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"excerpt": "Crews surrounded the San Bernardino County fire Tuesday. Meanwhile, multiple wildfires continue to bedevil crews, including one near Hearst Castle.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Firefighters have reached full containment of a blaze east of Los Angeles that forced tens of thousands to evacuate their homes. At the same time, multiple wildfires continued to challenge crews throughout the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California's Department of Forestry and Fire Information declared \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4962/\">the Blue Cut Fire\u003c/a> 100 percent contained Tuesday — but not before the 36,000-acre fire destroyed nearly 100 homes and forced the evacuation of 80,000 people in San Bernardino County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Saturday, crews had largely contained the blaze, allowing the lifting of evacuation orders \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/20/490739379/photos-firefighters-gain-ground-on-californias-blue-cut-wildfire\"> for many residents\u003c/a>. NPR's Nathan Rott says more than 300 crews were pulled off the fire as it dwindled.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\"Attention is turning from that fire ... toward others,\" Rott says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Statewide, 10,000 fire personnel are battling six major wildfires, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1389\">the Chimney Fire\u003c/a>, which is burning in San Luis Obispo County.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>That inferno has already consumed 53 structures and 37,101 acres in Central California near Hearst Castle, built by publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst, now a tourist attraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Saturday, the California Parks Department announced the property's closure owing to poor air quality. \u003ca href=\"http://hearstcastle.org/\">It remains closed\u003c/a> through the week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly 4,000 fire personnel are working on that fire, which is considered 35 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California, the long-burning \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/1348\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> is 60 percent contained. The fire has been burning for a month and has consumed some 87,000 acres north of Big Sur. \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/05/soberanes-fire-bulldozer-operator-killed/\" target=\"_blank\">At least one death\u003c/a> has been attributed to the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just west of Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4971/\">the Rey Fire \u003c/a>is burning through wilderness in Santa Barbara County. So far, 27,000 acres have burned. That fire is 30 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The California Drought is now in its fifth year, but we still know little about how it has affected public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-million acres of farmland were fallowed in 2015, leaving thousands of agricultural workers jobless. More than a thousand families saw their drinking water wells go dry. Many more were forced to ration water, either because their well production slowed down, or because a local agency imposed rationing. Many lakes and ponds are experiencing toxic algae blooms, which can lead to sickness in people and pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has consequences for human health, both physical and emotional. One study in Tulare County recently attempted to quantify these effects via door-to-door polling. This was one survey in two small communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Kurt Schwabe at the University of California Riverside plans a statewide study to assess the drought’s effect on human health. Schwabe, a professor of environmental economics and policy, has been awarded a $284,000 grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to conduct the study. It will involve a detailed analysis of data already collected on public health, which will be correlated with weather data to determine the drought’s influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Schwabe to learn more about this project and what he hopes it will lead to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_937984\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 683px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-937984\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Schwabe.jpg\" alt=\"Kurt Schwabe is a professor of environmental economics and policy at UC Riverside.\" width=\"683\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Schwabe.jpg 683w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Schwabe-400x190.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kurt Schwabe is a professor of environmental economics and policy at UC Riverside. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Kurt Schwabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What prompted your interest in studying the links between drought and health?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kurt Schwabe: The genesis of this was that you hear a lot of what seem to be large numbers in terms of the impacts of drought – that it resulted, say, in agricultural losses around $2.7 billion and 10,000 seasonal jobs in \u003c/span>2015. At first glance people think, well, that’s a pretty big number. And it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But if you put it in relative terms, that’s about 5 percent of agriculture’s annual value, and agriculture is about 3 percent of the state’s GDP. Multiply those numbers together and you get about a 0.15 percent impact on the state in terms of overall economic productivity. And you start saying, maybe the drought doesn’t seem like it’s been so devastating in relative terms to California’s economy. So my feeling is, the median and aggregate tell part of the story, but not the whole story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So what we want to talk about are what we call the equity or distributional impacts of the drought. While some people may not be impacted very much, for some communities the impact may be quite significant, not only in the short run, but potentially long-run.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And that’s where the health impacts come in. Then, when you start adding up those costs, they can really tip the scales as to whether there is justification for a change in policy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is this an \u003c/span>‘out of sight, out of mind’ sort of crisis?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: \u003c/span>There’s quite a bit of information on what the short-run impacts are of drought on agriculture – things like lost jobs and reduced [crop] yields. You also see a significant amount of evidence in terms of impacts of drought on fish survival rates. And more recently, you start to hear about the potential impacts on urban water usage. Those are certainly three understandable categories to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But the real effects on livelihood are about health and well-being. You just don’t see that evidence being presented to policymakers. It’s not necessarily that they don’t think about it. It’s that they may not have been presented with the evidence of the impacts so it can be used effectively in their decision-making.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Which resources are you using for this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Essentially we’ll be looking at putting together and merging a couple of different datasets. They come from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and there’s another we’ll use which collects data from what’s called the California Health Interview Surveys.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There will be several different weather indicators we’ll use to look at the impact of adverse weather events. There’s going to be plenty of data on different measures of weather. Hot weather today also might have a delayed effect. So not only are we going to use different climate measures, but we’ll look at them over different time horizons. It’s a puzzle in that sense.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We’re going to be looking at, how do adverse weather events affect those two datasets over the entire state, all 58 counties?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Does the data cover the current drought period?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: We’ll try to get the most recent drought. I think we can get the data through 2014. With one of the datasets, we’re going to go back to, say, 1990 and look at the last 20 years. If we can get the data up through 2015, we’ll do that. Then in another dataset, we’ll have periods of health indicators from 2000 till 2012 or 2013.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will you be able to pick up climate change influences?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Our study will look at the impacts of adverse weather events on health. What we could do is look at the climate predictions associated with these regions in, say, 2050. And given the associations we’ve found in our research, what does that suggest about health impacts in 2050 if we assume the climate is only going to get more variable and more extreme? That will only be an estimate because, over 20 years, you figure people will find ways to adapt. But it also suggests if we don’t do anything, here are the best estimates of how our health might be affected.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will you be focusing on other extreme weather events, or just drought?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Right now we are interested in focusing on just drought, but also extreme temperatures. Drought isn’t necessarily fully described by the lack of rain. What we’re seeing these days is that periods of dryness are intersecting more and more with period of extreme temperatures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The drought obviously leads to a lot of dry woodlands, and they’re more susceptible to fires, and the fires often lead to not only denuded landscapes – which lead to mudslides and create erosion and more floods – but also to air pollution. That’s a factor we’ve got to \u003c/span>be cognizant of: there are these other effects associated with drought that might be experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: You also plan to look at emotional distress related to drought. That isn’t easily quantified.\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: I think that’s what is going to be really unique about what we will tease out of this. Typically, economists have looked in the past at how the loss of social and economic resources impact health.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are expectations about whether I’m going to have a job this summer or not, and what that means for my ability to put food on the table, or give my son or daughter resources to go to school. Those expectations can increase the stress levels within my system. Increases in stress can impact my bodily systems, maybe lower my immune system and add wear and tear both mentally and physically, which can lead to disease and death. We will look for cases where we don’t necessarily observe a change in the social or economic resources that have been available to people, but we still see health impacts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What do you hope your research will lead to?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: My first goal is to provide a little more light in terms of what are the relationships between adverse weather events and health. Secondly, if we do find the relationship, look at how it is influenced by water policy. Then third, bring that evidence to the public – the water agencies, the resource agencies and the general public – through seminars and journal articles and workshops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: You have stated that you hope this research leads to a \u003c/span>‘new era of health policy.’ What do you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Health is influenced by a whole range of other types of policies that end up being correlated with health or causing health impacts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So when the State Water Resources Control Board or \u003c/span>Department of Water Resources \u003cspan class=\"s1\">are thinking about water allocations, we want to make them aware, depending on the results of our study, whether their allocations will have impacts on not only agricultural production rates and fish mortality, but also on human health, and where the stressors or spikes might be that they might be able to address. So in that sense, bringing health policy into water policy –\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">providing that evidence.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, when I think about agricultural impacts and the loss in revenue of $2.7 billion, that measure alone seems like a short-run cost. If you think about the implications on health and growers’ ability to support their families – nutrition, education and such – the cost can be much longer and greater than I think has been discussed so far in this policy arena. But that’s something that we’ll look into.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">My hypothesis is that there are significant and long-range health effects. That’s what we’ll test. It may turn out our results suggest there are not, but that’s why we do the research.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Policymakers are aware that there are these small communities that rely on a single source of water, often groundwater, who end up losing access to that water. What this study will do is expand on that and say: it’s not just reduced access to groundwater, but there is a whole range of other health mechanisms that might be influenced by drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/22/california-droughts-impact-on-health-to-be-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Water is essential to human life. A shortage of it has an impact on health. Kurt Schwabe at UC Riverside is launching the first statewide study to understand its effect.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The California Drought is now in its fifth year, but we still know little about how it has affected public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-million acres of farmland were fallowed in 2015, leaving thousands of agricultural workers jobless. More than a thousand families saw their drinking water wells go dry. Many more were forced to ration water, either because their well production slowed down, or because a local agency imposed rationing. Many lakes and ponds are experiencing toxic algae blooms, which can lead to sickness in people and pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drought has consequences for human health, both physical and emotional. One study in Tulare County recently attempted to quantify these effects via door-to-door polling. This was one survey in two small communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Kurt Schwabe at the University of California Riverside plans a statewide study to assess the drought’s effect on human health. Schwabe, a professor of environmental economics and policy, has been awarded a $284,000 grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to conduct the study. It will involve a detailed analysis of data already collected on public health, which will be correlated with weather data to determine the drought’s influence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply recently spoke with Schwabe to learn more about this project and what he hopes it will lead to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_937984\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 683px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-937984\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Schwabe.jpg\" alt=\"Kurt Schwabe is a professor of environmental economics and policy at UC Riverside.\" width=\"683\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Schwabe.jpg 683w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Schwabe-400x190.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kurt Schwabe is a professor of environmental economics and policy at UC Riverside. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Kurt Schwabe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What prompted your interest in studying the links between drought and health?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Kurt Schwabe: The genesis of this was that you hear a lot of what seem to be large numbers in terms of the impacts of drought – that it resulted, say, in agricultural losses around $2.7 billion and 10,000 seasonal jobs in \u003c/span>2015. At first glance people think, well, that’s a pretty big number. And it is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But if you put it in relative terms, that’s about 5 percent of agriculture’s annual value, and agriculture is about 3 percent of the state’s GDP. Multiply those numbers together and you get about a 0.15 percent impact on the state in terms of overall economic productivity. And you start saying, maybe the drought doesn’t seem like it’s been so devastating in relative terms to California’s economy. So my feeling is, the median and aggregate tell part of the story, but not the whole story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So what we want to talk about are what we call the equity or distributional impacts of the drought. While some people may not be impacted very much, for some communities the impact may be quite significant, not only in the short run, but potentially long-run.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">And that’s where the health impacts come in. Then, when you start adding up those costs, they can really tip the scales as to whether there is justification for a change in policy.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is this an \u003c/span>‘out of sight, out of mind’ sort of crisis?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: \u003c/span>There’s quite a bit of information on what the short-run impacts are of drought on agriculture – things like lost jobs and reduced [crop] yields. You also see a significant amount of evidence in terms of impacts of drought on fish survival rates. And more recently, you start to hear about the potential impacts on urban water usage. Those are certainly three understandable categories to look at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But the real effects on livelihood are about health and well-being. You just don’t see that evidence being presented to policymakers. It’s not necessarily that they don’t think about it. It’s that they may not have been presented with the evidence of the impacts so it can be used effectively in their decision-making.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Which resources are you using for this study?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Essentially we’ll be looking at putting together and merging a couple of different datasets. They come from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development, and there’s another we’ll use which collects data from what’s called the California Health Interview Surveys.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There will be several different weather indicators we’ll use to look at the impact of adverse weather events. There’s going to be plenty of data on different measures of weather. Hot weather today also might have a delayed effect. So not only are we going to use different climate measures, but we’ll look at them over different time horizons. It’s a puzzle in that sense.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">We’re going to be looking at, how do adverse weather events affect those two datasets over the entire state, all 58 counties?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Does the data cover the current drought period?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: We’ll try to get the most recent drought. I think we can get the data through 2014. With one of the datasets, we’re going to go back to, say, 1990 and look at the last 20 years. If we can get the data up through 2015, we’ll do that. Then in another dataset, we’ll have periods of health indicators from 2000 till 2012 or 2013.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will you be able to pick up climate change influences?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Our study will look at the impacts of adverse weather events on health. What we could do is look at the climate predictions associated with these regions in, say, 2050. And given the associations we’ve found in our research, what does that suggest about health impacts in 2050 if we assume the climate is only going to get more variable and more extreme? That will only be an estimate because, over 20 years, you figure people will find ways to adapt. But it also suggests if we don’t do anything, here are the best estimates of how our health might be affected.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Will you be focusing on other extreme weather events, or just drought?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Right now we are interested in focusing on just drought, but also extreme temperatures. Drought isn’t necessarily fully described by the lack of rain. What we’re seeing these days is that periods of dryness are intersecting more and more with period of extreme temperatures.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The drought obviously leads to a lot of dry woodlands, and they’re more susceptible to fires, and the fires often lead to not only denuded landscapes – which lead to mudslides and create erosion and more floods – but also to air pollution. That’s a factor we’ve got to \u003c/span>be cognizant of: there are these other effects associated with drought that might be experienced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: You also plan to look at emotional distress related to drought. That isn’t easily quantified.\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: I think that’s what is going to be really unique about what we will tease out of this. Typically, economists have looked in the past at how the loss of social and economic resources impact health.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">There are expectations about whether I’m going to have a job this summer or not, and what that means for my ability to put food on the table, or give my son or daughter resources to go to school. Those expectations can increase the stress levels within my system. Increases in stress can impact my bodily systems, maybe lower my immune system and add wear and tear both mentally and physically, which can lead to disease and death. We will look for cases where we don’t necessarily observe a change in the social or economic resources that have been available to people, but we still see health impacts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What do you hope your research will lead to?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: My first goal is to provide a little more light in terms of what are the relationships between adverse weather events and health. Secondly, if we do find the relationship, look at how it is influenced by water policy. Then third, bring that evidence to the public – the water agencies, the resource agencies and the general public – through seminars and journal articles and workshops.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: You have stated that you hope this research leads to a \u003c/span>‘new era of health policy.’ What do you mean by that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Schwabe: Health is influenced by a whole range of other types of policies that end up being correlated with health or causing health impacts.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So when the State Water Resources Control Board or \u003c/span>Department of Water Resources \u003cspan class=\"s1\">are thinking about water allocations, we want to make them aware, depending on the results of our study, whether their allocations will have impacts on not only agricultural production rates and fish mortality, but also on human health, and where the stressors or spikes might be that they might be able to address. So in that sense, bringing health policy into water policy –\u003c/span>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">providing that evidence.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Also, when I think about agricultural impacts and the loss in revenue of $2.7 billion, that measure alone seems like a short-run cost. If you think about the implications on health and growers’ ability to support their families – nutrition, education and such – the cost can be much longer and greater than I think has been discussed so far in this policy arena. But that’s something that we’ll look into.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">My hypothesis is that there are significant and long-range health effects. That’s what we’ll test. It may turn out our results suggest there are not, but that’s why we do the research.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Policymakers are aware that there are these small communities that rely on a single source of water, often groundwater, who end up losing access to that water. What this study will do is expand on that and say: it’s not just reduced access to groundwater, but there is a whole range of other health mechanisms that might be influenced by drought.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/08/22/california-droughts-impact-on-health-to-be-revealed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=http%3a%2f%2fwaterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com%2fsubscribe%3fu%3d8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6%26id%3d2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Meeting the Logistical Challenges of a Huge Wildfire Fight",
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"content": "\u003cp>As the Blue Cut Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest ballooned this week, a new city was born at the base of the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tent by tent, trailer by trailer, the Blue Cut Fire Command Post emerged to host thousands fire personnel who may be here for days or even weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cms.sbcounty.gov/parks/parks/glenhelenregionalpark.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Glen Helen Regional Park\u003c/a> in Devore, at the base of the Cajon Pass where the fire is burning, normally is filled with people eating, playing Frisbee golf among the gently rolling hills or maybe fishing at the edge of the park's pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the Blue Cut Fire \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/blue-cut-fire-cajon-pass-update/\" target=\"_blank\">blew up\u003c/a> Tuesday, churning through some 1,000 acres an hour and growing to almost 60 square miles as of Friday night, an incident command team began putting in orders to create the pop-up city known as the command post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the grassy areas are peppered with tents. Green, red and yellow fire trucks line the park roads. And trailers make up a \"Main Street,\" offering everything from a health clinic to a copy center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's everything here,\" said Karen Morris, who helps run Incident Solutions, a contractor that provides emergency communications and radios for fire camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just pops up out of nowhere in the middle of a field or like this beautiful park -- this is a really nice park,\" Morris said. \"And people just get their tents out and they sleep here and they eat here and they live here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her family's company, which travels from wildfire to wildfire, normally doesn't travel this far south from its Grants Pass, Oregon, base. But when fire command officials cannot find local, approved vendors -- often when many wildfires are burning at once -- they must turned to approved companies in neighboring regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get a call. You're sitting down watching the Olympics,\" Morris said, laughing. \"And all of a sudden, it's like, OK, you're leaving and you just, your stuff's already pre-packed. You're just grabbing a couple incidentals, your phone charger, your phone, you know, stuff like that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 12 hours later, Morris was at a fire base in Southern California, making sure firefighters can communicate with each other in the camp and in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service says it can spend $150,000 to $200,000 a day on fire support services, which is the stuff you see at the command center, including catering, medical services, supplies and showers. That figure changes depending on the number of firefighters in camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross Peckinpah is in charge of logistics for California's Interagency Incident Management Team Four. These are teams brought in on major wildfires when many different fire agencies are involved. Team Four was assigned to the Blue Cut Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11054591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"The Blue Cut Fire smoke plume viewed from Glen Helen Regional Park in Devore, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11054591\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-960x541.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot.jpg 1253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Blue Cut Fire smoke plume viewed from Glen Helen Regional Park in Devore, California. \u003ccite>(Susan Valot/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's Peckinpah's job to get everything from catering to laundry services to the camp and to make sure it's laid out in a way that's effective. For instance, he makes sure firefighter sleeping areas are located away from the kitchen, which is noisy with food prep and generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peckinpah said each fire camp presents its own challenges when it comes to logistics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're having trouble filling a lot of positions because of the draw down in the state,\" Peckinpah said as he sat by a constantly busy radio in an air-conditioned trailer along the camp's main drag. \"I think there are no tents available right now. There are no day sleeping trailers available right now. I can't even get dumpsters for some reason right now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peckinpah hoped to have that sorted out with San Bernardino County officials soon. And he'll turn to local fire departments to see if they can help him secure supplies. He pointed out that because of so many fires burning in California right now, including the Soberanes Fire in the Big Sur area, it took more than 48 hours to get fuel tenders to refill fire trucks on Southern California's Blue Cut Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We look at each incident as a different challenge, a set of challenges,\" he said. \"There's always something that'll cause you to trip up. And so we need to focus sometimes the most simple things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple things like food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's Corbett Sneva's specialty. He runs the unit of Latitude Catering that's providing meals for this fire. Sneva's company was called to the fire only three hours after it began Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When arriving at an incident fire command post, we are typically one of the first people to get here because then it also takes us the longest to get set up and get going,\" Sneva said. \"It's essentially bringing a commercial kitchen of the size of a hotel out into some remote areas and getting set up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said Latitude Catering makes a majority of its revenue from wildfire catering -- about $6 million during the wildfire season. The company has three hubs with equipment: Lancaster and Corona in California and Grand Junction, Colorado. The food crew from the Blue Cut Fire came from Lancaster, bringing four semi trucks several vehicles and a couch-sized stainless steel smoker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, they were preparing about 1,000 pounds of pork loin, which would be doled out to hungry firefighters with chutney, macaroni and cheese, and mashed potatoes. Sneva said they work like a major kitchen, sending out one plate about every seven to ten seconds during the dinner rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meals at the command post aren't necessarily a typical meal you'd eat at home. The bag lunch was filled with items such as peanut butter and jelly sandwich pockets, with each bag weighing three pounds. A typical wildfire meal is about 6,000 calories to replenish fire crews who've spent long hours battling flames in high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto Fire Captain Barry Marchisio would be eating one of those meals before heading out on the night shift to fight the fire. He spent a couple of weeks at the Sobrantes Fire in Monterey County, then three days at the Clayton Fire in Lake County. He said his crew was released from there and thought they'd be heading home for a bit of a break. That's when they got the call to head to the Blue Cut Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marchisio said chasing large wild fires all over the state can be tiring, but he loves it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like a camping trip with a fire engine instead of a motor home,\" he said. \"Except you have to work your rear-end off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marchisio said as he headed for the fire camp's medical clinic to treat blisters on his feet.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the Blue Cut Fire in the San Bernardino National Forest ballooned this week, a new city was born at the base of the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tent by tent, trailer by trailer, the Blue Cut Fire Command Post emerged to host thousands fire personnel who may be here for days or even weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cms.sbcounty.gov/parks/parks/glenhelenregionalpark.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">Glen Helen Regional Park\u003c/a> in Devore, at the base of the Cajon Pass where the fire is burning, normally is filled with people eating, playing Frisbee golf among the gently rolling hills or maybe fishing at the edge of the park's pond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the Blue Cut Fire \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/08/17/blue-cut-fire-cajon-pass-update/\" target=\"_blank\">blew up\u003c/a> Tuesday, churning through some 1,000 acres an hour and growing to almost 60 square miles as of Friday night, an incident command team began putting in orders to create the pop-up city known as the command post.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the grassy areas are peppered with tents. Green, red and yellow fire trucks line the park roads. And trailers make up a \"Main Street,\" offering everything from a health clinic to a copy center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's everything here,\" said Karen Morris, who helps run Incident Solutions, a contractor that provides emergency communications and radios for fire camps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It just pops up out of nowhere in the middle of a field or like this beautiful park -- this is a really nice park,\" Morris said. \"And people just get their tents out and they sleep here and they eat here and they live here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her family's company, which travels from wildfire to wildfire, normally doesn't travel this far south from its Grants Pass, Oregon, base. But when fire command officials cannot find local, approved vendors -- often when many wildfires are burning at once -- they must turned to approved companies in neighboring regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You get a call. You're sitting down watching the Olympics,\" Morris said, laughing. \"And all of a sudden, it's like, OK, you're leaving and you just, your stuff's already pre-packed. You're just grabbing a couple incidentals, your phone charger, your phone, you know, stuff like that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 12 hours later, Morris was at a fire base in Southern California, making sure firefighters can communicate with each other in the camp and in the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service says it can spend $150,000 to $200,000 a day on fire support services, which is the stuff you see at the command center, including catering, medical services, supplies and showers. That figure changes depending on the number of firefighters in camp.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross Peckinpah is in charge of logistics for California's Interagency Incident Management Team Four. These are teams brought in on major wildfires when many different fire agencies are involved. Team Four was assigned to the Blue Cut Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11054591\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"The Blue Cut Fire smoke plume viewed from Glen Helen Regional Park in Devore, California.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11054591\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot-960x541.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/screenshot.jpg 1253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Blue Cut Fire smoke plume viewed from Glen Helen Regional Park in Devore, California. \u003ccite>(Susan Valot/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's Peckinpah's job to get everything from catering to laundry services to the camp and to make sure it's laid out in a way that's effective. For instance, he makes sure firefighter sleeping areas are located away from the kitchen, which is noisy with food prep and generators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peckinpah said each fire camp presents its own challenges when it comes to logistics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're having trouble filling a lot of positions because of the draw down in the state,\" Peckinpah said as he sat by a constantly busy radio in an air-conditioned trailer along the camp's main drag. \"I think there are no tents available right now. There are no day sleeping trailers available right now. I can't even get dumpsters for some reason right now.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peckinpah hoped to have that sorted out with San Bernardino County officials soon. And he'll turn to local fire departments to see if they can help him secure supplies. He pointed out that because of so many fires burning in California right now, including the Soberanes Fire in the Big Sur area, it took more than 48 hours to get fuel tenders to refill fire trucks on Southern California's Blue Cut Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We look at each incident as a different challenge, a set of challenges,\" he said. \"There's always something that'll cause you to trip up. And so we need to focus sometimes the most simple things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simple things like food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's Corbett Sneva's specialty. He runs the unit of Latitude Catering that's providing meals for this fire. Sneva's company was called to the fire only three hours after it began Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When arriving at an incident fire command post, we are typically one of the first people to get here because then it also takes us the longest to get set up and get going,\" Sneva said. \"It's essentially bringing a commercial kitchen of the size of a hotel out into some remote areas and getting set up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said Latitude Catering makes a majority of its revenue from wildfire catering -- about $6 million during the wildfire season. The company has three hubs with equipment: Lancaster and Corona in California and Grand Junction, Colorado. The food crew from the Blue Cut Fire came from Lancaster, bringing four semi trucks several vehicles and a couch-sized stainless steel smoker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, they were preparing about 1,000 pounds of pork loin, which would be doled out to hungry firefighters with chutney, macaroni and cheese, and mashed potatoes. Sneva said they work like a major kitchen, sending out one plate about every seven to ten seconds during the dinner rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meals at the command post aren't necessarily a typical meal you'd eat at home. The bag lunch was filled with items such as peanut butter and jelly sandwich pockets, with each bag weighing three pounds. A typical wildfire meal is about 6,000 calories to replenish fire crews who've spent long hours battling flames in high temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Palo Alto Fire Captain Barry Marchisio would be eating one of those meals before heading out on the night shift to fight the fire. He spent a couple of weeks at the Sobrantes Fire in Monterey County, then three days at the Clayton Fire in Lake County. He said his crew was released from there and thought they'd be heading home for a bit of a break. That's when they got the call to head to the Blue Cut Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marchisio said chasing large wild fires all over the state can be tiring, but he loves it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's like a camping trip with a fire engine instead of a motor home,\" he said. \"Except you have to work your rear-end off.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Residents in Drought-Stricken Town Finally Start To Get Running Water",
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"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CaWaterBoards/status/766747460551135232\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When wells started going dry in the unincorporated Tulare County community of East Porterville two years ago, the area became a poster child for California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of homes were left without water as private wells dried up because of plummeting groundwater levels. Residents, many of them low-income, relied on 300-gallon \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/20/california-county-still-relying-on-water-tanks-despite-rainfall/\" target=\"_blank\">water containers\u003c/a> on their front lawns, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/26/hot-showers-arent-a-luxury-in-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\">portable showers\u003c/a> and cases of water delivered by volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small community surrounded in the county known as \"\u003ca href=\"http://water.ca.gov/waterconditions/porterville.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">ground zero\u003c/a>\" for California's drought, according to the state Water Board, got international media attention. Bottled water donations poured in, but what East Porterville residents needed most was a permanent source of water. Now they’re finally getting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"c4R3fhnAe9t77yUCt7REakYGjlAYesZM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, state and local officials have been trying to figure out a way to connect East Porterville homes to the water system in neighboring Porterville. Friday, officials began hooking up about 70 homes in the first phase of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Phillips, Development Manager for the City of Porterville, says it hasn’t been easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean we’re installing infrastructure on a scale that is larger than some of our smaller valley communities,” she says. “There’s a population of nearly 7,000. It takes time to plan it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the project plans to bring city hookups to all East Porterville homes that have wells by the end of next near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, emergency officials say about 2,000 wells remain dry.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>When wells started going dry in the unincorporated Tulare County community of East Porterville two years ago, the area became a poster child for California’s drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hundreds of homes were left without water as private wells dried up because of plummeting groundwater levels. Residents, many of them low-income, relied on 300-gallon \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/20/california-county-still-relying-on-water-tanks-despite-rainfall/\" target=\"_blank\">water containers\u003c/a> on their front lawns, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2014/11/26/hot-showers-arent-a-luxury-in-california-drought/\" target=\"_blank\">portable showers\u003c/a> and cases of water delivered by volunteers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The small community surrounded in the county known as \"\u003ca href=\"http://water.ca.gov/waterconditions/porterville.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">ground zero\u003c/a>\" for California's drought, according to the state Water Board, got international media attention. Bottled water donations poured in, but what East Porterville residents needed most was a permanent source of water. Now they’re finally getting one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more than a year, state and local officials have been trying to figure out a way to connect East Porterville homes to the water system in neighboring Porterville. Friday, officials began hooking up about 70 homes in the first phase of the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Julie Phillips, Development Manager for the City of Porterville, says it hasn’t been easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean we’re installing infrastructure on a scale that is larger than some of our smaller valley communities,” she says. “There’s a population of nearly 7,000. It takes time to plan it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says the project plans to bring city hookups to all East Porterville homes that have wells by the end of next near.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across the state, emergency officials say about 2,000 wells remain dry.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change?",
"headTitle": "Should We Be Having Kids in the Age of Climate Change? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Standing before several dozen students in a college classroom, Travis Rieder tries to convince them not to have children. Or at least not too many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s at James Madison University in southwest Virginia to talk about a “small-family ethic” — to question the assumptions of a society that sees having children as good, throws parties for expecting parents, and in which parents then pressure their kids to “give them grandchildren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them.’\u003ccite>philosopher Travis Rieder\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why question such assumptions? The prospect of climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have lamented how bad things might get “for our grandchildren,” but Rieder tells the students that future isn’t so far off anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asks how old they will be in 2036, and, if they are thinking of having kids, how old their kids will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dangerous climate change \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\">is going to be happening by then\u003c/a>,” he says. “Very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder wears a tweedy jacket and tennis shoes, and he limps because of a motorcycle accident. He’s a philosopher with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/\">Berman Institute of Bioethics\u003c/a> at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and his arguments against having children are moral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans and other rich nations produce the most carbon emissions per capita, he says. Yet people in the world’s poorest nations are most likely to suffer severe climate impacts, “and that seems unfair,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a moral duty to future generations that will live amid the climate devastation being created now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s a provocative thought: Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them,” Rieder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His arguments sound pretty persuasive in the classroom. At home, it was a different matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Philosopher’s Personal Dilemma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been one of those women who actually craved to have a baby,” says Sadiye Rieder, smiling as she sits next to her husband in the sunroom of their Maryland home. “To go through pregnancy and everything, that mattered to me a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadiye also wanted a big family. She grew up among extended relatives in the Turkish part of Cyprus and says she enjoyed having people around all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not a problem early in their marriage, as each focused on their studies. But by the time Sadiye began feeling ready for motherhood, Travis’ research had delved into the morality of adoption, which led to the ethics of procreation and to its impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They knew they had to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy to convince a philosopher!” Sadiye says with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that a catastrophic tipping point is possible in the next few decades. By midcentury, possibly before, the average global temperature is projected to rise by more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459502597/2-degrees-100-billion-the-world-climate-agreement-by-the-numbers\">2 degrees Celsius\u003c/a>, the point scientists and world leaders agree would trigger cataclysmic consequences. Last year’s historic \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a> falls short of preventing that, so more drastic cuts in carbon emissions are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in the next few decades, each one producing more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, without dramatic action, climatologists say, the world is on track to hit 4 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century, and worse beyond that. A \u003ca href=\"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/26/000445729_20130326120429/Rendered/PDF/632190WP0Turn000Box374367B00PUBLIC0.pdf\">World Bank report\u003c/a> says this must be avoided, and warns of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought and serious impacts on ecosystems and “human systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the classroom, Rieder puts this in less technical terms: 4 degrees of warming would be “largely uninhabitable for humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be post-apocalyptic movie time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is quiet. No one fidgets. Later, a few students say they had no idea the situation was so bad. One says he appreciated the talk but found it terrifying, and hadn’t planned on being so shaken before heading off to start the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still. Even given the apocalyptic scenarios: Can you actually expect people to forgo something as deeply personal as having children? To deny the biological imperative that’s driven civilization?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and two colleagues, Colin Hickey and Jake Earl of Georgetown University, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">a strategy for trying to do just that\u003c/a>. Rieder is \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319338699\">publishing a book\u003c/a> on the subject later this year, and expects to take plenty of heat. But he’s hardly alone in thinking the climate crisis has come to this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Climate Crisis Is a Reproductive Crisis”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Hoskins is among a dozen people gathered in the spare office of an environmental group in Keene, N.H., earlier this year. They sit on folding chairs in a circle, the room humming with multiple conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had told my boyfriend at the time, ‘I’m not ready to have children because I don’t know what the climate’s gonna be like in 50 years,’ he wouldn’t have understood. There’s no way,” says Hoskins, a 23-year-old whose red hair is twisted in a long braid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929169\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929169\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg\" alt='Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that \"the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg 3262w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.” \u003ccite>(Jennifer Ludden/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is one of 16 meetings over the past year and a half organized by \u003ca href=\"http://conceivablefuture.org/\">Conceivable Future\u003c/a>, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins says she’s always wanted “little redheaded babies” — as do her parents, the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s a grad student in environmental studies, and the more she learns, the more she questions what kind of life those babies would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a country where even the idea of climate change can be polarizing and political, Hoskins has never shared that fear until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Kallman is a co-founder of Conceivable Future. “I can’t count the number of times people have said, ‘Oh, my God, it’s so nice to know I’m not the only person that worries about this,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2014, Kallman and Josephine Ferorelli created Conceivable Future to make these personal struggles public. The group’s ultimate goal is ending U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, though its immediate role seems one of commiseration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conceivable Future targets climate activists immersed in scary data. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/09/droughts-floods-die-offs-proliferate-climate-trauma-growing-phenomenon/\">There’s already a term for how some feel: climate trauma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kallman and Ferorelli say the focus on numbers fails to capture the emotion that drives many to work on the issue in the first place. For activists of childbearing age, Ferorelli says, climate change isn’t just an intellectual problem but “a heart problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferorelli, 33, and Kallman, 32, are both in committed relationships, and in the throes of this problem. Ferorelli recently helped her widowed mother pack up her house, saving cherished items with the unspoken assumption that they are for a next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, when she imagines raising a child, Ferorelli says she can’t help but envision the nightmare scenarios that have dogged her since she first heard the term “global warming” in elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing that I gave that future to somebody is something that just doesn’t sit very well,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They've agreed that if they want more children, they'll adopt.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They’ve agreed that if they want more children, they’ll adopt. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the New Hampshire meeting, 67-year-old Nancy Nolan tells two younger women that people didn’t know about climate change in the 1980s when she had her kids. Once her children were grown, “I said to them, ‘I hope you never have children,’ which is an awful thing to say,” Nolan says, her voice wavering. “It can bring me to tears easily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that of course people are driven to procreate, and you can’t really tell them not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One woman looks a little stunned. She’s not a climate activist — just tagged along with a friend — and says she had no idea that deciding not to have kids because of the climate was even a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t the first would-be parents to ask whether it’s fair to bring a child into the world. U.S. birth rates plummeted during the Great Depression. Many also must have thought twice amid warnings of overpopulation in the 1960s and ’70s, and under the threat of nuclear holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman says she’s heard from women who remember that; their reaction surprised her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like, ‘Oh, I thought we were gonna blow ourselves up in nuclear war, but it didn’t happen. And therefore, just be quiet and have some babies, and, see, everything will be all right,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comments may be well-intentioned, but as Kallman and Ferorelli see it, the threat from climate change is worse. It’s not a possibility. It’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone at the New Hampshire meeting is as pessimistic about the future. Becky Whitley still plans to have a second child. She’s with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.momscleanairforce.org/\">Moms Clean Air Force\u003c/a> and says becoming a parent is precisely what motivated her to care about the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I really do come from a place of hope because I am a mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman and Ferorelli say they don’t want to tell anyone what to do. In fact, neither is ready to rule out children herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not ready to get rid of the fantasy,” says Ferorelli. “In certain versions of the future, I would love to have a kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Easier Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at James Madison University, Travis Rieder explains a PowerPoint graph that seems to offer hope. Bringing down global fertility by just half a child per woman “could be the thing that saves us,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/41/17521.full\">study from 2010\u003c/a> that looked at the impact of demographic change on global carbon emissions. It found that slowing population growth could eliminate one-fifth to one-quarter of all the carbon emissions that need to be cut by midcentury to avoid that potentially catastrophic tipping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder’s audience seems to want an easier way. A student asks about the carbon savings from not eating meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excellent idea, Rieder says. But no amount of conservation gives you a pass. Oregon State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2009/07/carbon%20legacy.pdf\">have calculated the savings\u003c/a> from all kinds of conservation measures: driving a hybrid, driving less, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, windows and light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an American, the total metric tons of carbon dioxide saved by all of those measures over an entire lifetime of 80 years: 488. By contrast, the metric tons saved when a person chooses to have one fewer child: 9,441.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another student asks: “What happens if that kid you decided not to have would have been the person who grew up and essentially cured this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, great question, says Rieder, but the answer is still no. First, the chances are slim. More to the point, he says, valuing children as a means to an end — be it to cure climate change or, say, provide soldiers for the state — is ethically problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that’s at stake, he says, we need to shift our cultural attitudes. “It’s not the childless who must justify their lifestyle. It’s the rest of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that includes Rieder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One and Done”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, Travis Rieder’s face lights up when his 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, sings a favorite song. She stands at her mother’s knee, bouncing up and down on her toes, giggling as her parents clap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many conversations, he and Sadiye ended up convincing each other. Travis decided you can’t deny someone the hard-wired human fulfillment of creating a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sadiye agreed that the moral bar for a second child is much higher. The couple is “one and done.” Any more children will come through adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis also argues that someone who doesn’t feel that deep longing to procreate is morally compelled to think twice before having any children at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he writes online, Rieder often gets nasty comments, and inevitably people will say he must not have children. He believes it’s important that he understand viscerally what he’s asking of people. His daughter, he says, is “the most amazing thing we’ve ever done with our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you persuade millions or billions of people around the world to sacrifice that? To avert climate disaster, the fertility rate would have to fall much faster than it has been. It would require more than educating women and expanding access to contraception, as aid agencies have been doing for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carrots for the Poor, Sticks for the Rich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and his Georgetown collaborators have a proposal, and the first thing they stress is that it’s not like China’s abusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/29/247782924/chinese-welcome-two-child-policy-but-can-they-afford-it\">one-child policy\u003c/a>. It aims to persuade people to choose fewer children with a strategy that boils down to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">carrots for the poor, sticks for the rich.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, Rieder says poor nations get some slack because they’re still developing, and because their per capita emissions are a sliver of the developed world’s. Plus, it just doesn’t look good for rich, Western nations to tell people in poor ones not to have kids. He suggests things like paying poor women to refill their birth control and — something that’s had proven success — widespread media campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s and ’80s, a wave of educational soap operas in Latin America, Asia and Africa wove family planning into their plot lines. Some countries did this when they faced economic crisis. The shows are credited with actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/theory.aspx\">changing people’s opinions\u003c/a> about family size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sticks part of the plan, Rieder proposes that richer nations do away with tax breaks for having children and actually penalize new parents. He says the penalty should be progressive, based on income, and could increase with each additional child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it like a carbon tax, on kids. He knows that sounds crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But children, in a kind of cold way of looking at it, are an externality,” he says. “We as parents, we as family members, we get the good. And the world, the community, pays the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there are ethical concerns. \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/rebecca-kukla/\">Rebecca Kukla\u003c/a> of Georgetown University worries about stigma, especially against poor and minority women. If cultural norms do change, she says, there could be a backlash against families with more children than is deemed socially appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kukla appreciates that Rieder’s penalty on procreation would be progressive. But since it could not be so high as to be coercive, she says \u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/27846638/Whose_Job_Is_It_to_Fight_Climate_Change_A_Response_to_Hickey_Rieder_and_Earl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it would inevitably be unfair\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that will actually translate into is it becoming much easier for wealthy people to have children than for other people to have children,” Kukla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger hurdle is the sheer unlikelihood of it all. Rieder has no illusions. In fact, he says, some countries that have successfully reduced fertility rates have since reversed course, afraid that falling population will hurt their economies. (He has an answer — just as controversial — to that, too. He would have nations open up immigration to allow in the expected tens of millions of climate refugees.) Rieder’s real hope is to change people’s way of thinking about childbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if his idea seems like a last-ditch Hail Mary play, he wouldn’t disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation is bleak, it’s just dark,” he says. “Population engineering, maybe it’s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rieder wonders: Is it really so crazy? Scientists have proposed incredibly risky schemes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/238548240/turning-to-scientists-to-engineer-a-cooler-climate\">geoengineer the clouds and oceans\u003c/a>. They’re researching ways to suck carbon out of the air on a mass scale. Some have even called for overhauling the global system of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/04/can-climate-change-cure-capitalism/\">free-market capitalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to all that, Rieder says, bringing down the fertility rate seems downright easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know exactly how to make fewer babies,” he says. And it’s something people can start doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+We+Be+Having+Kids+In+The+Age+Of+Climate+Change%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For some climate activists, the personal decision to have a child is also fraught with moral consequences: the negative impact on the environment, and on the quality of life for those children.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Standing before several dozen students in a college classroom, Travis Rieder tries to convince them not to have children. Or at least not too many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s at James Madison University in southwest Virginia to talk about a “small-family ethic” — to question the assumptions of a society that sees having children as good, throws parties for expecting parents, and in which parents then pressure their kids to “give them grandchildren.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them.’\u003ccite>philosopher Travis Rieder\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Why question such assumptions? The prospect of climate catastrophe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, people have lamented how bad things might get “for our grandchildren,” but Rieder tells the students that future isn’t so far off anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He asks how old they will be in 2036, and, if they are thinking of having kids, how old their kids will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dangerous climate change \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-will-cross-the-climate-danger-threshold-by-2036/\">is going to be happening by then\u003c/a>,” he says. “Very, very soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder wears a tweedy jacket and tennis shoes, and he limps because of a motorcycle accident. He’s a philosopher with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioethicsinstitute.org/\">Berman Institute of Bioethics\u003c/a> at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and his arguments against having children are moral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Americans and other rich nations produce the most carbon emissions per capita, he says. Yet people in the world’s poorest nations are most likely to suffer severe climate impacts, “and that seems unfair,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a moral duty to future generations that will live amid the climate devastation being created now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Here’s a provocative thought: Maybe we should protect our kids by not having them,” Rieder says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His arguments sound pretty persuasive in the classroom. At home, it was a different matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Philosopher’s Personal Dilemma\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been one of those women who actually craved to have a baby,” says Sadiye Rieder, smiling as she sits next to her husband in the sunroom of their Maryland home. “To go through pregnancy and everything, that mattered to me a lot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadiye also wanted a big family. She grew up among extended relatives in the Turkish part of Cyprus and says she enjoyed having people around all the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was not a problem early in their marriage, as each focused on their studies. But by the time Sadiye began feeling ready for motherhood, Travis’ research had delved into the morality of adoption, which led to the ethics of procreation and to its impact on the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They knew they had to talk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy to convince a philosopher!” Sadiye says with a laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0029-edit_custom-1a10f9a95f1400982ae78ee8b5d9b5cf0ecf1ec5-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder read a book with their 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, in their Maryland home. Travis is a philosopher and ethicist who argues against having too many children, for moral and environmental reasons. His wife always wanted to have a big family. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists warn that a catastrophic tipping point is possible in the next few decades. By midcentury, possibly before, the average global temperature is projected to rise by more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459502597/2-degrees-100-billion-the-world-climate-agreement-by-the-numbers\">2 degrees Celsius\u003c/a>, the point scientists and world leaders agree would trigger cataclysmic consequences. Last year’s historic \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday\">Paris climate agreement\u003c/a> falls short of preventing that, so more drastic cuts in carbon emissions are needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adding to that challenge, the world is expected to add several billion people in the next few decades, each one producing more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, without dramatic action, climatologists say, the world is on track to hit 4 degrees Celsius of warming by the end of the century, and worse beyond that. A \u003ca href=\"http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2013/03/26/000445729_20130326120429/Rendered/PDF/632190WP0Turn000Box374367B00PUBLIC0.pdf\">World Bank report\u003c/a> says this must be avoided, and warns of unprecedented heat waves, severe drought and serious impacts on ecosystems and “human systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the classroom, Rieder puts this in less technical terms: 4 degrees of warming would be “largely uninhabitable for humans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s gonna be post-apocalyptic movie time,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The room is quiet. No one fidgets. Later, a few students say they had no idea the situation was so bad. One says he appreciated the talk but found it terrifying, and hadn’t planned on being so shaken before heading off to start the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still. Even given the apocalyptic scenarios: Can you actually expect people to forgo something as deeply personal as having children? To deny the biological imperative that’s driven civilization?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and two colleagues, Colin Hickey and Jake Earl of Georgetown University, have \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">a strategy for trying to do just that\u003c/a>. Rieder is \u003ca href=\"http://www.springer.com/us/book/9783319338699\">publishing a book\u003c/a> on the subject later this year, and expects to take plenty of heat. But he’s hardly alone in thinking the climate crisis has come to this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The Climate Crisis Is a Reproductive Crisis”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Hoskins is among a dozen people gathered in the spare office of an environmental group in Keene, N.H., earlier this year. They sit on folding chairs in a circle, the room humming with multiple conversations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If I had told my boyfriend at the time, ‘I’m not ready to have children because I don’t know what the climate’s gonna be like in 50 years,’ he wouldn’t have understood. There’s no way,” says Hoskins, a 23-year-old whose red hair is twisted in a long braid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929169\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929169\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg\" alt='Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that \"the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1.jpg 3262w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/img_3377-edit-178c9ad1462417f07c63451fb15142318a874939-1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Josephine Ferorelli (left) and Meghan Kallman are the co-founders of Conceivable Future, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.” \u003ccite>(Jennifer Ludden/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is one of 16 meetings over the past year and a half organized by \u003ca href=\"http://conceivablefuture.org/\">Conceivable Future\u003c/a>, a nonprofit founded on the notion that “the climate crisis is a reproductive crisis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hoskins says she’s always wanted “little redheaded babies” — as do her parents, the sooner the better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she’s a grad student in environmental studies, and the more she learns, the more she questions what kind of life those babies would have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a country where even the idea of climate change can be polarizing and political, Hoskins has never shared that fear until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meghan Kallman is a co-founder of Conceivable Future. “I can’t count the number of times people have said, ‘Oh, my God, it’s so nice to know I’m not the only person that worries about this,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November 2014, Kallman and Josephine Ferorelli created Conceivable Future to make these personal struggles public. The group’s ultimate goal is ending U.S. fossil fuel subsidies, though its immediate role seems one of commiseration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conceivable Future targets climate activists immersed in scary data. \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/2015/09/droughts-floods-die-offs-proliferate-climate-trauma-growing-phenomenon/\">There’s already a term for how some feel: climate trauma\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kallman and Ferorelli say the focus on numbers fails to capture the emotion that drives many to work on the issue in the first place. For activists of childbearing age, Ferorelli says, climate change isn’t just an intellectual problem but “a heart problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferorelli, 33, and Kallman, 32, are both in committed relationships, and in the throes of this problem. Ferorelli recently helped her widowed mother pack up her house, saving cherished items with the unspoken assumption that they are for a next generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, when she imagines raising a child, Ferorelli says she can’t help but envision the nightmare scenarios that have dogged her since she first heard the term “global warming” in elementary school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Knowing that I gave that future to somebody is something that just doesn’t sit very well,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_929165\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-929165\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg\" alt=\"Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They've agreed that if they want more children, they'll adopt.\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1998\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1.jpg 3000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1440x959.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/2016-04-10-family-ethicist-rieder-0157-edit_custom-a9acc0f91efa6293ac35199118d66c92120c742e-1-960x639.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Travis and Sadiye Rieder play with Sinem in their home. They’ve agreed that if they want more children, they’ll adopt. \u003ccite>(Ariel Zambelich/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At the New Hampshire meeting, 67-year-old Nancy Nolan tells two younger women that people didn’t know about climate change in the 1980s when she had her kids. Once her children were grown, “I said to them, ‘I hope you never have children,’ which is an awful thing to say,” Nolan says, her voice wavering. “It can bring me to tears easily.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She adds that of course people are driven to procreate, and you can’t really tell them not to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One woman looks a little stunned. She’s not a climate activist — just tagged along with a friend — and says she had no idea that deciding not to have kids because of the climate was even a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These aren’t the first would-be parents to ask whether it’s fair to bring a child into the world. U.S. birth rates plummeted during the Great Depression. Many also must have thought twice amid warnings of overpopulation in the 1960s and ’70s, and under the threat of nuclear holocaust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman says she’s heard from women who remember that; their reaction surprised her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like, ‘Oh, I thought we were gonna blow ourselves up in nuclear war, but it didn’t happen. And therefore, just be quiet and have some babies, and, see, everything will be all right,’ ” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comments may be well-intentioned, but as Kallman and Ferorelli see it, the threat from climate change is worse. It’s not a possibility. It’s happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone at the New Hampshire meeting is as pessimistic about the future. Becky Whitley still plans to have a second child. She’s with the advocacy group \u003ca href=\"http://www.momscleanairforce.org/\">Moms Clean Air Force\u003c/a> and says becoming a parent is precisely what motivated her to care about the climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I really do come from a place of hope because I am a mother,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kallman and Ferorelli say they don’t want to tell anyone what to do. In fact, neither is ready to rule out children herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not ready to get rid of the fantasy,” says Ferorelli. “In certain versions of the future, I would love to have a kid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Easier Way?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at James Madison University, Travis Rieder explains a PowerPoint graph that seems to offer hope. Bringing down global fertility by just half a child per woman “could be the thing that saves us,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He cites a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/107/41/17521.full\">study from 2010\u003c/a> that looked at the impact of demographic change on global carbon emissions. It found that slowing population growth could eliminate one-fifth to one-quarter of all the carbon emissions that need to be cut by midcentury to avoid that potentially catastrophic tipping point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder’s audience seems to want an easier way. A student asks about the carbon savings from not eating meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Excellent idea, Rieder says. But no amount of conservation gives you a pass. Oregon State University researchers \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oregonlive.com/environment_impact/2009/07/carbon%20legacy.pdf\">have calculated the savings\u003c/a> from all kinds of conservation measures: driving a hybrid, driving less, recycling, using energy-efficient appliances, windows and light bulbs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For an American, the total metric tons of carbon dioxide saved by all of those measures over an entire lifetime of 80 years: 488. By contrast, the metric tons saved when a person chooses to have one fewer child: 9,441.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another student asks: “What happens if that kid you decided not to have would have been the person who grew up and essentially cured this?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Again, great question, says Rieder, but the answer is still no. First, the chances are slim. More to the point, he says, valuing children as a means to an end — be it to cure climate change or, say, provide soldiers for the state — is ethically problematic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all that’s at stake, he says, we need to shift our cultural attitudes. “It’s not the childless who must justify their lifestyle. It’s the rest of us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that includes Rieder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“One and Done”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At home, Travis Rieder’s face lights up when his 2-year-old daughter, Sinem, sings a favorite song. She stands at her mother’s knee, bouncing up and down on her toes, giggling as her parents clap.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After many conversations, he and Sadiye ended up convincing each other. Travis decided you can’t deny someone the hard-wired human fulfillment of creating a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Sadiye agreed that the moral bar for a second child is much higher. The couple is “one and done.” Any more children will come through adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Travis also argues that someone who doesn’t feel that deep longing to procreate is morally compelled to think twice before having any children at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he writes online, Rieder often gets nasty comments, and inevitably people will say he must not have children. He believes it’s important that he understand viscerally what he’s asking of people. His daughter, he says, is “the most amazing thing we’ve ever done with our lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how do you persuade millions or billions of people around the world to sacrifice that? To avert climate disaster, the fertility rate would have to fall much faster than it has been. It would require more than educating women and expanding access to contraception, as aid agencies have been doing for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carrots for the Poor, Sticks for the Rich\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rieder and his Georgetown collaborators have a proposal, and the first thing they stress is that it’s not like China’s abusive \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/29/247782924/chinese-welcome-two-child-policy-but-can-they-afford-it\">one-child policy\u003c/a>. It aims to persuade people to choose fewer children with a strategy that boils down to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/documents/2016/jun/population_engineering.pdf\">carrots for the poor, sticks for the rich.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically, Rieder says poor nations get some slack because they’re still developing, and because their per capita emissions are a sliver of the developed world’s. Plus, it just doesn’t look good for rich, Western nations to tell people in poor ones not to have kids. He suggests things like paying poor women to refill their birth control and — something that’s had proven success — widespread media campaigns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s and ’80s, a wave of educational soap operas in Latin America, Asia and Africa wove family planning into their plot lines. Some countries did this when they faced economic crisis. The shows are credited with actually \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct02/theory.aspx\">changing people’s opinions\u003c/a> about family size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the sticks part of the plan, Rieder proposes that richer nations do away with tax breaks for having children and actually penalize new parents. He says the penalty should be progressive, based on income, and could increase with each additional child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of it like a carbon tax, on kids. He knows that sounds crazy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But children, in a kind of cold way of looking at it, are an externality,” he says. “We as parents, we as family members, we get the good. And the world, the community, pays the cost.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, there are ethical concerns. \u003ca href=\"https://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/people/rebecca-kukla/\">Rebecca Kukla\u003c/a> of Georgetown University worries about stigma, especially against poor and minority women. If cultural norms do change, she says, there could be a backlash against families with more children than is deemed socially appropriate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kukla appreciates that Rieder’s penalty on procreation would be progressive. But since it could not be so high as to be coercive, she says \u003ca href=\"https://www.academia.edu/27846638/Whose_Job_Is_It_to_Fight_Climate_Change_A_Response_to_Hickey_Rieder_and_Earl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">it would inevitably be unfair\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that will actually translate into is it becoming much easier for wealthy people to have children than for other people to have children,” Kukla says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An even bigger hurdle is the sheer unlikelihood of it all. Rieder has no illusions. In fact, he says, some countries that have successfully reduced fertility rates have since reversed course, afraid that falling population will hurt their economies. (He has an answer — just as controversial — to that, too. He would have nations open up immigration to allow in the expected tens of millions of climate refugees.) Rieder’s real hope is to change people’s way of thinking about childbearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if his idea seems like a last-ditch Hail Mary play, he wouldn’t disagree.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The situation is bleak, it’s just dark,” he says. “Population engineering, maybe it’s an extreme move. But it gives us a chance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Rieder wonders: Is it really so crazy? Scientists have proposed incredibly risky schemes to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/10/20/238548240/turning-to-scientists-to-engineer-a-cooler-climate\">geoengineer the clouds and oceans\u003c/a>. They’re researching ways to suck carbon out of the air on a mass scale. Some have even called for overhauling the global system of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2014/12/04/can-climate-change-cure-capitalism/\">free-market capitalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to all that, Rieder says, bringing down the fertility rate seems downright easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know exactly how to make fewer babies,” he says. And it’s something people can start doing today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Should+We+Be+Having+Kids+In+The+Age+Of+Climate+Change%3F+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Fireproofing Homes in Fire-Prone Areas",
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"content": "\u003cp>Imagine losing your home. Not just your home, but your books, your pictures, your favorite shirt, your children’s art and every other little thing that you’ve stored there. Imagine it all gone to ash and smoke forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s happened to scores of families in Southern California this year, and peak fire season isn’t even over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark reminder that 6 million people in the region live in harm’s way when it comes to wildfire, according to the research group Climate Central. That threat is expected to grow as the state’s population increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, many firefighters and scientists think fires in the West will likely be bigger and hotter in the future, thanks to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of threats like that, but architect Don Ross says even the most at-risk homes can put up a fight against fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know. He’s a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvfiresafecouncil.com/\">Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council\u003c/a>, and he works with communities like Briggs Terrace, where a dense pocket of homes is surrounded by two fire-prone hillsides, sitting just above the Sierra Madre fault with only one road going in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means an earthquake could strike, cut off the road trapping residents and knock over a power line, sparking a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all works together to create a soup of hazards, for lack of a better phrase,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even in this neighborhood, Ross said there’s a lot homeowners can do to safeguard against disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Notice he’s got fire resistant exterior wall material,” Ross pointed out during a drive through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home he’s referring to is what’s known as “fire hardened,” meaning the owners took steps to reduce the chance it would burn. There are plenty of examples like this in Briggs Terrace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053448\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These houses have stucco walls instead of wood siding, fire-resistant roofing, screens on attic vents to keep out embers, and fire-retardant decks. In fact, according the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, building codes mandate that new homes in fire-prone areas adhere to such standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, older homes built before the codes took effect don’t need to retrofit to be fire-safe unless the owners plan to do significant new work to the exterior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross passes one such home in Briggs Terrace, just a few doors from a fire-hardened home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this wood, this is like ‘eek,’ but they are older … and there’s a lot of fire hazards,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A house like this isn’t just a danger to itself. It can also be a threat to neighbors if it catches fire because it can burn a long time, allowing the blaze to spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053452\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s why it’s also important to have what’s called “defensible space” around a home, said Alexandra Syphard, a researcher with the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea that people should clear trees and shrubs directly around their homes and keep larger plants to a minimum for a distance of 100 feet or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prevents nearby yard plants from catching fire and spreading it to a home. And it gives firefighters room to maneuver if they have to battle a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard said some experts even suggest mowing down plants for up to 300 feet around homes, but she said that might be counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s studied hundreds of burned houses from past wildfires and found people may actually be clearing too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the first 50 to 60 feet there is a significant chance that it will reduce your risk of burning in a fire,” she said. “Anything beyond 100 feet provides no significant benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that she means the chances of avoiding fire don’t significantly increase with clearing beyond 100 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, she thinks clearing too many native plants and shrubs can actually increase fire danger by giving non-native grasses an opportunity to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When embers land on evergreen shrublands, they are much more likely to just go out,” she said. “When they land on a dry grassland, that’s just tinder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire-hardening homes and setting up defensible space, though, are bandages for a larger problem. Syphard and others say the number one way to prevent homes from burning is to stop building them in wild areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are by far the number one cause of fire in Southern California, and the region’s population is expected to jump by 4 million over the next few decades. L.A. County alone is projected to see an extra one million residents over the next quarter century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trends suggest we’ll keep building further and further into what’s known as the urban-wildland interface, putting more and more homes at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, there’s no real way to stop that, said Thomas Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think elected officials would be very reluctant to tell someone who had property they couldn’t put a home on it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted there are federal laws stopping people from building in certain flood zones, and state laws stopping construction on known earthquake faults, but there are no similar laws to keep people from building in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because fire zones are so common and partly because so much of California is already built out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question would be in the coast ranges in California, or in the Sierra Foothills would there actually be an opportunity to say the kind of fire that would come up this canyon would be too severe to fight so we can’t have houses there?” Scott asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, insurance companies can charge more for structures in fire-prone areas, and the state sticks some rural homeowners with fees to help cover fire prevention costs. But even that’s been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trying to legislate where people can and cannot build would be a very hard sell, Scott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Ross, with the La Crescenta’s Fire Safe Council, thinks people should be allowed to build homes wherever they want, as long as they understand and accept the risks that go along with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very big on property rights,” he said. “I’m very big on adults making decisions for themselves as long as they are informed decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Ross and others will keep doing their best to inform those decisions in hopes that those in harm’s way will have a fighting chance against fire.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Property owners living close to wilderness areas must remain vigilant; embers can travel large distances and ignite properties within housing tracts.",
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"title": "Fireproofing Homes in Fire-Prone Areas | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Imagine losing your home. Not just your home, but your books, your pictures, your favorite shirt, your children’s art and every other little thing that you’ve stored there. Imagine it all gone to ash and smoke forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s happened to scores of families in Southern California this year, and peak fire season isn’t even over yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a stark reminder that 6 million people in the region live in harm’s way when it comes to wildfire, according to the research group Climate Central. That threat is expected to grow as the state’s population increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of that, many firefighters and scientists think fires in the West will likely be bigger and hotter in the future, thanks to climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s easy to feel helpless in the face of threats like that, but architect Don Ross says even the most at-risk homes can put up a fight against fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He should know. He’s a member of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cvfiresafecouncil.com/\">Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council\u003c/a>, and he works with communities like Briggs Terrace, where a dense pocket of homes is surrounded by two fire-prone hillsides, sitting just above the Sierra Madre fault with only one road going in and out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means an earthquake could strike, cut off the road trapping residents and knock over a power line, sparking a fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It all works together to create a soup of hazards, for lack of a better phrase,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, even in this neighborhood, Ross said there’s a lot homeowners can do to safeguard against disaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Notice he’s got fire resistant exterior wall material,” Ross pointed out during a drive through the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The home he’s referring to is what’s known as “fire hardened,” meaning the owners took steps to reduce the chance it would burn. There are plenty of examples like this in Briggs Terrace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053448\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053448\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-800x599.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten-960x719.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Sanden-Totten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a fire-hardened home in Briggs Terrace. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These houses have stucco walls instead of wood siding, fire-resistant roofing, screens on attic vents to keep out embers, and fire-retardant decks. In fact, according the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, building codes mandate that new homes in fire-prone areas adhere to such standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, older homes built before the codes took effect don’t need to retrofit to be fire-safe unless the owners plan to do significant new work to the exterior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ross passes one such home in Briggs Terrace, just a few doors from a fire-hardened home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All this wood, this is like ‘eek,’ but they are older … and there’s a lot of fire hazards,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A house like this isn’t just a danger to itself. It can also be a threat to neighbors if it catches fire because it can burn a long time, allowing the blaze to spread more easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053452\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053452\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Totten-KPCC.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Don Ross with the Crescenta Valley Fire Safe Council helps homeowners safeguard their property from wildfires. \u003ccite>(Sanden Totten/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s why it’s also important to have what’s called “defensible space” around a home, said Alexandra Syphard, a researcher with the Conservation Biology Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the idea that people should clear trees and shrubs directly around their homes and keep larger plants to a minimum for a distance of 100 feet or more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This prevents nearby yard plants from catching fire and spreading it to a home. And it gives firefighters room to maneuver if they have to battle a house fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Syphard said some experts even suggest mowing down plants for up to 300 feet around homes, but she said that might be counterproductive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s studied hundreds of burned houses from past wildfires and found people may actually be clearing too much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within the first 50 to 60 feet there is a significant chance that it will reduce your risk of burning in a fire,” she said. “Anything beyond 100 feet provides no significant benefit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By that she means the chances of avoiding fire don’t significantly increase with clearing beyond 100 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053455\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053455\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20772_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs29-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Skidmore points out where certain rooms use to be in his family’s home before the Clayton fire in Lower Lake, California destroyed it. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, she thinks clearing too many native plants and shrubs can actually increase fire danger by giving non-native grasses an opportunity to spread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When embers land on evergreen shrublands, they are much more likely to just go out,” she said. “When they land on a dry grassland, that’s just tinder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fire-hardening homes and setting up defensible space, though, are bandages for a larger problem. Syphard and others say the number one way to prevent homes from burning is to stop building them in wild areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People are by far the number one cause of fire in Southern California, and the region’s population is expected to jump by 4 million over the next few decades. L.A. County alone is projected to see an extra one million residents over the next quarter century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trends suggest we’ll keep building further and further into what’s known as the urban-wildland interface, putting more and more homes at risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the moment, there’s no real way to stop that, said Thomas Scott, a natural resource specialist based at UC Riverside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think elected officials would be very reluctant to tell someone who had property they couldn’t put a home on it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noted there are federal laws stopping people from building in certain flood zones, and state laws stopping construction on known earthquake faults, but there are no similar laws to keep people from building in fire-prone areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s partly because fire zones are so common and partly because so much of California is already built out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The question would be in the coast ranges in California, or in the Sierra Foothills would there actually be an opportunity to say the kind of fire that would come up this canyon would be too severe to fight so we can’t have houses there?” Scott asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, insurance companies can charge more for structures in fire-prone areas, and the state sticks some rural homeowners with fees to help cover fire prevention costs. But even that’s been controversial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11053456\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11053456\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/RS20762_160816_ClaytonFire_bhs19-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forest Service crews work to cut down hazard trees in Lower Lake, California on Aug. 16, 2016 following the Clayton fire. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trying to legislate where people can and cannot build would be a very hard sell, Scott added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don Ross, with the La Crescenta’s Fire Safe Council, thinks people should be allowed to build homes wherever they want, as long as they understand and accept the risks that go along with that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am very big on property rights,” he said. “I’m very big on adults making decisions for themselves as long as they are informed decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, Ross and others will keep doing their best to inform those decisions in hopes that those in harm’s way will have a fighting chance against fire.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Arson Arrest Announced in Devastating Lake County Fire",
"title": "Arson Arrest Announced in Devastating Lake County Fire",
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"content": "\u003cp>LOWER LAKE -- A Lake County man was arrested Monday on arson charges for allegedly starting a wildfire that exploded over the weekend, destroying more than 175 homes, businesses and other structures here, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11052005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-15-21.40.10.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-15-21.40.10.png\" alt=\"Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in connection with the Clayton Fire and several other blazes in Lake County.\" width=\"362\" height=\"379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11052005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in connection with the Clayton Fire and several other blazes in Lake County. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake County Sheriff Brian Martin said Damin Anthony Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake was arrested Monday on 17 counts of arson and is in jail. He is suspected in numerous fires in Lake County over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire Director Ken Pimlott said the blaze in the town of Lower Lake, dubbed the Clayton Fire, has caused over $10 million in damages and left dozens of families homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/278539933\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mr. Pashilk committed a horrific crime, and we will seek prosecution to the fullest extent of the law. My thoughts continue to be with the people of Lake County during this difficult time,\" Pimlott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind-whipped fire had spread to 4,000 acres -- about six and a half square miles -- in the Lower Lake area about 80 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire is just 5 percent contained, though late Monday fire officials said no other structures were under direct threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tough Conditions for Fire Crews\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat topping 100 degrees and occasional gusty winds bedeviled firefighters Monday, and the forecast called for continued heat in the rugged country at the southeast end of Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clayton Fire started Saturday evening and moved slowly until midday Sunday. Rapidly rising temperatures and gusty winds whipped it into an inferno that roared into Lower Lake and wiped out whole blocks, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lower Lake is home to about 1,300 mostly working-class people and retirees who are drawn by its rustic charm and housing prices that are lower than the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters couldn't protect all of historic Main Street, and flames burned a winery, an antiques store, an old firehouse and the Habitat for Humanity office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization was raising money to help rebuild homes in nearby communities torched last year. Between them, the four blazes have destroyed more than 1,400 of the 36,000 housing units in all Lake County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire in Lower Lake reduced businesses to little more than charred foundations that were still smoldering on Monday. All that remained of many homes was burnt patio furniture and appliances, and burned out cars in the driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11052007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"The warehouse for a candlemaking business, reduced to charred rubble after the Clayton Fire swept through downtown Lower Lake. \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11052007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The warehouse for a candlemaking business, reduced to charred rubble after the Clayton Fire swept through downtown Lower Lake. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11052008\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-400x323.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire map shows location of Clayton Fire relative to areas burned by three big Lake County fires of 2015.\" width=\"400\" height=\"323\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11052008\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-400x323.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-800x645.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-960x775.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1.jpg 1144w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire map shows location of Clayton Fire relative to areas burned by three big Lake County fires of 2015. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No injuries have been reported and the cause of the fire that broke out Saturday was unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, three major wildfires swept the countryside around Lower Lake. Those blazes climaxed in September when the Valley Fire ravaged Middletown and communities on Cobb Mountain. The fire killed four people, left a fifth missing and destroyed more than 1,300 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite getting some rain last winter and spring, Lake County is tinder dry. Lawns in front of Lower Lake's modest, one-story homes are brown, matching the wildland grasses on the mountains outside town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In wetter times, the region was not visited by the kind of wildfires that it's seen over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other than a pair of large blazes in the 1960s, which destroyed far fewer homes in a county that had just one-quarter its current 64,000 residents, lifelong resident and county Supervisor Jim Comstock can't remember anything approaching the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Everybody on Edge'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents have a new view of the wild beauty they've always admired. Comstock said when his wife sees tall grass, she wonders aloud when the property owner will cut it. After 1,500 acres burned last year on the 1,700-acre ranch where Comstock grew up and still lives, he has cleared out brush to make fire breaks -- a ritual familiar to other Californians who live in areas traditionally associated with wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody is just on edge,\" he said. \"The trees are beautiful, but when they catch fire, they carry fire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retirees Denis and Carolyn Quinn evacuated once last year and again this weekend, when they grabbed family photos and fled the house they share just off Main Street with their adult daughter and granddaughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last time, their property was spared. On Sunday, they were let back in briefly to see that only their home and the one next door still stood among the 15 or so homes on the block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Denis Quinn, it was a sign from God that the couple should not succumb to thoughts of leaving due to the wildfire threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a poor community,\" he said at a high school opened to evacuees about 20 miles from town. \"There are a lot of people who are down here, down on their luck. I really feel for people and think that we can stay and help them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP writers Kristin J. Bender in San Francisco and Justin Pritchard in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOWER LAKE -- A Lake County man was arrested Monday on arson charges for allegedly starting a wildfire that exploded over the weekend, destroying more than 175 homes, businesses and other structures here, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11052005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 362px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-15-21.40.10.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/Screenshot-2016-08-15-21.40.10.png\" alt=\"Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in connection with the Clayton Fire and several other blazes in Lake County.\" width=\"362\" height=\"379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11052005\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Authorities announced Monday night that Damin Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake, faces 17 counts of arson in connection with the Clayton Fire and several other blazes in Lake County. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Lake County Sheriff Brian Martin said Damin Anthony Pashilk, 40, of Clearlake was arrested Monday on 17 counts of arson and is in jail. He is suspected in numerous fires in Lake County over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire Director Ken Pimlott said the blaze in the town of Lower Lake, dubbed the Clayton Fire, has caused over $10 million in damages and left dozens of families homeless.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/278539933&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/278539933'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mr. Pashilk committed a horrific crime, and we will seek prosecution to the fullest extent of the law. My thoughts continue to be with the people of Lake County during this difficult time,\" Pimlott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wind-whipped fire had spread to 4,000 acres -- about six and a half square miles -- in the Lower Lake area about 80 miles north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire is just 5 percent contained, though late Monday fire officials said no other structures were under direct threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tough Conditions for Fire Crews\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat topping 100 degrees and occasional gusty winds bedeviled firefighters Monday, and the forecast called for continued heat in the rugged country at the southeast end of Clear Lake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Clayton Fire started Saturday evening and moved slowly until midday Sunday. Rapidly rising temperatures and gusty winds whipped it into an inferno that roared into Lower Lake and wiped out whole blocks, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lower Lake is home to about 1,300 mostly working-class people and retirees who are drawn by its rustic charm and housing prices that are lower than the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Firefighters couldn't protect all of historic Main Street, and flames burned a winery, an antiques store, an old firehouse and the Habitat for Humanity office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization was raising money to help rebuild homes in nearby communities torched last year. Between them, the four blazes have destroyed more than 1,400 of the 36,000 housing units in all Lake County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire in Lower Lake reduced businesses to little more than charred foundations that were still smoldering on Monday. All that remained of many homes was burnt patio furniture and appliances, and burned out cars in the driveways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11052007\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-400x300.jpg\" alt=\"The warehouse for a candlemaking business, reduced to charred rubble after the Clayton Fire swept through downtown Lower Lake. \" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11052007\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lowerlake160815.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The warehouse for a candlemaking business, reduced to charred rubble after the Clayton Fire swept through downtown Lower Lake. \u003ccite>(Sukey Lewis/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11052008\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-400x323.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire map shows location of Clayton Fire relative to areas burned by three big Lake County fires of 2015.\" width=\"400\" height=\"323\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-11052008\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-400x323.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-800x645.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1-960x775.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/lakecountyfires-1.jpg 1144w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire map shows location of Clayton Fire relative to areas burned by three big Lake County fires of 2015. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No injuries have been reported and the cause of the fire that broke out Saturday was unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last summer, three major wildfires swept the countryside around Lower Lake. Those blazes climaxed in September when the Valley Fire ravaged Middletown and communities on Cobb Mountain. The fire killed four people, left a fifth missing and destroyed more than 1,300 homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite getting some rain last winter and spring, Lake County is tinder dry. Lawns in front of Lower Lake's modest, one-story homes are brown, matching the wildland grasses on the mountains outside town.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In wetter times, the region was not visited by the kind of wildfires that it's seen over the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other than a pair of large blazes in the 1960s, which destroyed far fewer homes in a county that had just one-quarter its current 64,000 residents, lifelong resident and county Supervisor Jim Comstock can't remember anything approaching the past year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Everybody on Edge'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Residents have a new view of the wild beauty they've always admired. Comstock said when his wife sees tall grass, she wonders aloud when the property owner will cut it. After 1,500 acres burned last year on the 1,700-acre ranch where Comstock grew up and still lives, he has cleared out brush to make fire breaks -- a ritual familiar to other Californians who live in areas traditionally associated with wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everybody is just on edge,\" he said. \"The trees are beautiful, but when they catch fire, they carry fire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retirees Denis and Carolyn Quinn evacuated once last year and again this weekend, when they grabbed family photos and fled the house they share just off Main Street with their adult daughter and granddaughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last time, their property was spared. On Sunday, they were let back in briefly to see that only their home and the one next door still stood among the 15 or so homes on the block.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Denis Quinn, it was a sign from God that the couple should not succumb to thoughts of leaving due to the wildfire threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a poor community,\" he said at a high school opened to evacuees about 20 miles from town. \"There are a lot of people who are down here, down on their luck. I really feel for people and think that we can stay and help them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>AP writers Kristin J. Bender in San Francisco and Justin Pritchard in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story",
"headTitle": "California Wildfires: No Single Season Tells the Story | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Judging strictly by recent headlines, you might think this is an epic fire season; a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-ln-fire-season-20160804-snap-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grim beginning to California fire season\u003c/a>,” with conflagrations “\u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/26/us/california-wildfires/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">raining fire from the sky\u003c/a>,” as recent reports have characterized it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, this year is on par with last year and not too far askew from longer-term averages, says fire scientist \u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/scott-stephens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scott Stephens\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In some ways this fire season is comparable or even a little less severe,” says Stephens, who runs the Stephens Lab at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Granted, we haven’t made it through August and September yet, which are normally two of California’s biggest fire months. The Santa Ana winds in Southern California and the Diablos farther north, which can spread fire quickly, also haven’t yet kicked in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Listen to the story:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nhttp://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2016/08/WEBFireSeasonMiller160815.mp3\u003cbr>\nAnd there have been fewer lightning-caused fires, which could change once the late summer monsoons bring thunderstorms to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, we’re almost halfway through fire season; 4,446 fires have charred nearly 218,000 acres. By the end of last year 8,745 wildfires had claimed more than 893,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing large fires but it hasn’t been record-breaking,” says U.S. Forest Service Fire Information Officer Stanton Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A State Divided\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One big difference between this fire season and the summer of 2015: the El Niño-fueled rainfall we saw in between. It’s meant that the state overall was much drier last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 92 percent of the state was classified as being in “severe drought” by mid-August last year and today, that number is below 60 percent, according to the federal Drought Monitor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unfortunately, storms that soaked areas like Eureka and Crescent City near the Oregon border didn’t reach Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“El Niño did not even give them average precipitation down there,” says Stephens. “So they are definitely drier, no doubt they are drier than probably any part of the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Florea says that’s reflected in the pattern of fires this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Southern California missed a lot of that moisture so we’ve already begun to see catastrophic fires down there on the Angeles National Forest and the Los Padres National Forest,” says Florea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the largest conflagrations, the Sand Fire and the San Gabriel Complex Fire in the Angeles National Forest, have burned almost 47,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the Soberanes Fire in Monterey County remains the biggest of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Big Sur, they had the perfect storm of an ignition at a bad time and really inaccessible, steep terrain, on top of a lot of dry fuels,” says University of California fire advisor Lenya Quinn-Davidson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Changes in the Wind\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quirks of an individual fire season can easily mask longer-term trends. Even in this years spotty fire pattern, scientists see the fingerprints of long-term climate change. California is heating up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Higher temperatures do really big things like reduce snowpack time on the ground,” says Stephens. “You melt the snow off earlier, that means you have a longer period where you have drier soils.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914823\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 960px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914823\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg\" alt=\"Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk.\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/25827348764_47414a8625_o-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cal Fire firefighters tending to a controlled pile burn as part of a fuel reduction project that helps reduce wildfire risk. \u003ccite>(Cal Fire)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This year’s Sierra snow melt has been running weeks ahead of its normal timing. And compared to 20 years ago, the Berkeley professor says Sierra snows dissipate about 10-15 days earlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It doesn’t sound like much,” Stephens notes, “but 15 days more with no precipitation on the ground in terms of snow is just going to compound the dryness of our systems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s changing climate has helped stretch out the fire season, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/2015-Rising-Cost-Wildfire-Operations.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the U.S. Forest Service\u003c/a> says now averages 78 days longer than in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s changing things is climate change,” says Stephens, “And this is real.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Unglamorous 'Mop-Up' Duty Keeps Fires Extinguished",
"title": "Unglamorous 'Mop-Up' Duty Keeps Fires Extinguished",
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"content": "\u003cp>As firefighters increase control around the Pilot Fire near Hesperia, their work shifts from putting out live flames to the painstaking, lung-busting tasks that ensure the fire stays extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's less dramatic than the initial fire attack jobs of cutting fire lines by hand or bulldozer and dropping water and fire retardant on remote areas in the path of the fire. It's slow, dirty work -- and absolutely vital to keep a fire from re-igniting and blowing up into new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mop-up is the job to which U.S. Forest Service firefighter Nicole White was assigned this week. Working on a slope in the rural Las Flores area near Hesperia, she swung a tool that's half axe, half hoe, called a Pulaski. She pulled up rocks and roots, turned over the top layer of ash and mixed in dirt and water from a fire hose. Every couple of swings, she takes off a glove and holds the back of her hand to the soil, testing to see if it's cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11048299 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighter Nicole White works tp protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Nicole White works to protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White recently started work as a forestry technician out of the U.S. Forest Service station in Fawnskin in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Pilot Fire that broke out Sunday was her first really big wildland fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love it,\" she said. \"We were part of the initial attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire started in the mountains near Lake Silverwood. It moved quickly into Las Flores, a low-lying area hugging the hills south of Hesperia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working near that front line, she got a sort of baptism -- doused in fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing that happened to us on the fire, we got dropped on,\" she said. \"The aircraft that drops all the pink stuff and everything, we got the splatter from it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sleeves of her yellow Nomex fire-resistant shirt were stained with bright pink fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fkpcc%2Fvideos%2F10153765891053016%2F&show_text=0&width=800\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A plane drops fire retardant on an area just outside the Pilot Fire where fire crews worked to protect a home. Video provided courtesy of Ryan Nuckols.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her rural surroundings were also tinged with pink. About 100 feet downslope from the burn line, a house, play equipment in the yard, even a collection of the owner's vintage Jaguar cars out back were solidly covered in the pink stuff dumped by a firefighting airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work moves along the edge of the fire just a couple feet at a time. It is difficult on the lungs; firefighters like White work around ash, dust, dirt and smoke, and the mop-up crew takes frequent mini-breaks to guzzle water and straighten up their backs after swinging the tools and crouching down to the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's tiring,\" White said. \"You just gotta know how to use your tools and stuff, and not wear your body out doing it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049395\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mop-up work begins as soon as the fire has left the area. White was working on her piece of the fire line while only about 6 percent of the perimeter of the Pilot Fire was under control. By Thursday, containment was up to about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to make sure that a fire, once out, stays out. It's also an important precursor to the work that comes later to stabilize the soil from erosion and reestablishing the plant life, said Kat Kirby, spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center. Once the mop-up is done, a team of soil specialists and biologists and others come it to evaluate the burned area and recommend rehab for the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet-mop means putting water onto the burned edge of the fire line, digging up smoldering root balls from the burned plants to douse them with water. Dry-mop means mixing dirt into the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some barbed wire over here, so if you guys come over here, just be careful,\" U.S. Forest Service firefighter Mason Blair warned White and another firefighter. \"We're starting to find all the hot spots close to the line, we're trying to make sure they're all extinguished so nothing can get past across the line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work can last anywhere from a couple days to a few weeks, depending on the terrain and the vegetation it burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of smoke-stomping, and, this is a big part of the job, too. Making sure everything is secure,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11048305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg\" alt=\"Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, when the fire broke out shortly after noon in an area called Pilot Rock, White worked a 27-hour shift cutting fire line and assisting the hot-shot firefighters who attack on the front lines. Her crew got to rest by Monday afternoon. On Tuesday, they were assigned to mop-up duty far from active flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not glamorous, the TV cameras go away by the time we're into the mop-up work,\" said Alex Viktora of the federal \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/home\">Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center in Arizona\u003c/a>. He studies fire mishaps, and the findings are published with a view to improving firefighting standards and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said California's drought has felled many big trees whose \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=ad687693-2ae1-4257-b6ec-0ba8f9f8c122&forceDialog=0\">burned root systems pose hidden dangers for mop-up crews.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes what we see is these root tunnels collapsing under the weight of firefighters and some firefighters have gone up to their waist in these scalding hot ash pits,\" Viktora said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A firefighter working mop-up on the Dutch Creek Fire in Northern California was killed by a falling, burned tree limb in 2008. The lessons learned from that fatality have changed the fire service standards for posting medical care closer to firefighters on mop-up duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days on the fire line, White said she likes the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Taking care of the forest, trying to make sure we save as much as we can, helping people and protecting the things that belong to them that they've worked hard for,\" she said. \"And just, the all around job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the continuing drought and high fire risk, it's likely she will get to do that all-around job several more times before fire season ends this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we'll cover those affected by the summer's destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC's Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/about/people/staff/sharon-mcnary\">Sharon McNary\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003ca href=\"http://www.scpr.org/\">KPCC\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As firefighters increase control around the Pilot Fire near Hesperia, their work shifts from putting out live flames to the painstaking, lung-busting tasks that ensure the fire stays extinguished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's less dramatic than the initial fire attack jobs of cutting fire lines by hand or bulldozer and dropping water and fire retardant on remote areas in the path of the fire. It's slow, dirty work -- and absolutely vital to keep a fire from re-igniting and blowing up into new areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/279693697'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mop-up is the job to which U.S. Forest Service firefighter Nicole White was assigned this week. Working on a slope in the rural Las Flores area near Hesperia, she swung a tool that's half axe, half hoe, called a Pulaski. She pulled up rocks and roots, turned over the top layer of ash and mixed in dirt and water from a fire hose. Every couple of swings, she takes off a glove and holds the back of her hand to the soil, testing to see if it's cool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048299\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11048299 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg\" alt=\"Firefighter Nicole White works tp protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136321-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Firefighter Nicole White works to protect a home from the Pilot Fire burning in Hesperia, California on Aug. 9, 2016. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White recently started work as a forestry technician out of the U.S. Forest Service station in Fawnskin in the San Bernardino Mountains. The Pilot Fire that broke out Sunday was her first really big wildland fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love it,\" she said. \"We were part of the initial attack.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fire started in the mountains near Lake Silverwood. It moved quickly into Las Flores, a low-lying area hugging the hills south of Hesperia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working near that front line, she got a sort of baptism -- doused in fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing that happened to us on the fire, we got dropped on,\" she said. \"The aircraft that drops all the pink stuff and everything, we got the splatter from it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sleeves of her yellow Nomex fire-resistant shirt were stained with bright pink fire retardant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe allowfullscreen=\"true\" allowtransparency=\"true\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"400\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fkpcc%2Fvideos%2F10153765891053016%2F&show_text=0&width=800\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A plane drops fire retardant on an area just outside the Pilot Fire where fire crews worked to protect a home. Video provided courtesy of Ryan Nuckols.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her rural surroundings were also tinged with pink. About 100 feet downslope from the burn line, a house, play equipment in the yard, even a collection of the owner's vintage Jaguar cars out back were solidly covered in the pink stuff dumped by a firefighting airplane.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her work moves along the edge of the fire just a couple feet at a time. It is difficult on the lungs; firefighters like White work around ash, dust, dirt and smoke, and the mop-up crew takes frequent mini-breaks to guzzle water and straighten up their backs after swinging the tools and crouching down to the earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's tiring,\" White said. \"You just gotta know how to use your tools and stuff, and not wear your body out doing it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11049395\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11049395\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/FireRetardantSplash-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hesperia resident Ryan Nuckols on his property. Fire crews doused his home with pink fire retardant in attempt to keep it safe. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mop-up work begins as soon as the fire has left the area. White was working on her piece of the fire line while only about 6 percent of the perimeter of the Pilot Fire was under control. By Thursday, containment was up to about 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to make sure that a fire, once out, stays out. It's also an important precursor to the work that comes later to stabilize the soil from erosion and reestablishing the plant life, said Kat Kirby, spokeswoman for the National Interagency Fire Center. Once the mop-up is done, a team of soil specialists and biologists and others come it to evaluate the burned area and recommend rehab for the terrain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet-mop means putting water onto the burned edge of the fire line, digging up smoldering root balls from the burned plants to douse them with water. Dry-mop means mixing dirt into the ashes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's some barbed wire over here, so if you guys come over here, just be careful,\" U.S. Forest Service firefighter Mason Blair warned White and another firefighter. \"We're starting to find all the hot spots close to the line, we're trying to make sure they're all extinguished so nothing can get past across the line.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work can last anywhere from a couple days to a few weeks, depending on the terrain and the vegetation it burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a lot of smoke-stomping, and, this is a big part of the job, too. Making sure everything is secure,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11048305\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11048305\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg\" alt=\"Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full.jpg 1024w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-800x534.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/08/136332-full-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pink fire retardant covers cars near Ryan Nuckols' home as the Pilot Fire burns nearby in Hesperia, California. \u003ccite>(Dan Tuffs/KPCC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, when the fire broke out shortly after noon in an area called Pilot Rock, White worked a 27-hour shift cutting fire line and assisting the hot-shot firefighters who attack on the front lines. Her crew got to rest by Monday afternoon. On Tuesday, they were assigned to mop-up duty far from active flames.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not glamorous, the TV cameras go away by the time we're into the mop-up work,\" said Alex Viktora of the federal \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/home\">Wildland Fire Lessons Learned Center in Arizona\u003c/a>. He studies fire mishaps, and the findings are published with a view to improving firefighting standards and safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said California's drought has felled many big trees whose \u003ca href=\"http://http://www.wildfirelessons.net/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=ad687693-2ae1-4257-b6ec-0ba8f9f8c122&forceDialog=0\">burned root systems pose hidden dangers for mop-up crews.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Sometimes what we see is these root tunnels collapsing under the weight of firefighters and some firefighters have gone up to their waist in these scalding hot ash pits,\" Viktora said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A firefighter working mop-up on the Dutch Creek Fire in Northern California was killed by a falling, burned tree limb in 2008. The lessons learned from that fatality have changed the fire service standards for posting medical care closer to firefighters on mop-up duty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days on the fire line, White said she likes the work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Taking care of the forest, trying to make sure we save as much as we can, helping people and protecting the things that belong to them that they've worked hard for,\" she said. \"And just, the all around job.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the continuing drought and high fire risk, it's likely she will get to do that all-around job several more times before fire season ends this winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of KPCC’s in-depth coverage of the new reality of year-round fire season in Southern California. Over the next few weeks we'll cover those affected by the summer's destructive wildfires and efforts to develop better firefighting tools and reduce the risk of property damage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let us know your thoughts and questions below in the comments section or \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/kpcc\">on KPCC's Facebook page.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Wheezing: Spike In Ozone Levels Causing Breathing Problems",
"title": "California Wheezing: Spike In Ozone Levels Causing Breathing Problems",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Southern California sunshine means sparkling beach weather, but this summer it's contributing to a return of a traditional nemesis: smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous region that stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Mojave Desert is having its worst summer air quality since 2009, regulators said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge wildfires have fouled the air with ash and soot in some localized areas, but the big problem is seasonal ozone. The emissions from cars, refineries and other sources react to sunshine to produce a lung-stinging pollutant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the air is nowhere near as foul as in the bad old days of the 1970s, when skies were a miasmic yellow or brown, ozone levels continue to exceed federal standards, and hospitals in the smoggiest areas report an uptick in asthma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three months, there has been a 30 percent spike in the number of people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seeking help for breathing difficulties, Dr. Laren Tan said. He directs Loma Linda University Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Asthma Network Clinic, located at Loma Linda University Medical Center east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're having to use their rescue inhalers more, they're having to use their rescue steroids more, and they've actually had to go to urgent care,\" Tan said. \"It's very worrisome especially if our air quality continues to worsen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California's ozone season runs from May to October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June saw only four days of air quality that didn't exceed federal ozone standards; July had just one day and so far August hasn't had a single day of good air, according to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the smog control agency for all or portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone level peaked on July 22 at 164 parts per billion at Crestline in the San Bernardino Mountains — more than twice the federal limit of 70 parts per billion. It was the worst day of ozone smog since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, there had been 93 days this year when ozone levels exceeded federal standards — compared with 69 last year over the same period — and the tally could hit 100 days before summer ends, AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Aslin, a 37-year-old feature film writer who lives in Los Angeles, says he can feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get pretty bad allergies, like respiratory allergies, and I notice it more in my sinuses,\" he said. \"I'm quite congested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Hoffman, a 27-year-old skin care consultant, moved to Los Angeles from San Francisco three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dusty, dry and uncomfortable,\" he said. \"My breathing changed a lot after moving here, particularly in the first six months, I really thought that there was something a lot more wrong with me than there was.I think it just took time for my body to get used to L.A.'s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hike a lot and I can definitely see the smog,\" he said. \"On bad days you can see a layer of smog over the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather is the big factor in summer pollution. Hot, stagnant air can trap the smog under an inversion layer, and Southern California has seen episodes of record-breaking heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of wind patterns, a lot of that smog is swept to the mountains north and east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, reacting with sunlight along the way and winding up inland, Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June and July, Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino probably saw a 15 percent rise in the number of people coming to the emergency room with respiratory problems, said Dr. Cameron Nouri, medical director of emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conditions ranged from mild asthma to people needing mechanical breathing aid, with the most serious conditions \"at both extremes of age, very young and very old,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pre-existing respiratory problems are most vulnerable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nouri recommended that people stay indoors and ease off exercise on extremely hot or polluted days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at its worst, however, Southern California's air is cleaner than it was in previous decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the surge in population and the economy, the number of days that the region had unhealthy air has declined by about two-thirds over the past four decades, according to the AQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak ozone level in 1979 was 450 parts per billion, and that year saw 234 days of unhealthy ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, basically, every day except when it was raining or windy or cold,\" Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even 20 years ago, Atwood said, summertime meant days and days when \"almost everybody\" coped with watery eyes, tight chests and coughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atwood himself remembers when downtown Los Angeles might huddle under an opaque shroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can see the mountains on many days in the summer,\" he said. \"Previously, residents might move here in the summer and not realize until the winter that they actually had a view of the mountains from their backyards.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Delara Shakib in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>LOS ANGELES — Southern California sunshine means sparkling beach weather, but this summer it's contributing to a return of a traditional nemesis: smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The enormous region that stretches from the Pacific Ocean to the Mojave Desert is having its worst summer air quality since 2009, regulators said Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge wildfires have fouled the air with ash and soot in some localized areas, but the big problem is seasonal ozone. The emissions from cars, refineries and other sources react to sunshine to produce a lung-stinging pollutant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the air is nowhere near as foul as in the bad old days of the 1970s, when skies were a miasmic yellow or brown, ozone levels continue to exceed federal standards, and hospitals in the smoggiest areas report an uptick in asthma patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two or three months, there has been a 30 percent spike in the number of people with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease seeking help for breathing difficulties, Dr. Laren Tan said. He directs Loma Linda University Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease & Asthma Network Clinic, located at Loma Linda University Medical Center east of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're having to use their rescue inhalers more, they're having to use their rescue steroids more, and they've actually had to go to urgent care,\" Tan said. \"It's very worrisome especially if our air quality continues to worsen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Southern California's ozone season runs from May to October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>June saw only four days of air quality that didn't exceed federal ozone standards; July had just one day and so far August hasn't had a single day of good air, according to the South Coast Air Quality Management District, the smog control agency for all or portions of Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside and San Bernardino counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone level peaked on July 22 at 164 parts per billion at Crestline in the San Bernardino Mountains — more than twice the federal limit of 70 parts per billion. It was the worst day of ozone smog since 2009.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As of Wednesday, there had been 93 days this year when ozone levels exceeded federal standards — compared with 69 last year over the same period — and the tally could hit 100 days before summer ends, AQMD spokesman Sam Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tim Aslin, a 37-year-old feature film writer who lives in Los Angeles, says he can feel it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I get pretty bad allergies, like respiratory allergies, and I notice it more in my sinuses,\" he said. \"I'm quite congested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Hoffman, a 27-year-old skin care consultant, moved to Los Angeles from San Francisco three years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's dusty, dry and uncomfortable,\" he said. \"My breathing changed a lot after moving here, particularly in the first six months, I really thought that there was something a lot more wrong with me than there was.I think it just took time for my body to get used to L.A.'s air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I hike a lot and I can definitely see the smog,\" he said. \"On bad days you can see a layer of smog over the city.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather is the big factor in summer pollution. Hot, stagnant air can trap the smog under an inversion layer, and Southern California has seen episodes of record-breaking heat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of wind patterns, a lot of that smog is swept to the mountains north and east of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, reacting with sunlight along the way and winding up inland, Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June and July, Dignity Health Community Hospital of San Bernardino probably saw a 15 percent rise in the number of people coming to the emergency room with respiratory problems, said Dr. Cameron Nouri, medical director of emergency services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conditions ranged from mild asthma to people needing mechanical breathing aid, with the most serious conditions \"at both extremes of age, very young and very old,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People with pre-existing respiratory problems are most vulnerable, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nouri recommended that people stay indoors and ease off exercise on extremely hot or polluted days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even at its worst, however, Southern California's air is cleaner than it was in previous decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the surge in population and the economy, the number of days that the region had unhealthy air has declined by about two-thirds over the past four decades, according to the AQMD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The peak ozone level in 1979 was 450 parts per billion, and that year saw 234 days of unhealthy ozone levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, basically, every day except when it was raining or windy or cold,\" Atwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even 20 years ago, Atwood said, summertime meant days and days when \"almost everybody\" coped with watery eyes, tight chests and coughing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atwood himself remembers when downtown Los Angeles might huddle under an opaque shroud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can see the mountains on many days in the summer,\" he said. \"Previously, residents might move here in the summer and not realize until the winter that they actually had a view of the mountains from their backyards.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Associated Press writer Delara Shakib in Los Angeles contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Faulty wiring on a hot tub caused California's third-most-destructive\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Damaging.pdf\"> wildfire\u003c/a>, which left four people dead and destroyed more than 1,300 homes last year, California fire authorities say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Valley Fire burned 76,067 acres in the state's northern Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties last September. On Wednesday, investigators with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection revealed that a hot tub installed on a residential property in Cobb was the likely cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/FireReports/Valley/15CALNU0008670_Valley_Redacted.pdf\">the agency's report\u003c/a>, a copper wire overheated and sparked nearby brush. Investigators found that wiring on the hot tub was not up to building codes, and a permit for a structure housing the hot tub made no mention of any electrical work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sb4NAxHvOzaqNPM7iqKkpgFL5NISRsw1\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowner John Pinch reportedly admitted to investigators that he installed the circuit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hot-tub-wiring-identified-as-cause-of-devastating-9135005.php\">The San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> says investigators concluded Pinch's actions \"amounted to a misdemeanor, negligently starting a fire, and a building code violation for not having proper permits.\" The Chronicle further reports it's now up to prosecutors whether to file charges:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lake County District Attorney Don Anderson, who learned only Wednesday of the state's findings, said he'll now look into whether a crime was committed and whether arrests would be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First thing in the morning, I'll be turning this over to my investigative staff,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, before the results of the probe were made public, one owner of the home with the alleged electrical problem told The Chronicle that his property was not the cause of the fire, but that his two-story house had suffered minor damage — and that a toolshed near the alleged origin had burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'That shed was the victim of the fire,' said Parker Mills, who noted that when the blaze started no one was at the property on High Valley Road, a rural area marked by grassy hills and oak forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Faulty wiring on a hot tub caused California's third-most-destructive\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Damaging.pdf\"> wildfire\u003c/a>, which left four people dead and destroyed more than 1,300 homes last year, California fire authorities say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Valley Fire burned 76,067 acres in the state's northern Sonoma, Lake and Napa counties last September. On Wednesday, investigators with the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection revealed that a hot tub installed on a residential property in Cobb was the likely cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://calfire.ca.gov/fire_protection/downloads/FireReports/Valley/15CALNU0008670_Valley_Redacted.pdf\">the agency's report\u003c/a>, a copper wire overheated and sparked nearby brush. Investigators found that wiring on the hot tub was not up to building codes, and a permit for a structure housing the hot tub made no mention of any electrical work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowner John Pinch reportedly admitted to investigators that he installed the circuit. \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Hot-tub-wiring-identified-as-cause-of-devastating-9135005.php\">The San Francisco Chronicle\u003c/a> says investigators concluded Pinch's actions \"amounted to a misdemeanor, negligently starting a fire, and a building code violation for not having proper permits.\" The Chronicle further reports it's now up to prosecutors whether to file charges:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Lake County District Attorney Don Anderson, who learned only Wednesday of the state's findings, said he'll now look into whether a crime was committed and whether arrests would be made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First thing in the morning, I'll be turning this over to my investigative staff,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Wednesday, before the results of the probe were made public, one owner of the home with the alleged electrical problem told The Chronicle that his property was not the cause of the fire, but that his two-story house had suffered minor damage — and that a toolshed near the alleged origin had burned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'That shed was the victim of the fire,' said Parker Mills, who noted that when the blaze started no one was at the property on High Valley Road, a rural area marked by grassy hills and oak forest.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A diminutive California fox, near the brink of extinction just 12 years ago, is being removed from the endangered species list. It’s the fastest recovery of any mammal on the list, according to federal wildlife officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Channel Islands fox is only found on six islands off the Southern California coast, with each island home to its own \u003ca href=\"http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/pub/SpeciesReport.do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">subspecies\u003c/a> of fox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The island foxes are very cute,” says Christina Boser, an ecologist with the Nature Conservancy who helped with the fox recovery. “They’re only about four pounds and they’ve got these beautiful expressive eyes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Island fox numbers plummeted after a cascade of human impacts. Early ranchers brought non-native pigs to the island. At the same time, the native bald eagle population crashed because of the pesticide DDT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914315\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 764px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-914315\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg\" alt=\"Christina Boser examines a Channel Island fox.\" width=\"764\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2.jpg 764w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-400x399.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/Fox2-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Christina Boser does a health examination of a Channel Island fox. \u003ccite>(The Nature Conservancy )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With no eagle competition, golden eagles began arriving from the California mainland, finding an abundant food source in both piglets and the tiny foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only a few dozen foxes remained on three of the islands, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten years ago, a pig eradication effort began (causing a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/green/article/Pig-eradication-plan-out-of-control-2668922.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">minor uproar\u003c/a>). The golden eagles were relocated and bald eagles, which don’t eat foxes, returned to the islands. A captive breeding program for foxes also began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the islands are home to several thousand foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The recovery has gone tremendously fast and that’s pretty remarkable,” said Boser. “And the removal of the pigs did not just help the island fox, but we have a lot of rare plants on the island that are rebounding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the power of the ESA [Endangered Species Act] – not just to protect rare animals and plants on paper, but to drive focused conservation that gets dramatic results,” Dan Ashe, director of the Federal Wildlife Service, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wildlife service is delisting three of the six island fox subspecies (two subspecies were never listed). The foxes on Catalina Island will remain a threatened species due to concerns over canine distemper, a virus spread by dogs and other wildlife that can be fatal to foxes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fox is the 37th species that has been healthy enough to be removed from the endangered species list. More than 2,000 species are currently listed.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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