\u003cbr>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_10855887\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-10855887\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-400x296.jpg\" alt=\"San Antonio-based Valero Corp. is the nation's biggest refiner. The Benicia refinery is one of two the company operates in California.\" width=\"400\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-400x296.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-800x593.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-768x569.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-1440x1067.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-1180x875.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/02/ValeroRefinery-960x712.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Antonio-based Valero Corp. is the nation's biggest refiner. The Benicia refinery is one of two the company operates in California. \u003ccite>(Craig Miller/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160SB32\" target=\"_blank\">SB 32\u003c/a>, by Sen. Fran Pavley, D-Agoura Hills, seeks to extend and expand AB 32. It would require emissions be reduced to 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its companion measure, \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB197\" target=\"_blank\">AB 197\u003c/a> from Assemblyman Eduardo Garcia, D-Coachella, attempts to help disadvantaged communities by directing the state Air Resources Board to collect and publicly release more data and create regulations that would reduce pollution at the biggest “stationary” and “mobile” polluters — i.e., industries and vehicles that could be harming those communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bills do not address the future of the state’s \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/09/cap-and-trade-101-how-californias-carbon-market-works/\" target=\"_blank\">cap-and-trade program\u003c/a>, which sets statewide limits on greenhouse gas emissions and sets up a market where companies can buy and sell credits (a company that can easily reduce emissions can sell credits to those for which such a reduction would be difficult). The program has an uncertain future, in part because it is being fought by business groups in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown has said he will sign both bills.\u003c/p>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Landscaping for Drought Could Make Warm Nights Cooler",
"headTitle": "Landscaping for Drought Could Make Warm Nights Cooler | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>As drought-stricken residents of Los Angeles’s hottest neighborhoods replace thirsty lawns with native plants, pavers and bare soil, new research has shown how their local climates could begin tipping back in the direction of their desert-like origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-heat-wave-temperature-records-los-angeles-20160619-snap-story.html\">region beset this year\u003c/a> by drought and powerful heat waves, the widespread adoption of drought-proof landscaping is expected to bring warmer days — and much cooler nights. Overall, experts say the changes would help to protect residents from heat waves, which are being made worse by global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, naturally prone to drought, is enduring the fifth year of a historically bad one. Droughts are projected to intensify in California as temperatures rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">reducing mountain snowpacks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">soil moisture\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-drought-heatwave-and-warming-20513\">potentially altering weather patterns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To cut water use, utilities and agencies have been helping Californians swap out their lawns for drought-hardy native landscapes. The L.A. Department of Water and Power says more than 24,000 of its water customers have worked to make the switch since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the beginnings of some real change in landscaping practices,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/alex-hall\">Alex Hall\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA who studies regional and global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done at a large enough scale, University of Southern California research \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069658/abstract\">published in Geographical Research Letters\u003c/a> this month shows how the landscaping changes could affect the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\" alt=\"Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s.\" width=\"720\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps-400x236.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worsening heat waves are among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">clearest and deadliest effects\u003c/a> of climate change. The research focused on July temperatures, when heat waves in southern California can be oppressive, taking their heaviest tolls on the elderly, the sick and the poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in understanding these impacts on a summer month,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.usc.edu/faculty-staff/faculty-directory/georgeban-weiss.htm\">George Ban-Weiss\u003c/a>, who researches relationships between local and global climate and who led the new study. “One of our concerns is the health consequences of extreme heat, so we wanted to be sure to study a hot baseline period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hotter Days, But Much Cooler Nights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using models, Ban-Weiss and a colleague found that replacing lawns and grassy parks with native bushes and other drought-hardy landscapes would increase daytime temperatures throughout the metropolitan area by 1.3°F on average. That’s largely because irrigation water acts like sweat, cooling down landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study helps to inform a ‘what if’ thought experiment, in which a future L.A. morphs back toward its original state, free of irrigation, driven by worsening Western droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also be relevant to other cities where soils are wettened during summer more by sprinklers and hoses than by rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pwCrebyEW6F5MuCRM6WDVi6bVHjjmJKt”]In the suburban San Fernando Valley, where temperatures are among the highest, and where the natural environment was described in the 1880s as resembling \u003ca href=\"http://www.boomcalifornia.com/2013/10/myth-of-a-desert-metropolis/\">that of a desert\u003c/a>, daytime temperatures were projected to rise the most — by 3.4°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would seem to be bad news. Greenhouse gas pollution has warmed the planet’s surface \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">nearly 2°F\u003c/a> on average, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural weather cycles\u003c/a> have caused the West to warm faster than most other places in recent decades. Compounding the problem is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/urban-heat-islands-threaten-us-health-17919\">urban heat island effect\u003c/a>, with concrete causing L.A. and other cities to warm faster than rural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was a nocturnal twist to the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop irrigating, you’re making the system go back to the arid system that it really is,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~aswann/Main.html\">Abigail Swann\u003c/a>, a University of Washington ecoclimate researcher. “If you’ve spent any time in arid places, you know that they cool very quickly at night and they also heat very quickly during the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nighttime Lows Help People Recover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At night, the modeling projected a cooling effect from the changing landscapes that would be exceed the daytime warming effect. Across L.A., nighttime lows were projected to fall by an average of nearly 6°F if irrigation suddenly ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a key finding, because nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist. From a public health perspective, the findings point to a “net positive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/plk3\">Patrick Kinney\u003c/a>, a professor who directs Columbia University’s climate and health program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s generally thought that nighttime minimum temperatures are more important for health risks than daytime highs during extreme heat events,” Kinney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the water used in Los Angeles is piped in from other counties and regions, and most of that is used to water lawns and gardens. The new findings show that cutting back on irrigation in the low-rainfall metropolis could do more than just save water and the energy needed to transport it — it could save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As drought-stricken residents of Los Angeles’s hottest neighborhoods replace thirsty lawns with native plants, pavers and bare soil, new research has shown how their local climates could begin tipping back in the direction of their desert-like origins.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-heat-wave-temperature-records-los-angeles-20160619-snap-story.html\">region beset this year\u003c/a> by drought and powerful heat waves, the widespread adoption of drought-proof landscaping is expected to bring warmer days — and much cooler nights. Overall, experts say the changes would help to protect residents from heat waves, which are being made worse by global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, naturally prone to drought, is enduring the fifth year of a historically bad one. Droughts are projected to intensify in California as temperatures rise, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-snowpack-returns-fears-future-20166\">reducing mountain snowpacks\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/climate-change-bully-california-drought-19354\">soil moisture\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/california-drought-heatwave-and-warming-20513\">potentially altering weather patterns\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To cut water use, utilities and agencies have been helping Californians swap out their lawns for drought-hardy native landscapes. The L.A. Department of Water and Power says more than 24,000 of its water customers have worked to make the switch since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the beginnings of some real change in landscaping practices,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.environment.ucla.edu/people/alex-hall\">Alex Hall\u003c/a>, a professor at UCLA who studies regional and global climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Done at a large enough scale, University of Southern California research \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL069658/abstract\">published in Geographical Research Letters\u003c/a> this month shows how the landscaping changes could affect the weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_959261\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 720px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-959261\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png\" alt=\"Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s.\" width=\"720\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps.png 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/temps-400x236.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Summertime temperatures in Los Angeles since the 1940s. \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Worsening heat waves are among the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-heat-climate-change-19641\">clearest and deadliest effects\u003c/a> of climate change. The research focused on July temperatures, when heat waves in southern California can be oppressive, taking their heaviest tolls on the elderly, the sick and the poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were interested in understanding these impacts on a summer month,” said \u003ca href=\"http://cee.usc.edu/faculty-staff/faculty-directory/georgeban-weiss.htm\">George Ban-Weiss\u003c/a>, who researches relationships between local and global climate and who led the new study. “One of our concerns is the health consequences of extreme heat, so we wanted to be sure to study a hot baseline period.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hotter Days, But Much Cooler Nights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using models, Ban-Weiss and a colleague found that replacing lawns and grassy parks with native bushes and other drought-hardy landscapes would increase daytime temperatures throughout the metropolitan area by 1.3°F on average. That’s largely because irrigation water acts like sweat, cooling down landscapes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study helps to inform a ‘what if’ thought experiment, in which a future L.A. morphs back toward its original state, free of irrigation, driven by worsening Western droughts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings may also be relevant to other cities where soils are wettened during summer more by sprinklers and hoses than by rainfall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>In the suburban San Fernando Valley, where temperatures are among the highest, and where the natural environment was described in the 1880s as resembling \u003ca href=\"http://www.boomcalifornia.com/2013/10/myth-of-a-desert-metropolis/\">that of a desert\u003c/a>, daytime temperatures were projected to rise the most — by 3.4°F.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That would seem to be bad news. Greenhouse gas pollution has warmed the planet’s surface \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-flirts-with-1.5C-threshold-20260\">nearly 2°F\u003c/a> on average, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/west-coast-warming-natural-variability-18067\">natural weather cycles\u003c/a> have caused the West to warm faster than most other places in recent decades. Compounding the problem is the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/urban-heat-islands-threaten-us-health-17919\">urban heat island effect\u003c/a>, with concrete causing L.A. and other cities to warm faster than rural regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there was a nocturnal twist to the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you stop irrigating, you’re making the system go back to the arid system that it really is,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.atmos.washington.edu/~aswann/Main.html\">Abigail Swann\u003c/a>, a University of Washington ecoclimate researcher. “If you’ve spent any time in arid places, you know that they cool very quickly at night and they also heat very quickly during the day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nighttime Lows Help People Recover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At night, the modeling projected a cooling effect from the changing landscapes that would be exceed the daytime warming effect. Across L.A., nighttime lows were projected to fall by an average of nearly 6°F if irrigation suddenly ended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s a key finding, because nighttime lows help people recover daily even as heat waves persist. From a public health perspective, the findings point to a “net positive,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.mailman.columbia.edu/people/our-faculty/plk3\">Patrick Kinney\u003c/a>, a professor who directs Columbia University’s climate and health program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s generally thought that nighttime minimum temperatures are more important for health risks than daytime highs during extreme heat events,” Kinney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the water used in Los Angeles is piped in from other counties and regions, and most of that is used to water lawns and gardens. The new findings show that cutting back on irrigation in the low-rainfall metropolis could do more than just save water and the energy needed to transport it — it could save lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate Central\u003c/a> is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "In Tahoe, Obama Underscores Climate Threats, Touts Conservation Funding",
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"content": "\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.[contextly_sidebar id=”CLtze1ldR9e4PnYovsqnrijpsSZOdmkP”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President Obama made his first-ever visit to Lake Tahoe on Wednesday to stress the importance of conservation efforts for the lake and the nation at large in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/280937235″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The challenges of conservation and combating climate change are connected — they’re linked,” Obama told a gathering at the 20th annual \u003ca href=\"http://tahoesouth.com/events/annual-lake-tahoe-summit/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Tahoe Summit\u003c/a>, which brings together political leaders and scientists to hash out major environmental issues facing the lake. Impacts from the changing climate, runoff, erosion, wildfires, and invasive species have all threatened Lake Tahoe’s legendary clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as this space is sacred to Native Americans, it should be sacred to all Americans,” he told the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s why we’re here, to protect this special, pristine place, to keep these waters crystal clear, the keep the air as pure as the heavens,” said Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is really nice,” said the president with seemingly genuine delight, after laying eyes on the Tahoe Basin for the first time. “I will be coming here more often.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama’s admiration for the scenery served to underscore the risks he outlined that climate change and the drought pose to the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A single wildfire in a dangerously flammable Lake Tahoe Basin could cause enough erosion to erase decades of progress when it comes to water quality,” says Obama. “A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1512529\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1512529\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Tahoe just before sunrise.\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/03/Lake_Tahoe-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Tahoe just before sunrise. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama used the event to announce more than $33 million in funding for ecosystem restoration and renewable energy projects. The largest chunk of new money — $29.5 million — will go toward stemming forest fires by clearing potential fuels near Lake Tahoe. A recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/news/releases/forest-service-survey-finds-record-66-million-dead-trees-southern-sierra-nevada\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Forest Service report\u003c/a> found more than 60 million trees in the Sierra Nevada either dead or dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funding comes at a crucial time for Lake Tahoe, which faces multiple threats despite $1.8 billion in federal, state, and local money having been funneled into protective measures over the past two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warming temperatures in the region have meant more precipitation falling as rain instead of snow, which creates more runoff into the lake. Warmer temperatures also increase the surface water temperature; a recent \u003ca href=\"http://terc.ucdavis.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Davis report \u003c/a>found that the lake is warming faster than ever recorded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although California Senator Dianne Feinstein has urged Congress since 2011 to approve more money under the Lake Tahoe Restoration Act, nothing has materialized. Hence, most of Obama’s environmental conservation efforts have come through executive action.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘A changing climate threatens even the best conservation efforts.’\u003ccite>President Barack Obama\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>During his speech, Obama also announced a package of public and private initiatives aimed at restoring the withering Salton Sea and boosting geothermal energy development in the Southern California deserts. Geothermal plants tap the natural heat deep below the Earth’s surface to generate electrical power. While California is still home to the nation’s largest geothermal operation, development in the state has stalled in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president said the federal government will work harder to help develop geothermal energy in the southern deserts. The Department of Energy is investigating ways that the Imperial Valley could produce between 100 to 250 megawatts of new geothermal energy while protecting wildlife habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government will also put $29 million into two geothermal research projects run by the \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/eere/forge/sandia-national-laboratories-fallon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories, Fallon\u003c/a> in Nevada and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.usu.edu/campuses/page/milford/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Utah\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the administration pledged funding for wildfire prevention and renewable energy, much of the president’s speech focused on private investments.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private sources including the S.D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation are part of a new $10 million initiative to restore the Salton Sea, which Senator Barbara Boxer has described as being “at high risk of turning into a public health emergency.” As the lake shrinks from lack of a natural water supply, decaying organic matter releases hydrogen sulfide, which causes air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appearance is Obama’s first to the annual Tahoe summit, and the first for any sitting president since President Bill Clinton spoke at the inaugural event in 1997.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Obama has been on environmental roll lately. Earlier in the summer he visited Yosemite National Park as part of the park service’s centennial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week he established the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/kaww/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument\u003c/a> in north-central Maine and expanded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.papahanaumokuakea.gov/\">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument\u003c/a>, creating the world’s largest marine protected area off the coast of Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After his talk today he’ll travel to Midway Atoll to discuss the importance of Papahānaumokuākea and of protecting our national treasures in the face of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Why Climate Change Could Mean More Explosive Southern California Fires",
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"content": "\u003cp>Southern California is home to some of the most diverse plant communities in the world, from coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands to conifer forests and inland chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where biologists see ecological niches, fire officials see fuel sources for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many climate models predict that greenhouse gases will create a hotter, drier future for California over the next century. And that will likely amp up the potential for big blazes on these varying landscapes, creating new challenges for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One plant community already feeling the heat is the high-elevation pine woodlands in places like Mount Baldy, Idyllwild and Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a lot of Jeffrey pines and a lot of white firs,” Paris Krause pointed out on a recent hike through the piney peaks of the San Bernardino Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s a contract botanist with the U.S. Forest Service, hired to study the aftermath of 2015’s Lake Fire near Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to extremely dry conditions, that fire quickly spread across 48 miles, reducing entire hillsides of pines to charred trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few needles left on trees. Like this tree in front of us has four needles at the very peak,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the needles, that tree and scores around it are dead. Krause said the fire was so intense it likely baked any seeds resting in the ground, making it hard for new trees to come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for another plant community to move in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right here this is a white thorn or a Ceanothus,” Krause says, pointing to a small green cluster of leaves. “And right over there, that is a baby Manzanita.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are both common chaparral species that are now thriving in the wake of the Lake Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s actually a pattern that is quite familiar to us in California,” said James Thorne, a researcher with UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral often comes into piney areas right after a fire, but it doesn’t typically stick around as new saplings grow through it. But that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne and his team of researchers modeled future climate conditions in the state and found that if we don’t significantly curb greenhouse gases, it’s likely that areas now dominated by conifer forests may not be able to sustain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll become more suitable for the chaparral,” Thorne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means in a hotter, drier future we may permanently lose our conifers to chaparral. For firefighters, that would mean a shift in approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://i.imgur.com/JVCkGPP.gif\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of pine forests from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for these forests to thrive. Red areas show unsuitable conditions triggered by climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with chaparral, and as we see an increase in it, is that it burns very hot and very rapidly,” said Mike Mohler from Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral fires grow fast and out of control. Since so many Southern Californians live near chaparral, he says these are the fires that often destroy homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent Sand Fire was a textbook example: It torched more than 40,000 acres, claimed one life and burned nearly 20 structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says fires in pine forests are hard to fight up close, because there are often few roads and lots of trees. Instead, crews make fire breaks and back-burn to take away fuel as the fire advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral fires, on the other hand, are easier to attack head-on with hoses and hand crews, but that puts firefighters in more danger, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://imgur.com/vXLadxr\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of chaparral from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for chaparral. Red areas show unsuitable conditions because of climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even as chaparral threatens to take over pine forests, chaparral itself is at risk of being replaced by an even more flammable plant community, according to Rick Halsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey runs the nonprofit Chaparral Institute, and he is full of facts on the benefits of this ever-present ecosystem. For instance, he says chaparral plants prevent erosion, help rainwater absorb deeper into soils and provide habitat for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey said most people, though, just see chaparral as a fire waiting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so as a consequence they look at these areas as a place of fear and danger rather than an important part of California’s ecology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral systems actually need fire every couple of decades to help certain plants germinate and to weed out others. But he adds that too many fires in too short a time means even these plants can disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That happened on a hillside of the Del Dios Highlands Preserve in San Diego County where a fire struck in 1997 and another one hit 10 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066277\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the hillside is covered in non-native, weedy grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point is there’s no shrubs, and they were here before. The frequency between the two fires eliminated the shrubs and allowed different species to come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey says the non-native grasses that are choking out the chaparral dry out easily and burn even faster than the native shrubs that were here before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasslands aren’t new to California, says Cal Fire’s Mohler, but they may be the most dangerous of all the plant types because of how quickly a fire can shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fire] can turn in a moment’s notice with just a minor wind shift, and come back against fire personnel, and cause massive burns,” Mohler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said firefighters have to be on high alert when dealing with grass fires, but luckily they respond well to attacks from above with water- and retardant-dropping planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says firefighters and forest managers can work together to mitigate new fire risks from changing plant communities, but a lot of the changes expected from global warming can’t be stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others worry that as these effects strengthen, explosive fires will be the new normal for every ecosystem in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A hotter, drier future could mean more chaparral where pine forests used to be — and eventually still more flammable grasses where chaparral used to be.",
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"title": "Why Climate Change Could Mean More Explosive Southern California Fires | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Southern California is home to some of the most diverse plant communities in the world, from coastal sage scrub and oak woodlands to conifer forests and inland chaparral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But where biologists see ecological niches, fire officials see fuel sources for wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many climate models predict that greenhouse gases will create a hotter, drier future for California over the next century. And that will likely amp up the potential for big blazes on these varying landscapes, creating new challenges for firefighters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One plant community already feeling the heat is the high-elevation pine woodlands in places like Mount Baldy, Idyllwild and Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here we have a lot of Jeffrey pines and a lot of white firs,” Paris Krause pointed out on a recent hike through the piney peaks of the San Bernardino Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s a contract botanist with the U.S. Forest Service, hired to study the aftermath of 2015’s Lake Fire near Big Bear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066259\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Paris-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Forest Service crew member and botanist Paris Krause drives through moderate and high-intensity burn areas one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Thanks to extremely dry conditions, that fire quickly spread across 48 miles, reducing entire hillsides of pines to charred trunks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a few needles left on trees. Like this tree in front of us has four needles at the very peak,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even with the needles, that tree and scores around it are dead. Krause said the fire was so intense it likely baked any seeds resting in the ground, making it hard for new trees to come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That opens the door for another plant community to move in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right here this is a white thorn or a Ceanothus,” Krause says, pointing to a small green cluster of leaves. “And right over there, that is a baby Manzanita.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066264\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/NewPlants-960x641.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New chaparral whitethorn (L) and manzanita (R) grow on the forest floor one year after the Lake Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest on July 20, 2016. \u003ccite>(Susanica Tam/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These are both common chaparral species that are now thriving in the wake of the Lake Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s actually a pattern that is quite familiar to us in California,” said James Thorne, a researcher with UC Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral often comes into piney areas right after a fire, but it doesn’t typically stick around as new saplings grow through it. But that could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thorne and his team of researchers modeled future climate conditions in the state and found that if we don’t significantly curb greenhouse gases, it’s likely that areas now dominated by conifer forests may not be able to sustain them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’ll become more suitable for the chaparral,” Thorne said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means in a hotter, drier future we may permanently lose our conifers to chaparral. For firefighters, that would mean a shift in approach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://i.imgur.com/JVCkGPP.gif\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of pine forests from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for these forests to thrive. Red areas show unsuitable conditions triggered by climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem with chaparral, and as we see an increase in it, is that it burns very hot and very rapidly,” said Mike Mohler from Cal Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says chaparral fires grow fast and out of control. Since so many Southern Californians live near chaparral, he says these are the fires that often destroy homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recent Sand Fire was a textbook example: It torched more than 40,000 acres, claimed one life and burned nearly 20 structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says fires in pine forests are hard to fight up close, because there are often few roads and lots of trees. Instead, crews make fire breaks and back-burn to take away fuel as the fire advances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral fires, on the other hand, are easier to attack head-on with hoses and hand crews, but that puts firefighters in more danger, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://imgur.com/vXLadxr\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>This GIF depicts areas of chaparral from 1981 to 2099. Blue areas show suitable conditions for chaparral. Red areas show unsuitable conditions because of climate change. (Source: UC Davis)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even as chaparral threatens to take over pine forests, chaparral itself is at risk of being replaced by an even more flammable plant community, according to Rick Halsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey runs the nonprofit Chaparral Institute, and he is full of facts on the benefits of this ever-present ecosystem. For instance, he says chaparral plants prevent erosion, help rainwater absorb deeper into soils and provide habitat for many animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey said most people, though, just see chaparral as a fire waiting to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so as a consequence they look at these areas as a place of fear and danger rather than an important part of California’s ecology,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chaparral systems actually need fire every couple of decades to help certain plants germinate and to weed out others. But he adds that too many fires in too short a time means even these plants can disappear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That happened on a hillside of the Del Dios Highlands Preserve in San Diego County where a fire struck in 1997 and another one hit 10 years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11066277\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11066277\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Halsey-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rick Halsey researches the benefits of chaparral ecosystems and the threats facing these plant communities. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now the hillside is covered in non-native, weedy grasses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The point is there’s no shrubs, and they were here before. The frequency between the two fires eliminated the shrubs and allowed different species to come in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halsey says the non-native grasses that are choking out the chaparral dry out easily and burn even faster than the native shrubs that were here before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grasslands aren’t new to California, says Cal Fire’s Mohler, but they may be the most dangerous of all the plant types because of how quickly a fire can shift.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The fire] can turn in a moment’s notice with just a minor wind shift, and come back against fire personnel, and cause massive burns,” Mohler said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said firefighters have to be on high alert when dealing with grass fires, but luckily they respond well to attacks from above with water- and retardant-dropping planes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mohler says firefighters and forest managers can work together to mitigate new fire risks from changing plant communities, but a lot of the changes expected from global warming can’t be stopped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others worry that as these effects strengthen, explosive fires will be the new normal for every ecosystem in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/topics/forever-fire-season\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forever Fire Season\u003c/a>, KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we’ll cover those affected by the summer’s destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC’s Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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