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"content": "\u003cp>A new study suggests some Los Angeles-area earthquakes in the 1920s and 1930s could have been caused by the oil boom at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, scheduled to be published online Tuesday in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, presents evidence that drilling around Los Angeles between 1915 and 1932 could have been associated with damaging earthquakes in the area, including the magnitude 6.4 \u003ca href=\"http://scedc.caltech.edu/significant/longbeach1933.html\">Long Beach quake\u003c/a> in 1933 that killed 120 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the modern practice of hydraulic fracturing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/01/05/144694550/man-made-quakes-blame-fracking-and-drilling\">has been tied to small man-made earthquakes\u003c/a>, right off the bat, the study authors — Susan E. Hough and Morgan Page of the U.S. Geological Survey — make clear this is not a study to draw lessons from today. The authors write in the opening paragraph:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Our results suggest that significant earthquakes in Southern California during the early twentieth century might have been associated with industry practices that are no longer employed (i.e., production without water reinjection), and do not necessarily imply a high likelihood of induced earthquakes at the present time.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-ln-oil-drilling-earthquake-20161031-story.html\">As the Los Angeles Times points out\u003c/a>, \"Nowadays, water is carefully used to replace the pumped-out oil, which prevents land from sinking and also helps extract more oil,\" something that was not being done in the '20s and '30s in the oil fields of the Los Angeles basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than a model for the present, the new paper is a lens through which to view the seismic past of Southern California, using scientific history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors note that earthquake-sensing technology was neither as sensitive nor as widespread in the early 20th century as it is today. Most earthquakes in the Los Angeles basin in the first third of the century \"caused light shaking reported by at most a few witnesses,\" they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BvmOABNkgIDRb1fvZeotadFCTcHW6Zv3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few witnesses are not the most reliable source of data, so Hough and Page limited themselves only to the 22 biggest, most widely felt earthquakes of the period, and compared those quakes to oil industry records from the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those earthquakes, they found 13 possibly or likely were associated with \"oil production activities,\" including the drilling of deeper and deeper oil wells near \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3211401-Shaw-Et-Al-1996-Journal-of-Geophysical-Research.html\">hidden faults that are known to cause earthquakes\u003c/a>. The authors based their findings on the best information available about when and where the earthquakes and drilling occurred and the kind of drilling being conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70159467\">Last year, Hough and Page published evidence\u003c/a> that midcentury earthquakes in Oklahoma were triggered by the injection of wastewater during oil production in that part of the country. That historical finding was more relevant to today's oil production activities than the California data. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/29/472232829/u-s-geology-maps-reveal-areas-vulnerable-to-man-made-quakes\">The USGS announced earlier this year\u003c/a> that pumping wastewater underground during oil production has caused parts of Oklahoma to be as seismically active as parts of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hough and Page used a similar historical record analysis for the Oklahoma and California papers, but Thomas Heaton, director of the Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology, told NPR he thought the Oklahoma research was more convincing than the new California findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a long history of earthquakes being triggered by increased fluid pressure,\" he wrote in an email after reviewing the new paper. \"Although we don't understand [the association] very well, it's as close as our community gets to consensus that fluid induction triggers earthquakes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tricky part of the equation in California is that earthquakes occur regularly without fluid injection,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not go so far as to call into question the associations suggested by the paper — he thought it's certainly possible that oil drilling played a part in some or all of the earthquakes Hough and Page identified. But it's hard to be sure about the reason for any one quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be no surprise to discover that some of our California earthquakes were triggered by oil production,\" Heaton wrote. \"What would be surprising would be to discover that a team of scientists was able to present a compelling case that it had occurred in any particular example (e.g. 1933 Long Beach).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A new study suggests a handful of earthquakes in the 1920s and 1930s were associated with increasingly deep and frequent drilling for oil near Los Angeles.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new study suggests some Los Angeles-area earthquakes in the 1920s and 1930s could have been caused by the oil boom at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, scheduled to be published online Tuesday in the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, presents evidence that drilling around Los Angeles between 1915 and 1932 could have been associated with damaging earthquakes in the area, including the magnitude 6.4 \u003ca href=\"http://scedc.caltech.edu/significant/longbeach1933.html\">Long Beach quake\u003c/a> in 1933 that killed 120 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the modern practice of hydraulic fracturing \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2012/01/05/144694550/man-made-quakes-blame-fracking-and-drilling\">has been tied to small man-made earthquakes\u003c/a>, right off the bat, the study authors — Susan E. Hough and Morgan Page of the U.S. Geological Survey — make clear this is not a study to draw lessons from today. The authors write in the opening paragraph:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Our results suggest that significant earthquakes in Southern California during the early twentieth century might have been associated with industry practices that are no longer employed (i.e., production without water reinjection), and do not necessarily imply a high likelihood of induced earthquakes at the present time.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-ln-oil-drilling-earthquake-20161031-story.html\">As the Los Angeles Times points out\u003c/a>, \"Nowadays, water is carefully used to replace the pumped-out oil, which prevents land from sinking and also helps extract more oil,\" something that was not being done in the '20s and '30s in the oil fields of the Los Angeles basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than a model for the present, the new paper is a lens through which to view the seismic past of Southern California, using scientific history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors note that earthquake-sensing technology was neither as sensitive nor as widespread in the early 20th century as it is today. Most earthquakes in the Los Angeles basin in the first third of the century \"caused light shaking reported by at most a few witnesses,\" they write.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few witnesses are not the most reliable source of data, so Hough and Page limited themselves only to the 22 biggest, most widely felt earthquakes of the period, and compared those quakes to oil industry records from the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of those earthquakes, they found 13 possibly or likely were associated with \"oil production activities,\" including the drilling of deeper and deeper oil wells near \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3211401-Shaw-Et-Al-1996-Journal-of-Geophysical-Research.html\">hidden faults that are known to cause earthquakes\u003c/a>. The authors based their findings on the best information available about when and where the earthquakes and drilling occurred and the kind of drilling being conducted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70159467\">Last year, Hough and Page published evidence\u003c/a> that midcentury earthquakes in Oklahoma were triggered by the injection of wastewater during oil production in that part of the country. That historical finding was more relevant to today's oil production activities than the California data. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/03/29/472232829/u-s-geology-maps-reveal-areas-vulnerable-to-man-made-quakes\">The USGS announced earlier this year\u003c/a> that pumping wastewater underground during oil production has caused parts of Oklahoma to be as seismically active as parts of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hough and Page used a similar historical record analysis for the Oklahoma and California papers, but Thomas Heaton, director of the Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology, told NPR he thought the Oklahoma research was more convincing than the new California findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a long history of earthquakes being triggered by increased fluid pressure,\" he wrote in an email after reviewing the new paper. \"Although we don't understand [the association] very well, it's as close as our community gets to consensus that fluid induction triggers earthquakes.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The tricky part of the equation in California is that earthquakes occur regularly without fluid injection,\" he wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He did not go so far as to call into question the associations suggested by the paper — he thought it's certainly possible that oil drilling played a part in some or all of the earthquakes Hough and Page identified. But it's hard to be sure about the reason for any one quake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It would be no surprise to discover that some of our California earthquakes were triggered by oil production,\" Heaton wrote. \"What would be surprising would be to discover that a team of scientists was able to present a compelling case that it had occurred in any particular example (e.g. 1933 Long Beach).\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife",
"headTitle": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The blob is back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since 2014, a mass of unusually warm water has hovered and swelled in the Pacific Ocean off the West Coast of North America, playing havoc with marine wildlife, water quality and the regional weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, weather and oceanography experts thought it was waning. But no: The Blob came back, and it is again in position off the coast, threatening to smother normal coastal weather and ecosystem behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Blob isn’t exactly to blame for California’s drought, though it certainly aggravated the problem. But it is to blame for seriously disrupting the ocean food chain and for creating conditions that fed unprecedented algal blooms in the coastal Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the Blob back in play again, what does it mean for the winter ahead? To find out, Water Deeply spoke with Nicholas Bond, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jisao.washington.edu/researchers/bios/bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research meteorologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the University of Washington in Seattle and Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">state climatologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. In June 2014, Bond \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/newsletter/2014Jun.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">named\u003c/span>\u003c/a> this persistent weather phenomenon, and later wrote the first \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063306/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">scientific paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a> characterizing it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What exactly is the Blob?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1123167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg\" alt=\"Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.”\" width=\"298\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg 681w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.” \u003ccite>(Nicholas Bond)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nicholas Bond: It’s a large mass of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean that’s considerably warmer than usual. It doesn’t have any real sharply defined boundaries, but it’s an area that, at times, has stretched from Baja California up to the Bering Sea. At other times, it’s kinda shrunk back down. It’s been at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) across and, recently, quite deep.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Typically, it’s been something like\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2C\u003c/span>) warmer than normal. But there have been places where it’s been as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">5C\u003c/span>) warmer. It’s waxed and waned, but it’s been that way since early 2014. The warmer-than-normal water extends down to something like 300m (1,000ft) below the surface. So that’s a huge volume of considerably warmer-than-normal water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is it still out there?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah. There was sort of a reinvigoration this past summer. The temperatures were moderating early in 2016, and then, at least in a large area south of Alaska and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, it really warmed up again this past summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What causes it?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: A lot of it, almost all of it, is due to just the unusual weather patterns that have been occurring over the northeast Pacific during the past few years. They haven’t been the same patterns, but what really got it started was when a ridge of higher-than-normal sea-level pressure set up during the winter of 2013–14 over the northeast Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That was a very persistent and strong ridge of higher-than-normal pressure that kind of blocked the usual parade of storms across the Pacific. That meant less heat was drawn out of the ocean into the atmosphere than usual. It meant there was less cold water (from the deeper ocean) mixing near the surface part of the ocean. And also the unusual winds meant the upper-level currents in the ocean were a little bit different from usual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it unprecedented?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah, certainly. In terms of the magnitude of anomalies in a lot of locations, we haven’t seen anything quite like this. I did a fairly careful study using the data that’s available, going back decades. There have been other periods with considerably warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures in the region. But they were never of the kind of geographic extent and magnitude we’ve seen with this recent event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1123168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg\" alt=\"Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \" width=\"1400\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What caused that persistent high pressure?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: It became known as the “\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>” There’s been a number of independent studies that have basically shown that much warmer than normal waters in the far western tropical Pacific, in the vicinity of New Guinea – and thunderstorms that those warm waters helped spawn – had this kind of ripple effect on the atmospheric-circulation weather patterns over much of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It set up this series of very large-scale high- and low-pressure centers, with the ridge over the coast of western North America, and then a trough of lower pressure over the northeastern part of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How did the Blob affect the drought in California?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That same ridge of high pressure basically blocked the storms. There was just a real lack of those regular storms. The warm water didn’t cause the unusual weather patterns. But those unusual weather patterns that brought the warm water also were a large cause of the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It turned out that was the same case in the Pacific Northwest. Not quite the same extent, but we were looking at very low snowpack in mid-February 2014. Then there was enough of a shift that we actually had a pretty wet period there at the end of winter and got enough rain and snow to kind of tide us through the summer of 2014. But there weren’t enough (storms), and those didn’t extend far enough south for California to get relief.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But it gets kind of complicated. Once that warm water formed out there in a big way, it does tend to warm the air that’s passing over it. Once that water was warmed, it did help warm the air coming off the ocean. This was especially the case in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">winter of 2014–15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. It led to warmer air temperatures and higher snow levels. The freezing level was 1,000–2,000ft (300–600m) higher than usual in the mountains. So that certainly ended up being a real problem. We count on that snowpack coming out of winter to get us through the summer. But it fell as rain rather than snow during that 2014–15 winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is there a climate change connection here?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: This is sometimes called a marine heat wave, and it’s a short-term kind of event. There is some evidence that long-term trends are favoring the patterns we’ve had over the past few years. But that’s a very small effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So it’s not due to global warming. But it does provide some hint, at least, of what it’s going to be like in future decades, in particular, with some of the impacts we’ve seen in the marine ecosystem. What we’ve had the past few years is something that is liable to be more the rule rather than the exception toward the middle of the century. So maybe this is kind of a little preview or something. So we’re trying to learn from it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How has the Blob affected ocean life?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The impacts were quite a few and widespread. At the bottom of the food chain, we saw a higher preponderance at the plankton level of subtropical species versus ones that are more adapted to cooler water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That had repercussions all the way up the food chain – everything from the kind of suitable prey for salmon that was present and whether they were getting the food they need, to some real problems with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/guadalupefurseals2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fur seals\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sea lions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California in particular. In the Gulf of Alaska we had what National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has called a marine mammal\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/large_whales_2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">mortality event\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year. Seabirds are another one: There were some species with some very large mortalities, with lots more \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150123-seabirds-mass-die-off-auklet-california-animals-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">dead seabirds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>washing up on the beaches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the more alarming things is the harmful algal blooms. That was sort of way out there in terms of how far along the coast it stretched, how long it lasted, how high the toxin levels got. That was something that was really scary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How long will the Blob be with us?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That’s kind of the $64,000 question. We thought this whole event was winding down earlier this year, and then we’ve seen it rear its ugly head again in some locations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How will this affect our weather this coming winter?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The more prominent temperature anomalies are a little north of California. It’s all going to depend on the weather patterns. There are kind of borderline La Ni\u003c/span>ña conditions now, which doesn’t tend to imply too much one way or another for Northern California. In the past, it probably has meant somewhat less precipitation than normal for Southern California. But we see a lot of exceptions there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s kind of an admission of defeat, but it’s basically a crapshoot in terms of how much rain you get.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in terms of temperature, it’s not liable to be quite as warm as the past two winters, so that’s good, at least for the winter-sports folks. What falls in the mountains should be snow at the higher elevations. I think Northern California is liable to do \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK.\u003c/span> Southern California? Wow, that’s a tough one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/31/the-blob-is-back-what-warm-ocean-mass-means-for-weather-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Unusually warm waters along the Pacific Coast, dubbed “the Blob,” have severely disrupted weather and wildlife since 2014. Meteorologist Nicholas Bond explains the phenomenon.",
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"description": "Unusually warm waters along the Pacific Coast, dubbed “the Blob,” have severely disrupted weather and wildlife since 2014. Meteorologist Nicholas Bond explains the phenomenon.",
"title": "‘The Blob’ Is Back: What Warm Ocean Mass Means for Weather, Wildlife | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The blob is back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Since 2014, a mass of unusually warm water has hovered and swelled in the Pacific Ocean off the West Coast of North America, playing havoc with marine wildlife, water quality and the regional weather.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Earlier this year, weather and oceanography experts thought it was waning. But no: The Blob came back, and it is again in position off the coast, threatening to smother normal coastal weather and ecosystem behavior.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">The Blob isn’t exactly to blame for California’s drought, though it certainly aggravated the problem. But it is to blame for seriously disrupting the ocean food chain and for creating conditions that fed unprecedented algal blooms in the coastal Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">With the Blob back in play again, what does it mean for the winter ahead? To find out, Water Deeply spoke with Nicholas Bond, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.jisao.washington.edu/researchers/bios/bond\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">research meteorologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at the University of Washington in Seattle and Washington’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/about.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">state climatologist\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. In June 2014, Bond \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.washington.edu/newsletter/2014Jun.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">named\u003c/span>\u003c/a> this persistent weather phenomenon, and later wrote the first \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL063306/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">scientific paper\u003c/span>\u003c/a> characterizing it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What exactly is the Blob?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123167\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1123167\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg\" alt=\"Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.”\" width=\"298\" height=\"391\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply.jpg 681w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-160x210.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-240x315.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-375x492.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/NBond_water_deeply-520x683.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington’s state climatologist Nicholas Bond named the warm ocean mass now commonly known as “the Blob.” \u003ccite>(Nicholas Bond)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Nicholas Bond: It’s a large mass of water in the northeast Pacific Ocean that’s considerably warmer than usual. It doesn’t have any real sharply defined boundaries, but it’s an area that, at times, has stretched from Baja California up to the Bering Sea. At other times, it’s kinda shrunk back down. It’s been at least 1,000 miles (1,600km) across and, recently, quite deep.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Typically, it’s been something like\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.7\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2C\u003c/span>) warmer than normal. But there have been places where it’s been as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">9F\u003c/span> (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">5C\u003c/span>) warmer. It’s waxed and waned, but it’s been that way since early 2014. The warmer-than-normal water extends down to something like 300m (1,000ft) below the surface. So that’s a huge volume of considerably warmer-than-normal water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is it still out there?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah. There was sort of a reinvigoration this past summer. The temperatures were moderating early in 2016, and then, at least in a large area south of Alaska and off the coast of the Pacific Northwest, it really warmed up again this past summer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What causes it?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: A lot of it, almost all of it, is due to just the unusual weather patterns that have been occurring over the northeast Pacific during the past few years. They haven’t been the same patterns, but what really got it started was when a ridge of higher-than-normal sea-level pressure set up during the winter of 2013–14 over the northeast Pacific.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That was a very persistent and strong ridge of higher-than-normal pressure that kind of blocked the usual parade of storms across the Pacific. That meant less heat was drawn out of the ocean into the atmosphere than usual. It meant there was less cold water (from the deeper ocean) mixing near the surface part of the ocean. And also the unusual winds meant the upper-level currents in the ocean were a little bit different from usual.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it unprecedented?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: Yeah, certainly. In terms of the magnitude of anomalies in a lot of locations, we haven’t seen anything quite like this. I did a fairly careful study using the data that’s available, going back decades. There have been other periods with considerably warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures in the region. But they were never of the kind of geographic extent and magnitude we’ve seen with this recent event.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1123168\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1123168\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg\" alt=\"Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \" width=\"1400\" height=\"933\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/sealions_nursery-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Emaciated juvenile sea lions undergoing rehabilitation at the Marine Mammal Center in California. Their plight is thought to have been triggered by the unusually warm water conditions that persist in the coastal Pacific Ocean, upsetting the usual food web upon which sea lions and other wildlife depend. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: What caused that persistent high pressure?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: It became known as the “\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/archives/tag/ridiculously-resilient-ridge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ridiculously resilient ridge\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>” There’s been a number of independent studies that have basically shown that much warmer than normal waters in the far western tropical Pacific, in the vicinity of New Guinea – and thunderstorms that those warm waters helped spawn – had this kind of ripple effect on the atmospheric-circulation weather patterns over much of the globe.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It set up this series of very large-scale high- and low-pressure centers, with the ridge over the coast of western North America, and then a trough of lower pressure over the northeastern part of North America.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How did the Blob affect the drought in California?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That same ridge of high pressure basically blocked the storms. There was just a real lack of those regular storms. The warm water didn’t cause the unusual weather patterns. But those unusual weather patterns that brought the warm water also were a large cause of the drought in California.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It turned out that was the same case in the Pacific Northwest. Not quite the same extent, but we were looking at very low snowpack in mid-February 2014. Then there was enough of a shift that we actually had a pretty wet period there at the end of winter and got enough rain and snow to kind of tide us through the summer of 2014. But there weren’t enough (storms), and those didn’t extend far enough south for California to get relief.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">But it gets kind of complicated. Once that warm water formed out there in a big way, it does tend to warm the air that’s passing over it. Once that water was warmed, it did help warm the air coming off the ocean. This was especially the case in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2015/040115snowsurvey.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">winter of 2014–15\u003c/span>\u003c/a>. It led to warmer air temperatures and higher snow levels. The freezing level was 1,000–2,000ft (300–600m) higher than usual in the mountains. So that certainly ended up being a real problem. We count on that snowpack coming out of winter to get us through the summer. But it fell as rain rather than snow during that 2014–15 winter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: Is there a climate change connection here?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: This is sometimes called a marine heat wave, and it’s a short-term kind of event. There is some evidence that long-term trends are favoring the patterns we’ve had over the past few years. But that’s a very small effect.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">So it’s not due to global warming. But it does provide some hint, at least, of what it’s going to be like in future decades, in particular, with some of the impacts we’ve seen in the marine ecosystem. What we’ve had the past few years is something that is liable to be more the rule rather than the exception toward the middle of the century. So maybe this is kind of a little preview or something. So we’re trying to learn from it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How has the Blob affected ocean life?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The impacts were quite a few and widespread. At the bottom of the food chain, we saw a higher preponderance at the plankton level of subtropical species versus ones that are more adapted to cooler water.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">That had repercussions all the way up the food chain – everything from the kind of suitable prey for salmon that was present and whether they were getting the food they need, to some real problems with \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/guadalupefurseals2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">fur seals\u003c/span>\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/californiasealions2013.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">sea lions\u003c/span>\u003c/a> in California in particular. In the Gulf of Alaska we had what National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has called a marine mammal\u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/health/mmume/large_whales_2015.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">mortality event\u003c/span>\u003c/a> last year. Seabirds are another one: There were some species with some very large mortalities, with lots more \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/01/150123-seabirds-mass-die-off-auklet-california-animals-environment/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">dead seabirds\u003c/span>\u003c/a>washing up on the beaches.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">One of the more alarming things is the harmful algal blooms. That was sort of way out there in terms of how far along the coast it stretched, how long it lasted, how high the toxin levels got. That was something that was really scary.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How long will the Blob be with us?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: That’s kind of the $64,000 question. We thought this whole event was winding down earlier this year, and then we’ve seen it rear its ugly head again in some locations.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Water Deeply: How will this affect our weather this coming winter?\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Bond: The more prominent temperature anomalies are a little north of California. It’s all going to depend on the weather patterns. There are kind of borderline La Ni\u003c/span>ña conditions now, which doesn’t tend to imply too much one way or another for Northern California. In the past, it probably has meant somewhat less precipitation than normal for Southern California. But we see a lot of exceptions there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">It’s kind of an admission of defeat, but it’s basically a crapshoot in terms of how much rain you get.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">I think in terms of temperature, it’s not liable to be quite as warm as the past two winters, so that’s good, at least for the winter-sports folks. What falls in the mountains should be snow at the higher elevations. I think Northern California is liable to do \u003cspan class=\"caps\">OK.\u003c/span> Southern California? Wow, that’s a tough one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/31/the-blob-is-back-what-warm-ocean-mass-means-for-weather-wildlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4 p.m. Sunday, Oct. 30:\u003c/strong> A little behind schedule, most of the Bay Area got a pretty good dousing Sunday morning from a fast-moving storm that's now moved across the Central Valley and into the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest storm totals for our nine-county region: 1.52 inches at Venado in northern Sonoma County and 1.50 on Mount Umunhum, high above the Santa Clara Valley in the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11152664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11152664\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween.png\" alt=\"The National Weather Service forecast for Halloween. (Click for full-size image).\" width=\"480\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-160x138.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-800x689.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-240x207.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-375x323.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-520x448.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The National Weather Service forecast for Halloween. (Click for full-size image). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Totals for places where people actually live include .57 of an inch at Charles M. Schulz/Sonoma County Airport in Santa Rosa, .68 in San Rafael, .73 at the Oakland Museum, .37 in downtown San Francisco and .17 at Mineta San Jose International Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now for a look at the all-important Halloween forecast for Bay Area trick-or-treaters. Another storm -- this one rather anemic compared to what we've seen the last few days -- is forecast to blow through the area late Monday afternoon and into the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain should begin first in Sonoma County, then sweep south through the course of the evening. The National Weather Service is forecasting precipitation totals ranging from .39 of an inch in Santa Rosa to .05 in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halloween bottom line: It will be damp, not a deluge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the storm passes, forecasters say, most of the Bay Area should see a prolonged stretch -- at least a week -- of dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post, Friday, Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> It's officially a really wet October in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm storm that arrived early Thursday morning gave an unusually even distribution of rain across the region through midday Friday, ranging from nearly an inch at most sea-level locations around San Francisco Bay up to 2 and 3 inches in the Sonoma County hills and Santa Cruz Mountains. (See \u003ca href=\"#raintable\">table\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More remarkably, the latest rains added to already remarkable precipitation totals from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/13/bay-area-to-get-its-first-fall-rain-thanks-to-a-dying-typhoon/\">our mid-October storms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Cruz County hamlet of Ben Lomond, on Highway 9 in the Santa Cruz Mountains, has topped 12 inches of rain \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mesowest/timeseries.php?sid=bndC1&num=672\" target=\"_blank\">this month\u003c/a>. That compares to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca0674\" target=\"_blank\">October averag\u003c/a>e, going back to 1937, of 2.76 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venado -- little more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5092497-181/sonoma-county-community-of-venado?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\">a soggy hillside\u003c/a> in the Russian River watershed west of Healdsburg, has picked up more than 15 inches for the month. And that compares to a normal of. ... Well, I can't find a good data source for that, though the California-Nevada River Forecast Center publishes a data table that purports to show that Venado, hands down the wettest location in the greater Bay Area, averages 2.01 inches in October. Not buying that, but I'll have to figure out a better number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(And if you want to talk about someplace that's really moist, let's talk about the Gasquet Ranger Station, on the Smith River in Del Norte County, up in the northwest corner of the state. Gasquet has gotten a dumping of 24.52 inches this month. It's normal rainfall for October is 5.60 inches.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less dramatically, San Francisco International Airport has seen 1.93 inches since the first of the month, almost exactly double the 30-year normal of .97 inches. Downtown San Francisco has gotten 2.31 inches, compared to a normal of 1.12 inches for October. The rain gauge at the Oakland Museum has recorded 2.70 inches, against the norm of 1.37 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're likely to see those totals grow significantly over the final three days of the month. The National Weather Service says a pair of storms are due to arrive over the next several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is expected to move into northern Sonoma County by late Saturday afternoon and bring rain to the entire region by Sunday morning. Rainfall totals are expected to range from a quarter-inch to half-inch in most of the central Bay Area and up to 2 inches in the hills north and south of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters say the Saturday night-Sunday storm will be a snow maker, too, dumping about a foot of snow on Donner Pass (Interstate 80) and Echo Summit (U.S. 50), both about 7,200 feet above sea level. Several feet of snow are possible at higher elevations throughout the northern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the weekend rain, a fast-moving storm is expected to bring more rain Monday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick rundown of 48-hour precipitation totals through midday Friday, Oct. 28:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable class=\"tg\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">\u003cstrong>Location\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">\u003cstrong>Amount\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Venado (Sonoma County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">3.52\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Soquel (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">2.29\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Henry Coe State Park (E. Santa Clara County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">2.21\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mount Umunhum\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.74\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mount Saint Helena\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.64\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">St. Helena\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.60\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Middle Peak\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.46\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Ben Lomond\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.40\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mount Diablo Peak\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.37\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Santa Rosa-Charles Schultz Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.34\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Point Reyes Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.22\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Napa\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.07\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Vacaville\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.04\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">St Mary's College (Moraga)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.03\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Tilden Park (Berkeley Hills)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.98\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">San Jose International Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.93\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Los Gatos\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.91\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Richmond\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.90\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mill Valley\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.87\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Concord\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.86\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">La Honda\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.86\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Rodeo\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.84\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">San Rafael\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.78\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">San Francisco\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.78\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Oakland\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.73\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Hayward Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.55\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003csmall>Source: NOAA/California-Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/small>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some hill locations have gotten a foot of rain this month, and even lowland locations have doubled their normal rainfall for the month.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Update, 4 p.m. Sunday, Oct. 30:\u003c/strong> A little behind schedule, most of the Bay Area got a pretty good dousing Sunday morning from a fast-moving storm that's now moved across the Central Valley and into the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The highest storm totals for our nine-county region: 1.52 inches at Venado in northern Sonoma County and 1.50 on Mount Umunhum, high above the Santa Clara Valley in the Santa Cruz Mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11152664\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11152664\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween.png\" alt=\"The National Weather Service forecast for Halloween. (Click for full-size image).\" width=\"480\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-160x138.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-800x689.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-240x207.png 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-375x323.png 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/noaahalloween-520x448.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The National Weather Service forecast for Halloween. (Click for full-size image). \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Totals for places where people actually live include .57 of an inch at Charles M. Schulz/Sonoma County Airport in Santa Rosa, .68 in San Rafael, .73 at the Oakland Museum, .37 in downtown San Francisco and .17 at Mineta San Jose International Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now for a look at the all-important Halloween forecast for Bay Area trick-or-treaters. Another storm -- this one rather anemic compared to what we've seen the last few days -- is forecast to blow through the area late Monday afternoon and into the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain should begin first in Sonoma County, then sweep south through the course of the evening. The National Weather Service is forecasting precipitation totals ranging from .39 of an inch in Santa Rosa to .05 in San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Halloween bottom line: It will be damp, not a deluge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the storm passes, forecasters say, most of the Bay Area should see a prolonged stretch -- at least a week -- of dry weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Original post, Friday, Oct. 28:\u003c/strong> It's officially a really wet October in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warm storm that arrived early Thursday morning gave an unusually even distribution of rain across the region through midday Friday, ranging from nearly an inch at most sea-level locations around San Francisco Bay up to 2 and 3 inches in the Sonoma County hills and Santa Cruz Mountains. (See \u003ca href=\"#raintable\">table\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More remarkably, the latest rains added to already remarkable precipitation totals from \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/13/bay-area-to-get-its-first-fall-rain-thanks-to-a-dying-typhoon/\">our mid-October storms\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Santa Cruz County hamlet of Ben Lomond, on Highway 9 in the Santa Cruz Mountains, has topped 12 inches of rain \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/mesowest/timeseries.php?sid=bndC1&num=672\" target=\"_blank\">this month\u003c/a>. That compares to an \u003ca href=\"http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca0674\" target=\"_blank\">October averag\u003c/a>e, going back to 1937, of 2.76 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Venado -- little more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.pressdemocrat.com/news/5092497-181/sonoma-county-community-of-venado?artslide=0\" target=\"_blank\">a soggy hillside\u003c/a> in the Russian River watershed west of Healdsburg, has picked up more than 15 inches for the month. And that compares to a normal of. ... Well, I can't find a good data source for that, though the California-Nevada River Forecast Center publishes a data table that purports to show that Venado, hands down the wettest location in the greater Bay Area, averages 2.01 inches in October. Not buying that, but I'll have to figure out a better number.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(And if you want to talk about someplace that's really moist, let's talk about the Gasquet Ranger Station, on the Smith River in Del Norte County, up in the northwest corner of the state. Gasquet has gotten a dumping of 24.52 inches this month. It's normal rainfall for October is 5.60 inches.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less dramatically, San Francisco International Airport has seen 1.93 inches since the first of the month, almost exactly double the 30-year normal of .97 inches. Downtown San Francisco has gotten 2.31 inches, compared to a normal of 1.12 inches for October. The rain gauge at the Oakland Museum has recorded 2.70 inches, against the norm of 1.37 inches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're likely to see those totals grow significantly over the final three days of the month. The National Weather Service says a pair of storms are due to arrive over the next several days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is expected to move into northern Sonoma County by late Saturday afternoon and bring rain to the entire region by Sunday morning. Rainfall totals are expected to range from a quarter-inch to half-inch in most of the central Bay Area and up to 2 inches in the hills north and south of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters say the Saturday night-Sunday storm will be a snow maker, too, dumping about a foot of snow on Donner Pass (Interstate 80) and Echo Summit (U.S. 50), both about 7,200 feet above sea level. Several feet of snow are possible at higher elevations throughout the northern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the weekend rain, a fast-moving storm is expected to bring more rain Monday evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A quick rundown of 48-hour precipitation totals through midday Friday, Oct. 28:\u003c/p>\n\u003ctable class=\"tg\">\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">\u003cstrong>Location\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">\u003cstrong>Amount\u003c/strong>\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Venado (Sonoma County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">3.52\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Soquel (Santa Cruz County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">2.29\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Henry Coe State Park (E. Santa Clara County)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">2.21\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mount Umunhum\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.74\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mount Saint Helena\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.64\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">St. Helena\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.60\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Middle Peak\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.46\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Ben Lomond\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.40\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mount Diablo Peak\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.37\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Santa Rosa-Charles Schultz Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.34\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Point Reyes Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.22\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Napa\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.07\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Vacaville\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.04\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">St Mary's College (Moraga)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">1.03\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Tilden Park (Berkeley Hills)\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.98\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">San Jose International Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.93\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Los Gatos\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.91\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Richmond\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.90\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Mill Valley\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.87\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Concord\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.86\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">La Honda\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.86\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Rodeo\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.84\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">San Rafael\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.78\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">San Francisco\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.78\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Oakland\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.73\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">Hayward Airport\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd class=\"tg-baqh\">0.55\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003csmall>Source: NOAA/California-Nevada River Forecast Center\u003c/small>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "My Spot: Counting Blessings on Devil’s Slide",
"title": "My Spot: Counting Blessings on Devil’s Slide",
"headTitle": "My Spot | The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ci>Our “\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/my-spot\">\u003ci>My Spot\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>” series shares personal experiences with special places in California.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dwayne Erickson remembers driving on Devil’s Slide in the days before the tunnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was “kind of nervish!” says Erickson, a 79-year-\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">old Pacifica resident. “You were looking above for boulders coming down, and at the same time avoiding the boulders on the road.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s standing on a road that, a few years ago, was once a dangerous stretch of Highway 1 on the coast south of San Francisco. Frequent landslides earned it the name “Devil’s Slide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/290479083\" params=\"auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true\" width=\"100%\" height=\"450\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a pair of tunnels opened that allowed cars to steer clear of the coastline. Then the old highway was transformed into a beautiful walking path with ocean views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Erickson walks out here several times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just gotta get out here and meet people from all over and just see the ocean,” he says. “How different it is today than how it was yesterday or the day before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erickson greets everyone on the path like an old friend, whether or not they’ve ever met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so much to see and so much to show people!\" he exclaims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11150012\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11150012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-800x436.jpg\" alt=\"The Devil’s Slide trail -- now free of automobiles -- is a very popular route for hikers, bicyclists, sightseers and those out walking their dogs.\" width=\"800\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-800x436.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-160x87.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-1020x556.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-1180x643.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-960x523.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-240x131.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-375x204.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-520x283.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Devil’s Slide trail -- now free of automobiles -- is a very popular route for hikers, bicyclists, sightseers and dog walkers. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listening to Erickson’s lilting accent, you might think he’s from Scandinavia. In fact, he was born and raised in Idaho -- in a rural area called New Sweden. All four of his grandparents, and much of the surrounding community, emigrated from Sweden in the late 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew potatoes, of course, in Idaho,” says Erickson. “We had all the animals, dairy, beef, and we raised other crops, grains, alfalfa and that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He moved to California and did well, becoming a surgeon at the Fort Miley veterans hospital. His specialty was painting artificial eyes. “I made eyes for patients that their own families didn’t know they had an artificial eye,” says Erickson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as he cheerily puts it, he’s “retired, but not yet ex-pired!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11150010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11150010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dwayne Erickson looks out over the Pacific from Devil's Slide.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwayne Erickson looks out over the Pacific from Devil's Slide. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Erickson looks out on the ocean and scans for whales. “If there’s fishing boats out here, that means there’s food,” he says. “And if there’s food, that means there’s whales.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A splash of water, and he points delightedly to where a whale’s fluke gleams out of the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are so massive it’s just unbelievable,” says Erickson. “We have seen hundreds of them here, but every time we do it’s exciting again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11150173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-800x496.jpg\" alt=\"A whale's fluke, visible from the Devil's Slide trail.\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11150173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-800x496.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-160x99.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-1020x633.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-1180x732.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-960x596.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-240x149.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-375x233.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-520x323.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A whale's fluke, visible from the Devil's Slide trail. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thank God for every day.” he says. “Every day is a blessing to me. And then living here where I’ve got the ocean, the bay, the mountain ... I don’t know, I couldn’t be more blessed.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ci>Our “\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/my-spot\">\u003ci>My Spot\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>” series shares personal experiences with special places in California.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dwayne Erickson remembers driving on Devil’s Slide in the days before the tunnel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was “kind of nervish!” says Erickson, a 79-year-\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">old Pacifica resident. “You were looking above for boulders coming down, and at the same time avoiding the boulders on the road.\"\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s standing on a road that, a few years ago, was once a dangerous stretch of Highway 1 on the coast south of San Francisco. Frequent landslides earned it the name “Devil’s Slide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='450'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/290479083&visual=true&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&visual=true'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/290479083'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, a pair of tunnels opened that allowed cars to steer clear of the coastline. Then the old highway was transformed into a beautiful walking path with ocean views.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Erickson walks out here several times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just gotta get out here and meet people from all over and just see the ocean,” he says. “How different it is today than how it was yesterday or the day before.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Erickson greets everyone on the path like an old friend, whether or not they’ve ever met.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just so much to see and so much to show people!\" he exclaims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11150012\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11150012\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-800x436.jpg\" alt=\"The Devil’s Slide trail -- now free of automobiles -- is a very popular route for hikers, bicyclists, sightseers and those out walking their dogs.\" width=\"800\" height=\"436\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-800x436.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-160x87.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-1020x556.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-1180x643.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-960x523.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-240x131.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-375x204.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/DevilsSlideRoad-520x283.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Devil’s Slide trail -- now free of automobiles -- is a very popular route for hikers, bicyclists, sightseers and dog walkers. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Listening to Erickson’s lilting accent, you might think he’s from Scandinavia. In fact, he was born and raised in Idaho -- in a rural area called New Sweden. All four of his grandparents, and much of the surrounding community, emigrated from Sweden in the late 1800s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We grew potatoes, of course, in Idaho,” says Erickson. “We had all the animals, dairy, beef, and we raised other crops, grains, alfalfa and that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He moved to California and did well, becoming a surgeon at the Fort Miley veterans hospital. His specialty was painting artificial eyes. “I made eyes for patients that their own families didn’t know they had an artificial eye,” says Erickson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as he cheerily puts it, he’s “retired, but not yet ex-pired!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11150010\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11150010\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Dwayne Erickson looks out over the Pacific from Devil's Slide.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Erickson-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwayne Erickson looks out over the Pacific from Devil's Slide. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Erickson looks out on the ocean and scans for whales. “If there’s fishing boats out here, that means there’s food,” he says. “And if there’s food, that means there’s whales.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A splash of water, and he points delightedly to where a whale’s fluke gleams out of the waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are so massive it’s just unbelievable,” says Erickson. “We have seen hundreds of them here, but every time we do it’s exciting again.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11150173\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-800x496.jpg\" alt=\"A whale's fluke, visible from the Devil's Slide trail.\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11150173\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-800x496.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-160x99.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-1020x633.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-1180x732.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-960x596.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-240x149.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-375x233.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Fluke-520x323.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A whale's fluke, visible from the Devil's Slide trail. \u003ccite>(Brittany Hosea-Small/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thank God for every day.” he says. “Every day is a blessing to me. And then living here where I’ve got the ocean, the bay, the mountain ... I don’t know, I couldn’t be more blessed.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "'Blunt Trauma' Found in Rare Blue Whale Beaching",
"headTitle": "‘Blunt Trauma’ Found in Rare Blue Whale Beaching | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Scientists are still seeking answers in the rare beaching of a blue whale in Northern California this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 65-foot male washed ashore Wednesday on Westmoor Beach in Daly City. On Thursday scientists dissected the carcass in an effort to determine what killed the endangered cetacean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About twenty scientists crowded around the carcass, about the length of one-and-a-half school buses. Barbie Halaska, from \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/cetaceans/blue-whale.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, was one of those sawing into its thick flesh with a serrated knife to extract tissue samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually take the blubber pieces so it can be analyzed for contaminants, so it’s a really thorough way of finding out how deep the contaminants may go,” says Halaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4917px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1113255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg\" alt=\"As the largest animals on Earth, they can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds.\" width=\"4917\" height=\"1154\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg 4917w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-160x38.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-800x188.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-768x180.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1020x239.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1920x451.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1180x277.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-960x225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-240x56.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-375x88.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-520x122.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4917px) 100vw, 4917px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the largest animals on Earth, blue whales can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some blubber samples were so heavy, it took two-person teams to haul them away with meat hooks. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> took pelvic bones and TMMC took tissue and blubber back to their respective labs for further analysis. The center will analyze the flesh for contaminants like DDT and flame retardants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the necropsy, the researchers discovered evidence of blunt trauma — multiple fractures to the base of the whale’s skull that could have come from colliding with a ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> says vessel strikes and “fisheries interactions” — like entanglement in fishing line — are primary threats facing blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center says it may take months before it determines the exact cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113262 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_1\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The whale washed ashore upside down and its thick gray baleen is visible on its upper jaw in the left side of this photo. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113264 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_3\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists will analyze chunks of the whale’s blubber for contaminants like flame retardants and DDT that are found in the open ocean. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113263 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_2\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the whale from a narrow dirt path above Westmoor Beach in Daly City. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The last time a blue whale washed up in the Bay Area was in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though their normal life span is largely unknown, blue whales are the world’s largest animals, sometimes growing to more than 100 feet in length. The mammals are largest in the Antarctic and are smaller off the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TMMC says the whale that washed ashore Wednesday is a juvenile to sub-adult, i.e. a teenager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center reminds onlookers that it’s illegal to remove any part of the carcass under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists say a ship strike could have killed the giant ocean mammal, but 'further analysis' is needed.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists are still seeking answers in the rare beaching of a blue whale in Northern California this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 65-foot male washed ashore Wednesday on Westmoor Beach in Daly City. On Thursday scientists dissected the carcass in an effort to determine what killed the endangered cetacean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About twenty scientists crowded around the carcass, about the length of one-and-a-half school buses. Barbie Halaska, from \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinemammalcenter.org/education/marine-mammal-information/cetaceans/blue-whale.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Marine Mammal Center\u003c/a>, was one of those sawing into its thick flesh with a serrated knife to extract tissue samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually take the blubber pieces so it can be analyzed for contaminants, so it’s a really thorough way of finding out how deep the contaminants may go,” says Halaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113255\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 4917px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1113255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg\" alt=\"As the largest animals on Earth, they can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds.\" width=\"4917\" height=\"1154\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration.jpg 4917w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-160x38.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-800x188.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-768x180.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1020x239.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1920x451.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-1180x277.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-960x225.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-240x56.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-375x88.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/blue-whale_illustration-520x122.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 4917px) 100vw, 4917px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">As the largest animals on Earth, blue whales can reach 110 feet in length and weigh up to 330,000 pounds. \u003ccite>(NOAA Fisheries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Some blubber samples were so heavy, it took two-person teams to haul them away with meat hooks. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> took pelvic bones and TMMC took tissue and blubber back to their respective labs for further analysis. The center will analyze the flesh for contaminants like DDT and flame retardants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the necropsy, the researchers discovered evidence of blunt trauma — multiple fractures to the base of the whale’s skull that could have come from colliding with a ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\u003c/a> says vessel strikes and “fisheries interactions” — like entanglement in fishing line — are primary threats facing blue whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Marine Mammal Center says it may take months before it determines the exact cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113262\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113262 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_1\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_1-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The whale washed ashore upside down and its thick gray baleen is visible on its upper jaw in the left side of this photo. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113264\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113264 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_3\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_3-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists will analyze chunks of the whale’s blubber for contaminants like flame retardants and DDT that are found in the open ocean. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1113263\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1632px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1113263 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg\" alt=\"Blue_whale_2\" width=\"1632\" height=\"1224\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2.jpg 1632w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/Blue_whale_2-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1632px) 100vw, 1632px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view of the whale from a narrow dirt path above Westmoor Beach in Daly City. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Hoshaw/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The last time a blue whale washed up in the Bay Area was in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though their normal life span is largely unknown, blue whales are the world’s largest animals, sometimes growing to more than 100 feet in length. The mammals are largest in the Antarctic and are smaller off the U.S. West Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TMMC says the whale that washed ashore Wednesday is a juvenile to sub-adult, i.e. a teenager.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Center reminds onlookers that it’s illegal to remove any part of the carcass under the federal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marine Mammal Protection Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Solar Panels Coming to Two More BART Stations",
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"content": "\u003cp>BART is expanding the use of solar power at its stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BART Board of Directors voted Thursday to approve a contract with the San Mateo-based SolarCity Corp. to install, operate and maintain solar photovoltaic systems (solar panels) at the Lafayette and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/12/cities-celebrate-barts-eastward-expansion-in-contra-costa-county/\" target=\"_blank\">new Antioch eBART\u003c/a> stations for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreement, SolarCity will install solar panels on parking lot canopies at the two stations that not only are expected to generate enough energy to fully power the stations, but will also provide additional shade for commuters parking their cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are two of the warmer locations that we have in the BART system,\" BART spokesman Chris Filippi said. \"So one advantage is that their cars are going to be a lot cooler because of this system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART's first foray into solar-powered stations came in 2007 at the Union City Station. After that, BART tried to get solar projects off the ground at the Lafayette and Orinda stations, but negotiations with the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2011/06/15/bart-holding-off-on-orinda-solar-carport-project/\" target=\"_blank\">fell through\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2014, BART and SolarCity agreed to work together on solar power systems at up to five BART sites. Construction on the first system to come out of that collaboration was recently completed at the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/12/you-can-count-on-it-at-some-point-new-bart-station-will-open/\" target=\"_blank\">soon-to-open\u003c/a> Warm Springs Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we get these newer stations, that's one thing that we're always looking at, is how can we be more energy-efficient? How can we make these systems even better before we get them to the public?\" Filippi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lafayette system is expected to be installed by April 1, 2017 and operational by July 1, 2017. Filippi said the Antioch eBART station is on track to open in late 2017 or early 2018, but the solar panels should be ready to go by Oct. 1, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>BART is expanding the use of solar power at its stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BART Board of Directors voted Thursday to approve a contract with the San Mateo-based SolarCity Corp. to install, operate and maintain solar photovoltaic systems (solar panels) at the Lafayette and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2015/11/12/cities-celebrate-barts-eastward-expansion-in-contra-costa-county/\" target=\"_blank\">new Antioch eBART\u003c/a> stations for the next 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the agreement, SolarCity will install solar panels on parking lot canopies at the two stations that not only are expected to generate enough energy to fully power the stations, but will also provide additional shade for commuters parking their cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These are two of the warmer locations that we have in the BART system,\" BART spokesman Chris Filippi said. \"So one advantage is that their cars are going to be a lot cooler because of this system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BART's first foray into solar-powered stations came in 2007 at the Union City Station. After that, BART tried to get solar projects off the ground at the Lafayette and Orinda stations, but negotiations with the developer \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2011/06/15/bart-holding-off-on-orinda-solar-carport-project/\" target=\"_blank\">fell through\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In December 2014, BART and SolarCity agreed to work together on solar power systems at up to five BART sites. Construction on the first system to come out of that collaboration was recently completed at the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/12/you-can-count-on-it-at-some-point-new-bart-station-will-open/\" target=\"_blank\">soon-to-open\u003c/a> Warm Springs Station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As we get these newer stations, that's one thing that we're always looking at, is how can we be more energy-efficient? How can we make these systems even better before we get them to the public?\" Filippi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lafayette system is expected to be installed by April 1, 2017 and operational by July 1, 2017. Filippi said the Antioch eBART station is on track to open in late 2017 or early 2018, but the solar panels should be ready to go by Oct. 1, 2017.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Is a 1,600-Year-Old Tree Weathering California's Drought?",
"headTitle": "How Is a 1,600-Year-Old Tree Weathering California’s Drought? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>It’s been a brutal forest fire season in California. But there’s actually a greater threat to California’s trees — the state’s record-setting drought. The lack of water has killed at least 60 million trees in the past four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are struggling to understand which trees are most vulnerable to drought and how to keep the survivors alive. To that end, they’re sending human climbers and flying drones into the treetops, in a novel biological experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the forests of the Sierra Nevada look blotchy, with patches of dead trees standing right next to healthy green ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says the drought and high heat combine to do things he hasn’t seen before. “We don’t really understand a lot of things,” he says, “like exactly how a drought kills a tree, or what’s going on underground. Where is the water flowing in areas we can’t see?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephenson and his team of ecologists pull into a designated spot in the mountains, near Sequoia National Park, with truckloads of equipment they’ll have to carry in. Their mission: to find out what separates the surviving trees from the dead. Their ultimate destination is down a steep slope — through a blanket of pine needles, rotting tree limbs and a few yellow-jacket nests they are careful not to walk on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The walk is worth it. Looming above is Odin, a green and thriving \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/bigtrees.htm\">giant sequoia\u003c/a> that’s more than 1,600 years old. The top is 250 feet up. Its base is as wide as a city street. Odin was a sapling when Rome was still an empire and, for some reason, it and many other sequoias are resisting this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hopes of finding clues to Odin’s survival, \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/directory/detail/5622/\">Cameron Williams\u003c/a>, a researcher with the University of California, Berkeley, is heading up to the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider myself a forest canopy biologist,” Williams says as he buckles on a climbing harness festooned with clips, carabiners, and an ascender — a kind of a clamp attached to the rope he will use to climb up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He practices his emergency communication system: “Aaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,” he yells, then laughs. Williams can joke because he’s done this so many times. He and his climbing partner, \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/rikke-reese-naesborg/\">Rikke Naesborg\u003c/a>, also a research scientist at UC Berkeley, have spent hundreds of hours up in this tree. They take meticulous measurements, limb by limb, as though studying a patient etherized on a table. “Every single branch,” says Naesborg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She takes notes dangling from the rope. “You get used to it,” she says. They check the tree’s growth rate, and how much moisture is in each branch and in the needles and cones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very, very laborious,” Williams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/dawsont\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, the plant ecologist from UC Berkeley who is in charge of the expedition, says what’s happening to these forests is shocking and abnormal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot more dead trees in this forest than I’ve ever seen since we’ve been working here — since 2008,” Dawson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112768\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112768\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Dawson's team is experimenting with drones, which capture images of light reflected off the canopy. This light helps scientists get a sense of how stressed the tree is. Right: Rikke Naesborg (left) and Cameron Williams have spent hundred of hours in Odin's branches, taking measurements. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Dawson’s team is experimenting with drones, which capture images of light reflected off the canopy. This light helps scientists get a sense of how stressed the tree is. Right: Rikke Naesborg (left) and Cameron Williams have spent hundred of hours in Odin’s branches, taking measurements. \u003ccite>(Chris Joyce/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dawson is like an epidemiologist — studying disease in a large population. In this case, the patients are trees. There are far too many to be able to climb each one, so while some members of the team take Odin’s measurements, Dawson is going to experiment with another approach. He’ll fly a drone around the giant sequoia — carefully avoiding branches on every side — and take detailed images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time for all of us,” says drone jockey Tom Jennings, who works for a company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cloudd8ta.com/author/tomcloudd8ta-com/\">CloudD8TA\u003c/a>. “So we’re taking our time and trying to be very cautious. We’re dealing with the canopy, and that’s a new hazard that I’m not used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drones will fly to the top of the tree and then down around it in a spiral, taking many different sorts of images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the team hopes to do is compare what the climbers see with what the drones reveal. If drones can diagnose a tree as well as a climber can, they could cover a whole forest much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black drone rises from the ground, equipped with sophisticated cameras. It’s about 3-feet square and looks like something Darth Vader would have on his desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It records, basically, the reflected light off the canopy,” Dawson explains. “And that reflected light give us the health of the crown itself — water content and other chemicals like chlorophyll content, which is related to photosynthesis and nitrogen content.” These readings reflect how stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drone slowly descends from the top of Odin, Williams pulls himself up the tree, on a rope the size of his pinky finger. He narrates his climb into a microphone clipped to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we just reached 160ish feet above the ground,” Williams says. “Looks like a long way down there, and I can hear a drone overhead. Sounds like a giant bee’s nest. Looking around the landscape you can really see a lot of dead trees. Wow. There are hundreds — potentially thousands — of dead trees I can see in this one view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, from these sorts of measurements, Dawson has found that forests at low and mid-elevations — pine trees, fir, cedar — are suffering the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112772\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom.jpg\" alt=\"A patch of brown, dying trees stands out against the sky and treeline of Sequoia National Park. \" width=\"400\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom-375x280.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A patch of brown, dying trees stands out against the sky and treeline of Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Chris Joyce/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drought and heat can choke a tree to death, scientists have found, by causing gas bubbles to form in the trunk, and block the flow of water. The stressed trees also close their stomata — the pores they respire through in the leaves and needles. That conserves moisture, but at a high cost. They can’t take in the carbon dioxide they need to survive. In other cases, beetles detect the weak trees and single them out — like predators taking wounded prey on the Serengeti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how are giant sequoias like Odin different? It could be that sequoias tend grow where there’s more groundwater, Dawson says. Or maybe it’s the way they shed needles when stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how different species of trees respond is already helping scientists focus their rescue efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, you might thin the forest in places, removing some small trees and underbrush, Stephenson says. Having fewer straws sucking water out of the ground, means more water, more light and more nutrients for the biggest trees in the landscape, he says. And that would help the survivors weather future environmental stresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is disaster, but also a huge natural experiment, the forest ecologists say. Any lessons they can glean from studying Odin — going strong despite the drought — could help them save the rest of the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Is+A+1%2C600-Year-Old+Tree+Weathering+California%27s+Drought%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Four years of too little water is killing millions of trees in the Sierra, yet some giant sequoias still thrive. Tree-climbing scientists are exploring sequoias branch by branch to find their secret.",
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"description": "Four years of too little water is killing millions of trees in the Sierra, yet some giant sequoias still thrive. Tree-climbing scientists are exploring sequoias branch by branch to find their secret.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s been a brutal forest fire season in California. But there’s actually a greater threat to California’s trees — the state’s record-setting drought. The lack of water has killed at least 60 million trees in the past four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are struggling to understand which trees are most vulnerable to drought and how to keep the survivors alive. To that end, they’re sending human climbers and flying drones into the treetops, in a novel biological experiment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a distance, the forests of the Sierra Nevada look blotchy, with patches of dead trees standing right next to healthy green ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.werc.usgs.gov/person.aspx?personid=138\">Nate Stephenson\u003c/a>, an ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, says the drought and high heat combine to do things he hasn’t seen before. “We don’t really understand a lot of things,” he says, “like exactly how a drought kills a tree, or what’s going on underground. Where is the water flowing in areas we can’t see?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephenson and his team of ecologists pull into a designated spot in the mountains, near Sequoia National Park, with truckloads of equipment they’ll have to carry in. Their mission: to find out what separates the surviving trees from the dead. Their ultimate destination is down a steep slope — through a blanket of pine needles, rotting tree limbs and a few yellow-jacket nests they are careful not to walk on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The walk is worth it. Looming above is Odin, a green and thriving \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/bigtrees.htm\">giant sequoia\u003c/a> that’s more than 1,600 years old. The top is 250 feet up. Its base is as wide as a city street. Odin was a sapling when Rome was still an empire and, for some reason, it and many other sequoias are resisting this drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hopes of finding clues to Odin’s survival, \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/directory/detail/5622/\">Cameron Williams\u003c/a>, a researcher with the University of California, Berkeley, is heading up to the top.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I consider myself a forest canopy biologist,” Williams says as he buckles on a climbing harness festooned with clips, carabiners, and an ascender — a kind of a clamp attached to the rope he will use to climb up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He practices his emergency communication system: “Aaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhh,” he yells, then laughs. Williams can joke because he’s done this so many times. He and his climbing partner, \u003ca href=\"https://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/rikke-reese-naesborg/\">Rikke Naesborg\u003c/a>, also a research scientist at UC Berkeley, have spent hundreds of hours up in this tree. They take meticulous measurements, limb by limb, as though studying a patient etherized on a table. “Every single branch,” says Naesborg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She takes notes dangling from the rope. “You get used to it,” she says. They check the tree’s growth rate, and how much moisture is in each branch and in the needles and cones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very, very laborious,” Williams says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/dawsont\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, the plant ecologist from UC Berkeley who is in charge of the expedition, says what’s happening to these forests is shocking and abnormal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot more dead trees in this forest than I’ve ever seen since we’ve been working here — since 2008,” Dawson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112768\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112768\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2.jpg\" alt=\"Left: Dawson's team is experimenting with drones, which capture images of light reflected off the canopy. This light helps scientists get a sense of how stressed the tree is. Right: Rikke Naesborg (left) and Cameron Williams have spent hundred of hours in Odin's branches, taking measurements. \" width=\"800\" height=\"449\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-768x431.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-375x210.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-duo2-520x292.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Dawson’s team is experimenting with drones, which capture images of light reflected off the canopy. This light helps scientists get a sense of how stressed the tree is. Right: Rikke Naesborg (left) and Cameron Williams have spent hundred of hours in Odin’s branches, taking measurements. \u003ccite>(Chris Joyce/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dawson is like an epidemiologist — studying disease in a large population. In this case, the patients are trees. There are far too many to be able to climb each one, so while some members of the team take Odin’s measurements, Dawson is going to experiment with another approach. He’ll fly a drone around the giant sequoia — carefully avoiding branches on every side — and take detailed images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time for all of us,” says drone jockey Tom Jennings, who works for a company called \u003ca href=\"http://www.cloudd8ta.com/author/tomcloudd8ta-com/\">CloudD8TA\u003c/a>. “So we’re taking our time and trying to be very cautious. We’re dealing with the canopy, and that’s a new hazard that I’m not used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drones will fly to the top of the tree and then down around it in a spiral, taking many different sorts of images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What the team hopes to do is compare what the climbers see with what the drones reveal. If drones can diagnose a tree as well as a climber can, they could cover a whole forest much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black drone rises from the ground, equipped with sophisticated cameras. It’s about 3-feet square and looks like something Darth Vader would have on his desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It records, basically, the reflected light off the canopy,” Dawson explains. “And that reflected light give us the health of the crown itself — water content and other chemicals like chlorophyll content, which is related to photosynthesis and nitrogen content.” These readings reflect how stressed the tree is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the drone slowly descends from the top of Odin, Williams pulls himself up the tree, on a rope the size of his pinky finger. He narrates his climb into a microphone clipped to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So we just reached 160ish feet above the ground,” Williams says. “Looks like a long way down there, and I can hear a drone overhead. Sounds like a giant bee’s nest. Looking around the landscape you can really see a lot of dead trees. Wow. There are hundreds — potentially thousands — of dead trees I can see in this one view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already, from these sorts of measurements, Dawson has found that forests at low and mid-elevations — pine trees, fir, cedar — are suffering the most.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1112772\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1112772\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom.jpg\" alt=\"A patch of brown, dying trees stands out against the sky and treeline of Sequoia National Park. \" width=\"400\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom-240x179.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/trees-3_custom-375x280.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A patch of brown, dying trees stands out against the sky and treeline of Sequoia National Park. \u003ccite>(Chris Joyce/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drought and heat can choke a tree to death, scientists have found, by causing gas bubbles to form in the trunk, and block the flow of water. The stressed trees also close their stomata — the pores they respire through in the leaves and needles. That conserves moisture, but at a high cost. They can’t take in the carbon dioxide they need to survive. In other cases, beetles detect the weak trees and single them out — like predators taking wounded prey on the Serengeti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how are giant sequoias like Odin different? It could be that sequoias tend grow where there’s more groundwater, Dawson says. Or maybe it’s the way they shed needles when stressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding how different species of trees respond is already helping scientists focus their rescue efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For starters, you might thin the forest in places, removing some small trees and underbrush, Stephenson says. Having fewer straws sucking water out of the ground, means more water, more light and more nutrients for the biggest trees in the landscape, he says. And that would help the survivors weather future environmental stresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s current drought is disaster, but also a huge natural experiment, the forest ecologists say. Any lessons they can glean from studying Odin — going strong despite the drought — could help them save the rest of the forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Is+A+1%2C600-Year-Old+Tree+Weathering+California%27s+Drought%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply",
"headTitle": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>When California officials got serious about building two giant tunnels to divert freshwater out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, it didn’t take critics long to propose alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first was a grassroots scheme that, at first, seemed radical and counterintuitive: Let winter floods retake vast parts of the San Joaquin Valley – the very farmland that needs those Delta water diversions. The floods would recharge depleted groundwater that could then be used to irrigate the farms, preventing the need for Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea came in 2007 from Tom Zuckerman, then an attorney for the Central Delta Water Agency, one of many groups still battling the tunnel project. Zuckerman drafted it in the form of a 26-page “white paper” that he presented to the Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force, a panel appointed by then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was later incorporated by Restore the Delta, another group opposing the tunnels, into its broader “\u003ca href=\"http://ewccalifornia.org/reports/ewcwaterplan9-1-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Water Plan for California\u003c/a>.” And then it largely faded from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been kind of a voice in the wilderness on this subject,” said Zuckerman, who is now retired. “I talk about it constantly. And to this day I haven’t had any person or any entity say this is not a feasible approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, other developments have focused fresh attention on California’s serious groundwater problems: The state’s ongoing drought, passage of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014 and new scientific research into floodplain restoration and groundwater recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Zuckerman’s idea no longer seems outlandish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will not solve everything. There will be no silver bullet,” said David Gutierrez, executive manager of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Program at the California Department of Water Resources. “But it’s a combination of these ideas together that will help us do better than we’ve been doing in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman’s proposal centers on reviving the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tularebasinwildlifepartners.org/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historic Tulare Lake\u003c/a>, located in the Southern San Joaquin Valley between Fresno and Bakersfield. Before California was settled, it was the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River, fed by snowmelt from numerous streams pouring out of the Southern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1103323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1103323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg\" alt=\"The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. D\" width=\"640\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-240x130.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-375x203.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-520x281.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ccite>(avid Rumsey/Historical Map Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He proposes to bring the lake back by strategically breaching levees and directing winter snowmelt back into the Tulare Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same process could be used further north in the San Joaquin Valley to recharge other aquifers, Zuckerman said. In this way, over time, the region could become self-reliant for its water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start adding up these opportunities throughout the state, and you could drive the diversions from the Delta down, probably, to a quarter of what they are now,” he says. “Historically, diversions at that level have not proven injurious to the Delta environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez agrees the idea has merit. But he said it will never displace a significant amount of Delta water diversions. That’s because groundwater depletion in the San Joaquin Valley is \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-groundwater-20150318-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so severe\u003c/a> that it will take a very long time to bring back. And flood-producing storms are actually somewhat rare in the San Joaquin Valley – on the order of once every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, he says, the region needs Delta water exports for a long time to come. Which is where the $15 billion tunnel project comes in. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, it proposes improved infrastructure to divert Delta water to the San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to recharge the groundwater without some support from northern water,” Gutierrez said. “Both WaterFix and groundwater recharge are two tools that are going to have to be instituted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many areas, the flooding Zuckerman proposes would not require any changes in land use, and would not harm existing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a University of California team published a \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/cav6902p75-157800.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on groundwater recharge potential throughout the state. It was based on an analysis of soil conditions capable of absorbing large amounts of floodwaters, and crop types that could withstand flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found there are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6\u003c/span> million acres (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> million hectares) of suitable soils with “excellent” or “good” potential for groundwater recharge. Crops identified as being tolerant of flooding include wine grapes, pears, prunes, walnuts and some types of almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, the study concluded these lands could absorb as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.2\u003c/span>million acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters) of water per day. Five days of recharge at that rate would exceed a year’s worth of Delta water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team subsequently made their findings available in a web-based \u003ca href=\"http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sagbi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mapping tool\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think it’s doable – politically and economically – to do this as soon as people catch on that water on the floodplain is not a bad thing for agriculture,” said John Cain, director of conservation for California flood management at the environmental group American Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This stuff is not theoretical,” he said. “People are jumping on board, and there are multiple projects to breach levees and create floodplains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such project will reroute levees on Paradise Cut in the south Delta to create a new floodplain for the San Joaquin River near Lathrop. It was recently \u003ca href=\"http://deltaconservancy.ca.gov/active-prop-1-grants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">awarded\u003c/a> $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.1\u003c/span> million in grants by the Delta Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Wildlife Conservation Board also recently funded two other floodplain restoration projects along the San Joaquin River near Firebaugh and at Great Valley Grasslands State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another motivation for these projects, Cain says, is flood protection. As old levees age, they become increasingly expensive to maintain, and the demand for state and federal funds to help with these projects increases. So local governments and levee agencies are looking for alternatives – including restoring floodplains to absorb the water instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obligation to restore endangered fish species is another motivation. By refilling aquifers, rivers can remain wet longer through the year because their surface flow is naturally connected to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, many California rivers today are considered “losing” streams: Groundwater is so depleted that rivers flowing on the surface are constantly losing huge volumes of water to the aquifer. Yet it’s not enough to refill those aquifers, because groundwater is still getting pumped out too fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez says the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act is poised to change this game. As the law takes effect over the next two decades, many water agencies will be required to find ways to recharge groundwater, especially in the San Joaquin Valley, where most aquifers are known to be in critical condition. He’s certain the solution in many cases will be floodplain restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it won’t work for all aquifers, because a century of land development has cut off their connection to floodwaters. For aquifers near levees, the solution is simple: Open the levee where water can spill onto the most porous soil. In other cases, new water diversion channels may have to be built. These costs will be passed on to water users, which could make the recharged groundwater very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Cain is a leading advocate for such projects, he said there probably aren’t enough groundwater recharge opportunities to offset a significant share of Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s hard to believe you’re going to meet large fractions of their demand,” he said. “I think it could be really quite good for some basins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/24/delta-tunnel-alternative-embracing-flooding-for-water-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some critics of California’s Delta water tunnel project say allowing flooding to occur again in the San Joaquin Valley is a better alternative to the costly and controversial water infrastructure plan.",
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"description": "Some critics of California’s Delta water tunnel project say allowing flooding to occur again in the San Joaquin Valley is a better alternative to the costly and controversial water infrastructure plan.",
"title": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply | KQED",
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"headline": "A Delta Tunnels Alternative: Embracing Flooding for Our Water Supply",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When California officials got serious about building two giant tunnels to divert freshwater out of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, it didn’t take critics long to propose alternatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the first was a grassroots scheme that, at first, seemed radical and counterintuitive: Let winter floods retake vast parts of the San Joaquin Valley – the very farmland that needs those Delta water diversions. The floods would recharge depleted groundwater that could then be used to irrigate the farms, preventing the need for Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea came in 2007 from Tom Zuckerman, then an attorney for the Central Delta Water Agency, one of many groups still battling the tunnel project. Zuckerman drafted it in the form of a 26-page “white paper” that he presented to the Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force, a panel appointed by then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal was later incorporated by Restore the Delta, another group opposing the tunnels, into its broader “\u003ca href=\"http://ewccalifornia.org/reports/ewcwaterplan9-1-2015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sustainable Water Plan for California\u003c/a>.” And then it largely faded from view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have been kind of a voice in the wilderness on this subject,” said Zuckerman, who is now retired. “I talk about it constantly. And to this day I haven’t had any person or any entity say this is not a feasible approach.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, other developments have focused fresh attention on California’s serious groundwater problems: The state’s ongoing drought, passage of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act in 2014 and new scientific research into floodplain restoration and groundwater recharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Zuckerman’s idea no longer seems outlandish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will not solve everything. There will be no silver bullet,” said David Gutierrez, executive manager of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Program at the California Department of Water Resources. “But it’s a combination of these ideas together that will help us do better than we’ve been doing in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zuckerman’s proposal centers on reviving the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tularebasinwildlifepartners.org/history.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">historic Tulare Lake\u003c/a>, located in the Southern San Joaquin Valley between Fresno and Bakersfield. Before California was settled, it was the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River, fed by snowmelt from numerous streams pouring out of the Southern Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1103323\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1103323\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg\" alt=\"The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. D\" width=\"640\" height=\"346\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-240x130.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-375x203.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/tulare-520x281.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The historic Tulare Lake, as shown on a map from 1873, was once the largest natural freshwater lake west of the Mississippi River. Some advocates believe that allowing periodic floods to revive the lake could ease water shortages in the San Joaquin Valley. \u003ccite>(avid Rumsey/Historical Map Collection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He proposes to bring the lake back by strategically breaching levees and directing winter snowmelt back into the Tulare Basin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The same process could be used further north in the San Joaquin Valley to recharge other aquifers, Zuckerman said. In this way, over time, the region could become self-reliant for its water needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You start adding up these opportunities throughout the state, and you could drive the diversions from the Delta down, probably, to a quarter of what they are now,” he says. “Historically, diversions at that level have not proven injurious to the Delta environment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez agrees the idea has merit. But he said it will never displace a significant amount of Delta water diversions. That’s because groundwater depletion in the San Joaquin Valley is \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-groundwater-20150318-story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">so severe\u003c/a> that it will take a very long time to bring back. And flood-producing storms are actually somewhat rare in the San Joaquin Valley – on the order of once every 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, he says, the region needs Delta water exports for a long time to come. Which is where the $15 billion tunnel project comes in. Known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.californiawaterfix.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California WaterFix\u003c/a>, it proposes improved infrastructure to divert Delta water to the San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not going to recharge the groundwater without some support from northern water,” Gutierrez said. “Both WaterFix and groundwater recharge are two tools that are going to have to be instituted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many areas, the flooding Zuckerman proposes would not require any changes in land use, and would not harm existing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, a University of California team published a \u003ca href=\"http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/cav6902p75-157800.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> on groundwater recharge potential throughout the state. It was based on an analysis of soil conditions capable of absorbing large amounts of floodwaters, and crop types that could withstand flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study found there are \u003cspan class=\"caps\">3.6\u003c/span> million acres (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.5\u003c/span> million hectares) of suitable soils with “excellent” or “good” potential for groundwater recharge. Crops identified as being tolerant of flooding include wine grapes, pears, prunes, walnuts and some types of almonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In total, the study concluded these lands could absorb as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.2\u003c/span>million acre-feet (\u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.4\u003c/span> billion cubic meters) of water per day. Five days of recharge at that rate would exceed a year’s worth of Delta water diversions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team subsequently made their findings available in a web-based \u003ca href=\"http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sagbi/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mapping tool\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I really think it’s doable – politically and economically – to do this as soon as people catch on that water on the floodplain is not a bad thing for agriculture,” said John Cain, director of conservation for California flood management at the environmental group American Rivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This stuff is not theoretical,” he said. “People are jumping on board, and there are multiple projects to breach levees and create floodplains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One such project will reroute levees on Paradise Cut in the south Delta to create a new floodplain for the San Joaquin River near Lathrop. It was recently \u003ca href=\"http://deltaconservancy.ca.gov/active-prop-1-grants/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">awarded\u003c/a> $\u003cspan class=\"caps\">2.1\u003c/span> million in grants by the Delta Conservancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Wildlife Conservation Board also recently funded two other floodplain restoration projects along the San Joaquin River near Firebaugh and at Great Valley Grasslands State Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another motivation for these projects, Cain says, is flood protection. As old levees age, they become increasingly expensive to maintain, and the demand for state and federal funds to help with these projects increases. So local governments and levee agencies are looking for alternatives – including restoring floodplains to absorb the water instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obligation to restore endangered fish species is another motivation. By refilling aquifers, rivers can remain wet longer through the year because their surface flow is naturally connected to groundwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, many California rivers today are considered “losing” streams: Groundwater is so depleted that rivers flowing on the surface are constantly losing huge volumes of water to the aquifer. Yet it’s not enough to refill those aquifers, because groundwater is still getting pumped out too fast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gutierrez says the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act is poised to change this game. As the law takes effect over the next two decades, many water agencies will be required to find ways to recharge groundwater, especially in the San Joaquin Valley, where most aquifers are known to be in critical condition. He’s certain the solution in many cases will be floodplain restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it won’t work for all aquifers, because a century of land development has cut off their connection to floodwaters. For aquifers near levees, the solution is simple: Open the levee where water can spill onto the most porous soil. In other cases, new water diversion channels may have to be built. These costs will be passed on to water users, which could make the recharged groundwater very expensive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Cain is a leading advocate for such projects, he said there probably aren’t enough groundwater recharge opportunities to offset a significant share of Delta water exports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">“It’s hard to believe you’re going to meet large fractions of their demand,” he said. “I think it could be really quite good for some basins.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/24/delta-tunnel-alternative-embracing-flooding-for-water-supply\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Reservoirs Provide Tap Water Yet Significantly Contribute to Climate Change",
"headTitle": "Reservoirs Provide Tap Water Yet Significantly Contribute to Climate Change | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Hydropower dams are generally thought to be a clean source of electricity. By moving water through turbines, dams can generate large amounts of electricity almost continuously and without causing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s partly for these reasons that more than 3,700 hydroelectric dams are currently \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">proposed or under construction\u003c/span>\u003c/a> worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a growing body of science reveals a dark side. It turns out the reservoirs formed by dams are a significant source of greenhouse gases – particularly methane, about 34 times more potent than carbon dioxide. In the last 10 years, dozens of studies have shed light on this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/10/02/biosci.biw117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a>,\u003c/span> published October 5 in the journal Bioscience. Led by researchers at Washington State University in Vancouver, Washington, it synthesizes the results of 100 other studies to reveal that the world’s reservoirs may be producing as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.3\u003c/span> percent of all greenhouse gases caused by humans. That’s more than all emissions produced by Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The world’s reservoirs may be producing as much as 1.3 percent of all greenhouse gases caused by humans.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study considers the emissions from 267 large reservoirs around the world – the only reservoirs for which emissions have been measured. It uses these results to estimate emissions from all reservoirs – more than 1 million worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior research deduced that reservoirs in tropical regions are the biggest emitters. But the new study finds that isn’t necessarily true. Other factors are more important, particularly aquatic nutrient activity. This means North American and European reservoirs can also be big emitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand more, Water Deeply recently spoke with lead author Bridget Deemer, a former research associate at Washington State and now a research ecologist with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Ariz.; and her coauthor, John Harrison, associate professor at Washington State’s School of the Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: How significant are these emissions, globally, compared to other sources?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>John Harrison: They compare in magnitude to biomass burning for energy production. The importance of that statement is that human sources of methane to the atmosphere, such as biomass burning to produce energy, are included in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.N.\u003c/span> process for accounting for greenhouse gas emissions by each country. But reservoir emissions currently are not included in that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s substantial. Maybe a better comparison, from a methane perspective, is that emissions from reservoirs are comparable to rice cultivation as a source of methane, and both of those are substantial methane sources to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What did you learn about geographic effects? Does location matter?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Bridget Deemer: We were pretty surprised about that, because some prior work had suggested low-latitude systems were the biggest emitters, especially systems in the Amazon. But our results didn’t find that to be as important as some other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison: It’s not that geography isn’t important. It’s that we didn’t see that latitude was necessarily a good predictor of greenhouse gas emissions. We did see a linkage between how biologically productive reservoirs are and how much methane they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What do you mean by biologically productive?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: There’s a lot of organic matter that is being produced and decomposed in systems that are biologically productive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have the organic matter from the vegetation that’s decomposed once a reservoir is flooded, and those can provide nutrients to support algal growth. In addition, in low-oxygen conditions, nutrients can get liberated from sediments, which can support further algal growth and decomposition, leading to greenhouse gas production. Globally, fertilizer inputs to watersheds are a major source of nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/05/difference-between-chlorophyll-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">chlorophyll A\u003c/a> in a reservoir correlates with emissions. The concentration of chlorophyll A in a reservoir is an indicator of how green a body of water is, and how much algal growth there is. So systems with higher chlorophyll have higher algal concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Does reservoir size or depth matter in terms of emission output?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: We didn’t find size or depth to be significant in our study. Other studies have found depth to be an important predictor of methane emission from lakes and reservoirs (with shallower sites emitting more methane), but we didn’t find that here.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: How does water level effect emissions?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: It’s something that we’re working to understand better now. By reducing water level, you reduce the pressure on sediments, which keeps bubbles in those sediments. And when you lower water level, bubbles can expand, their buoyancy increases, and they get released directly to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What is the state of the science on this? What don’t we know?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: Well, every reservoir in this study was emitting methane to the atmosphere. That said, we have a lot of work to do to better understand and predict how these systems emit greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re reasonably confident they are a substantial source of methane to the atmosphere. But just how big and what kinds of systems are the biggest emitters are both areas for further investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Given these findings, should we be concerned that there are 3,700 new dams at some stage of development globally?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: Another insight from this study is that the per-area emission of methane at reservoirs is actually about 25 percent higher than other studies have suggested. That suggests the impact of every additional reservoir is likely to be greater than people had previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All we’re suggesting with this study regarding those future dams is that this is a piece of the puzzle that needs to be considered when people are thinking about whether and where to construct additional reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: So, given your results, can we still consider hydropower to be a “clean and green” source of energy?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: I think this study shows that dams as a source of energy aren’t without their greenhouse gas costs. Even though it’s a renewable source of energy, people should keep the greenhouse gas side of the picture in mind when making planning and policy decisions regarding dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Are any governments – local or national – currently measuring reservoirs emissions as a routine practice?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: As of right now, I don’t think so, not that I know of. But I know the\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Environmental Protection Agency is exploring the option of including some greenhouse gas measurements in their national assessment of lakes and reservoirs. But they haven’t done that yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is there even an established process for measuring these emissions?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: That’s a great question. These emission measurements are actually quite challenging because of how variable emissions can be, depending on time of year, time of day, and sample location within the reservoir you’re looking at. Effective measurement approaches might vary by reservoir operational type as well. There’s a lot still to be done to kind of standardize methods that will give us numbers that we’re comfortable with in terms of the amount of uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: You state in the study that you believe your emission estimates can be considered a “low end.” Why is that?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: We feel our estimate is conservative. It’s for a number of reasons, one of which is that we’re only looking at reservoir surface area, whereas we know there are some emissions associated with effects downstream of the dam, and other alternative pathways, that we just don’t have enough data on to include in the synthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it possible to mitigate these emissions, say, by operating a reservoir differently, changing project design or watershed management?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: Just knowing that reservoirs emit greenhouse gases gives us an opportunity to mitigate in other areas to compensate for those emissions, which otherwise wouldn’t be counted in national inventories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, beyond that, there is this interesting relationship between biological productivity and methane emissions. So if you can prevent organic matter from getting into reservoirs or being produced in reservoirs in the first place, you might be able to both improve water quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can reduce organic matter inputs to reservoirs by managing nutrients better on the landscape, so they don’t get into reservoirs. Or by siting reservoirs upstream of potential sources of the nutrients and organic matter that lead to greenhouse gas production. And there may be other things, too, like how you manage water level could influence greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, and we’re actively working to better understand those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Deemer: I think it’s a ripe area for future research, because these systems are human managed. So if we can identify some ways to manage at the dam that mitigate emissions, that would be pretty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/25/study-reservoirs-a-significant-contributor-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A synthesis of 100 recent studies finds that water storage reservoirs emit as much greenhouse gases as Canada. Two of the authors explain how this happens.",
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"title": "Reservoirs Provide Tap Water Yet Significantly Contribute to Climate Change | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Hydropower dams are generally thought to be a clean source of electricity. By moving water through turbines, dams can generate large amounts of electricity almost continuously and without causing air pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s partly for these reasons that more than 3,700 hydroelectric dams are currently \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">proposed or under construction\u003c/span>\u003c/a> worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a growing body of science reveals a dark side. It turns out the reservoirs formed by dams are a significant source of greenhouse gases – particularly methane, about 34 times more potent than carbon dioxide. In the last 10 years, dozens of studies have shed light on this problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is a \u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003ca href=\"http://bioscience.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/10/02/biosci.biw117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a>,\u003c/span> published October 5 in the journal Bioscience. Led by researchers at Washington State University in Vancouver, Washington, it synthesizes the results of 100 other studies to reveal that the world’s reservoirs may be producing as much as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.3\u003c/span> percent of all greenhouse gases caused by humans. That’s more than all emissions produced by Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The world’s reservoirs may be producing as much as 1.3 percent of all greenhouse gases caused by humans.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The study considers the emissions from 267 large reservoirs around the world – the only reservoirs for which emissions have been measured. It uses these results to estimate emissions from all reservoirs – more than 1 million worldwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prior research deduced that reservoirs in tropical regions are the biggest emitters. But the new study finds that isn’t necessarily true. Other factors are more important, particularly aquatic nutrient activity. This means North American and European reservoirs can also be big emitters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To understand more, Water Deeply recently spoke with lead author Bridget Deemer, a former research associate at Washington State and now a research ecologist with the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Ariz.; and her coauthor, John Harrison, associate professor at Washington State’s School of the Environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: How significant are these emissions, globally, compared to other sources?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>John Harrison: They compare in magnitude to biomass burning for energy production. The importance of that statement is that human sources of methane to the atmosphere, such as biomass burning to produce energy, are included in the \u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.N.\u003c/span> process for accounting for greenhouse gas emissions by each country. But reservoir emissions currently are not included in that process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s substantial. Maybe a better comparison, from a methane perspective, is that emissions from reservoirs are comparable to rice cultivation as a source of methane, and both of those are substantial methane sources to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What did you learn about geographic effects? Does location matter?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Bridget Deemer: We were pretty surprised about that, because some prior work had suggested low-latitude systems were the biggest emitters, especially systems in the Amazon. But our results didn’t find that to be as important as some other factors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison: It’s not that geography isn’t important. It’s that we didn’t see that latitude was necessarily a good predictor of greenhouse gas emissions. We did see a linkage between how biologically productive reservoirs are and how much methane they emit.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What do you mean by biologically productive?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: There’s a lot of organic matter that is being produced and decomposed in systems that are biologically productive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You have the organic matter from the vegetation that’s decomposed once a reservoir is flooded, and those can provide nutrients to support algal growth. In addition, in low-oxygen conditions, nutrients can get liberated from sediments, which can support further algal growth and decomposition, leading to greenhouse gas production. Globally, fertilizer inputs to watersheds are a major source of nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We also found that \u003ca href=\"http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/05/difference-between-chlorophyll-and.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">chlorophyll A\u003c/a> in a reservoir correlates with emissions. The concentration of chlorophyll A in a reservoir is an indicator of how green a body of water is, and how much algal growth there is. So systems with higher chlorophyll have higher algal concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Does reservoir size or depth matter in terms of emission output?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: We didn’t find size or depth to be significant in our study. Other studies have found depth to be an important predictor of methane emission from lakes and reservoirs (with shallower sites emitting more methane), but we didn’t find that here.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: How does water level effect emissions?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: It’s something that we’re working to understand better now. By reducing water level, you reduce the pressure on sediments, which keeps bubbles in those sediments. And when you lower water level, bubbles can expand, their buoyancy increases, and they get released directly to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: What is the state of the science on this? What don’t we know?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: Well, every reservoir in this study was emitting methane to the atmosphere. That said, we have a lot of work to do to better understand and predict how these systems emit greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’re reasonably confident they are a substantial source of methane to the atmosphere. But just how big and what kinds of systems are the biggest emitters are both areas for further investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Given these findings, should we be concerned that there are 3,700 new dams at some stage of development globally?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: Another insight from this study is that the per-area emission of methane at reservoirs is actually about 25 percent higher than other studies have suggested. That suggests the impact of every additional reservoir is likely to be greater than people had previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All we’re suggesting with this study regarding those future dams is that this is a piece of the puzzle that needs to be considered when people are thinking about whether and where to construct additional reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: So, given your results, can we still consider hydropower to be a “clean and green” source of energy?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: I think this study shows that dams as a source of energy aren’t without their greenhouse gas costs. Even though it’s a renewable source of energy, people should keep the greenhouse gas side of the picture in mind when making planning and policy decisions regarding dams.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Are any governments – local or national – currently measuring reservoirs emissions as a routine practice?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: As of right now, I don’t think so, not that I know of. But I know the\u003cspan class=\"caps\">U.S.\u003c/span> Environmental Protection Agency is exploring the option of including some greenhouse gas measurements in their national assessment of lakes and reservoirs. But they haven’t done that yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is there even an established process for measuring these emissions?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: That’s a great question. These emission measurements are actually quite challenging because of how variable emissions can be, depending on time of year, time of day, and sample location within the reservoir you’re looking at. Effective measurement approaches might vary by reservoir operational type as well. There’s a lot still to be done to kind of standardize methods that will give us numbers that we’re comfortable with in terms of the amount of uncertainty.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: You state in the study that you believe your emission estimates can be considered a “low end.” Why is that?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Deemer: We feel our estimate is conservative. It’s for a number of reasons, one of which is that we’re only looking at reservoir surface area, whereas we know there are some emissions associated with effects downstream of the dam, and other alternative pathways, that we just don’t have enough data on to include in the synthesis.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Water Deeply: Is it possible to mitigate these emissions, say, by operating a reservoir differently, changing project design or watershed management?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Harrison: Just knowing that reservoirs emit greenhouse gases gives us an opportunity to mitigate in other areas to compensate for those emissions, which otherwise wouldn’t be counted in national inventories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, beyond that, there is this interesting relationship between biological productivity and methane emissions. So if you can prevent organic matter from getting into reservoirs or being produced in reservoirs in the first place, you might be able to both improve water quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can reduce organic matter inputs to reservoirs by managing nutrients better on the landscape, so they don’t get into reservoirs. Or by siting reservoirs upstream of potential sources of the nutrients and organic matter that lead to greenhouse gas production. And there may be other things, too, like how you manage water level could influence greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, and we’re actively working to better understand those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">Deemer: I think it’s a ripe area for future research, because these systems are human managed. So if we can identify some ways to manage at the dam that mitigate emissions, that would be pretty exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2016/10/25/study-reservoirs-a-significant-contributor-to-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Judge Approves VW's $14.7 Billion Settlement Over Emissions Scandal",
"title": "Judge Approves VW's $14.7 Billion Settlement Over Emissions Scandal",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal judge in San Francisco has approved Volkswagen's $14.7 billion settlement over the carmaker's vehicle emissions scandal. The process of compensating affected U.S. car owners is beginning now, with the first buybacks expected to happen within the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the deal, Volkswagen agrees to either buy back or repair vehicles involved in the scandal. That means paying as much as $10.033 billion to owners. In addition, the carmaker has come to an agreement with the United States under which it will pay nearly $5 billion in environmental remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative deal was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">announced in June\u003c/a>. On Tuesday, it was approved by U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer, who found it was \"fair, adequate, and reasonable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the largest civil settlement in automaker history, and the largest false advertising case the Federal Trade Commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/refunds/volkswagen-settlement\">has ever seen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the agreement, the court notes, funds to compensate owners have to be made available within 10 days of this final approval, and the buyback program must begin immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"lq9bzWHDrBolSOXj8QpJ011W73WEvBbX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen says the claims process for arranging buybacks or modifications has already started. Documents already submitted by owners are being reviewed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vwcourtsettlement.com/en/\">settlement website\u003c/a>, and once approved, buybacks or repairs will be scheduled within 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the carmaker says the company expects the first transactions to take place around mid-November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affected owners have until Sept. 1, 2018, to submit a claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars in question were sold as being \"green\" diesel vehicles with low emissions, but in fact had been set up to drive differently during emissions tests — so they appeared to have lower emissions than they really had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">previously reported\u003c/a>, the emissions scandal involves some Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche vehicles, in both 2.0- and 3.0-liter diesel engine sizes, that were released from 2009 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This settlement covers only 2.0-liter engines in VW and Audi cars owned in the U.S. Legal proceedings on behalf of owners of 3.0-liter engines are ongoing, according to the lead counsel in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VW faces a number of other legal challenges related to the emissions-cheating debacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lawsuits against the German carmaker in other countries; in the U.S., there remains a possibility of criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several states have filed lawsuits accusing VW of violating \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/19/486621489/states-lawsuits-say-vw-execs-ran-a-cover-up-of-diesel-emissions-cheating\">state environmental laws\u003c/a> by cheating on emissions tests, and this summer the company announced a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/25/491400452/volkswagen-has-tentative-deal-to-compensate-u-s-dealers-in-emissions-scandal\">proposed settlement with dealers\u003c/a> who claim losses caused by the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal judge in San Francisco has approved Volkswagen's $14.7 billion settlement over the carmaker's vehicle emissions scandal. The process of compensating affected U.S. car owners is beginning now, with the first buybacks expected to happen within the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the deal, Volkswagen agrees to either buy back or repair vehicles involved in the scandal. That means paying as much as $10.033 billion to owners. In addition, the carmaker has come to an agreement with the United States under which it will pay nearly $5 billion in environmental remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative deal was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">announced in June\u003c/a>. On Tuesday, it was approved by U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer, who found it was \"fair, adequate, and reasonable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the largest civil settlement in automaker history, and the largest false advertising case the Federal Trade Commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/refunds/volkswagen-settlement\">has ever seen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the agreement, the court notes, funds to compensate owners have to be made available within 10 days of this final approval, and the buyback program must begin immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen says the claims process for arranging buybacks or modifications has already started. Documents already submitted by owners are being reviewed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vwcourtsettlement.com/en/\">settlement website\u003c/a>, and once approved, buybacks or repairs will be scheduled within 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the carmaker says the company expects the first transactions to take place around mid-November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affected owners have until Sept. 1, 2018, to submit a claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars in question were sold as being \"green\" diesel vehicles with low emissions, but in fact had been set up to drive differently during emissions tests — so they appeared to have lower emissions than they really had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">previously reported\u003c/a>, the emissions scandal involves some Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche vehicles, in both 2.0- and 3.0-liter diesel engine sizes, that were released from 2009 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This settlement covers only 2.0-liter engines in VW and Audi cars owned in the U.S. Legal proceedings on behalf of owners of 3.0-liter engines are ongoing, according to the lead counsel in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VW faces a number of other legal challenges related to the emissions-cheating debacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lawsuits against the German carmaker in other countries; in the U.S., there remains a possibility of criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several states have filed lawsuits accusing VW of violating \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/19/486621489/states-lawsuits-say-vw-execs-ran-a-cover-up-of-diesel-emissions-cheating\">state environmental laws\u003c/a> by cheating on emissions tests, and this summer the company announced a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/25/491400452/volkswagen-has-tentative-deal-to-compensate-u-s-dealers-in-emissions-scandal\">proposed settlement with dealers\u003c/a> who claim losses caused by the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Antarctica's Ice Sheets Are Melting Faster — and From Beneath",
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"content": "\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qHvFWkEdISjffdiNsa2BZpl5IRSp1ksh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers say the ice is melting more quickly than they've ever seen. They think it's because warm water is circulating under the ice shelf, and that the melting process appears to be irreversible.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History",
"title": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Our metal powerboat is puttering near a bend low in the Klamath River. Morning fog pours off the hills against a flat gray sky, but we can see a fight up around a bird's nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The eagles are perched up here in the tree,” says Mike Belchik, a fisheries biologist for the Yurok tribe, whose lands extend 44 miles from the Pacific Coast inland. “The osprey is dive-bombing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belchik claps loudly to break up the birds. “They both live around here and they fight all the time,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People along the Klamath once fought bitterly over this river, too. But that’s beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hydroelectric dams \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/will-the-klamath-river-be-renewed-owner-applies-to-remove-4-of-5-dams/\" target=\"_blank\">may soon be demolished\u003c/a> along the Klamath, near the California-Oregon border. Hundreds of miles of the Klamath would run free to the Pacific Ocean -- opening up the largest river restoration in U.S. history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s made this possible is compromise, forged over years of negotiation, among upriver and downriver interests, in California and Oregon, farmers and tribes and fishery advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two incidents of deep and painful loss, in 2001 and 2002, sparked this new era. First, the federal Bureau of Reclamation cut off water supplies to almost all irrigators on the Klamath Irrigation Project upriver, to protect water flows to endangered fish, including salmon. Angry farmers who were losing their crops converged at the main irrigation canal’s controls in Klamath Falls, Oregon, turning the water back on. A crowd of 18,000 cheered them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, when irrigators once again were able to take water from the river, Belchik says the resulting low flows were deadly downriver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started getting calls about dead fish,” he says, standing along the riverbank. “There’s tens of thousands of fish, rotting fish, big 20-pound salmon, four deep on all of the shorelines.” He wrinkles his nose. “The smell more than the look. It smells like death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143912\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-160x86.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1020x547.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1180x633.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-960x515.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-240x129.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-375x201.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-520x279.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-280x150.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Northcoast Environment Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now with broad political support, the power company that owns the dams, PacifiCorp, has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to give up its licenses so that four dams, three in California, can be blasted and jackhammered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp shareholders will contribute $200 million toward dam removal. California will contribute up to $250 million more in Proposition 1 money, to pay for removal and river recovery, under an agreement signed in April at the mouth of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"B7vjPY9z0gkmCpeO9b2sWbASyVCchQev\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown said the goal now is sustainability. “Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years,” he said. “That’s the significance here. We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of Western rivers, the Klamath has been a workhorse serving the people around it. Inland and upriver, its water goes to irrigators on a federal project, farms and grazing in two states. Over the last century four dams harnessed its energy. The oldest hydroelectric dam is Copco 1, which is 132 feet steep between rock walls trailing bright green moss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144033\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheap, reliable hydropower made at Copco helped upriver irrigators pump water to crops and cattle. Standing atop it, PacifiCorp spokesman Bob Gravely says the company has made money for shareholders. “Removing these dams is not something that the company had set out to do,” he says now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental laws put on the books after dams were built changed the equation. Gravely says PacifiCorp would have spent hundreds of millions of dollars updating dams to protect fish and water quality, in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, among others. “This is the least cost outcome for our customers that we have,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not often that a private company seeks to get rid of its own dams. The petition to federal regulators is kind of an end run around Congress and its politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, a broad coalition of river interests agreed on a plan to allocate water resources, protect economic interests, and yes, remove dams. The deal required congressional action. But nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144038\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s not a done deal. FERC will receive public comment on the decision, and some of it will come from fiercely independent rural Siskiyou County, where 80 percent of voters oppose dam removal, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siskiyou County Supervisor Grace Bennett says she’s suspicious of the science underpinning dam removal, and the financial risks of such a major change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want answers,” she says. “And we want to be not held responsible when this -- and I’m going to say this 'grand experiment,' which we feel we’re in the middle of -- doesn’t turn out the way we want. And they leave us doing lots of damage to our county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the dams are removed, two major questions remain for the Klamath Basin: How to share water and how to help fish recover. Dozens of local stakeholders are starting to hash out those questions, including Oregon rancher Becky Hyde. Congressional opposition or inaction could still get in the way of compromise. But Hyde says she hopes local interests triumph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1180x839.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think a healthy Klamath is solely dependent on whether or not the U.S. Congress decides to pay attention,” Hyde says. “We decide. We choose while we wait for them to wake up. We choose how to treat each other while we wait for them to start making wise choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this basin, those choices are personal, says Oregon alfalfa farmer Gary Derry. After the water shut off in 2001, his son moved away. Now his younger daughter is weighing the same choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to see my kids leave. I don’t want to see anybody down the river, their kids leave,” Derry says. He points out his daughter is graduating with a soil science degree. “I want to get back to where we have a river community, top to bottom, that can survive. That’s what I want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If regulators approve dam decommissioning, hundreds of miles of river would open up for fish and people. Copco 1 and the other three dams would go silent in four years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Demolition of four dams would be thanks to a historic compromise forged among farmers, tribes and fishery advocates in California and Oregon. But it’s not a done deal.",
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"description": "Demolition of four dams would be thanks to a historic compromise forged among farmers, tribes and fishery advocates in California and Oregon. But it’s not a done deal.",
"title": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History | KQED",
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"headline": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Our metal powerboat is puttering near a bend low in the Klamath River. Morning fog pours off the hills against a flat gray sky, but we can see a fight up around a bird's nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The eagles are perched up here in the tree,” says Mike Belchik, a fisheries biologist for the Yurok tribe, whose lands extend 44 miles from the Pacific Coast inland. “The osprey is dive-bombing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belchik claps loudly to break up the birds. “They both live around here and they fight all the time,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People along the Klamath once fought bitterly over this river, too. But that’s beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hydroelectric dams \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/will-the-klamath-river-be-renewed-owner-applies-to-remove-4-of-5-dams/\" target=\"_blank\">may soon be demolished\u003c/a> along the Klamath, near the California-Oregon border. Hundreds of miles of the Klamath would run free to the Pacific Ocean -- opening up the largest river restoration in U.S. history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s made this possible is compromise, forged over years of negotiation, among upriver and downriver interests, in California and Oregon, farmers and tribes and fishery advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two incidents of deep and painful loss, in 2001 and 2002, sparked this new era. First, the federal Bureau of Reclamation cut off water supplies to almost all irrigators on the Klamath Irrigation Project upriver, to protect water flows to endangered fish, including salmon. Angry farmers who were losing their crops converged at the main irrigation canal’s controls in Klamath Falls, Oregon, turning the water back on. A crowd of 18,000 cheered them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, when irrigators once again were able to take water from the river, Belchik says the resulting low flows were deadly downriver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started getting calls about dead fish,” he says, standing along the riverbank. “There’s tens of thousands of fish, rotting fish, big 20-pound salmon, four deep on all of the shorelines.” He wrinkles his nose. “The smell more than the look. It smells like death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143912\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-160x86.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1020x547.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1180x633.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-960x515.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-240x129.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-375x201.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-520x279.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-280x150.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Northcoast Environment Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now with broad political support, the power company that owns the dams, PacifiCorp, has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to give up its licenses so that four dams, three in California, can be blasted and jackhammered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp shareholders will contribute $200 million toward dam removal. California will contribute up to $250 million more in Proposition 1 money, to pay for removal and river recovery, under an agreement signed in April at the mouth of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown said the goal now is sustainability. “Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years,” he said. “That’s the significance here. We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of Western rivers, the Klamath has been a workhorse serving the people around it. Inland and upriver, its water goes to irrigators on a federal project, farms and grazing in two states. Over the last century four dams harnessed its energy. The oldest hydroelectric dam is Copco 1, which is 132 feet steep between rock walls trailing bright green moss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144033\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheap, reliable hydropower made at Copco helped upriver irrigators pump water to crops and cattle. Standing atop it, PacifiCorp spokesman Bob Gravely says the company has made money for shareholders. “Removing these dams is not something that the company had set out to do,” he says now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental laws put on the books after dams were built changed the equation. Gravely says PacifiCorp would have spent hundreds of millions of dollars updating dams to protect fish and water quality, in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, among others. “This is the least cost outcome for our customers that we have,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not often that a private company seeks to get rid of its own dams. The petition to federal regulators is kind of an end run around Congress and its politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, a broad coalition of river interests agreed on a plan to allocate water resources, protect economic interests, and yes, remove dams. The deal required congressional action. But nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144038\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s not a done deal. FERC will receive public comment on the decision, and some of it will come from fiercely independent rural Siskiyou County, where 80 percent of voters oppose dam removal, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siskiyou County Supervisor Grace Bennett says she’s suspicious of the science underpinning dam removal, and the financial risks of such a major change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want answers,” she says. “And we want to be not held responsible when this -- and I’m going to say this 'grand experiment,' which we feel we’re in the middle of -- doesn’t turn out the way we want. And they leave us doing lots of damage to our county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the dams are removed, two major questions remain for the Klamath Basin: How to share water and how to help fish recover. Dozens of local stakeholders are starting to hash out those questions, including Oregon rancher Becky Hyde. Congressional opposition or inaction could still get in the way of compromise. But Hyde says she hopes local interests triumph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1180x839.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think a healthy Klamath is solely dependent on whether or not the U.S. Congress decides to pay attention,” Hyde says. “We decide. We choose while we wait for them to wake up. We choose how to treat each other while we wait for them to start making wise choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this basin, those choices are personal, says Oregon alfalfa farmer Gary Derry. After the water shut off in 2001, his son moved away. Now his younger daughter is weighing the same choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to see my kids leave. I don’t want to see anybody down the river, their kids leave,” Derry says. He points out his daughter is graduating with a soil science degree. “I want to get back to where we have a river community, top to bottom, that can survive. That’s what I want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If regulators approve dam decommissioning, hundreds of miles of river would open up for fish and people. Copco 1 and the other three dams would go silent in four years.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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