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"content": "\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qHvFWkEdISjffdiNsa2BZpl5IRSp1ksh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History",
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"content": "\u003cp>Our metal powerboat is puttering near a bend low in the Klamath River. Morning fog pours off the hills against a flat gray sky, but we can see a fight up around a bird's nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The eagles are perched up here in the tree,” says Mike Belchik, a fisheries biologist for the Yurok tribe, whose lands extend 44 miles from the Pacific Coast inland. “The osprey is dive-bombing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belchik claps loudly to break up the birds. “They both live around here and they fight all the time,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People along the Klamath once fought bitterly over this river, too. But that’s beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hydroelectric dams \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/will-the-klamath-river-be-renewed-owner-applies-to-remove-4-of-5-dams/\" target=\"_blank\">may soon be demolished\u003c/a> along the Klamath, near the California-Oregon border. Hundreds of miles of the Klamath would run free to the Pacific Ocean -- opening up the largest river restoration in U.S. history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s made this possible is compromise, forged over years of negotiation, among upriver and downriver interests, in California and Oregon, farmers and tribes and fishery advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two incidents of deep and painful loss, in 2001 and 2002, sparked this new era. First, the federal Bureau of Reclamation cut off water supplies to almost all irrigators on the Klamath Irrigation Project upriver, to protect water flows to endangered fish, including salmon. Angry farmers who were losing their crops converged at the main irrigation canal’s controls in Klamath Falls, Oregon, turning the water back on. A crowd of 18,000 cheered them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, when irrigators once again were able to take water from the river, Belchik says the resulting low flows were deadly downriver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started getting calls about dead fish,” he says, standing along the riverbank. “There’s tens of thousands of fish, rotting fish, big 20-pound salmon, four deep on all of the shorelines.” He wrinkles his nose. “The smell more than the look. It smells like death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143912\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-160x86.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1020x547.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1180x633.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-960x515.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-240x129.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-375x201.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-520x279.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-280x150.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Northcoast Environment Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now with broad political support, the power company that owns the dams, PacifiCorp, has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to give up its licenses so that four dams, three in California, can be blasted and jackhammered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp shareholders will contribute $200 million toward dam removal. California will contribute up to $250 million more in Proposition 1 money, to pay for removal and river recovery, under an agreement signed in April at the mouth of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"B7vjPY9z0gkmCpeO9b2sWbASyVCchQev\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown said the goal now is sustainability. “Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years,” he said. “That’s the significance here. We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of Western rivers, the Klamath has been a workhorse serving the people around it. Inland and upriver, its water goes to irrigators on a federal project, farms and grazing in two states. Over the last century four dams harnessed its energy. The oldest hydroelectric dam is Copco 1, which is 132 feet steep between rock walls trailing bright green moss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144033\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheap, reliable hydropower made at Copco helped upriver irrigators pump water to crops and cattle. Standing atop it, PacifiCorp spokesman Bob Gravely says the company has made money for shareholders. “Removing these dams is not something that the company had set out to do,” he says now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental laws put on the books after dams were built changed the equation. Gravely says PacifiCorp would have spent hundreds of millions of dollars updating dams to protect fish and water quality, in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, among others. “This is the least cost outcome for our customers that we have,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not often that a private company seeks to get rid of its own dams. The petition to federal regulators is kind of an end run around Congress and its politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, a broad coalition of river interests agreed on a plan to allocate water resources, protect economic interests, and yes, remove dams. The deal required congressional action. But nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144038\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s not a done deal. FERC will receive public comment on the decision, and some of it will come from fiercely independent rural Siskiyou County, where 80 percent of voters oppose dam removal, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siskiyou County Supervisor Grace Bennett says she’s suspicious of the science underpinning dam removal, and the financial risks of such a major change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want answers,” she says. “And we want to be not held responsible when this -- and I’m going to say this 'grand experiment,' which we feel we’re in the middle of -- doesn’t turn out the way we want. And they leave us doing lots of damage to our county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the dams are removed, two major questions remain for the Klamath Basin: How to share water and how to help fish recover. Dozens of local stakeholders are starting to hash out those questions, including Oregon rancher Becky Hyde. Congressional opposition or inaction could still get in the way of compromise. But Hyde says she hopes local interests triumph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1180x839.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think a healthy Klamath is solely dependent on whether or not the U.S. Congress decides to pay attention,” Hyde says. “We decide. We choose while we wait for them to wake up. We choose how to treat each other while we wait for them to start making wise choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this basin, those choices are personal, says Oregon alfalfa farmer Gary Derry. After the water shut off in 2001, his son moved away. Now his younger daughter is weighing the same choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to see my kids leave. I don’t want to see anybody down the river, their kids leave,” Derry says. He points out his daughter is graduating with a soil science degree. “I want to get back to where we have a river community, top to bottom, that can survive. That’s what I want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If regulators approve dam decommissioning, hundreds of miles of river would open up for fish and people. Copco 1 and the other three dams would go silent in four years.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Demolition of four dams would be thanks to a historic compromise forged among farmers, tribes and fishery advocates in California and Oregon. But it’s not a done deal.",
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"title": "Removal of Klamath Dams Would Be Largest River Restoration in U.S. History | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Our metal powerboat is puttering near a bend low in the Klamath River. Morning fog pours off the hills against a flat gray sky, but we can see a fight up around a bird's nest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The eagles are perched up here in the tree,” says Mike Belchik, a fisheries biologist for the Yurok tribe, whose lands extend 44 miles from the Pacific Coast inland. “The osprey is dive-bombing them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belchik claps loudly to break up the birds. “They both live around here and they fight all the time,” he laughs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People along the Klamath once fought bitterly over this river, too. But that’s beginning to change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289726526'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four hydroelectric dams \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/27/will-the-klamath-river-be-renewed-owner-applies-to-remove-4-of-5-dams/\" target=\"_blank\">may soon be demolished\u003c/a> along the Klamath, near the California-Oregon border. Hundreds of miles of the Klamath would run free to the Pacific Ocean -- opening up the largest river restoration in U.S. history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s made this possible is compromise, forged over years of negotiation, among upriver and downriver interests, in California and Oregon, farmers and tribes and fishery advocates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two incidents of deep and painful loss, in 2001 and 2002, sparked this new era. First, the federal Bureau of Reclamation cut off water supplies to almost all irrigators on the Klamath Irrigation Project upriver, to protect water flows to endangered fish, including salmon. Angry farmers who were losing their crops converged at the main irrigation canal’s controls in Klamath Falls, Oregon, turning the water back on. A crowd of 18,000 cheered them on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next year, when irrigators once again were able to take water from the river, Belchik says the resulting low flows were deadly downriver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started getting calls about dead fish,” he says, standing along the riverbank. “There’s tens of thousands of fish, rotting fish, big 20-pound salmon, four deep on all of the shorelines.” He wrinkles his nose. “The smell more than the look. It smells like death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143912\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg\" alt=\"Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"429\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143912\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-800x429.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-160x86.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1020x547.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-1180x633.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-960x515.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-240x129.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-375x201.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-520x279.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/KlamathFishKill-280x150.jpg 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tens of thousands of salmon were killed on the Klamath in 2002 when water deliveries to farmers resulted in deadly low flows downriver. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Northcoast Environment Center)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Now with broad political support, the power company that owns the dams, PacifiCorp, has applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to give up its licenses so that four dams, three in California, can be blasted and jackhammered away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PacifiCorp shareholders will contribute $200 million toward dam removal. California will contribute up to $250 million more in Proposition 1 money, to pay for removal and river recovery, under an agreement signed in April at the mouth of the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown said the goal now is sustainability. “Not for the next election cycle but for eons and thousands of years,” he said. “That’s the significance here. We’re starting to get it right after so many years of getting it wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of Western rivers, the Klamath has been a workhorse serving the people around it. Inland and upriver, its water goes to irrigators on a federal project, farms and grazing in two states. Over the last century four dams harnessed its energy. The oldest hydroelectric dam is Copco 1, which is 132 feet steep between rock walls trailing bright green moss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144033\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144033\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Copco2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Water spills down the mossy face of the Copco 1 Dam, on the Klamath River outside Hornbrook. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cheap, reliable hydropower made at Copco helped upriver irrigators pump water to crops and cattle. Standing atop it, PacifiCorp spokesman Bob Gravely says the company has made money for shareholders. “Removing these dams is not something that the company had set out to do,” he says now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But environmental laws put on the books after dams were built changed the equation. Gravely says PacifiCorp would have spent hundreds of millions of dollars updating dams to protect fish and water quality, in compliance with the Clean Water Act and the Endangered Species Act, among others. “This is the least cost outcome for our customers that we have,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not often that a private company seeks to get rid of its own dams. The petition to federal regulators is kind of an end run around Congress and its politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five years ago, a broad coalition of river interests agreed on a plan to allocate water resources, protect economic interests, and yes, remove dams. The deal required congressional action. But nothing happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144038\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144038\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/YurokDavid-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Yurok Tribal Vice Chair David Gensaw, Jr. is worried about the future of salmon and trout in tribal waters near where the Klamath meets the sea. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Still, it’s not a done deal. FERC will receive public comment on the decision, and some of it will come from fiercely independent rural Siskiyou County, where 80 percent of voters oppose dam removal, period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Siskiyou County Supervisor Grace Bennett says she’s suspicious of the science underpinning dam removal, and the financial risks of such a major change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We want answers,” she says. “And we want to be not held responsible when this -- and I’m going to say this 'grand experiment,' which we feel we’re in the middle of -- doesn’t turn out the way we want. And they leave us doing lots of damage to our county.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the dams are removed, two major questions remain for the Klamath Basin: How to share water and how to help fish recover. Dozens of local stakeholders are starting to hash out those questions, including Oregon rancher Becky Hyde. Congressional opposition or inaction could still get in the way of compromise. But Hyde says she hopes local interests triumph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11144030\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver.\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11144030\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-800x569.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-160x114.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-1180x839.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-960x683.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-240x171.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-375x267.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/ScottGary-520x370.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scott Seus (L) and Gary Derry say they're worried about their farming future in the absence of an agreement to share water along the Klamath River. Irrigators like them have rights, but so do environmental interests like fish and wildlife refuges, and tribal interests downriver. \u003ccite>(Molly Peterson/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think a healthy Klamath is solely dependent on whether or not the U.S. Congress decides to pay attention,” Hyde says. “We decide. We choose while we wait for them to wake up. We choose how to treat each other while we wait for them to start making wise choices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this basin, those choices are personal, says Oregon alfalfa farmer Gary Derry. After the water shut off in 2001, his son moved away. Now his younger daughter is weighing the same choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t want to see my kids leave. I don’t want to see anybody down the river, their kids leave,” Derry says. He points out his daughter is graduating with a soil science degree. “I want to get back to where we have a river community, top to bottom, that can survive. That’s what I want.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>This year is proving to be a momentous one for the climate. There have been both wildly depressing and wildly hopeful milestones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qFy5NF7SNPef5Xq9AORU7qwZfEVeEASZ”]On the downside, carbon dioxide passed the symbolic \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738\">400 parts per million threshold permanently\u003c/a> (in our lifetimes anyways), the planet is going to have its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">hottest year on record\u003c/a> for the third year in a row and a rash of extreme weather events shook the world this summer. More positively, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/eu-fast-tracks-paris-climate-deal-20750\">Paris Agreement was ratified\u003c/a>, a new treaty was put in place to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/senate-could-block-landmark-hfc-climate-treaty-20795\">ban a potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a> and renewable energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/if-a-power-plant-is-built-in-us-chances-are-its-renewable-20175\">continues to surge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an interesting time to be alive, but perhaps an even more interesting time to join the climate science field. We’re at a crucial turning point for both the field and humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists entering the field now are standing on the shoulders of more than 150 years of climate change research. Our scientific knowledge of climate change has expanded tremendously since John Tyndall’s work on greenhouse gases starting in the 1850s (and even since James Hansen’s 1988 testimony before Congress for that matter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet there are still questions to be answered about climate change, in particular pinning down what comes next for the world and the people, plants and animals that call it home. To get a sense of what comes next for field and how it feels to start a career at a time when so much is clearly at stake, Climate Central talked with a handful of early career researchers on how they view the field. Below are some of their answers, lightly edited for clarity and brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it feel to start your career working on climate at a time when the impacts of climate change are becoming clearer and clearer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://earth.usc.edu/~sdee/Contact.html\">Sylvia Dee\u003c/a>, postdoctoral researcher at Brown studying climate over the past millennium:\u003c/strong> It’s an exciting time to be in this field for many reasons, not least of which is a relatively new interest from the community for public lectures and teaching. We have more and more students taking classes in atmospheric and ocean science, and many of us are increasingly being asked to give outreach lectures to organizations (in my case) like the Girl Scouts of America or the United Methodist Women. Public interest is an incredibly valuable tool for improving climate education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a research perspective, I think many of us early career climate scientists feel the same: there are so many questions to answer, and so little time! Whether we like it or not, humans are performing an active experiment on the earth through the continued emission of greenhouse gases. I think (and hope) we are poised to make some major breakthroughs in our understanding of complex climate system feedbacks that could shape our high-greenhouse-gas future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.uci.edu/zlabe/\">Zack Labe\u003c/a>, PhD student at University of California, Irvine studying Arctic climate change:\u003c/strong> There is a mixture of emotions. On one hand, OK, we are doing something right. The climate models are not clueless. On the other hand, human carbon emissions are amplifying societal and environmental impacts signaling the call to act. Nevertheless, it is an exciting time to enter this field as technological advancements are rapidly changing our understanding of both natural and anthropogenic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/kmarvel.html\">Kate Marvel\u003c/a>, associate research scientist at NASA studying climate modeling:\u003c/strong> On a scientific level, there’s a certain satisfaction in seeing physical theory reflected in the real world. It’s amazing that we understand and can make predictions about the way the world works. And as a scientist working to understand the specifics of what climate change actually looks like, it’s gratifying to see wide interest in the field. But on a personal level, I find it deeply unsettling. I worry about the mess we’re leaving our kids, and it upsets me that the people most affected by climate change are the ones least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sarahmyhre.com/\">Sarah Myhre\u003c/a>, postdoc at the University of Washington studying abrupt ocean changes:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard. Weird. Complex. Lots of cognitive dissonance. Some existential crisis. I’m not going to lie, it’s a gritty place when you are staring down at data and probabilities for how your favorite places in the world will change during your kid’s life span. Honestly, being a parent has also really changed my approach to my career. Having a kid and seeing how much my parents love my kid has made me feel so connected to people in the future. It’s a hard question because I love my career. I am supremely privileged to get to do the work that I do. But there is a big part of shouldering the knowledge of this global crisis that has been challenging for me. It’s caused me some grief and it’s really forced me to grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did you get into climate research in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> I was your pretty stereotypical weather nerd growing up, staying up way too late to watch a Northeast snowstorm, running outside in a thunderstorm (do not do this) and so on. I expected to take an operational weather forecasting career path. About midway through undergrad, I contacted a new professor in the department to try something different: research. During the rest of my time in undergrad, I spent a lot of time looking at climate models and reading the literature on this very dynamic field. The problems and impacts of climate change seemed outlined right there, yet, the term ”climate change” is almost taboo in some social settings. This missing link really seemed to strike an interest with me in continuing research while still having an interest in weather and the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I studied theoretical physics because I wanted to know how the universe worked. But during my PhD I realized that my favorite place in the cosmos is Earth, and that there was still lots to learn about it. I don’t regret my physics training — it taught me great problem-solving skills — but I prefer working on more applied problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> To go scuba diving. Actually, no. That’s not true. I got into research because I wanted to work underwater. I spent about 1,000 hours working as a seafloor ecologist with NOAA out of Hawaii, diving in some of the most remote marine ecosystems in the world. Then I went on a marine geology research cruise when I was just starting graduate school. That cruise changed my life, because I got to work with some of the most brilliant paleoceanographers. That cruise showed me that I could use all of my experiences in the modern ocean to understand ocean environments in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/about\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, postdoc at UCLA studying extreme weather events:\u003c/strong> I’ve always been fascinated by the atmosphere. I grew up watching clouds and reading weather maps. As an undergraduate studying atmospheric science, it became apparent to me that despite our solid understanding regarding the “big picture” surrounding global warming, there was still quite a bit of uncertainty surrounding the details. How is regional climate changing, and how does global warming affect extreme weather? It seemed to me that the answers to these kinds of questions are critical in making practical adaptations in a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you hope your research can help the field (or world for that matter) understand the challenges climate change poses and how to address them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> We know that changes in the Arctic are one of the key indicators of climate change, but the effects on the rest of the Earth system remain very uncertain. For instance, it is not only the fact that sea ice is melting, but the rate of change at which it is occurring. What does this mean for the balance of the rest of the climate system? I hope my research can better evaluate these questions and further communicate the issues to a broader audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I hope that the work I do is useful and meaningful, both for my scientific peers and for society. I am working to make a contribution to the field of abrupt climate change, by looking at marine sediment records of past events of climate warming. As they say, “the past is the key to the future,” so if we can come to a more direct understanding of how oceans changed during past events of warming, we are equipping ourselves with the tools to interpret the changes we see in the modern world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> Given my longstanding interest weather and short-timescale atmospheric phenomena, I approach climate research from a slightly different perspective than some scientists. I think it’s helpful to view climate as “weather in aggregate,” and since it’s ultimately extreme events like storms, floods, and droughts that cause the most harm in a societal context, it makes sense to focus on how global warming is affecting the character and causes of these sorts of high-impact conditions. Ideally, this work will yield scientific insights into underlying atmospheric processes while simultaneously informing real world decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do you see the field of climate science going in the next 10 years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> The earth is, for lack of a better term, very large. We have a ton of data and we have massive super computers constantly running coupled model simulations that can take months and yield terabytes of output. In the next 10 years, we’re going to have to learn how to effectively use this massive body of data we have access to and filter out the robust signals from the noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I’m actually really excited for the future of the field. My peers are amazing — there is so much talent among early-career scientists. I think we’ll have a better understanding of the climate feedbacks that can speed up or slow down warming, particularly what clouds will do. We’re getting better at quantifying and communicating uncertainty. I also think we’ll get better at understanding and projecting regional climate and talking to more people — not just policymakers, but ordinary people who are going to be affected by climate change. I do think we need to get even more serious about diversity. If scientists don’t reflect society, how can we be sure we’re not missing important questions? We waste an awful lot of potential brilliance right now, and I’m optimistic that we’ll take steps to stop that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain: \u003c/strong>There are two avenues that seem especially promising to me at the moment. The first is the ever-increasing capacity and sophistication of global climate models. I’m particularly intrigued by the prospect of large “ensembles” of high-resolution climate simulations, which may help us constrain the still relatively large uncertainties regarding regional climate change and will hopefully also yield better information regarding changes in extreme events in the climate system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the rapidly spreading recognition that climate science communication is a critically important endeavor. Increasingly many institutions are recognizing that the obligations of the modern scientist extend beyond the generation of novel research, and that there is a real need for practicing scientists to engage with the wider world. Actively connecting with decision makers, journalists, and the public will be key in building a resilient society in the face of rapid environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you hopeful or does climate change get you down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> I would say that I’m cautiously hopeful. I find the rate at which policy accepts and moves on scientific consensus to be frustrating, but I think I’m not unique in my attempts to be proactive instead of throw in the towel, so to speak. I certainly never feel defeated or upset about it the way I do about a few other political issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel: \u003c/strong>Whisky. (\u003cem>Editor’s note:\u003c/em> Marvel received a different version of this question framed as how to stay positive in the face of seemingly continual bad climate news. Her response was too good not to include.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> The answer to that question is yes. It is such a huge problem and I feel the gnawing pain of it in my day-to-day life. I definitely carry my work around with me wherever I go. But I also have to feed my heart with other things. I am living my life while doing this hard work, and I think every moment that I despair at these data must be compensated by a moment where I experience joy and connection. The world is still beautiful and I’m lucky to be here, that’s what I tell myself. I also remember that I signed up for this and that everyone needs to serve someone, and this is what my service looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How concerned are you about the political polarization of climate change and possible solutions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee: \u003c/strong>I’m mostly concerned about the problem from an education perspective. Earth science puts educators in a unique position: we have suddenly been tasked with teaching a politically charged topic, in a field highly underrepresented in K-12 education. Students often enter our courses with erroneous preconceived notions about earth science. I have a strong desire to address the widespread confusion about climate change, and the best way I know how is to teach and to do more outreach. The recent media circus surrounding global warming has highlighted an urgent need for policymakers and the public to understand very basic principles of geoscience, and my teaching experience has alerted me to profound knowledge gaps at the undergraduate level. High school science curricula focus on biology, physics, and chemistry, but a basic understanding of geoscience is also crucial for a society accelerating into a future with a human-altered atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> Science requires discussion. It requires skepticism. And it requires revisions. But we are in an era where political drivers are leading to poor discourse and public communication concerning the state of our understanding of climate change. We need a common voice and one that emphasizes our certainties and uncertainties. How do we go about doing this? I think this is a critical question looking ahead in removing the political and agenda-driven divide. Most importantly, let’s keep science . . . science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I am honestly sickened by it. We need basic science in our public lives and in our leadership. This is the 21st century. I have a computer in my back pocket. We have an instrument driving around Mars. We landed another instrument on a damn comet. Science works and it shouldn’t be on the table to debate any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> It is very frustrating to see just how decoupled the national political conversation surrounding climate change has become from the physical reality of the world we live in. Recognition of basic factual information shouldn’t be a partisan issue and yet one of the two major political parties in the U.S. currently rejects the overwhelming factual evidence demonstrating that humans are largely responsible for global warming. But it doesn’t have to be this way. It’s possible to envision a future where scientific consensus forms the basis of a political common ground, in which there there are legitimate ideological disagreements regarding what should be done about climate change but a shared reality regarding its existence and causes. I’m hopeful we can get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This year is proving to be a momentous one for the climate. There have been both wildly depressing and wildly hopeful milestones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>On the downside, carbon dioxide passed the symbolic \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/world-passes-400-ppm-threshold-permanently-20738\">400 parts per million threshold permanently\u003c/a> (in our lifetimes anyways), the planet is going to have its \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/september-hottest-month-climate-change-20791\">hottest year on record\u003c/a> for the third year in a row and a rash of extreme weather events shook the world this summer. More positively, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/eu-fast-tracks-paris-climate-deal-20750\">Paris Agreement was ratified\u003c/a>, a new treaty was put in place to \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/senate-could-block-landmark-hfc-climate-treaty-20795\">ban a potent greenhouse gas\u003c/a> and renewable energy \u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/news/if-a-power-plant-is-built-in-us-chances-are-its-renewable-20175\">continues to surge\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s an interesting time to be alive, but perhaps an even more interesting time to join the climate science field. We’re at a crucial turning point for both the field and humanity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists entering the field now are standing on the shoulders of more than 150 years of climate change research. Our scientific knowledge of climate change has expanded tremendously since John Tyndall’s work on greenhouse gases starting in the 1850s (and even since James Hansen’s 1988 testimony before Congress for that matter).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet there are still questions to be answered about climate change, in particular pinning down what comes next for the world and the people, plants and animals that call it home. To get a sense of what comes next for field and how it feels to start a career at a time when so much is clearly at stake, Climate Central talked with a handful of early career researchers on how they view the field. Below are some of their answers, lightly edited for clarity and brevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How does it feel to start your career working on climate at a time when the impacts of climate change are becoming clearer and clearer?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://earth.usc.edu/~sdee/Contact.html\">Sylvia Dee\u003c/a>, postdoctoral researcher at Brown studying climate over the past millennium:\u003c/strong> It’s an exciting time to be in this field for many reasons, not least of which is a relatively new interest from the community for public lectures and teaching. We have more and more students taking classes in atmospheric and ocean science, and many of us are increasingly being asked to give outreach lectures to organizations (in my case) like the Girl Scouts of America or the United Methodist Women. Public interest is an incredibly valuable tool for improving climate education.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a research perspective, I think many of us early career climate scientists feel the same: there are so many questions to answer, and so little time! Whether we like it or not, humans are performing an active experiment on the earth through the continued emission of greenhouse gases. I think (and hope) we are poised to make some major breakthroughs in our understanding of complex climate system feedbacks that could shape our high-greenhouse-gas future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sites.uci.edu/zlabe/\">Zack Labe\u003c/a>, PhD student at University of California, Irvine studying Arctic climate change:\u003c/strong> There is a mixture of emotions. On one hand, OK, we are doing something right. The climate models are not clueless. On the other hand, human carbon emissions are amplifying societal and environmental impacts signaling the call to act. Nevertheless, it is an exciting time to enter this field as technological advancements are rapidly changing our understanding of both natural and anthropogenic climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.giss.nasa.gov/staff/kmarvel.html\">Kate Marvel\u003c/a>, associate research scientist at NASA studying climate modeling:\u003c/strong> On a scientific level, there’s a certain satisfaction in seeing physical theory reflected in the real world. It’s amazing that we understand and can make predictions about the way the world works. And as a scientist working to understand the specifics of what climate change actually looks like, it’s gratifying to see wide interest in the field. But on a personal level, I find it deeply unsettling. I worry about the mess we’re leaving our kids, and it upsets me that the people most affected by climate change are the ones least responsible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://sarahmyhre.com/\">Sarah Myhre\u003c/a>, postdoc at the University of Washington studying abrupt ocean changes:\u003c/strong> Kind of hard. Weird. Complex. Lots of cognitive dissonance. Some existential crisis. I’m not going to lie, it’s a gritty place when you are staring down at data and probabilities for how your favorite places in the world will change during your kid’s life span. Honestly, being a parent has also really changed my approach to my career. Having a kid and seeing how much my parents love my kid has made me feel so connected to people in the future. It’s a hard question because I love my career. I am supremely privileged to get to do the work that I do. But there is a big part of shouldering the knowledge of this global crisis that has been challenging for me. It’s caused me some grief and it’s really forced me to grow up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why did you get into climate research in the first place?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> I was your pretty stereotypical weather nerd growing up, staying up way too late to watch a Northeast snowstorm, running outside in a thunderstorm (do not do this) and so on. I expected to take an operational weather forecasting career path. About midway through undergrad, I contacted a new professor in the department to try something different: research. During the rest of my time in undergrad, I spent a lot of time looking at climate models and reading the literature on this very dynamic field. The problems and impacts of climate change seemed outlined right there, yet, the term ”climate change” is almost taboo in some social settings. This missing link really seemed to strike an interest with me in continuing research while still having an interest in weather and the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I studied theoretical physics because I wanted to know how the universe worked. But during my PhD I realized that my favorite place in the cosmos is Earth, and that there was still lots to learn about it. I don’t regret my physics training — it taught me great problem-solving skills — but I prefer working on more applied problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> To go scuba diving. Actually, no. That’s not true. I got into research because I wanted to work underwater. I spent about 1,000 hours working as a seafloor ecologist with NOAA out of Hawaii, diving in some of the most remote marine ecosystems in the world. Then I went on a marine geology research cruise when I was just starting graduate school. That cruise changed my life, because I got to work with some of the most brilliant paleoceanographers. That cruise showed me that I could use all of my experiences in the modern ocean to understand ocean environments in the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.weatherwest.com/about\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, postdoc at UCLA studying extreme weather events:\u003c/strong> I’ve always been fascinated by the atmosphere. I grew up watching clouds and reading weather maps. As an undergraduate studying atmospheric science, it became apparent to me that despite our solid understanding regarding the “big picture” surrounding global warming, there was still quite a bit of uncertainty surrounding the details. How is regional climate changing, and how does global warming affect extreme weather? It seemed to me that the answers to these kinds of questions are critical in making practical adaptations in a warming world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you hope your research can help the field (or world for that matter) understand the challenges climate change poses and how to address them?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> We know that changes in the Arctic are one of the key indicators of climate change, but the effects on the rest of the Earth system remain very uncertain. For instance, it is not only the fact that sea ice is melting, but the rate of change at which it is occurring. What does this mean for the balance of the rest of the climate system? I hope my research can better evaluate these questions and further communicate the issues to a broader audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I hope that the work I do is useful and meaningful, both for my scientific peers and for society. I am working to make a contribution to the field of abrupt climate change, by looking at marine sediment records of past events of climate warming. As they say, “the past is the key to the future,” so if we can come to a more direct understanding of how oceans changed during past events of warming, we are equipping ourselves with the tools to interpret the changes we see in the modern world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> Given my longstanding interest weather and short-timescale atmospheric phenomena, I approach climate research from a slightly different perspective than some scientists. I think it’s helpful to view climate as “weather in aggregate,” and since it’s ultimately extreme events like storms, floods, and droughts that cause the most harm in a societal context, it makes sense to focus on how global warming is affecting the character and causes of these sorts of high-impact conditions. Ideally, this work will yield scientific insights into underlying atmospheric processes while simultaneously informing real world decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where do you see the field of climate science going in the next 10 years?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> The earth is, for lack of a better term, very large. We have a ton of data and we have massive super computers constantly running coupled model simulations that can take months and yield terabytes of output. In the next 10 years, we’re going to have to learn how to effectively use this massive body of data we have access to and filter out the robust signals from the noise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel:\u003c/strong> I’m actually really excited for the future of the field. My peers are amazing — there is so much talent among early-career scientists. I think we’ll have a better understanding of the climate feedbacks that can speed up or slow down warming, particularly what clouds will do. We’re getting better at quantifying and communicating uncertainty. I also think we’ll get better at understanding and projecting regional climate and talking to more people — not just policymakers, but ordinary people who are going to be affected by climate change. I do think we need to get even more serious about diversity. If scientists don’t reflect society, how can we be sure we’re not missing important questions? We waste an awful lot of potential brilliance right now, and I’m optimistic that we’ll take steps to stop that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain: \u003c/strong>There are two avenues that seem especially promising to me at the moment. The first is the ever-increasing capacity and sophistication of global climate models. I’m particularly intrigued by the prospect of large “ensembles” of high-resolution climate simulations, which may help us constrain the still relatively large uncertainties regarding regional climate change and will hopefully also yield better information regarding changes in extreme events in the climate system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is the rapidly spreading recognition that climate science communication is a critically important endeavor. Increasingly many institutions are recognizing that the obligations of the modern scientist extend beyond the generation of novel research, and that there is a real need for practicing scientists to engage with the wider world. Actively connecting with decision makers, journalists, and the public will be key in building a resilient society in the face of rapid environmental change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are you hopeful or does climate change get you down?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee:\u003c/strong> I would say that I’m cautiously hopeful. I find the rate at which policy accepts and moves on scientific consensus to be frustrating, but I think I’m not unique in my attempts to be proactive instead of throw in the towel, so to speak. I certainly never feel defeated or upset about it the way I do about a few other political issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kate Marvel: \u003c/strong>Whisky. (\u003cem>Editor’s note:\u003c/em> Marvel received a different version of this question framed as how to stay positive in the face of seemingly continual bad climate news. Her response was too good not to include.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> The answer to that question is yes. It is such a huge problem and I feel the gnawing pain of it in my day-to-day life. I definitely carry my work around with me wherever I go. But I also have to feed my heart with other things. I am living my life while doing this hard work, and I think every moment that I despair at these data must be compensated by a moment where I experience joy and connection. The world is still beautiful and I’m lucky to be here, that’s what I tell myself. I also remember that I signed up for this and that everyone needs to serve someone, and this is what my service looks like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How concerned are you about the political polarization of climate change and possible solutions?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sylvia Dee: \u003c/strong>I’m mostly concerned about the problem from an education perspective. Earth science puts educators in a unique position: we have suddenly been tasked with teaching a politically charged topic, in a field highly underrepresented in K-12 education. Students often enter our courses with erroneous preconceived notions about earth science. I have a strong desire to address the widespread confusion about climate change, and the best way I know how is to teach and to do more outreach. The recent media circus surrounding global warming has highlighted an urgent need for policymakers and the public to understand very basic principles of geoscience, and my teaching experience has alerted me to profound knowledge gaps at the undergraduate level. High school science curricula focus on biology, physics, and chemistry, but a basic understanding of geoscience is also crucial for a society accelerating into a future with a human-altered atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Zack Labe:\u003c/strong> Science requires discussion. It requires skepticism. And it requires revisions. But we are in an era where political drivers are leading to poor discourse and public communication concerning the state of our understanding of climate change. We need a common voice and one that emphasizes our certainties and uncertainties. How do we go about doing this? I think this is a critical question looking ahead in removing the political and agenda-driven divide. Most importantly, let’s keep science . . . science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sarah Myhre:\u003c/strong> I am honestly sickened by it. We need basic science in our public lives and in our leadership. This is the 21st century. I have a computer in my back pocket. We have an instrument driving around Mars. We landed another instrument on a damn comet. Science works and it shouldn’t be on the table to debate any longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Daniel Swain:\u003c/strong> It is very frustrating to see just how decoupled the national political conversation surrounding climate change has become from the physical reality of the world we live in. Recognition of basic factual information shouldn’t be a partisan issue and yet one of the two major political parties in the U.S. currently rejects the overwhelming factual evidence demonstrating that humans are largely responsible for global warming. But it doesn’t have to be this way. It’s possible to envision a future where scientific consensus forms the basis of a political common ground, in which there there are legitimate ideological disagreements regarding what should be done about climate change but a shared reality regarding its existence and causes. I’m hopeful we can get there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climatecentral.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central\u003c/span>\u003c/a> \u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is an independent organization that researches and reports on climate change.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Why Is an 11-Year-Old Registering His Neighbors to Vote? It's the Water",
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"content": "\u003cp>Meet 11-year-old Isaiah Rocha Morales. He sounds pretty typical for a kid his age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything’s boring here. There’s not a lot to do. Almost no one goes to the park to play,” says the sixth-grader at Pleasant View Elementary School in Poplar, a tiny Latino farmworker town of about 2,500 people in Tulare County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isaiah’s teacher, Somphane Hunter, describes his behavior as difficult, sometimes challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He displayed some pretty disruptive behavior at times. He just wasn’t on task, and he just wasn’t responding to what we were doing in class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Isaiah’s getting more focused these days, thanks to an unexpected outcome of the California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289390586\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water shortage in his community has inspired a group of young activists to knock on doors to register voters. In the June primary, fewer than 100 voters in Poplar cast ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first political campaign of Isaiah’s life, he’s already managed to register his parents and three other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people are eager to register and vote,” he says. “They want to change what’s happening here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poplar doesn’t have a mayor or a city council. The only local elected officials are the five members of the board of the Poplar Community Services District, which manages water, sewage and the community's one park. Now there are two open seats on that board. And activists like Isaiah hope to fill them with someone who can help Poplar residents with a basic necessity: drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town has three water wells. Water levels for two of those wells have been steadily falling with the drought. The other one is polluted with nitrates, colorless odorless contaminants linked to fertilizer use. \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201005140850/a\">Nitrates in drinking water\u003c/a> can cause problems for pregnant women, and have been linked to cancer in some studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current board vice president Garry Maynard says Poplar’s drinking water is safe to drink, and qualified water experts test it every month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139934\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139934\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-800x498.jpg\" alt=\"Garry Maynard is vice president of the Community Service District in Poplar. He's served on and off for some 20 years.\" width=\"800\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-800x498.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-1020x635.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-1180x734.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-960x598.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-240x149.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-375x233.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-520x324.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garry Maynard is vice president of the Community Services District in Poplar. He's served on and off for some 20 years. \u003ccite>(Ruben Tapia/Radio Bilingue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But many Poplar residents, like Evelyn Rodriguez, aren’t confident it's safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t drink it. We only use it to take showers and sometimes we use it to cook,\u003cem>” \u003c/em>says Rodriguez, who has a young son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boiling nitrates, by the way, doesn’t get rid of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neighbor, Arturo Rodriguez (no relation) has questions about the water, too. Questions that were sparked when he attended a water board meeting four months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember a woman from a state water agency questioning the board members about the fate of $312,000 allocated many months ago to drill a test well. Seems they didn’t do anything with the money,\" says Rodriguez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his brother are among the four candidates who want to fill the two vacancies on the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From what I know, it’s the first time this board has been on the ballot,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current board member Maynard says the problem is that Poplar residents lack interest in local affairs. Maynard himself was appointed by the Tulare County Board of Supervisors, and has served on and off for some 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a long time since we had an election,” says Maynard. “We have a problem getting members to join the board”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"Evelyn Rodriguez says she's worried about drinking the water in Poplar. One of the town's wells has high level of nitrates.\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-800x508.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-1180x749.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-960x610.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-240x152.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-375x238.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-520x330.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evelyn Rodriguez says she's worried about drinking the water in Poplar. One of the town's wells has high level of nitrates. \u003ccite>(Ruben Tapia/Radio Bilingue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But residents I talked to said they didn’t remember receiving information about any open seats on the board, or the activities of the water board in general. Two months ago, dates for upcoming meetings did start to appear on water bills, but only in English -- in a town that is mostly Spanish-speaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to the tiny water board office to ask why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connie Mendiola is the secretary. She showed me a water bill with the date for the next meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Board meeting September the 1st. This is in everybody’s bill. Everybody received a bill here, so they can see what's going on,” she explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In English?” I asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know that we have to go bilingual,” said Mendiola.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t,” chimed in Maynard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of insensitivity to the Latino community is one of the reasons 11-year-old Isaiah is motivated to register his neighbors. He deeply values the hard work his parents and others endure in the fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We Latinos, our parents go to the fields, and they work like donkeys. And some die in the heat,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isaiah says that he hopes by the time he gets to vote, Poplar and other communities like his will have a better future, one in which there’s room at the decision-making table for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ruben Tapia originally produced this story in Spanish for Edicion Semanaria, the weekly show from \u003ca href=\"http://radiobilingue.org/en/\">Radio Bilingue.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Meet 11-year-old Isaiah Rocha Morales. He sounds pretty typical for a kid his age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything’s boring here. There’s not a lot to do. Almost no one goes to the park to play,” says the sixth-grader at Pleasant View Elementary School in Poplar, a tiny Latino farmworker town of about 2,500 people in Tulare County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isaiah’s teacher, Somphane Hunter, describes his behavior as difficult, sometimes challenging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He displayed some pretty disruptive behavior at times. He just wasn’t on task, and he just wasn’t responding to what we were doing in class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Isaiah’s getting more focused these days, thanks to an unexpected outcome of the California drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289390586&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289390586'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water shortage in his community has inspired a group of young activists to knock on doors to register voters. In the June primary, fewer than 100 voters in Poplar cast ballots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first political campaign of Isaiah’s life, he’s already managed to register his parents and three other people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people are eager to register and vote,” he says. “They want to change what’s happening here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poplar doesn’t have a mayor or a city council. The only local elected officials are the five members of the board of the Poplar Community Services District, which manages water, sewage and the community's one park. Now there are two open seats on that board. And activists like Isaiah hope to fill them with someone who can help Poplar residents with a basic necessity: drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The town has three water wells. Water levels for two of those wells have been steadily falling with the drought. The other one is polluted with nitrates, colorless odorless contaminants linked to fertilizer use. \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201005140850/a\">Nitrates in drinking water\u003c/a> can cause problems for pregnant women, and have been linked to cancer in some studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current board vice president Garry Maynard says Poplar’s drinking water is safe to drink, and qualified water experts test it every month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139934\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139934\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-800x498.jpg\" alt=\"Garry Maynard is vice president of the Community Service District in Poplar. He's served on and off for some 20 years.\" width=\"800\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-800x498.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-160x100.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-1020x635.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-1180x734.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-960x598.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-240x149.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-375x233.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/Maynard-520x324.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Garry Maynard is vice president of the Community Services District in Poplar. He's served on and off for some 20 years. \u003ccite>(Ruben Tapia/Radio Bilingue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But many Poplar residents, like Evelyn Rodriguez, aren’t confident it's safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t drink it. We only use it to take showers and sometimes we use it to cook,\u003cem>” \u003c/em>says Rodriguez, who has a young son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boiling nitrates, by the way, doesn’t get rid of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Her neighbor, Arturo Rodriguez (no relation) has questions about the water, too. Questions that were sparked when he attended a water board meeting four months ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember a woman from a state water agency questioning the board members about the fate of $312,000 allocated many months ago to drill a test well. Seems they didn’t do anything with the money,\" says Rodriguez.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and his brother are among the four candidates who want to fill the two vacancies on the board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From what I know, it’s the first time this board has been on the ballot,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current board member Maynard says the problem is that Poplar residents lack interest in local affairs. Maynard himself was appointed by the Tulare County Board of Supervisors, and has served on and off for some 20 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been a long time since we had an election,” says Maynard. “We have a problem getting members to join the board”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11139939\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11139939\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"Evelyn Rodriguez says she's worried about drinking the water in Poplar. One of the town's wells has high level of nitrates.\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-800x508.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-160x102.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-1180x749.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-960x610.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-240x152.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-375x238.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/EvelynR-520x330.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Evelyn Rodriguez says she's worried about drinking the water in Poplar. One of the town's wells has high level of nitrates. \u003ccite>(Ruben Tapia/Radio Bilingue)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But residents I talked to said they didn’t remember receiving information about any open seats on the board, or the activities of the water board in general. Two months ago, dates for upcoming meetings did start to appear on water bills, but only in English -- in a town that is mostly Spanish-speaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to the tiny water board office to ask why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Connie Mendiola is the secretary. She showed me a water bill with the date for the next meeting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Board meeting September the 1st. This is in everybody’s bill. Everybody received a bill here, so they can see what's going on,” she explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In English?” I asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know that we have to go bilingual,” said Mendiola.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t,” chimed in Maynard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of insensitivity to the Latino community is one of the reasons 11-year-old Isaiah is motivated to register his neighbors. He deeply values the hard work his parents and others endure in the fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We Latinos, our parents go to the fields, and they work like donkeys. And some die in the heat,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Isaiah says that he hopes by the time he gets to vote, Poplar and other communities like his will have a better future, one in which there’s room at the decision-making table for everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ruben Tapia originally produced this story in Spanish for Edicion Semanaria, the weekly show from \u003ca href=\"http://radiobilingue.org/en/\">Radio Bilingue.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Documentary Plumbs the Future of Western Water, Blends Optimism With Caution",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you think California can secure its water future on its own, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s one key takeaway from the new documentary \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\">Beyond the Mirage\u003c/a>, it’s that the western states are bound together by water, and they’ll all have to play nice together to secure future supplies for any of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For producer-director Cody Sheehy, that hit home when he found a new home of his own in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking around, I realized that it’s very tenuous,” says Sheehy, who grew up in the greener climes of Oregon. “Tucson almost feels like we’re a moon base out there in the desert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona’s second-largest metro area is served by a 336-mile canal that hauls in water from the Colorado River, the future of which as a dependable water source might also be described as “tenuous,” after more than a decade of drought in that vital watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if this is the fifteenth year of a 15-year drought, or the fifteenth year of a 50-year drought,” notes author and University of Arizona professor Robert Glennon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1093462\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1104px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1093462\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic.png\" alt=\"Graphic shows the plunging level of Lake Mead, the nation's largest man-made reservoir and key to the Colorado system.\" width=\"1104\" height=\"748\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic.png 1104w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-160x108.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-800x542.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-768x520.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-1020x691.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-960x650.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-240x163.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-375x254.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-520x352.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1104px) 100vw, 1104px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic shows the plunging level of Lake Mead, the nation’s largest man-made reservoir and key to the Colorado system. \u003ccite>(Beyond the Mirage)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I started the journey really as a lay person,” recalls Sheehy, “and as I learned more and more about the inter-connectedness between the states and between surface water and groundwater — the long-term projections for climate change — the situation in my mind just kept getting worse and worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So shortly after Sheehy started as multimedia producer for the University of Arizona’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, he resolved to dive into the murk of western water policy. The project started small, but when Sheehy’s idea won the New Arizona Prize, the $100,000 boost from Arizona Community Foundation provided pockets deep enough for a feature-length documentary and some global perspectives. Some of those perspectives were eye-opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Traveling around Israel and seeing a place that had issues every bit as complicated and every bit as challenging, recalls Sheehy, “they’ve overcome that and they really have a surplus of water now; they’ve turned their water issue into a global economic business opportunity, that they can export their solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is one huge plumbing system. What happens in the Bay Delta, matters in Cheyenne.’\u003ccite>Pat Mulroy, Brookings Inst.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s become apparent that for the western U.S., solutions will only come if individual states give up long entrenched defensive positions and even give back some ground on long-held water rights. Otherwise, as former Nevada water-power broker Pat Mulroy asserts early in the film, “There won’t be any winners and losers. There will only be losers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the narrative would benefit from more personal encounters with people already feeling the pinch of water scarcity, the work is information-packed and beautifully shot, with engaging graphics that “connect the dots” in the western water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is one huge plumbing system,” says Mulroy. “What happens in the [San Francisco] Bay Delta, matters in Cheyenne.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheehy has parlayed his university projects into two spinoff companies, Rhumbline Media and \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2016/09/n-ua-creates-filmstacker-new-educational-resource-video-and-social-media-platform\">Filmstacker\u003c/a>, both based in Tucson. The latter’s mission is to further develop the technology on the Mirage website that \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/experience/#player\">allows viewers to mix and match clips\u003c/a> to make their own mini-docs for distribution on social media. Sheehy says he believes this approach could help counter the “echo chamber” effect that the Internet tends to promote, wherein consumers of information are more and more immersed in the views of those who agree with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mirage stands as both witness to the enormous challenges for water in the West, and testament to the resolve of those seeking a way forward. Sheehy’s main takeaway:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not something that we can’t solve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Beyond the Mirage airs twice on Friday and once Sunday night on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/schedules/daily/world.jsp?format=long&ymd=2016-10-21\">KQED World\u003c/a>, one of KQED’s digital TV channels. It’s airing on various public \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\">stations around the country\u003c/a> in October and November, and producers say it will become available for streaming in April.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you think California can secure its water future on its own, think again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s one key takeaway from the new documentary \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\">Beyond the Mirage\u003c/a>, it’s that the western states are bound together by water, and they’ll all have to play nice together to secure future supplies for any of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For producer-director Cody Sheehy, that hit home when he found a new home of his own in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking around, I realized that it’s very tenuous,” says Sheehy, who grew up in the greener climes of Oregon. “Tucson almost feels like we’re a moon base out there in the desert.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arizona’s second-largest metro area is served by a 336-mile canal that hauls in water from the Colorado River, the future of which as a dependable water source might also be described as “tenuous,” after more than a decade of drought in that vital watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know if this is the fifteenth year of a 15-year drought, or the fifteenth year of a 50-year drought,” notes author and University of Arizona professor Robert Glennon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1093462\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1104px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1093462\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic.png\" alt=\"Graphic shows the plunging level of Lake Mead, the nation's largest man-made reservoir and key to the Colorado system.\" width=\"1104\" height=\"748\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic.png 1104w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-160x108.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-800x542.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-768x520.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-1020x691.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-960x650.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-240x163.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-375x254.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/LkMeadGraphic-520x352.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1104px) 100vw, 1104px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic shows the plunging level of Lake Mead, the nation’s largest man-made reservoir and key to the Colorado system. \u003ccite>(Beyond the Mirage)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I started the journey really as a lay person,” recalls Sheehy, “and as I learned more and more about the inter-connectedness between the states and between surface water and groundwater — the long-term projections for climate change — the situation in my mind just kept getting worse and worse.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So shortly after Sheehy started as multimedia producer for the University of Arizona’s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, he resolved to dive into the murk of western water policy. The project started small, but when Sheehy’s idea won the New Arizona Prize, the $100,000 boost from Arizona Community Foundation provided pockets deep enough for a feature-length documentary and some global perspectives. Some of those perspectives were eye-opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Traveling around Israel and seeing a place that had issues every bit as complicated and every bit as challenging, recalls Sheehy, “they’ve overcome that and they really have a surplus of water now; they’ve turned their water issue into a global economic business opportunity, that they can export their solution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It is one huge plumbing system. What happens in the Bay Delta, matters in Cheyenne.’\u003ccite>Pat Mulroy, Brookings Inst.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It’s become apparent that for the western U.S., solutions will only come if individual states give up long entrenched defensive positions and even give back some ground on long-held water rights. Otherwise, as former Nevada water-power broker Pat Mulroy asserts early in the film, “There won’t be any winners and losers. There will only be losers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the narrative would benefit from more personal encounters with people already feeling the pinch of water scarcity, the work is information-packed and beautifully shot, with engaging graphics that “connect the dots” in the western water system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is one huge plumbing system,” says Mulroy. “What happens in the [San Francisco] Bay Delta, matters in Cheyenne.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sheehy has parlayed his university projects into two spinoff companies, Rhumbline Media and \u003ca href=\"http://www.wildcat.arizona.edu/article/2016/09/n-ua-creates-filmstacker-new-educational-resource-video-and-social-media-platform\">Filmstacker\u003c/a>, both based in Tucson. The latter’s mission is to further develop the technology on the Mirage website that \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/experience/#player\">allows viewers to mix and match clips\u003c/a> to make their own mini-docs for distribution on social media. Sheehy says he believes this approach could help counter the “echo chamber” effect that the Internet tends to promote, wherein consumers of information are more and more immersed in the views of those who agree with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mirage stands as both witness to the enormous challenges for water in the West, and testament to the resolve of those seeking a way forward. Sheehy’s main takeaway:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not something that we can’t solve.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Beyond the Mirage airs twice on Friday and once Sunday night on \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/schedules/daily/world.jsp?format=long&ymd=2016-10-21\">KQED World\u003c/a>, one of KQED’s digital TV channels. It’s airing on various public \u003ca href=\"http://beyondthemirage.org/\">stations around the country\u003c/a> in October and November, and producers say it will become available for streaming in April.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Refinery operator Phillips 66 is rejecting a finding by the Coast Guard that a marine terminal at its Rodeo facility played a role in an oil spill in San Pablo Bay last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard announced late Thursday that it has completed its investigation into two oil sheens that appeared in waters near the refinery on Sept. 20. The agency's probe was unable to determine whether the oil came from the Phillips 66 refinery terminal or an oil tanker that was unloading crude there -- but said both would be responsible for the cost of responding to the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did an extremely thorough investigation,\" said Coast Guard spokeswoman Lt. Megan Mervar in an interview on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency says its analysis of the substance found in the water matched the light Arabian crude that was being transferred from the tanker, the Yamuna Spirit, to the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement came two days after state officials said the chemical in the water was crude oil from the Middle East and a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/18/tests-show-substance-in-san-pablo-bay-oil-spill-was-crude-more-clues-point-to-refinery-tanker-as-source/\">local health official said the oil originated from the ship.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 says tests of equipment at the refinery dock showed no problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the oil sheen was discovered, the refinery told the operators of the Yamuna Spirit to stop transfer operations, according to company spokesman Paul Adler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 subsequently tested the refinery's dock transfer piping,\" Adler said. \"The tests were observed by several federal, state and local government agencies and there was no evidence of leakage from Phillips 66 piping and connections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 shut down its marine terminal at the beginning of the investigation. A week later, it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/28/phillips-66-refinery-in-rodeo-reopens-marine-terminal-as-oil-spill-investigation-continues/\">reopened the facility\u003c/a> and allowed the Yamuna Spirit to depart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teekay Shipping, the Yamuna Spirit's owner, also disputes the suggestion its ship was responsible for the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After extensive investigation and a successful completion of discharge, there is no evidence that the oil sheen originated from the Yamuna Spirit,\" said company officials in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As part of the investigation, we conducted a full underwater survey of the hull, which confirmed complete integrity of the hull and not a source of any leak,\" the company said. \"Additionally, we fully pressure-tested the cargo lines as well as other systems and found no leaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local environmentalists say there should have been better oil transfer procedures in place at the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether or not the oil spill that took place during oil transfer operations at Phillips 66 was the fault of refinery staff or the shipping company hired to transport its oil is irrelevant,\" said Ian Wren, a staff scientist at Baykeeper, an organization that works to stop pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 should be expected to take full responsibility for this spill and any others that take place under its authority,\" Wren said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard is in the process of tallying up the cost of responding to the spill, Lt. Mervar said. That information will be submitted to the agency's National Pollution Funds Center, which will then issue a \"notice of liability\" to Phillips 66 and Teekay Shipping with the amount of money each is expected to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state officials have not determined how much oil spilled in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard investigation did not conclude whether the spill caused an odor that sickened dozens of Vallejo residents at around the same time the oil was discovered in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A state probe is still ongoing, according to Aubrey Henry, spokesman for the Office of Spill Prevention and Response at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, Randy Sawyer, the chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer for Contra Costa Health Services, said his office plans to discuss the incident with the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will follow up with Phillips 66 on what they are doing to prevent an incident such as this from occurring in the future,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Refinery operator Phillips 66 is rejecting a finding by the Coast Guard that a marine terminal at its Rodeo facility played a role in an oil spill in San Pablo Bay last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard announced late Thursday that it has completed its investigation into two oil sheens that appeared in waters near the refinery on Sept. 20. The agency's probe was unable to determine whether the oil came from the Phillips 66 refinery terminal or an oil tanker that was unloading crude there -- but said both would be responsible for the cost of responding to the incident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did an extremely thorough investigation,\" said Coast Guard spokeswoman Lt. Megan Mervar in an interview on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency says its analysis of the substance found in the water matched the light Arabian crude that was being transferred from the tanker, the Yamuna Spirit, to the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement came two days after state officials said the chemical in the water was crude oil from the Middle East and a \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/10/18/tests-show-substance-in-san-pablo-bay-oil-spill-was-crude-more-clues-point-to-refinery-tanker-as-source/\">local health official said the oil originated from the ship.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 says tests of equipment at the refinery dock showed no problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the oil sheen was discovered, the refinery told the operators of the Yamuna Spirit to stop transfer operations, according to company spokesman Paul Adler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 subsequently tested the refinery's dock transfer piping,\" Adler said. \"The tests were observed by several federal, state and local government agencies and there was no evidence of leakage from Phillips 66 piping and connections.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 shut down its marine terminal at the beginning of the investigation. A week later, it \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/28/phillips-66-refinery-in-rodeo-reopens-marine-terminal-as-oil-spill-investigation-continues/\">reopened the facility\u003c/a> and allowed the Yamuna Spirit to depart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teekay Shipping, the Yamuna Spirit's owner, also disputes the suggestion its ship was responsible for the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"After extensive investigation and a successful completion of discharge, there is no evidence that the oil sheen originated from the Yamuna Spirit,\" said company officials in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As part of the investigation, we conducted a full underwater survey of the hull, which confirmed complete integrity of the hull and not a source of any leak,\" the company said. \"Additionally, we fully pressure-tested the cargo lines as well as other systems and found no leaks.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local environmentalists say there should have been better oil transfer procedures in place at the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whether or not the oil spill that took place during oil transfer operations at Phillips 66 was the fault of refinery staff or the shipping company hired to transport its oil is irrelevant,\" said Ian Wren, a staff scientist at Baykeeper, an organization that works to stop pollution in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 should be expected to take full responsibility for this spill and any others that take place under its authority,\" Wren said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard is in the process of tallying up the cost of responding to the spill, Lt. Mervar said. That information will be submitted to the agency's National Pollution Funds Center, which will then issue a \"notice of liability\" to Phillips 66 and Teekay Shipping with the amount of money each is expected to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal and state officials have not determined how much oil spilled in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Coast Guard investigation did not conclude whether the spill caused an odor that sickened dozens of Vallejo residents at around the same time the oil was discovered in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A state probe is still ongoing, according to Aubrey Henry, spokesman for the Office of Spill Prevention and Response at the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meantime, Randy Sawyer, the chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer for Contra Costa Health Services, said his office plans to discuss the incident with the refinery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We will follow up with Phillips 66 on what they are doing to prevent an incident such as this from occurring in the future,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Here's How the Drought Is Impacting Investment Markets",
"headTitle": "Here’s How the Drought Is Impacting Investment Markets | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>For those with a financial stake in water, drought can mean boom or bust, depending on the investment. And even without a specific market to trade water, there are numerous ways to invest in it – from buying land with water rights to stocks in water-dependent companies to municipal bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Michael Burry, for instance, the hedge fund manager featured in the book and movie “The Big Short” who outsmarted the subprime housing market crash. The end of the movie includes the line: “Michael Burry is focusing all of his trading on one commodity: Water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”QQEvhYxWPaQJExQOYmxnMpvONRpPx1L9″]“I believe that agricultural land, productive agricultural land with water on site, will be very valuable in the future,” he told \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sWhvOaavTQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bloomberg\u003c/a> in 2010. “And I’ve put a good amount of money into that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burry further elaborated in a 2015 interview with \u003ca href=\"http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/12/big-short-genius-says-another-crisis-is-coming.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York magazine\u003c/a> when he said, “What became clear to me is that food is the way to invest in water. That is, grow food in water-rich areas and transport it for sale in water-poor areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea has driven a lot of investments in California over the years, but is coming under greater scrutiny as drought lingers into a sixth year and climate change is expected to make the state’s water budget even tighter in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the hottest investments in California in recent years is the almond business. In the late 1990s, the industry was shipping less than 600 million pounds (270m kg) a year. Since 2012 (and despite California’s drought), it’s shipping more than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8\u003c/span> million pounds a year – most of that to overseas buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has many family farmers growing almonds, it’s caught the eye of big investors, too. One of them is the retirement and investment firm\u003cspan class=\"caps\">TIAA\u003c/span> (formerly \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TIAA\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CREF\u003c/span>), which owns 37,000 acres (150 sq km) of farmland in the state, and claims to be one of the top five biggest almond producers in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see agriculture, and farmland in particular, as more than a diversification opportunity and a hedge against rising prices,” the firm\u003ca href=\"https://www.tiaa.org/public/assetmanagement/insights/commentary-perspectives/perspectives/almonds-harvesting-value\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> on its website in 2013. “In 2011, we produced more than 18 million pounds of almonds, enough to circle the world more than nine times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have water rights, almonds aren’t the only cash crop. At the beginning of 2016, the Saudi company Almarai \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/mar/08/saudi-arabia-alfalfa-california-drought-almarai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought\u003c/a> nearly 2,000 acres near Blythe, California, in Riverside County to grow alfalfa that will be shipped back to Saudi Arabia to feed dairy cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, in California there are always grapes. Harvard Management Group, which invests Harvard University’s $36 billion endowment, made land purchases made in 2012 to 2014 on California’s Central Coast. Some\u003ca href=\"http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/51442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">speculated\u003c/a> it was after the wine market, but others believed it was only investing in the water rights themselves, which could be worth more in the future if water continues to become scarcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a business perspective it may seem like a win to grab agricultural land with water rights in California with a current shortage and more predicted in the future. But companies cashing in on water scarcity aren’t always viewed favorably among the public – and that extends beyond the water rights issue to other business investments in water. Remember when Nestle was slammed for \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/05/09/behind-the-lawsuit-to-turn-off-spigot-to-nestle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bottling water\u003c/a> piped from public land (with an expired permit) during California’s drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not just an economic resources; it’s also a natural resource and a necessity for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of water risk is really related to the social license to operate and the reputational risk,” said Monika Freyman, director of the water program at\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceres\u003c/a>, which advocates for sustainability leadership. “Investment in water isn’t necessarily a good thing – you may be either investing in a poor water solution or you may be actually investing in a region where there is high competition for water. If that water is not necessarily stewarded well, you’re walking into a hornet’s nest of taking water away from other users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why \u003cspan class=\"caps\">E.J.\u003c/span> Reinoso, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CEO\u003c/span> of the investment firm Castleton Partners, advocates for investing in municipal bonds, which are sold to finance myriad public projects, such as highways, libraries, schools, power and water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are investing in a security that, by definition, is already achieving funding the public good,” said Reinoso. A growing interest in the investment world is “impact investing” where money is invested with the hope of increasing environmental or social good, and Reinoso said that municipal bonds for water projects should be considered in this category, although there is not yet an official way to verify them as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal bonds, however, may not be wholly without controversy either. “A critical piece of any bond deal we look at is the essentiality of the project,” said Kevin Lehman of Breckinridge Capital Advisors. “If it is a contentious thing that maybe half the community is opposed to, all else being equal, that’s not something we like to see in a bond deal. We look at local news stories and voting results, and layer that qualitative on top of quantitative metrics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lehman said he has seen a number of utilities with really good bond deals to fund large infrastructure projects that have helped diversify their water supply or make them more drought resilient. “We view that as a positive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal bonds are popular with high net worth individuals because the bonds are exempt from federal and state taxes. And they tend to be safe investments, according to Reinoso. But Lehman cautioned that things like California’s drought can change the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has seen water utilities taking on significantly greater debt burdens because of the drought to fund needed infrastructure at the same time that revenue is decreasing because of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number one metric that we look at for a water utility is debt service coverage – how much revenue after they pay all their operating expenses are left over to pay for debt service,” he said. In the past, most California water utilities had good debt service coverage, but it is “deteriorating because of the drought and so they are becoming less self supportive of operations and have to issue more and more debt,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought could be taking its toll on stocks in water companies as well. The investment site the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fool.com/investing/2016/10/10/water-stocks-how-do-the-12-water-utility-stocks-st.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Motley Fool\u003c/a> explained, “Water utility stocks are particularly attractive because their core businesses are monopolies and they pay modest dividends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s drought has impacted water companies who operate in the state, and the Motley Fool warned readers in October against American States Water and California Water Service, blaming mandatory water conservation requirements for reducing revenue and “drought challenges and the uncertainties surrounding rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While drought may be on the radar of investors, the impact of climate change on water resources is still something most don’t think enough about. Concern from investors on that front “is still not there yet,” said Freyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">And as water gets more expensive, which is the current trend, Lehman said that people profiting from it will become more controversial, and we will see more of a debate over the merits of privatization of water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/20/the-big-shortage-how-drought-is-impacting-water-investment-markets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Publicly traded water utilities may have investors wary, while agricultural land with water rights is looking hot. But smart water investors also have to grapple with the risk to their reputations if they’re seen profiting from the scarcity of a vital resource.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For those with a financial stake in water, drought can mean boom or bust, depending on the investment. And even without a specific market to trade water, there are numerous ways to invest in it – from buying land with water rights to stocks in water-dependent companies to municipal bonds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take Michael Burry, for instance, the hedge fund manager featured in the book and movie “The Big Short” who outsmarted the subprime housing market crash. The end of the movie includes the line: “Michael Burry is focusing all of his trading on one commodity: Water.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“I believe that agricultural land, productive agricultural land with water on site, will be very valuable in the future,” he told \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sWhvOaavTQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bloomberg\u003c/a> in 2010. “And I’ve put a good amount of money into that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burry further elaborated in a 2015 interview with \u003ca href=\"http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/12/big-short-genius-says-another-crisis-is-coming.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New York magazine\u003c/a> when he said, “What became clear to me is that food is the way to invest in water. That is, grow food in water-rich areas and transport it for sale in water-poor areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This idea has driven a lot of investments in California over the years, but is coming under greater scrutiny as drought lingers into a sixth year and climate change is expected to make the state’s water budget even tighter in coming decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the hottest investments in California in recent years is the almond business. In the late 1990s, the industry was shipping less than 600 million pounds (270m kg) a year. Since 2012 (and despite California’s drought), it’s shipping more than \u003cspan class=\"caps\">1.8\u003c/span> million pounds a year – most of that to overseas buyers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While California has many family farmers growing almonds, it’s caught the eye of big investors, too. One of them is the retirement and investment firm\u003cspan class=\"caps\">TIAA\u003c/span> (formerly \u003cspan class=\"caps\">TIAA\u003c/span>–\u003cspan class=\"caps\">CREF\u003c/span>), which owns 37,000 acres (150 sq km) of farmland in the state, and claims to be one of the top five biggest almond producers in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We see agriculture, and farmland in particular, as more than a diversification opportunity and a hedge against rising prices,” the firm\u003ca href=\"https://www.tiaa.org/public/assetmanagement/insights/commentary-perspectives/perspectives/almonds-harvesting-value\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> on its website in 2013. “In 2011, we produced more than 18 million pounds of almonds, enough to circle the world more than nine times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have water rights, almonds aren’t the only cash crop. At the beginning of 2016, the Saudi company Almarai \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/mar/08/saudi-arabia-alfalfa-california-drought-almarai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bought\u003c/a> nearly 2,000 acres near Blythe, California, in Riverside County to grow alfalfa that will be shipped back to Saudi Arabia to feed dairy cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And of course, in California there are always grapes. Harvard Management Group, which invests Harvard University’s $36 billion endowment, made land purchases made in 2012 to 2014 on California’s Central Coast. Some\u003ca href=\"http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/51442\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">speculated\u003c/a> it was after the wine market, but others believed it was only investing in the water rights themselves, which could be worth more in the future if water continues to become scarcer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a business perspective it may seem like a win to grab agricultural land with water rights in California with a current shortage and more predicted in the future. But companies cashing in on water scarcity aren’t always viewed favorably among the public – and that extends beyond the water rights issue to other business investments in water. Remember when Nestle was slammed for \u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/05/09/behind-the-lawsuit-to-turn-off-spigot-to-nestle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bottling water\u003c/a> piped from public land (with an expired permit) during California’s drought?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water is not just an economic resources; it’s also a natural resource and a necessity for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of water risk is really related to the social license to operate and the reputational risk,” said Monika Freyman, director of the water program at\u003ca href=\"http://www.ceres.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ceres\u003c/a>, which advocates for sustainability leadership. “Investment in water isn’t necessarily a good thing – you may be either investing in a poor water solution or you may be actually investing in a region where there is high competition for water. If that water is not necessarily stewarded well, you’re walking into a hornet’s nest of taking water away from other users.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why \u003cspan class=\"caps\">E.J.\u003c/span> Reinoso, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">CEO\u003c/span> of the investment firm Castleton Partners, advocates for investing in municipal bonds, which are sold to finance myriad public projects, such as highways, libraries, schools, power and water projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You are investing in a security that, by definition, is already achieving funding the public good,” said Reinoso. A growing interest in the investment world is “impact investing” where money is invested with the hope of increasing environmental or social good, and Reinoso said that municipal bonds for water projects should be considered in this category, although there is not yet an official way to verify them as such.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal bonds, however, may not be wholly without controversy either. “A critical piece of any bond deal we look at is the essentiality of the project,” said Kevin Lehman of Breckinridge Capital Advisors. “If it is a contentious thing that maybe half the community is opposed to, all else being equal, that’s not something we like to see in a bond deal. We look at local news stories and voting results, and layer that qualitative on top of quantitative metrics.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lehman said he has seen a number of utilities with really good bond deals to fund large infrastructure projects that have helped diversify their water supply or make them more drought resilient. “We view that as a positive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Municipal bonds are popular with high net worth individuals because the bonds are exempt from federal and state taxes. And they tend to be safe investments, according to Reinoso. But Lehman cautioned that things like California’s drought can change the landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has seen water utilities taking on significantly greater debt burdens because of the drought to fund needed infrastructure at the same time that revenue is decreasing because of conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The number one metric that we look at for a water utility is debt service coverage – how much revenue after they pay all their operating expenses are left over to pay for debt service,” he said. In the past, most California water utilities had good debt service coverage, but it is “deteriorating because of the drought and so they are becoming less self supportive of operations and have to issue more and more debt,” he explained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s drought could be taking its toll on stocks in water companies as well. The investment site the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fool.com/investing/2016/10/10/water-stocks-how-do-the-12-water-utility-stocks-st.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Motley Fool\u003c/a> explained, “Water utility stocks are particularly attractive because their core businesses are monopolies and they pay modest dividends.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California’s drought has impacted water companies who operate in the state, and the Motley Fool warned readers in October against American States Water and California Water Service, blaming mandatory water conservation requirements for reducing revenue and “drought challenges and the uncertainties surrounding rates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While drought may be on the radar of investors, the impact of climate change on water resources is still something most don’t think enough about. Concern from investors on that front “is still not there yet,” said Freyman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">And as water gets more expensive, which is the current trend, Lehman said that people profiting from it will become more controversial, and we will see more of a debate over the merits of privatization of water resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"fin\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://mail.kqed.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=9e4bb0e1a7d74f24ba4684ef2533053d&URL=https%3a%2f%2fwww.newsdeeply.com%2fwater\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/articles/2016/10/20/the-big-shortage-how-drought-is-impacting-water-investment-markets\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Pity the Plastic Bag: Will Californians Seal Its Fate With a Ban?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Oh, to be a plastic bag. Helpful, ubiquitous and ever useful. Carefree, wafting on the wind, and alive for a thousand years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, you are cheap and trashy. Discarded, your presence mars beautiful landscapes. You and your trillions of clones clog sewers, accumulate in the worlds’ oceans, and entangle and choke wildlife and sea creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California banned your flimsy presence in the Golden State, consigning you to an environmentally-sensitive death by recycling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as shoppers know all too well, getting rid of plastic bags isn’t that easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “paper-or-plastic?” checkout query was supposed to be a relic of our unenlightened past. After reviewing the scientific evidence of persistent environmental harm, California legislators in 2014 banned thin plastic carryout bags, authorizing stores to charge customers 10 cents for heavier-duty plastic sacks or paper bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ban inflamed the nation’s bag makers, who intervened before the law could take effect. They wielded two ballot measures to poke a stick in the eye of the Legislature and the grocery industry, whom they haven’t forgiven for switching sides to support the ban after the Legislature allowed the grocers to keep the 10 cent fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the confounding manner of direct democracy, California voters in November will ponder two opposing initiatives, each sponsored by the plastic bag industry—which has spent more than $6 million to put them on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 67\u003c/a>, is a referendum—an attempt to block the bag ban by asking voters whether they agree with the new law. The plastic bag industry is hoping to convince enough Californians to vote no, thereby preempting the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, would redirect the 10 cent bag fee consumers pay, so that rather than stores reaping the benefit, it would instead go to an environmental fund administered by the state Wildlife Conservation Board. The plastics industry is backing this one, a smack-down to the grocery industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bags at checkout.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bags at checkout. \u003ccite>(Day Donaldson/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the bag ban survives at the polls, Californians would say goodbye to one of the world’s most utilitarian products. Thus would the plastic bag, a humble object engineered to be of long and useful service, become undone by its very design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It already has been exiled from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">150 cities and counties\u003c/a>, primarily along the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the environmental facts have been misconstrued,” said Phil Rozenski, policy chair of the American Progressive Bag Alliance, and a senior director at Novolex. Its subsidiary, Hilex Poly Co., has contributed to the ballot propositions. “This is all about politics and emotional debate. Science left the building years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of plastic’s durability, even when exposed to constant wave action and degraded by a relentless sun, it doesn’t disappear, but breaks down into tiny particles called microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a survey of existing research estimated that as many as 51 trillion particles of microplastics are floating around the planet’s oceans, weighing as much as 236,000 metric tons. Closer to home, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/documents/microplastic-contamination-san-francisco-bay\">2015 study\u003c/a> found that eight wastewater treatment plants discharge nearly half a million microplastic particles into the San Francisco Bay each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even taking into consideration that bags represent only a portion of all plastics found in marine debris, researchers say 80 percent of trash floating in the ocean is plastic. “The problems with plastics are well-documented,” said Eben Schwartz, who oversees the California Coastal Commission’s Marine Debris Program. “Sea animals ingest plastic and it not only gives the sense of being full, so they starve, but it can also get caught in the esophagus, and keep food from getting down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1963px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1092840 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png\" alt=\"PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean\" width=\"1963\" height=\"1098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png 1963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1020x571.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1920x1074.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1180x660.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-960x537.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-240x134.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-375x210.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-520x291.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1963px) 100vw, 1963px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plastic accumulated in the stomach of a marine mammal, renders the animals more buoyant and makes it more difficult to dive for food. Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic bags for their favorite meal, jellyfish. Offshore and onshore, animals become entangled with plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Californians use about 15 million single-use plastic bags a year—as the Legislative Analyst \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">notes\u003c/a>, that’s more than 400 bags per Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic is marvelous. Few modern inventions have so quickly shoved aside the competition and staked a spot smack in the middle of American culture, industrial design and manufacturing. Plastics emerged in the late 1940s full of promise and vigor. Then, as now, plastic begins life as a petrochemical. Manufacturing processes convert chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules into a polymer resin that is then heated, shaped and cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheap and versatile, it can become just about anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic formulation prevents it from bio-degrading along with other garbage. Scientists sifting through landfills of the future will dredge up diapers—and Safeway bags. Even the industry’s “biodegradable” bags don’t completely break down, and these green plastic bags account for less than 1 per cent of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This description of a plastic bag’s afterlife, from an \u003ca href=\"http://plasticbaglaws.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/MEA_green-cities-CA.pdf\">environmental assessment\u003c/a> prepared for California local governments: “The majority of bags end up as litter or in the landfill, and even those in the landfill may be blown away as litter due to their light weight. Although some recycling facilities will handle plastic bags, most reject them because they can get caught in the machinery and cause malfunctioning, or are contaminated after use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1653px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg\" alt=\"Credit:\" width=\"1653\" height=\"1045\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg 1653w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1180x746.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-960x607.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-375x237.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-520x329.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1653px) 100vw, 1653px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bags snag on tree limbs, blow around on vacant lots and loiter in gutters. But don’t blame the bag, says the industry, blame a populace ridden with litterbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s marine debris or litter—it shouldn’t be there,” said Rozenski. “We have to work on it as a society. Approaching it on a product-by-product basis is not the way to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others oppose the ban on philosophical grounds. “The government shouldn’t be telling stores what kind of bags to offer. That’s between the store and the customer,” said Ted Brown, chairman of the state Libertarian Party, which opposes both propositions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do bag bans really make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since San Francisco’s ban has been in place, plastic bag refuse found on the Bay Area’s inland and coastal beaches has fallen 34 per cent, according to Schwartz of the coastal commission. He cited data gathered at annual Bay Area cleanups showing that in 2008, plastic bags accounted for about 9 percent of all debris removed from beaches. By 2012, they were only 6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never see drops like that,” he said. “The bans are effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. For more stories by Julie Cart, go to calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California voters will find two opposing plastic bag initiatives on the November ballot -- Proposition 67 and Proposition 65 -- both sponsored by the plastic bag industry.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the ban inflamed the nation’s bag makers, who intervened before the law could take effect. They wielded two ballot measures to poke a stick in the eye of the Legislature and the grocery industry, whom they haven’t forgiven for switching sides to support the ban after the Legislature allowed the grocers to keep the 10 cent fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the confounding manner of direct democracy, California voters in November will ponder two opposing initiatives, each sponsored by the plastic bag industry—which has spent more than $6 million to put them on the ballot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 67\u003c/a>, is a referendum—an attempt to block the bag ban by asking voters whether they agree with the new law. The plastic bag industry is hoping to convince enough Californians to vote no, thereby preempting the ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/proposition/propositions-65-and-67-plastic-bags/\">Prop. 65\u003c/a>, would redirect the 10 cent bag fee consumers pay, so that rather than stores reaping the benefit, it would instead go to an environmental fund administered by the state Wildlife Conservation Board. The plastics industry is backing this one, a smack-down to the grocery industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092839\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092839\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bags at checkout.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag2Checkout-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bags at checkout. \u003ccite>(Day Donaldson/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the bag ban survives at the polls, Californians would say goodbye to one of the world’s most utilitarian products. Thus would the plastic bag, a humble object engineered to be of long and useful service, become undone by its very design.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It already has been exiled from \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">150 cities and counties\u003c/a>, primarily along the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We believe the environmental facts have been misconstrued,” said Phil Rozenski, policy chair of the American Progressive Bag Alliance, and a senior director at Novolex. Its subsidiary, Hilex Poly Co., has contributed to the ballot propositions. “This is all about politics and emotional debate. Science left the building years ago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of plastic’s durability, even when exposed to constant wave action and degraded by a relentless sun, it doesn’t disappear, but breaks down into tiny particles called microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, a survey of existing research estimated that as many as 51 trillion particles of microplastics are floating around the planet’s oceans, weighing as much as 236,000 metric tons. Closer to home, a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfei.org/documents/microplastic-contamination-san-francisco-bay\">2015 study\u003c/a> found that eight wastewater treatment plants discharge nearly half a million microplastic particles into the San Francisco Bay each day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even taking into consideration that bags represent only a portion of all plastics found in marine debris, researchers say 80 percent of trash floating in the ocean is plastic. “The problems with plastics are well-documented,” said Eben Schwartz, who oversees the California Coastal Commission’s Marine Debris Program. “Sea animals ingest plastic and it not only gives the sense of being full, so they starve, but it can also get caught in the esophagus, and keep food from getting down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092840\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1963px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1092840 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png\" alt=\"PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean\" width=\"1963\" height=\"1098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean.png 1963w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-160x89.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-800x447.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-768x430.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1020x571.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1920x1074.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-1180x660.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-960x537.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-240x134.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-375x210.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag3FloatinginOcean-520x291.png 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1963px) 100vw, 1963px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Plastic accumulated in the stomach of a marine mammal, renders the animals more buoyant and makes it more difficult to dive for food. Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic bags for their favorite meal, jellyfish. Offshore and onshore, animals become entangled with plastic bags.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Californians use about 15 million single-use plastic bags a year—as the Legislative Analyst \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/BallotAnalysis/Proposition?number=67&year=2016\">notes\u003c/a>, that’s more than 400 bags per Californian.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because plastic is marvelous. Few modern inventions have so quickly shoved aside the competition and staked a spot smack in the middle of American culture, industrial design and manufacturing. Plastics emerged in the late 1940s full of promise and vigor. Then, as now, plastic begins life as a petrochemical. Manufacturing processes convert chains of hydrogen and carbon molecules into a polymer resin that is then heated, shaped and cooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cheap and versatile, it can become just about anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But plastic formulation prevents it from bio-degrading along with other garbage. Scientists sifting through landfills of the future will dredge up diapers—and Safeway bags. Even the industry’s “biodegradable” bags don’t completely break down, and these green plastic bags account for less than 1 per cent of the market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This description of a plastic bag’s afterlife, from an \u003ca href=\"http://plasticbaglaws.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/MEA_green-cities-CA.pdf\">environmental assessment\u003c/a> prepared for California local governments: “The majority of bags end up as litter or in the landfill, and even those in the landfill may be blown away as litter due to their light weight. Although some recycling facilities will handle plastic bags, most reject them because they can get caught in the machinery and cause malfunctioning, or are contaminated after use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1092843\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1653px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1092843\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg\" alt=\"Credit:\" width=\"1653\" height=\"1045\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web.jpg 1653w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-800x506.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-768x486.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1020x645.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-1180x746.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-960x607.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-375x237.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/10/PlasticBag4Landfill_for-web-520x329.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1653px) 100vw, 1653px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Credit: \u003ccite>(NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bags snag on tree limbs, blow around on vacant lots and loiter in gutters. But don’t blame the bag, says the industry, blame a populace ridden with litterbugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s marine debris or litter—it shouldn’t be there,” said Rozenski. “We have to work on it as a society. Approaching it on a product-by-product basis is not the way to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others oppose the ban on philosophical grounds. “The government shouldn’t be telling stores what kind of bags to offer. That’s between the store and the customer,” said Ted Brown, chairman of the state Libertarian Party, which opposes both propositions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do bag bans really make a difference?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since San Francisco’s ban has been in place, plastic bag refuse found on the Bay Area’s inland and coastal beaches has fallen 34 per cent, according to Schwartz of the coastal commission. He cited data gathered at annual Bay Area cleanups showing that in 2008, plastic bags accounted for about 9 percent of all debris removed from beaches. By 2012, they were only 6 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We never see drops like that,” he said. “The bans are effective.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://calmatters.org/\">\u003cem>CALmatters\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a non-profit journalism venture dedicated to exploring state policies and politics. For more stories by Julie Cart, go to calmatters.org/about/staff/julie-cart/\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California's Dire Drought Message Wanes, Conservation Levels Drop",
"headTitle": "California’s Dire Drought Message Wanes, Conservation Levels Drop | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Remember the California drought? It was all over the news a year ago, when the state took the unprecedented step of mandating statewide water cutbacks. The Sierra Nevada snowpack was at its lowest recorded level. Rivers and reservoirs were getting shallower and shallower. Wells in rural towns were literally running dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That drought is still very much a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vVCIzFDGCbodGGT2QlAPs2Fq6ma0JQep”]More than 62 percent of California remains in severe to exceptional drought conditions, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. And without a wet winter the state could be facing a sixth-consecutive year of severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely we’re still in a drought,” says Peter Gleick, a co-founder of the Pacific Institute, a water think tank. “We are way below normal. Our reservoirs are low. Our groundwater is still being grossly over-pumped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is: People aren’t acting like it — at least not quite like they did. And that’s raising questions about how the drought is being messaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, when Governor Jerry Brown mandated a 25 percent water cutback, the message was dire and it was clear. Californians rose to the occasion. In August 2015, urban water consumption was cut by 27 percent statewide, compared to the same month in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the state did away with those mandatory water cutbacks, citing an improvement in the state’s water conditions. “Since the circumstances changed, we felt like we needed to change our approach,” says Felicia Marcus, chairwoman of the state water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation numbers fell after that announcement and they continue to fall. This past August, Californians cut their water use 17.7 percent — a nearly 10 percentage point slide from the year previous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people have kind of gone into denial mode because they’re not getting as dire a message anymore,” says Los Angeles homeowner Kelly Krull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krull is one of the people who got the message last year. She tore out her water-thirsty lawn and landscaping to put in dirt paths and drought-tolerant gardens. Some of her neighbors did the same. This year, Krull says, “I’m not hearing much of a message at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The difficulty of messaging drought \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messaging for something like drought is difficult for a lot of reasons. And it becomes more difficult the longer the drought persists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain, NPR reached out to two people who do messaging for a living: Tony Foleno, the senior vice president and head of strategic development at the Ad Council, and Nick Barham, the chief strategy officer at TBWAChiatDay Los Angeles, an advertising agency that works with companies such as Apple and Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some excerpts from both interviews, edited for clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you keep people interested in something that’s been going on for longer than five years? How do you keep something like drought sexy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tony Foleno, Ad Council:\u003c/strong> I don’t know if drought will ever be sexy, but I think that it’s one of the tougher issues. It’s sort of intangible [for urban users]. If you can’t water your lawn or there’s some inconvenience, it becomes a little more tangible, but it’s not something that you might think of that might immediately affect you and your family. The other part of it is, the sense of self-efficacy: are my actions — my day-to-day actions — really making a difference? There could be some doubt around that. There could be doubt that while I’m doing my part, other people aren’t doing their part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Barham, TBWAChiatDay LA:\u003c/strong> With any messaging — whether it’s about drought, whether it’s about war or whether it’s about the next pair of sneakers — there’s an inevitable wear-out if people feel like they’ve heard the same thing before, especially if they feel like [earlier] danger has been averted. That’s a shared characteristic between [public service announcements] and advertising in general; a lot of time you’re trying to make things that feel over-familiar, mundane, invisible, boring or repetitious interesting and fresh. And trying to get people to reconsider something that has become a familiar part of daily life. I do think that’s a challenge. But talking about water conservation in California, I think we need to get out of a campaign mindset and a temporary action and think more about long-term change of behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/130249787?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/130249787\">Save the Drop\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/weareroyale\">We Are Royale\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you think of California’s current efforts to message the drought? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> Overall, I think they’ve been pretty successful. They did a lot of things right, certainly at the height of the drought, before El Nino did or didn’t happen. They were getting lots of supporting messages from different areas. It was in the news, so you saw headlines and pictures of lakes that were less full than they used to be, so it didn’t feel like a distant issue. There were tough targets that people saw and penalties for people who overused, some incentives for people who tore out their lawns and stuff like that. And there were things like ‘Save the Drop,’ which had a very cute cartoony version of a water drop and a clear call to action. But I think [now], it certainly feels like it’s less of an urgent issue. My observation here [in Los Angeles] is that the city doesn’t behave like a city that’s in a drought. You can still drive through the city and see perfect green lawns and the kind of plants and greenery that you wouldn’t have naturally in a drought area. I think there are a lot of behaviors here that are in denial of the kind of climate we’re in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/hdUQrGht7NE\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It’s got to be hard to try and get people to change their behavior. What makes an effective PSA or messaging campaign?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> Behavior change is the ultimate objective of every campaign we do at the Ad Council. It’s harder by an order of magnitude — I don’t know what it would be — than to just raise awareness of something, to get people to re-Tweet something or think about it for a minute and then move on. Every campaign has a different set of tools, but we start at the end point – sitting down a year from now, what do we want to see? What does success look like? Then we work backwards from there. You need to be relevant. You need to be emotional. You need to be understandable and single-minded. You also need to know the media landscape. How are you going to reach the people you want to reach? And then you need to be consistent. A lot of things require long-term commitment. The reason we’ve been working on Smokey Bear for decades is you need to maintain and educate a new generation of the public all the time about wildfire prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> One of the key difficulties of PSAs is you’re trying to stop people from doing something they really like doing or you’re trying to get them to do something that’s going to be more of a hassle than not doing. There are two favorite tactics to get attention, neither of which has been used to strongly in California. The first obvious one is through shock: exaggerating or at least shining a light on how bad things could be if you don’t change behavior. The best recent example of this was an Australian campaign for rail safety which was called ‘Dumb Ways to Die.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/IJNR2EpS0jw\u003cbr>\nThe other way is through humor. The best recent example of that is called the ‘World’s Biggest Asshole.’ It got lots and lots of attention and talked to people in a way that didn’t feel preachy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/TeVLxcekEsw\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>OK, I’m emperor for the day and I put you in charge of messaging California’s drought. What would you do? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> I’m a research guy, so the first thing I would do is go out and talk to the folks of California to see what their awareness of the current messaging is — what their perception is, how do they talk about it with their friends and loved ones and neighbors — to get a real sense of where their head is at, from the consumer perspective. From there you’d generate a set of message framings, depending on what you hear back. Those are all testable. You can go out and see which are the most motivating. There are a variety of approaches off the top of my head. There’s a social-norming approach, where you let people know that their neighbor is actually using a lot less water than they are. You could talk about the future of California and inject a sense of state pride into it. You could talk about dire consequences down the road if we don’t make this a top issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> I think there’s room to use those two models I talked about [shock and humor], but I think you need to balance that by giving people very practical guidelines for what they should be doing. I would try to think about water conservation in the way that we think about our health, as something that we try to maintain on a day-to-day basis, rather than as a diet, which tends to be a short-term fix to some kind of issue. I think we’re in danger of the equivalent of yo-yo dieting, where we take some extreme measures for a short period of time, think that will fix everything and then go back to bad behavior. What we should be trying to do is instill behavior and attitudes that are ongoing and permanent and can be measured and monitored. I think a good model to look at is how a lot of fitness apps work, which is this daily check at how you’re doing and the ability to share it with other people, either in your immediate social circle or the broader public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California%27s+Dire+Drought+Message+Wanes%2C+Conservation+Levels+Drop+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Remember the California drought? It was all over the news a year ago, when the state took the unprecedented step of mandating statewide water cutbacks. The Sierra Nevada snowpack was at its lowest recorded level. Rivers and reservoirs were getting shallower and shallower. Wells in rural towns were literally running dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That drought is still very much a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More than 62 percent of California remains in severe to exceptional drought conditions, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. And without a wet winter the state could be facing a sixth-consecutive year of severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely we’re still in a drought,” says Peter Gleick, a co-founder of the Pacific Institute, a water think tank. “We are way below normal. Our reservoirs are low. Our groundwater is still being grossly over-pumped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is: People aren’t acting like it — at least not quite like they did. And that’s raising questions about how the drought is being messaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, when Governor Jerry Brown mandated a 25 percent water cutback, the message was dire and it was clear. Californians rose to the occasion. In August 2015, urban water consumption was cut by 27 percent statewide, compared to the same month in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the state did away with those mandatory water cutbacks, citing an improvement in the state’s water conditions. “Since the circumstances changed, we felt like we needed to change our approach,” says Felicia Marcus, chairwoman of the state water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation numbers fell after that announcement and they continue to fall. This past August, Californians cut their water use 17.7 percent — a nearly 10 percentage point slide from the year previous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people have kind of gone into denial mode because they’re not getting as dire a message anymore,” says Los Angeles homeowner Kelly Krull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krull is one of the people who got the message last year. She tore out her water-thirsty lawn and landscaping to put in dirt paths and drought-tolerant gardens. Some of her neighbors did the same. This year, Krull says, “I’m not hearing much of a message at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The difficulty of messaging drought \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messaging for something like drought is difficult for a lot of reasons. And it becomes more difficult the longer the drought persists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain, NPR reached out to two people who do messaging for a living: Tony Foleno, the senior vice president and head of strategic development at the Ad Council, and Nick Barham, the chief strategy officer at TBWAChiatDay Los Angeles, an advertising agency that works with companies such as Apple and Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some excerpts from both interviews, edited for clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you keep people interested in something that’s been going on for longer than five years? How do you keep something like drought sexy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tony Foleno, Ad Council:\u003c/strong> I don’t know if drought will ever be sexy, but I think that it’s one of the tougher issues. It’s sort of intangible [for urban users]. If you can’t water your lawn or there’s some inconvenience, it becomes a little more tangible, but it’s not something that you might think of that might immediately affect you and your family. The other part of it is, the sense of self-efficacy: are my actions — my day-to-day actions — really making a difference? There could be some doubt around that. There could be doubt that while I’m doing my part, other people aren’t doing their part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Barham, TBWAChiatDay LA:\u003c/strong> With any messaging — whether it’s about drought, whether it’s about war or whether it’s about the next pair of sneakers — there’s an inevitable wear-out if people feel like they’ve heard the same thing before, especially if they feel like [earlier] danger has been averted. That’s a shared characteristic between [public service announcements] and advertising in general; a lot of time you’re trying to make things that feel over-familiar, mundane, invisible, boring or repetitious interesting and fresh. And trying to get people to reconsider something that has become a familiar part of daily life. I do think that’s a challenge. But talking about water conservation in California, I think we need to get out of a campaign mindset and a temporary action and think more about long-term change of behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/130249787?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/130249787\">Save the Drop\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/weareroyale\">We Are Royale\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you think of California’s current efforts to message the drought? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> Overall, I think they’ve been pretty successful. They did a lot of things right, certainly at the height of the drought, before El Nino did or didn’t happen. They were getting lots of supporting messages from different areas. It was in the news, so you saw headlines and pictures of lakes that were less full than they used to be, so it didn’t feel like a distant issue. There were tough targets that people saw and penalties for people who overused, some incentives for people who tore out their lawns and stuff like that. And there were things like ‘Save the Drop,’ which had a very cute cartoony version of a water drop and a clear call to action. But I think [now], it certainly feels like it’s less of an urgent issue. My observation here [in Los Angeles] is that the city doesn’t behave like a city that’s in a drought. You can still drive through the city and see perfect green lawns and the kind of plants and greenery that you wouldn’t have naturally in a drought area. I think there are a lot of behaviors here that are in denial of the kind of climate we’re in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/hdUQrGht7NE\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It’s got to be hard to try and get people to change their behavior. What makes an effective PSA or messaging campaign?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> Behavior change is the ultimate objective of every campaign we do at the Ad Council. It’s harder by an order of magnitude — I don’t know what it would be — than to just raise awareness of something, to get people to re-Tweet something or think about it for a minute and then move on. Every campaign has a different set of tools, but we start at the end point – sitting down a year from now, what do we want to see? What does success look like? Then we work backwards from there. You need to be relevant. You need to be emotional. You need to be understandable and single-minded. You also need to know the media landscape. How are you going to reach the people you want to reach? And then you need to be consistent. A lot of things require long-term commitment. The reason we’ve been working on Smokey Bear for decades is you need to maintain and educate a new generation of the public all the time about wildfire prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> One of the key difficulties of PSAs is you’re trying to stop people from doing something they really like doing or you’re trying to get them to do something that’s going to be more of a hassle than not doing. There are two favorite tactics to get attention, neither of which has been used to strongly in California. The first obvious one is through shock: exaggerating or at least shining a light on how bad things could be if you don’t change behavior. The best recent example of this was an Australian campaign for rail safety which was called ‘Dumb Ways to Die.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/IJNR2EpS0jw\u003cbr>\nThe other way is through humor. The best recent example of that is called the ‘World’s Biggest Asshole.’ It got lots and lots of attention and talked to people in a way that didn’t feel preachy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/TeVLxcekEsw\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>OK, I’m emperor for the day and I put you in charge of messaging California’s drought. What would you do? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> I’m a research guy, so the first thing I would do is go out and talk to the folks of California to see what their awareness of the current messaging is — what their perception is, how do they talk about it with their friends and loved ones and neighbors — to get a real sense of where their head is at, from the consumer perspective. From there you’d generate a set of message framings, depending on what you hear back. Those are all testable. You can go out and see which are the most motivating. There are a variety of approaches off the top of my head. There’s a social-norming approach, where you let people know that their neighbor is actually using a lot less water than they are. You could talk about the future of California and inject a sense of state pride into it. You could talk about dire consequences down the road if we don’t make this a top issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> I think there’s room to use those two models I talked about [shock and humor], but I think you need to balance that by giving people very practical guidelines for what they should be doing. I would try to think about water conservation in the way that we think about our health, as something that we try to maintain on a day-to-day basis, rather than as a diet, which tends to be a short-term fix to some kind of issue. I think we’re in danger of the equivalent of yo-yo dieting, where we take some extreme measures for a short period of time, think that will fix everything and then go back to bad behavior. What we should be trying to do is instill behavior and attitudes that are ongoing and permanent and can be measured and monitored. I think a good model to look at is how a lot of fitness apps work, which is this daily check at how you’re doing and the ability to share it with other people, either in your immediate social circle or the broader public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California%27s+Dire+Drought+Message+Wanes%2C+Conservation+Levels+Drop+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Obama administration is announcing a series of recommendations for ensuring the safety of the nation's more than 400 underground natural gas storage wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/Ensuring%20Safe%20and%20Reliable%20Underground%20Natural%20Gas%20Storage%20-%20Final%20Repor..._0.pdf\">report\u003c/a> comes as a result of the natural gas leak in Porter Ranch, a Los Angeles neighborhood, one year ago. It says the leak at the Aliso Canyon plant was the largest methane release from a natural gas storage facility in U.S. history. Some 8,000 families were displaced after complaining of headaches, nosebleeds and nausea. The facility operator, Southern California Gas Co., was unable to seal the well until February 2016, four months after the leak was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report by a White House interagency task force includes 44 recommendations related to the integrity of gas storage wells, preparation for possible natural gas leaks, and better coordination between the gas and electric industries, which are increasingly interdependent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No community should have to go through something like the Aliso Canyon leak again. The recommendations in this report outline the steps we can take to prevent such an incident in the future. Now, it is up to industry to implement these recommendations in a timely fashion,\" said Energy Secretary Ernest J. Moniz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main recommendations is that natural gas operators should phase out \"single-point-of-failure well designs\" and introduce backup systems or \"double-barrier protection\" that can contain gas even in the event of a leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the Aliso Canyon incident highlighted the problems with the nation's aging natural gas infrastructure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Approximately 80% of wells in the Nation's natural gas storage fields were completed in the 1970s or earlier. They have been exposed to decades of physical and mechanical stresses and pre-date many current materials and technology standards. In addition, many of these wells were converted to gas storage from oil production and may not have piping designed for the higher overall operating pressures of natural gas. Although rare, large natural gas storage leakage events can have negative impacts on human health and communities.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Interim federal rules to ensure the safety of natural gas storage facilities will be released by the end of the year, said Marie Therese Dominguez, the chief of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, at a Washington news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we reported in September, Southern California Gas Co. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493813305/socal-gas-to-pay-4-million-after-massive-gas-leak\">pleaded no contest\u003c/a> to a single criminal charge that it failed to immediately report the Aliso Canyon leak to state emergency officials. The company paid a settlement of $4 million, most of which will pay for the installation and maintenance of an infrared methane leak detection system that includes the hiring of six full-time monitors over the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_NATURAL_GAS_LEAKS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a> reports, SoCal Gas still faces more than 130 pending lawsuits or civil or criminal penalties from a variety of government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=White+House+Report+Calls+For+Safer+Natural+Gas+Storage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The October 2015 leak at the Aliso Canyon plant in Los Angeles, which displaced 8,000 families, shows that U.S. gas storage infrastructure is old and requires improvement, say federal officials.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Obama administration is announcing a series of recommendations for ensuring the safety of the nation's more than 400 underground natural gas storage wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/Ensuring%20Safe%20and%20Reliable%20Underground%20Natural%20Gas%20Storage%20-%20Final%20Repor..._0.pdf\">report\u003c/a> comes as a result of the natural gas leak in Porter Ranch, a Los Angeles neighborhood, one year ago. It says the leak at the Aliso Canyon plant was the largest methane release from a natural gas storage facility in U.S. history. Some 8,000 families were displaced after complaining of headaches, nosebleeds and nausea. The facility operator, Southern California Gas Co., was unable to seal the well until February 2016, four months after the leak was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report by a White House interagency task force includes 44 recommendations related to the integrity of gas storage wells, preparation for possible natural gas leaks, and better coordination between the gas and electric industries, which are increasingly interdependent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No community should have to go through something like the Aliso Canyon leak again. The recommendations in this report outline the steps we can take to prevent such an incident in the future. Now, it is up to industry to implement these recommendations in a timely fashion,\" said Energy Secretary Ernest J. Moniz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main recommendations is that natural gas operators should phase out \"single-point-of-failure well designs\" and introduce backup systems or \"double-barrier protection\" that can contain gas even in the event of a leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the Aliso Canyon incident highlighted the problems with the nation's aging natural gas infrastructure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Approximately 80% of wells in the Nation's natural gas storage fields were completed in the 1970s or earlier. They have been exposed to decades of physical and mechanical stresses and pre-date many current materials and technology standards. In addition, many of these wells were converted to gas storage from oil production and may not have piping designed for the higher overall operating pressures of natural gas. Although rare, large natural gas storage leakage events can have negative impacts on human health and communities.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Interim federal rules to ensure the safety of natural gas storage facilities will be released by the end of the year, said Marie Therese Dominguez, the chief of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, at a Washington news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we reported in September, Southern California Gas Co. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493813305/socal-gas-to-pay-4-million-after-massive-gas-leak\">pleaded no contest\u003c/a> to a single criminal charge that it failed to immediately report the Aliso Canyon leak to state emergency officials. The company paid a settlement of $4 million, most of which will pay for the installation and maintenance of an infrared methane leak detection system that includes the hiring of six full-time monitors over the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_NATURAL_GAS_LEAKS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a> reports, SoCal Gas still faces more than 130 pending lawsuits or civil or criminal penalties from a variety of government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=White+House+Report+Calls+For+Safer+Natural+Gas+Storage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time since two oil sheens were discovered in San Pablo Bay a month ago and a sickening odor sent dozens of people to the hospital in Vallejo around the same time, officials have revealed a clue that could help determine what caused the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results of tests taken of the substance found in the water in late September show that it was crude oil from the Middle East, according to an official with California's lead agency for responding to oil spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tests indicate the product in the water was Arabian Crude,\" Amy Norris, a spokeswoman for the state Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office and the U.S. Coast Guard have yet to identify the source or cause of the spill, Norris said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Randy Sawyer, chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer for Contra Costa County Health Services, says the crude must have come from an oil tanker at a marine terminal in Rodeo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Based on the analysis and where the sheen was located, the oil sheen originated from the ship while it was unloading to Phillips 66,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer said refinery personnel told him the tanker, the Yamuna Spirit, was delivering Arabian Crude shortly before the oil sheens were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/22/officials-investigate-whether-phillips-66-refinery-tied-to-san-pablo-bay-oil-spill/\">initial indications\u003c/a> that the tanker and the refinery could have been tied to the spill. Phillips 66 shut down its marine terminal shortly after the first of two oil sheens were discovered. But Coast Guard and OSPR officials have repeatedly emphasized that \u003ca href=\"https://calspillwatch.wordpress.com/tag/san-pablo-bay/\">their investigation has not been completed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, on Tuesday OSPR's Norris confirmed that investigators still do not know how much crude was spilled in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week after the probe began, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/28/phillips-66-refinery-in-rodeo-reopens-marine-terminal-as-oil-spill-investigation-continues/\">the tanker left the region\u003c/a> and Phillips 66 reopened its marine terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 declined to comment on the investigation and activity of the Yamuna Spirit at its marine terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 generally does not comment on activity as it relates to our crude supply and transportation arrangements,\" said Aimee Lohr, a refinery spokeswoman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with Teekay Shipping, which owns the vessel, have not returned requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yamuna Spirit was reportedly involved in a\u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/09/21/coast-guard-investigating-spill-outside-rodeo-refinery/\"> major spill in Nigeria in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks before it arrived in California, the oil tanker was in the Middle East.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vessel offloaded a portion of its cargo in Southern California days before arriving in Rodeo, according to Gordon Schremp, a state energy commission specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's unclear how the oil might have leaked from the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know that Phillips did check their piping and there were no leaks,\" Sawyer said. \"There may have been a portion of the piping (that was) not tested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the investigation is concluded, local environmentalists say whoever is responsible should be held accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The perpetrators need to face stiff penalties for this absolutely unacceptable oil spill,\" said Patrick Sullivan, an Oakland-based spokesman for the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But even the steepest fines won't undo the damage this oil has done to the bay,\" Sullivan said. \"That's why we've got to move away from shipping dirty crude through California's fragile coastal ecosystems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's common for Arabian Crude to make those trips. A significant amount of oil from the Middle East is refined at facilities in the Bay Area and the rest of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 million barrels of crude were imported to the state from countries in the region last year, according to Schremp.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time since two oil sheens were discovered in San Pablo Bay a month ago and a sickening odor sent dozens of people to the hospital in Vallejo around the same time, officials have revealed a clue that could help determine what caused the spill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results of tests taken of the substance found in the water in late September show that it was crude oil from the Middle East, according to an official with California's lead agency for responding to oil spills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Tests indicate the product in the water was Arabian Crude,\" Amy Norris, a spokeswoman for the state Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), said in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The office and the U.S. Coast Guard have yet to identify the source or cause of the spill, Norris said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Randy Sawyer, chief environmental health and hazardous materials officer for Contra Costa County Health Services, says the crude must have come from an oil tanker at a marine terminal in Rodeo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Based on the analysis and where the sheen was located, the oil sheen originated from the ship while it was unloading to Phillips 66,\" Sawyer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sawyer said refinery personnel told him the tanker, the Yamuna Spirit, was delivering Arabian Crude shortly before the oil sheens were found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/22/officials-investigate-whether-phillips-66-refinery-tied-to-san-pablo-bay-oil-spill/\">initial indications\u003c/a> that the tanker and the refinery could have been tied to the spill. Phillips 66 shut down its marine terminal shortly after the first of two oil sheens were discovered. But Coast Guard and OSPR officials have repeatedly emphasized that \u003ca href=\"https://calspillwatch.wordpress.com/tag/san-pablo-bay/\">their investigation has not been completed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, on Tuesday OSPR's Norris confirmed that investigators still do not know how much crude was spilled in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A week after the probe began, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/09/28/phillips-66-refinery-in-rodeo-reopens-marine-terminal-as-oil-spill-investigation-continues/\">the tanker left the region\u003c/a> and Phillips 66 reopened its marine terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 declined to comment on the investigation and activity of the Yamuna Spirit at its marine terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Phillips 66 generally does not comment on activity as it relates to our crude supply and transportation arrangements,\" said Aimee Lohr, a refinery spokeswoman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with Teekay Shipping, which owns the vessel, have not returned requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yamuna Spirit was reportedly involved in a\u003ca href=\"http://www.eastbaytimes.com/2016/09/21/coast-guard-investigating-spill-outside-rodeo-refinery/\"> major spill in Nigeria in February\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weeks before it arrived in California, the oil tanker was in the Middle East.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vessel offloaded a portion of its cargo in Southern California days before arriving in Rodeo, according to Gordon Schremp, a state energy commission specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's unclear how the oil might have leaked from the vessel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I know that Phillips did check their piping and there were no leaks,\" Sawyer said. \"There may have been a portion of the piping (that was) not tested.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the investigation is concluded, local environmentalists say whoever is responsible should be held accountable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The perpetrators need to face stiff penalties for this absolutely unacceptable oil spill,\" said Patrick Sullivan, an Oakland-based spokesman for the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But even the steepest fines won't undo the damage this oil has done to the bay,\" Sullivan said. \"That's why we've got to move away from shipping dirty crude through California's fragile coastal ecosystems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's common for Arabian Crude to make those trips. A significant amount of oil from the Middle East is refined at facilities in the Bay Area and the rest of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 150 million barrels of crude were imported to the state from countries in the region last year, according to Schremp.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tassajara Zen Mountain Center — the oldest Buddhist monastery outside Asia — is reopening Saturday after weathering the massive \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> that burned more than 132,000 acres, or about 206 square miles, in Monterey County near Big Sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center evacuated its summer guests and closed its doors on July 31, nine days after the wildfire broke out from an illegal campfire in Garrapata State Park. The Los Padres National Forest and Central Coast Incident Management Team announced Wednesday that the fire was \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/4888/34066/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent contained\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was about the fire,” said Tassajara’s director, Linda Galijan. “We were waiting and watching to see how would the fire go. Would they be able to hold it when it ran? And they did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galijan said after the center evacuated about 75 guests it had at the time, the remaining staff and Zen students “went into full-on \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201609021630/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire prep mode\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said several retired Los Padres National Forest firefighters helped the staff with their training and preparations. They were also in close contact with Cal Fire, the United States Forest Service and various fire crews throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galijan said working closely with the crews — especially those based at Tassajara — was one of the bright spots of the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really learned so much from each other,” she said. “We invited them to join us for meals, and we had so many wonderful conversations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those crews kept the flames from ever actually reaching Tassajara. The closest the fire came was 2 miles away, Galijan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time it would make a run in the direction of Tassajara, they would hold it off with air attacks using retardant and water drops until the weather changed,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be around 45 people practicing at Tassajara this fall. During this time, the center is closed to the public. “There will be no coming and going from the valley,” Galijan said. “Everyone will stay put. We will be very focused on traditional Zen monastic practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monastery is open to the public from April through September. During the fall and winter seasons, the center is available only for private monastic practice and work programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galijan said the summer of fire will have two lasting impacts. On the positive side, the center will be able to use the experience to create a manual for how to handle future fires that threaten the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a way of knowing, this is what we’re going for. This is what this should look like. This is how we should train,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the center lost months of its summer guest season to the blaze, and Galijan said it’s still unclear what the financial impact of that loss of tourist revenue will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the fourth major fire that has threatened Tassajara in the last five decades, including the 1977 Marble Cone, 1999 Kirk Complex and 2008 Basin Complex fires.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tassajara Zen Mountain Center — the oldest Buddhist monastery outside Asia — is reopening Saturday after weathering the massive \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/07/29/soberanes-fire-containment-update/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soberanes Fire\u003c/a> that burned more than 132,000 acres, or about 206 square miles, in Monterey County near Big Sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center evacuated its summer guests and closed its doors on July 31, nine days after the wildfire broke out from an illegal campfire in Garrapata State Park. The Los Padres National Forest and Central Coast Incident Management Team announced Wednesday that the fire was \u003ca href=\"http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/4888/34066/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">100 percent contained\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everything was about the fire,” said Tassajara’s director, Linda Galijan. “We were waiting and watching to see how would the fire go. Would they be able to hold it when it ran? And they did.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galijan said after the center evacuated about 75 guests it had at the time, the remaining staff and Zen students “went into full-on \u003ca href=\"http://audio.californiareport.org/archive/R201609021630/c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire prep mode\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said several retired Los Padres National Forest firefighters helped the staff with their training and preparations. They were also in close contact with Cal Fire, the United States Forest Service and various fire crews throughout the summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galijan said working closely with the crews — especially those based at Tassajara — was one of the bright spots of the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really learned so much from each other,” she said. “We invited them to join us for meals, and we had so many wonderful conversations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those crews kept the flames from ever actually reaching Tassajara. The closest the fire came was 2 miles away, Galijan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every time it would make a run in the direction of Tassajara, they would hold it off with air attacks using retardant and water drops until the weather changed,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There will be around 45 people practicing at Tassajara this fall. During this time, the center is closed to the public. “There will be no coming and going from the valley,” Galijan said. “Everyone will stay put. We will be very focused on traditional Zen monastic practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The monastery is open to the public from April through September. During the fall and winter seasons, the center is available only for private monastic practice and work programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galijan said the summer of fire will have two lasting impacts. On the positive side, the center will be able to use the experience to create a manual for how to handle future fires that threaten the center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a way of knowing, this is what we’re going for. This is what this should look like. This is how we should train,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, the center lost months of its summer guest season to the blaze, and Galijan said it’s still unclear what the financial impact of that loss of tourist revenue will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This was the fourth major fire that has threatened Tassajara in the last five decades, including the 1977 Marble Cone, 1999 Kirk Complex and 2008 Basin Complex fires.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
"californiareport": {
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
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"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"source": "NPR"
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
},
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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