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"content": "\u003cp>If you fear shark attacks, you’re not alone. Even though accidents involving toasters kill more people each year, there’s something unnerving about the thought of being in the water with a predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, November 24, a man spear fishing in Monterey Bay was \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/26/monterey-shark-bite-dad-tells-of-horrific-attack/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attacked by a shark\u003c/a> — probably a white shark. He’s expected to be OK. Each time a reported shark attack appears in the news, though, it can stoke panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take some comfort, then, in the knowledge that your \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/shark-attacks-are-so-unlikely-so-fascinating\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of a shark attack is low\u003c/a>, almost unbelievably low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the risk of shark attack has been in long-term decline. (We still advise due caution when in the water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Slim chance of shark attacks, according to California-focused study\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Scuba divers are 6,897 times more likely to be hospitalized for diving-related decompression sickness than for white shark bites.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean-goers are 1,817 times more likely to drown than die from a shark attack.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scuba divers have a 1-in-136 million chance of being bitten.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Surfers have a 1-in-17 million chance of being bitten\u003cstrong>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2015/07/08/shark-attack-risk-070815/\">Stanford News Service\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to a study out of Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station, shark attack risk on the California coast has dropped by more than 91 percent since 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/150109/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The study\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em>, weighted the number of reported attacks in the last 60 years in the state against the number of people using the ocean for swimming, diving, surfing and other sports. While the number of statewide attacks has remained relatively steady (about one per year on average in the ’50s to one-to-two per year now) the number of people in the ocean has ballooned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So right now your chances to have a shark interaction is much lower than it was in the ’50s,” says Francesco Ferretti, a shark researcher who studies the human impact on ocean health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best hypothesis for explaining this pattern, Ferretti says, is the amazing \u003ca href=\"https://blog.nature.org/science/2014/05/12/northern-elephant-seals-a-dramatic-conservation-success/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recovery of pinnipeds\u003c/a> — seals, sea lions, elephant seals — in California. These animals were basically hunted to extinction at the beginning of the last century, exploited for fur and fat. Their recovery began in the mid-20th century. “Now they are skyrocketing in many places around California,” Ferretti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti and co-researchers suspect that since seals tend to live in large groups in predictable areas — such as the Farallon Islands or Año Nuevo, north of Monterey Bay, white sharks know where to go to get a meal. It’s possible they’re not spending as much time roaming up and down the coastline as they once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predators, sharks play key roles in ocean ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sharks are kind of the police of the ocean,” says Ferretti. “They keep in balance things that [would] get out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/IMG_0047_preview-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Francesco Ferretti doing field research on shark abundance in Palau.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The presence of top predators helps ensure stability and balance in fish stocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it’s suspected that on the East Coast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unc.edu/news/archives/mar07/petersonshark032807.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing sharks contributed to the collapse of a scallop fishery\u003c/a> in North Carolina, because sharks kept the rays — which eat scallops — in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pqrQy13ZoYWZrWdKHgDHDqCL4NkqNPPc”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti’s data is practical too. He says learning about the ecology and movement of sharks can do much more to decrease the risk of shark attack than culling sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Risk of shark attacks is highest, he says, in the months of October and November in Northern California. For surfers, for example, risk can be reduced 25-fold by surfing in March instead, and by more than 1,600-fold by surfing in Southern California, between Los Angeles and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you fear shark attacks, you’re not alone. Even though accidents involving toasters kill more people each year, there’s something unnerving about the thought of being in the water with a predator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Friday, November 24, a man spear fishing in Monterey Bay was \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/11/26/monterey-shark-bite-dad-tells-of-horrific-attack/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">attacked by a shark\u003c/a> — probably a white shark. He’s expected to be OK. Each time a reported shark attack appears in the news, though, it can stoke panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take some comfort, then, in the knowledge that your \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/shark-attacks-are-so-unlikely-so-fascinating\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">risk of a shark attack is low\u003c/a>, almost unbelievably low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, the risk of shark attack has been in long-term decline. (We still advise due caution when in the water.)\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Slim chance of shark attacks, according to California-focused study\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Scuba divers are 6,897 times more likely to be hospitalized for diving-related decompression sickness than for white shark bites.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ocean-goers are 1,817 times more likely to drown than die from a shark attack.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Scuba divers have a 1-in-136 million chance of being bitten.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Surfers have a 1-in-17 million chance of being bitten\u003cstrong>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Source: \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2015/07/08/shark-attack-risk-070815/\">Stanford News Service\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to a study out of Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station, shark attack risk on the California coast has dropped by more than 91 percent since 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/150109/abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The study\u003c/a>, published in \u003cem>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/em>, weighted the number of reported attacks in the last 60 years in the state against the number of people using the ocean for swimming, diving, surfing and other sports. While the number of statewide attacks has remained relatively steady (about one per year on average in the ’50s to one-to-two per year now) the number of people in the ocean has ballooned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So right now your chances to have a shark interaction is much lower than it was in the ’50s,” says Francesco Ferretti, a shark researcher who studies the human impact on ocean health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best hypothesis for explaining this pattern, Ferretti says, is the amazing \u003ca href=\"https://blog.nature.org/science/2014/05/12/northern-elephant-seals-a-dramatic-conservation-success/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recovery of pinnipeds\u003c/a> — seals, sea lions, elephant seals — in California. These animals were basically hunted to extinction at the beginning of the last century, exploited for fur and fat. Their recovery began in the mid-20th century. “Now they are skyrocketing in many places around California,” Ferretti says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti and co-researchers suspect that since seals tend to live in large groups in predictable areas — such as the Farallon Islands or Año Nuevo, north of Monterey Bay, white sharks know where to go to get a meal. It’s possible they’re not spending as much time roaming up and down the coastline as they once did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As predators, sharks play key roles in ocean ecosystems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sharks are kind of the police of the ocean,” says Ferretti. “They keep in balance things that [would] get out of control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1918036\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1918036\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/IMG_0047_preview-800x533.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Francesco Ferretti doing field research on shark abundance in Palau.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The presence of top predators helps ensure stability and balance in fish stocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, it’s suspected that on the East Coast, \u003ca href=\"https://www.unc.edu/news/archives/mar07/petersonshark032807.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">killing sharks contributed to the collapse of a scallop fishery\u003c/a> in North Carolina, because sharks kept the rays — which eat scallops — in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti’s data is practical too. He says learning about the ecology and movement of sharks can do much more to decrease the risk of shark attack than culling sharks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Risk of shark attacks is highest, he says, in the months of October and November in Northern California. For surfers, for example, risk can be reduced 25-fold by surfing in March instead, and by more than 1,600-fold by surfing in Southern California, between Los Angeles and San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Researchers with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegozooglobal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Zoo Global\u003c/a> will soon deploy a custom drone to monitor the impact of changing sea ice patterns on polar bears in the Canadian Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six-rotor hexacopter platform manufactured by \u003ca href=\"https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-and-san-diego-zoo-global-bring-next-generation-autonomous-flight-technology-to-arctic-conservation\">Northrop Grumman\u003c/a> will give scientists a closer look at the bears in their habitat and help them collect important data. Previous studies depended on satellite imagery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are few studies of polar bears based on direct observation,\" said Nicholas Pilfold, a population sustainability scientist at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With the development of this autonomous system, we are hoping to gain a perspective into polar bear lives rarely seen before\" Pilfold said. \"This data will ultimately help inform conservation strategies for the species.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7yxk3zPGQg\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northrop Grumman helped develop the autonomous drone that's capable of operating in extreme cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We built them a custom, leading-edge sensor fusion suite which takes a whole variety of different sensors and puts them all together and operates them simultaneously at an extremely high resolution so they can study sea ice at a very fine scale and how it changes really rapidly,\" said Charlie Welch, research coordinator at Northrop Grumman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device is a modified commercial drone that is packed full of high-tech sensor equipment. Those delicate scientific instruments are wrapped up in protective shielding that keeps the cold out and keeps the equipment warm enough to allow its batteries to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gives scientists a tool they never had before as they study sea ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is like a multi-spectral sensor that gives us different light wavelengths, a thermal sensor that'll map out the heat gradients, a radar to help us map out the terrain in 3-D, all these things, all this data that can be collected simultaneously, at once. So we don't have to re-fly over the same area over and over again,\" said James Sheppard, a researcher for San Diego Zoo Global.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gghdXY9DfJs\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Putting all that information together helps researchers understand the habitat and how that affects the polar bears that live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone was tested last year in the Arctic by a team of Northrop Grumman engineers from Florida to see how the system performed in remote areas with extreme weather conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The autonomous system is expected to provide a more detailed, finer-scale view of sea ice habitat, and it offers the potential to observe polar bears without disturbing the animals or posing a risk to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next month's expedition, dubbed Operation #PolarEye, will operate from the Churchill Northern Studies Centre, located along the Hudson Bay coastline in Churchill, Manitoba and a remote research facility on the Knife Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission the team will livestream video to the ground station so they can operate a developmental polar bear recognition algorithm, which they hope will notify scientists when a polar bear is spotted to allow for easier monitoring on the ice.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers with \u003ca href=\"http://www.sandiegozooglobal.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Zoo Global\u003c/a> will soon deploy a custom drone to monitor the impact of changing sea ice patterns on polar bears in the Canadian Arctic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six-rotor hexacopter platform manufactured by \u003ca href=\"https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-and-san-diego-zoo-global-bring-next-generation-autonomous-flight-technology-to-arctic-conservation\">Northrop Grumman\u003c/a> will give scientists a closer look at the bears in their habitat and help them collect important data. Previous studies depended on satellite imagery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are few studies of polar bears based on direct observation,\" said Nicholas Pilfold, a population sustainability scientist at the San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With the development of this autonomous system, we are hoping to gain a perspective into polar bear lives rarely seen before\" Pilfold said. \"This data will ultimately help inform conservation strategies for the species.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/s7yxk3zPGQg'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/s7yxk3zPGQg'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northrop Grumman helped develop the autonomous drone that's capable of operating in extreme cold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We built them a custom, leading-edge sensor fusion suite which takes a whole variety of different sensors and puts them all together and operates them simultaneously at an extremely high resolution so they can study sea ice at a very fine scale and how it changes really rapidly,\" said Charlie Welch, research coordinator at Northrop Grumman.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device is a modified commercial drone that is packed full of high-tech sensor equipment. Those delicate scientific instruments are wrapped up in protective shielding that keeps the cold out and keeps the equipment warm enough to allow its batteries to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It gives scientists a tool they never had before as they study sea ice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is like a multi-spectral sensor that gives us different light wavelengths, a thermal sensor that'll map out the heat gradients, a radar to help us map out the terrain in 3-D, all these things, all this data that can be collected simultaneously, at once. So we don't have to re-fly over the same area over and over again,\" said James Sheppard, a researcher for San Diego Zoo Global.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/gghdXY9DfJs'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/gghdXY9DfJs'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Putting all that information together helps researchers understand the habitat and how that affects the polar bears that live there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drone was tested last year in the Arctic by a team of Northrop Grumman engineers from Florida to see how the system performed in remote areas with extreme weather conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The autonomous system is expected to provide a more detailed, finer-scale view of sea ice habitat, and it offers the potential to observe polar bears without disturbing the animals or posing a risk to humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next month's expedition, dubbed Operation #PolarEye, will operate from the Churchill Northern Studies Centre, located along the Hudson Bay coastline in Churchill, Manitoba and a remote research facility on the Knife Delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the mission the team will livestream video to the ground station so they can operate a developmental polar bear recognition algorithm, which they hope will notify scientists when a polar bear is spotted to allow for easier monitoring on the ice.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As winter approaches, and with it the rainy season, North Bay officials are concerned that hillsides scorched by wildfires could be vulnerable to mudslides and debris runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The danger is that we are anticipating a second disaster, which is flooding and horrible landslides,” said Sonoma County Supervisor James Gore, whose 4th District covers parts of the burned areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tubbs Fire, which burned 36,807 acres, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/Watershed_reports/20171115_TubbsWERT.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">according to Cal Fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, started in the upper Napa River watershed and reached watersheds that drain into the Russian River and Putah Creek. It burned through oak wood, chaparral, mixed hardwood forest and riparian flora, all the way from steep mountain ridges to the flatter city areas of Santa Rosa.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The danger is that we are anticipating a second disaster.\u003ccite>Sonoma County Supervisor James Gore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since then, the region has received enough rain that bits of green lawn are starting to sprout in front of destroyed houses and along street curbs, while some mountainsides are still scorched black with stick-figure trees. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “It’s shocking to see this place transform, but at the same time it still has that eerie feeling,” said Gore.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mudslides often happen after wildfires, because the brush that slows rain runoff has burned away and the soil can be less porous, making it harder for the land to soak up the rain. Prolonged heavy rain could cause this soil to fail and trigger a landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what officials are now hoping to prevent. If you drive through parts of Santa Rosa and Sonoma County, you’ll see efforts underway to prevent erosion and mudslides. There are sand bags and straw logs along the roads. In some places, the ground all the way to the top of the trees is covered in a minty green spray. It’s called hydroseeding and it’s meant to help plants regrow quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although debris flows can happen on any slope that is made up of weak or broken materials, the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106/pdf/FS-3106.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> U.S. Geological Survey reports\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the areas most at risk are those with sedimentary or metamorphic rock underneath a top layer where at least 65 percent of the land has been moderately to highly burned. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the wildfires, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed the burned areas in the North Bay to produce\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/postfire_debrisflow/index.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> maps that estimate the likelihood of a debris flow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> based on the soil, basin and rainfall characteristics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/postfire_debrisflow/detail.php?objectid=163\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the assessment map for the area burned by the Tubbs Fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, parts of the Riebli-Wallace neighborhood have a 20-60 percent likelihood of a debris flow after an intense rainstorm. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dennis Staley is a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey and helped produce the maps. He said mudslides can happen even with less intense rainstorms, if they occur over a long period of time. The landslides of the USGS models are based on very short duration with very high-intensity rainfalls, which produce debris flows that are like flash floods.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Q2ycLBaXKCusaWA4cOP4nAX8MoncwUdV”]\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They’re a lot more dangerous. They’re a lot more destructive,” Staley said. “Whereas the longer-duration storms may result in the shallow landslides that are a lot more of what people think of when they think of landslides and debris flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said the USGS did its first assessment after the October 2003 Grand Prix fire in the San Bernardino Mountains. On Christmas Day that year, a storm led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pe.com/2010/10/13/verdict-reached-in-2003-mudslide-deaths/\">a mudslide that killed 16 people at two campgrounds in San Bernardino County\u003c/a>. Rainfall in that storm was relatively moderate, about an inch of rain per hour, said Staley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That tragedy was a catalyst for the development of the tools and models that we use to predict debris flow hazards, as well as the post-fire debris flow early warning system,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/warningsys.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">USGS partners with the National Weather Service in Los Angeles and San Diego counties to provide early warnings\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to officials in those regions for the potential of landslides based on the basin models and rain forecasts. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Sonoma County, officials have advised residents to consider purchasing flood insurance and warned that there is a higher potential for mudslides and landslides.\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106/pdf/FS-3106.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> According to a USGS report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, debris flows could be triggered by heavy rainfall for up to two years after a fire. First, though, residents have to get through this winter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As winter approaches, and with it the rainy season, North Bay officials are concerned that hillsides scorched by wildfires could be vulnerable to mudslides and debris runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“The danger is that we are anticipating a second disaster, which is flooding and horrible landslides,” said Sonoma County Supervisor James Gore, whose 4th District covers parts of the burned areas. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tubbs Fire, which burned 36,807 acres, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/Watershed_reports/20171115_TubbsWERT.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">according to Cal Fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, started in the upper Napa River watershed and reached watersheds that drain into the Russian River and Putah Creek. It burned through oak wood, chaparral, mixed hardwood forest and riparian flora, all the way from steep mountain ridges to the flatter city areas of Santa Rosa.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">The danger is that we are anticipating a second disaster.\u003ccite>Sonoma County Supervisor James Gore\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since then, the region has received enough rain that bits of green lawn are starting to sprout in front of destroyed houses and along street curbs, while some mountainsides are still scorched black with stick-figure trees. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> “It’s shocking to see this place transform, but at the same time it still has that eerie feeling,” said Gore.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mudslides often happen after wildfires, because the brush that slows rain runoff has burned away and the soil can be less porous, making it harder for the land to soak up the rain. Prolonged heavy rain could cause this soil to fail and trigger a landslide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what officials are now hoping to prevent. If you drive through parts of Santa Rosa and Sonoma County, you’ll see efforts underway to prevent erosion and mudslides. There are sand bags and straw logs along the roads. In some places, the ground all the way to the top of the trees is covered in a minty green spray. It’s called hydroseeding and it’s meant to help plants regrow quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Although debris flows can happen on any slope that is made up of weak or broken materials, the\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106/pdf/FS-3106.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> U.S. Geological Survey reports\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> the areas most at risk are those with sedimentary or metamorphic rock underneath a top layer where at least 65 percent of the land has been moderately to highly burned. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the wildfires, the U.S. Geological Survey assessed the burned areas in the North Bay to produce\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/postfire_debrisflow/index.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> maps that estimate the likelihood of a debris flow\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> based on the soil, basin and rainfall characteristics. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/postfire_debrisflow/detail.php?objectid=163\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the assessment map for the area burned by the Tubbs Fire\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, parts of the Riebli-Wallace neighborhood have a 20-60 percent likelihood of a debris flow after an intense rainstorm. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Dennis Staley is a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey and helped produce the maps. He said mudslides can happen even with less intense rainstorms, if they occur over a long period of time. The landslides of the USGS models are based on very short duration with very high-intensity rainfalls, which produce debris flows that are like flash floods.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“They’re a lot more dangerous. They’re a lot more destructive,” Staley said. “Whereas the longer-duration storms may result in the shallow landslides that are a lot more of what people think of when they think of landslides and debris flows.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He said the USGS did its first assessment after the October 2003 Grand Prix fire in the San Bernardino Mountains. On Christmas Day that year, a storm led to \u003ca href=\"http://www.pe.com/2010/10/13/verdict-reached-in-2003-mudslide-deaths/\">a mudslide that killed 16 people at two campgrounds in San Bernardino County\u003c/a>. Rainfall in that storm was relatively moderate, about an inch of rain per hour, said Staley.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“That tragedy was a catalyst for the development of the tools and models that we use to predict debris flow hazards, as well as the post-fire debris flow early warning system,” he said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Now, the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://landslides.usgs.gov/hazards/warningsys.php\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">USGS partners with the National Weather Service in Los Angeles and San Diego counties to provide early warnings\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to officials in those regions for the potential of landslides based on the basin models and rain forecasts. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Sonoma County, officials have advised residents to consider purchasing flood insurance and warned that there is a higher potential for mudslides and landslides.\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3106/pdf/FS-3106.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> According to a USGS report\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, debris flows could be triggered by heavy rainfall for up to two years after a fire. First, though, residents have to get through this winter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>While most retailers head into a post-Thanksgiving shopping frenzy, many people in the Bay Area will \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/22/photos-bay-areas-best-hikes-chosen-by-you/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head for the hills\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The holiday shopping season traditionally begins on \"Black Friday\" and it's when we hear stories of stampedes at Walmart and urgent pleas to drop everything and go to the nearest mall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Outdoor retailer REI even worked with a San Francisco ad agency to create an \u003ca href=\"http://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/reis-anti-black-friday-campaign-optoutside-wins-titanium-grand-prix-cannes-172256/#/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">award-winning campaign\u003c/a> that capitalizes on the anti-Black Friday backlash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personally, I'm looking forward to a hike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Keystone XL pipeline, an $8 billion project that has attracted significant protest from environmental groups, has cleared a major regulatory hurdle on its path to completion. On Monday, the Nebraska Public Service Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.psc.nebraska.gov/natgas/Keystone/Orders/2017.11.20.Final%20Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">certified the pipeline\u003c/a> to run through the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission — “an elected panel of four Republicans and one Democrat,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/us/nebraska-pipeline-keystone-xl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the New York Times\u003c/a> — approved the project by a 3-2 vote Monday. Though they did so with some reservations: The regulators rejected TransCanada’s preferred route through the state, suggesting another one farther east that would avoid \u003ca href=\"https://visitnebraska.com/personal_trip/sandhills-journey-scenic-byway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state’s Sandhills region\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/news/nebraska/nebraska-public-service-commission-approves-keystone-xl-pipeline-route/article_58ad0982-cbe1-11e7-8db6-07270bf564b6.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Omaha World-Herald explains\u003c/a> how this might complicate matters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The alternative route selected by the PSC runs east of TransCanada’s preferred route and makes the pipeline cross parts of six counties not previously in the path of Keystone XL. So it would require the company to reach property easement agreements with a new group of landowners. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state’s OK does not mean the pipeline will be built. Opponents have promised to file lawsuits to challenge the project, and TransCanada has said it won’t decide until December if it has enough shippers to make the $8 billion project financially feasible.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the move marks something of a victory for the Trump administration and other Republicans, who have thrown their political muscle behind the proposed pipeline to transport crude oil between Canada and Texas’ Gulf Coast. They and other supporters of the pipeline argue that it will lower fuel prices and create jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the State Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/23/521305788/state-department-set-to-certify-keystone-xl-pipeline-is-in-national-interest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a presidential permit\u003c/a> for the pipeline’s construction, reversing an Obama-era decision that prevented the project from progressing due to environmental concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”XNmJjllN2cznVs6vZMLoqrLkUqBO4Hh8″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision Monday comes after years of regulatory review — and less than a week after TransCanada, the company behind the Keystone XL, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/16/564705368/keystone-pipeline-oil-spill-reported-in-south-dakota\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported a spill\u003c/a> of some 210,000 gallons of oil from another of its conduits near Amherst, South Dakota. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/16/564705368/keystone-pipeline-oil-spill-reported-in-south-dakota\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">As NPR’s Richard Gonzalez noted\u003c/a>, the spill — while it affected a different pipeline — did “nothing to enhance prospects for the XL Pipeline, which critics argue should not be allowed to operate” and which some landowners have been leery to see built near them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision Monday by no means spells the end of that controversy, which is expected to shift from the regulators’ meeting rooms to the courtroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2017/11/sierra-club-response-nebraska-psc-s-conditional-approval-keystone-xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a statement\u003c/a>, the Sierra Club called the commission’s vote merely a “conditional approval,” noting that the route it suggested was one that TransCanada had “claimed would be unworkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever the route, shipping more dirty tar sands through America’s heartland at the expense of our climate and communities remains unacceptable. Regardless of the Public Service Commission’s decision today, millions of people across the country will continue to speak out and demand that the Keystone XL project never gets built,” Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Club and our allies will continue to explore all legal options to fight back against this project and protect our water, our health, our communities, and our climate from Keystone XL,” he added. “Our movement defeated this pipeline once, and we will do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Keystone+XL+Pipeline+Gets+Regulators%27+OK+In+Nebraska%2C+Clearing+Key+Hurdle&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Keystone XL pipeline, an $8 billion project that has attracted significant protest from environmental groups, has cleared a major regulatory hurdle on its path to completion. On Monday, the Nebraska Public Service Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.psc.nebraska.gov/natgas/Keystone/Orders/2017.11.20.Final%20Order.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">certified the pipeline\u003c/a> to run through the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The commission — “an elected panel of four Republicans and one Democrat,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/20/us/nebraska-pipeline-keystone-xl.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the New York Times\u003c/a> — approved the project by a 3-2 vote Monday. Though they did so with some reservations: The regulators rejected TransCanada’s preferred route through the state, suggesting another one farther east that would avoid \u003ca href=\"https://visitnebraska.com/personal_trip/sandhills-journey-scenic-byway\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the state’s Sandhills region\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.omaha.com/news/nebraska/nebraska-public-service-commission-approves-keystone-xl-pipeline-route/article_58ad0982-cbe1-11e7-8db6-07270bf564b6.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Omaha World-Herald explains\u003c/a> how this might complicate matters:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The alternative route selected by the PSC runs east of TransCanada’s preferred route and makes the pipeline cross parts of six counties not previously in the path of Keystone XL. So it would require the company to reach property easement agreements with a new group of landowners. …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state’s OK does not mean the pipeline will be built. Opponents have promised to file lawsuits to challenge the project, and TransCanada has said it won’t decide until December if it has enough shippers to make the $8 billion project financially feasible.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, the move marks something of a victory for the Trump administration and other Republicans, who have thrown their political muscle behind the proposed pipeline to transport crude oil between Canada and Texas’ Gulf Coast. They and other supporters of the pipeline argue that it will lower fuel prices and create jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the State Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/03/23/521305788/state-department-set-to-certify-keystone-xl-pipeline-is-in-national-interest\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">issued a presidential permit\u003c/a> for the pipeline’s construction, reversing an Obama-era decision that prevented the project from progressing due to environmental concerns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision Monday comes after years of regulatory review — and less than a week after TransCanada, the company behind the Keystone XL, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/16/564705368/keystone-pipeline-oil-spill-reported-in-south-dakota\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported a spill\u003c/a> of some 210,000 gallons of oil from another of its conduits near Amherst, South Dakota. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/11/16/564705368/keystone-pipeline-oil-spill-reported-in-south-dakota\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">As NPR’s Richard Gonzalez noted\u003c/a>, the spill — while it affected a different pipeline — did “nothing to enhance prospects for the XL Pipeline, which critics argue should not be allowed to operate” and which some landowners have been leery to see built near them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision Monday by no means spells the end of that controversy, which is expected to shift from the regulators’ meeting rooms to the courtroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2017/11/sierra-club-response-nebraska-psc-s-conditional-approval-keystone-xl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In a statement\u003c/a>, the Sierra Club called the commission’s vote merely a “conditional approval,” noting that the route it suggested was one that TransCanada had “claimed would be unworkable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever the route, shipping more dirty tar sands through America’s heartland at the expense of our climate and communities remains unacceptable. Regardless of the Public Service Commission’s decision today, millions of people across the country will continue to speak out and demand that the Keystone XL project never gets built,” Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune said in the statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Sierra Club and our allies will continue to explore all legal options to fight back against this project and protect our water, our health, our communities, and our climate from Keystone XL,” he added. “Our movement defeated this pipeline once, and we will do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Keystone+XL+Pipeline+Gets+Regulators%27+OK+In+Nebraska%2C+Clearing+Key+Hurdle&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Silicon Valley Industry Polluted the Sylvan California Dream",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-a-heppler-342338\">Jason A. Heppler\u003c/a> is assistant professor of history at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-nebraska-omaha-1660\">University of Nebraska Omaha\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Labor Day 1956, a caravan of moving trucks wound their way into Santa Clara County, just south of San Francisco, carrying the possessions of 600 families and equipment for the missile and space labs of the Lockheed Corporation. One month later, Lockheed’s Sunnyvale campus opened for business. Many of the arriving families were relocating to Sunnyvale from the company’s facility in Burbank, in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draw included good jobs in the emerging businesses of electronics research and development, as well as manufacturing of semiconductors and other electronic components for machinery and computers. Affordable housing, a pastoral landscape and a pleasant environment proved very attractive for newcomers. Local boosters, corporate executives and new residents alike \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=KwvEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54&dq=Margaret+O%27Mara+environmental+contradictions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDxbPal7LXAhUS3YMKHbuvBiwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\">envisioned a modern future\u003c/a> in stark contrast with the declining dirty urban industrial model of the Northeast and Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of industrial work and manufacturing didn’t need smokestacks, large warehouses, or other markers of the industrial age. The Santa Clara Valley’s promise for leading Northern California into a bright economic future quickly brought the area the nickname “Silicon Valley.” But in the book I am writing, I note that if this convergence of natural surroundings, suburban homes and high-tech industrialization represented a facet of the California dream, it also betrayed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Bright Illusion of the Future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In addition to jobs in electronics and aerospace, the emerging suburbs of Silicon Valley promised newcomers a countryside experience. David Beers, whose father worked at the Sunnyvale Lockheed campus, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=bVMuLOrHoU8C&pg=PT50&dq=Beers+%22all-year+garden%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz7KDatP_WAhWB64MKHRy-BGgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Beers%20%22all-year%20garden%22&f=false\">remembered\u003c/a> the chamber of commerce brochures claiming an “all-year garden” and “the most beautiful valleys in the world.” Such advertisements were common, assuring home buyers “good living,” the “calm of the country” and “a beautiful walnut and cherry orchard” that “the builder is leaving … for your enjoyment.” The white-collar workers of high tech could make their homes in what appeared to be the countryside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”VIdNmdAj84Svw9BXpHXJ6f6voj4pYKMK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workplaces, too, were different, with manufacturing happening in places that didn’t look like the old industries of the East. The Stanford Industrial Park, founded in the early 1950s, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofpaloalto.org/civicax/filebank/documents/58349\">strict building guidelines\u003c/a> that made it look more like a suburban area than a manufacturing center. Crucially, 60 percent of each lot had to be preserved as open green space, and no smokestacks were allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone thought of smokestacks,” \u003ca href=\"https://purl.stanford.edu/dv559gn8984\">recalled Alf Brandin\u003c/a>, Stanford’s business manager in the 1940s and 1950s. “These new people who came out from the East and settled here thought, ‘Don’t change it. We just left all the smoke and all that junk. Don’t change this.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall feeling was of much more than just a good job and a nice place to live: a new world was opening, based on computing. Promising young engineers could come west, buy a home and work in the future of the nation’s industry. “There’s a sense of being pioneers here,” Mark Leslie, founder of Synapse Computers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">told a reporter\u003c/a> in 1982. “I view myself as the kind of guy who would have been living in Detroit in 1910. The future depends on high technology, and we are spearheading it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent college graduates and white-collar workers flocked to the valley to work at companies like Fairchild, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines and Lockheed. The county’s population \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea70.htm\">more than quadrupled\u003c/a> in 30 years, from 290,547 in 1950 to 1,265,200 in 1980. But the clean, gleaming future they imagined was already being tarnished.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fairchild Contamination\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Semiconductor manufacturing involves very carefully connecting microscopic electrical components to each other on large plates of silicon. Pieces of dust can block sensitive circuits, and the smallest scratches can render everything useless. So to clean the silicon wafers and the parts joined to them, manufacturers used \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=-L0ODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=semiconductor+chemical+solvents+cleaning+TCE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxra6JuP_WAhXE1IMKHUqAD6cQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=semiconductor%20chemical%20solvents%20cleaning%20TCE&f=false\">harsh chemical solvents\u003c/a> like \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce\">1,1,1 trichloroethane\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=291&tid=53\">xylene\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=77\">methanol\u003c/a>. These chemicals were stored on-site in containers designed to safely hold them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”1ztNgjHptbjViwOK9hqyctztdk6xB0mK”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in December 1981, construction workers discovered a leaking chemical solvents tank at Fairchild Semiconductor’s southern San Jose facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cancer-causing chemical, TCE, had found its way into \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">nearby drinking-water wells\u003c/a>. The water company promptly shut off pumping water from those wells. A month later, the San Jose Mercury News broke the story of the chemical leak. TCE accumulated in wells at nearly 20 times the permissible limit established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Over the course of two years, \u003ca href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9100976C.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986%20Thru%201990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C86THRU90%5CTXT%5C00000020%5C9100976C.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=4\">more than 60,000 gallons\u003c/a> of toxic chemicals had leaked from the tank, spreading underground more than half a mile into the surrounding neighborhood of Los Paseos.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Neighbors Speak Up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the residents of the Los Paseos neighborhood, just across the street from Fairchild, the news of the chemical leak suddenly explained the stories of birth defects among their neighbors. \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">Lorraine Ross\u003c/a>, whose daughter had her first open-heart surgery at nine months old, couldn’t help but wonder if the four birth defects, two miscarriages and one stillbirth of Los Paseos in the past two years were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">connected to water contamination\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She organized others in the neighborhood to ask questions, eventually partnering with a young lawyer, Ted Smith, who founded a new advocacy organization called the \u003ca href=\"http://svtc.org/\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition\u003c/a>. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition was designed to advocate for neighborhoods, helping draft new county and city ordinances related to the storage, transportation and disposal of chemicals and gases in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11630865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11630865\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-960x574.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-375x224.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-520x311.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition flyer \u003ccite>(\u003ca class=\"source\" href=\"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2b69r7hf/\">Folder 3, Box 11, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Papers, San Jose State University\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>News of the Fairchild leak captured the attention of the Bay Area. The presence of these chemicals and synthetics were a revelation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no doubt in my mind that this was a clean industry,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">remarked\u003c/a> San Jose Mayor Janet Gray Hayes. Lorraine Ross echoed this sentiment, telling a reporter that “we thought we were living with a clean industry.” But it wasn’t true.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Widespread Pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fairchild wasn’t alone in leaking pollution into the vibrant environment and thriving communities around its industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”5wUjDuF9sZhdXXbosaSakSb3TfaQyPOj”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1992, one study found that \u003ca href=\"https://nyupress.org/books/9780814767092/\">57 private and 47 public drinking wells\u003c/a> were contaminated. Santa Clara County authorities determined that 65 of the 79 companies they investigated had contaminated the soil beneath their facilities. Several companies were forced to pay several million dollars for the cleanup of polluted sites, as well as install new monitoring equipment to prevent leaks for occurring again. Fairchild Semiconductor and other companies in the Los Paseos area found to have contaminated the water agreed to pay a multi-million-dollar settlement to 530 residents in southern San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eventually \u003ca href=\"http://dissertation.jasonheppler.org/visualizations/companies/\">determined 29 polluted sites were eligible for Superfund\u003c/a> cleanup money over the course of the 1980s — 24 of which resulted from high-tech industries. Under \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund\">Superfund\u003c/a>, polluted sites that particularly threaten wildlife or human health become eligible for federal funding to help clean up hazardous and contaminated sites. By the end of the ’80s, Santa Clara County had \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1017181/silicon-valley-pollution-there-are-more-superfund-sites-in-santa-clara-than-any-other-us-county/\">more Superfund sites\u003c/a> than any other county in the United States. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live\">Twenty-three of the sites\u003c/a> remain in remediation today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/85810/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">By accident and by neglect, the promise of clean industrialization proved elusive. Thousands of people migrated to the Santa Clara Valley hoping to take part in the remarkable convergence of affordable housing and new jobs. And while smokestacks were absent from electronics manufacturing, the presence of highly toxic chemicals – trichloroethane and chlorinated solvents – shattered the illusion behind the tech industry’s green image. The industry permanently altered the land and human bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>, a publication that features academics writing about their research and ideas for the public. KQED and The Conversation are partners in the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Dream\u003c/a> project, a collaboration looking at the Golden State’s promise, whether we are achieving it, and the future of California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11660142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-800x219.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-160x44.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1020x280.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-1180x324.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-960x263.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-240x66.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-375x103.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner-520x143.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/04/CADreamBanner.jpg 1867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-a-heppler-342338\">Jason A. Heppler\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>University of Nebraska Omaha for \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com\">The Conversation\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/jason-a-heppler-342338\">Jason A. Heppler\u003c/a> is assistant professor of history at the \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-nebraska-omaha-1660\">University of Nebraska Omaha\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Labor Day 1956, a caravan of moving trucks wound their way into Santa Clara County, just south of San Francisco, carrying the possessions of 600 families and equipment for the missile and space labs of the Lockheed Corporation. One month later, Lockheed’s Sunnyvale campus opened for business. Many of the arriving families were relocating to Sunnyvale from the company’s facility in Burbank, in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draw included good jobs in the emerging businesses of electronics research and development, as well as manufacturing of semiconductors and other electronic components for machinery and computers. Affordable housing, a pastoral landscape and a pleasant environment proved very attractive for newcomers. Local boosters, corporate executives and new residents alike \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=KwvEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT54&dq=Margaret+O%27Mara+environmental+contradictions&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDxbPal7LXAhUS3YMKHbuvBiwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q&f=false\">envisioned a modern future\u003c/a> in stark contrast with the declining dirty urban industrial model of the Northeast and Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This type of industrial work and manufacturing didn’t need smokestacks, large warehouses, or other markers of the industrial age. The Santa Clara Valley’s promise for leading Northern California into a bright economic future quickly brought the area the nickname “Silicon Valley.” But in the book I am writing, I note that if this convergence of natural surroundings, suburban homes and high-tech industrialization represented a facet of the California dream, it also betrayed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Bright Illusion of the Future\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In addition to jobs in electronics and aerospace, the emerging suburbs of Silicon Valley promised newcomers a countryside experience. David Beers, whose father worked at the Sunnyvale Lockheed campus, \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=bVMuLOrHoU8C&pg=PT50&dq=Beers+%22all-year+garden%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz7KDatP_WAhWB64MKHRy-BGgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Beers%20%22all-year%20garden%22&f=false\">remembered\u003c/a> the chamber of commerce brochures claiming an “all-year garden” and “the most beautiful valleys in the world.” Such advertisements were common, assuring home buyers “good living,” the “calm of the country” and “a beautiful walnut and cherry orchard” that “the builder is leaving … for your enjoyment.” The white-collar workers of high tech could make their homes in what appeared to be the countryside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Workplaces, too, were different, with manufacturing happening in places that didn’t look like the old industries of the East. The Stanford Industrial Park, founded in the early 1950s, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.cityofpaloalto.org/civicax/filebank/documents/58349\">strict building guidelines\u003c/a> that made it look more like a suburban area than a manufacturing center. Crucially, 60 percent of each lot had to be preserved as open green space, and no smokestacks were allowed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone thought of smokestacks,” \u003ca href=\"https://purl.stanford.edu/dv559gn8984\">recalled Alf Brandin\u003c/a>, Stanford’s business manager in the 1940s and 1950s. “These new people who came out from the East and settled here thought, ‘Don’t change it. We just left all the smoke and all that junk. Don’t change this.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The overall feeling was of much more than just a good job and a nice place to live: a new world was opening, based on computing. Promising young engineers could come west, buy a home and work in the future of the nation’s industry. “There’s a sense of being pioneers here,” Mark Leslie, founder of Synapse Computers, \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">told a reporter\u003c/a> in 1982. “I view myself as the kind of guy who would have been living in Detroit in 1910. The future depends on high technology, and we are spearheading it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recent college graduates and white-collar workers flocked to the valley to work at companies like Fairchild, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, International Business Machines and Lockheed. The county’s population \u003ca href=\"http://www.bayareacensus.ca.gov/bayarea70.htm\">more than quadrupled\u003c/a> in 30 years, from 290,547 in 1950 to 1,265,200 in 1980. But the clean, gleaming future they imagined was already being tarnished.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Fairchild Contamination\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Semiconductor manufacturing involves very carefully connecting microscopic electrical components to each other on large plates of silicon. Pieces of dust can block sensitive circuits, and the smallest scratches can render everything useless. So to clean the silicon wafers and the parts joined to them, manufacturers used \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=-L0ODAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185&dq=semiconductor+chemical+solvents+cleaning+TCE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxra6JuP_WAhXE1IMKHUqAD6cQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=semiconductor%20chemical%20solvents%20cleaning%20TCE&f=false\">harsh chemical solvents\u003c/a> like \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-trichloroethylene-tce\">1,1,1 trichloroethane\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mmg/mmg.asp?id=291&tid=53\">xylene\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=77\">methanol\u003c/a>. These chemicals were stored on-site in containers designed to safely hold them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in December 1981, construction workers discovered a leaking chemical solvents tank at Fairchild Semiconductor’s southern San Jose facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A cancer-causing chemical, TCE, had found its way into \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">nearby drinking-water wells\u003c/a>. The water company promptly shut off pumping water from those wells. A month later, the San Jose Mercury News broke the story of the chemical leak. TCE accumulated in wells at nearly 20 times the permissible limit established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Over the course of two years, \u003ca href=\"https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/9100976C.txt?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1986%20Thru%201990&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&UseQField=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C86THRU90%5CTXT%5C00000020%5C9100976C.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=4\">more than 60,000 gallons\u003c/a> of toxic chemicals had leaked from the tank, spreading underground more than half a mile into the surrounding neighborhood of Los Paseos.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Neighbors Speak Up\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For the residents of the Los Paseos neighborhood, just across the street from Fairchild, the news of the chemical leak suddenly explained the stories of birth defects among their neighbors. \u003ca href=\"https://www.inc.com/magazine/19820901/3259.html\">Lorraine Ross\u003c/a>, whose daughter had her first open-heart surgery at nine months old, couldn’t help but wonder if the four birth defects, two miscarriages and one stillbirth of Los Paseos in the past two years were \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">connected to water contamination\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She organized others in the neighborhood to ask questions, eventually partnering with a young lawyer, Ted Smith, who founded a new advocacy organization called the \u003ca href=\"http://svtc.org/\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition\u003c/a>. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition was designed to advocate for neighborhoods, helping draft new county and city ordinances related to the storage, transportation and disposal of chemicals and gases in Santa Clara County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11630865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11630865\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-800x478.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-160x96.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-960x574.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-240x144.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-375x224.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d-520x311.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/valley-toxics-file-20171018-32348-9u7c5d.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition flyer \u003ccite>(\u003ca class=\"source\" href=\"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2b69r7hf/\">Folder 3, Box 11, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Papers, San Jose State University\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>News of the Fairchild leak captured the attention of the Bay Area. The presence of these chemicals and synthetics were a revelation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was no doubt in my mind that this was a clean industry,” \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/us/leaking-chemicals-in-california-s-silicon-valley-alarm-neighbors.html\">remarked\u003c/a> San Jose Mayor Janet Gray Hayes. Lorraine Ross echoed this sentiment, telling a reporter that “we thought we were living with a clean industry.” But it wasn’t true.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Widespread Pollution\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fairchild wasn’t alone in leaking pollution into the vibrant environment and thriving communities around its industrial sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1992, one study found that \u003ca href=\"https://nyupress.org/books/9780814767092/\">57 private and 47 public drinking wells\u003c/a> were contaminated. Santa Clara County authorities determined that 65 of the 79 companies they investigated had contaminated the soil beneath their facilities. Several companies were forced to pay several million dollars for the cleanup of polluted sites, as well as install new monitoring equipment to prevent leaks for occurring again. Fairchild Semiconductor and other companies in the Los Paseos area found to have contaminated the water agreed to pay a multi-million-dollar settlement to 530 residents in southern San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency eventually \u003ca href=\"http://dissertation.jasonheppler.org/visualizations/companies/\">determined 29 polluted sites were eligible for Superfund\u003c/a> cleanup money over the course of the 1980s — 24 of which resulted from high-tech industries. Under \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund\">Superfund\u003c/a>, polluted sites that particularly threaten wildlife or human health become eligible for federal funding to help clean up hazardous and contaminated sites. By the end of the ’80s, Santa Clara County had \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1017181/silicon-valley-pollution-there-are-more-superfund-sites-in-santa-clara-than-any-other-us-county/\">more Superfund sites\u003c/a> than any other county in the United States. \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/superfund/search-superfund-sites-where-you-live\">Twenty-three of the sites\u003c/a> remain in remediation today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/85810/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\">By accident and by neglect, the promise of clean industrialization proved elusive. Thousands of people migrated to the Santa Clara Valley hoping to take part in the remarkable convergence of affordable housing and new jobs. And while smokestacks were absent from electronics manufacturing, the presence of highly toxic chemicals – trichloroethane and chlorinated solvents – shattered the illusion behind the tech industry’s green image. The industry permanently altered the land and human bodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article originally appeared in \u003ca href=\"http://theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Conversation\u003c/a>, a publication that features academics writing about their research and ideas for the public. KQED and The Conversation are partners in the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Dream\u003c/a> project, a collaboration looking at the Golden State’s promise, whether we are achieving it, and the future of California.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/series/californiadream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The California Dream series\u003c/a> is a statewide media collaboration of CALmatters, KPBS, KPCC, KQED and Capital Public Radio with support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the James Irvine Foundation and the College Futures Foundation.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Lions and Grizzlies and Elk, Oh My!",
"title": "Lions and Grizzlies and Elk, Oh My!",
"headTitle": "Mark Fiore: Drawn to the Bay | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The mountain lion \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/11/mountain-lion-in-san-francisco-neighborhood-tranquilized/\">traipsing around San Francisco last week \u003c/a>made me curious about other animals that used to live right here where people, buildings and cars now compete for space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm thrilled that a creature as magnificent as a mountain lion apparently snuck around the mansions of Seacliff and the hills of Pacific Heights. Chances are, it was the same mountain lion that was later tranquilized and captured in the Diamond Heights neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631859\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-800x754.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain Lion by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-160x151.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-240x226.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-375x353.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-520x490.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge grizzly bears used to roam around San Francisco and much of California, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_California\">hence the flag\u003c/a>. A gigantic bear might not be able to hide out as well as a mountain lion if one turned up in the city today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly Bear by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-800x763.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-160x153.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-960x916.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-240x229.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-375x358.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-520x496.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did grizzly bears live in San Francisco? Because of the incredible dining options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The habitat here and all around the bay was perfect for salmon, so when you're in the Mission think about all those \u003ca href=\"http://explore.museumca.org/creeks/1640-RescMission.html\">rich salmon waters underfoot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-800x545.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-960x654.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-520x354.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the grizzlies were gorging themselves on salmon, mountain lions probably enjoyed the occasional tule elk. Herds of elk foraged in the city and all around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One historic account from an 1898 issue of \"Forest & Stream\" tells of a ship captain having to lower his sails because there were \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=EkkhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=animals+that+lived+in+san+francisco+grizzly+elk+salmon+mountain+lion&source=bl&ots=pNCoCVkHYa&sig=qPotCcXVhNFUteq3_pt2J3SypLI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyn8m0oLzXAhUR62MKHYBTBaQ4ChDoAQhPMAk#v=onepage&q=animals%20that%20lived%20in%20san%20francisco%20grizzly%20elk%20salmon%20mountain%20lion&f=false\">so many elk \u003c/a>swimming across part of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, though, they were probably just munching on grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"Tule Elk by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-800x647.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-160x129.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-960x777.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-240x194.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-375x303.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-520x421.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear about urban coyotes or mountain lions in our midst, I like to think of all the wildlife that used to live in San Francisco and around the bay. This place was teeming with wildlife, these cartoons just barely scratch the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An archival account of \u003ca href=\"http://downloads.ice.ucdavis.edu/sfestuary/skinner/archive1008.PDF\">hunting and trapping in the Bay Area \u003c/a>gives a small window into how people used to deal with local wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/12/28/143857342/60-years-after-leaving-porpoises-again-play-in-sf-bay\">returned to the bay\u003c/a> and grey whales have made a comeback, but let's hope salmon don't go the way of the California grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So keep your eyes peeled for the animals of San Francisco, past and present.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The mountain lion \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/11/mountain-lion-in-san-francisco-neighborhood-tranquilized/\">traipsing around San Francisco last week \u003c/a>made me curious about other animals that used to live right here where people, buildings and cars now compete for space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I'm thrilled that a creature as magnificent as a mountain lion apparently snuck around the mansions of Seacliff and the hills of Pacific Heights. Chances are, it was the same mountain lion that was later tranquilized and captured in the Diamond Heights neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631859\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-800x754.jpg\" alt=\"Mountain Lion by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"754\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-160x151.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-240x226.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-375x353.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/mountainlion002-520x490.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huge grizzly bears used to roam around San Francisco and much of California, \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_California\">hence the flag\u003c/a>. A gigantic bear might not be able to hide out as well as a mountain lion if one turned up in the city today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631872\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-800x763.jpg\" alt=\"Grizzly Bear by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"763\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-800x763.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-160x153.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-960x916.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-240x229.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-375x358.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-520x496.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/grizzly002.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did grizzly bears live in San Francisco? Because of the incredible dining options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The habitat here and all around the bay was perfect for salmon, so when you're in the Mission think about all those \u003ca href=\"http://explore.museumca.org/creeks/1640-RescMission.html\">rich salmon waters underfoot\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631883\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-800x545.jpg\" alt=\"Salmon by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"545\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-800x545.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-1020x695.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-1180x804.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-960x654.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-240x164.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-375x256.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002-520x354.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/salmon002.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the grizzlies were gorging themselves on salmon, mountain lions probably enjoyed the occasional tule elk. Herds of elk foraged in the city and all around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One historic account from an 1898 issue of \"Forest & Stream\" tells of a ship captain having to lower his sails because there were \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=EkkhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=animals+that+lived+in+san+francisco+grizzly+elk+salmon+mountain+lion&source=bl&ots=pNCoCVkHYa&sig=qPotCcXVhNFUteq3_pt2J3SypLI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjyn8m0oLzXAhUR62MKHYBTBaQ4ChDoAQhPMAk#v=onepage&q=animals%20that%20lived%20in%20san%20francisco%20grizzly%20elk%20salmon%20mountain%20lion&f=false\">so many elk \u003c/a>swimming across part of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the time, though, they were probably just munching on grass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11631906\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-800x647.jpg\" alt=\"Tule Elk by Mark Fiore\" width=\"800\" height=\"647\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-800x647.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-160x129.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-960x777.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-240x194.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-375x303.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002-520x421.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/11/elk002.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear about urban coyotes or mountain lions in our midst, I like to think of all the wildlife that used to live in San Francisco and around the bay. This place was teeming with wildlife, these cartoons just barely scratch the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An archival account of \u003ca href=\"http://downloads.ice.ucdavis.edu/sfestuary/skinner/archive1008.PDF\">hunting and trapping in the Bay Area \u003c/a>gives a small window into how people used to deal with local wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some animals have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2011/12/28/143857342/60-years-after-leaving-porpoises-again-play-in-sf-bay\">returned to the bay\u003c/a> and grey whales have made a comeback, but let's hope salmon don't go the way of the California grizzly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So keep your eyes peeled for the animals of San Francisco, past and present.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Keystone Pipeline Oil Spill Reported In South Dakota",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 8 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TransCanada, the company that owns and operates the Keystone Pipeline, says that an estimated 210,000 gallons, or 5,000 barrels, of oil have spilled near the small town of Amherst, S.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the leak is under investigation, according to the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.transcanada.com/en/announcements/2017-11-16transcanada-responds-to-oil-leak-in-amherst-south-dakota/\">website\u003c/a>. TransCanada crews detected a drop in pressure at about 6 a.m. CT Thursday morning and shut down the pipeline, which runs from Hardesty, Alberta, to Cushing, Okla., and Wood River/Patoka, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amherst is about 200 miles north of Sioux Falls, S.D., and about 25 miles from the state’s border with North Dakota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conduit is not the controversial and long-delayed Keystone XL Pipeline that TransCanada is still shepherding through the approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as NPR’s Jeff Brady reports, the spill comes at a sensitive time for TransCanada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“Regulators in the neighboring state of Nebraska are expected to announce a decision on the company’s proposed Keystone XL pipeline next week. The project and its route through Nebraska have been controversial. Some landowners are concerned about how an oil spill might harm their property and water supplies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The spill does nothing to enhance prospects for the XL Pipeline, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/08/11/542752986/nebraska-can-still-keep-the-keystone-xl-pipeline-from-being-built\">critics\u003c/a> argue should not be allowed to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TransCanada cannot be trusted,” said Jane Kleeb, head of the Nebraska Democratic Party and a longtime activist opposed to Keystone XL, as quoted by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/11/16/keystone-pipeline-spills-210000-gallons-of-oil-on-eve-of-key-permitting-decision/?utm_term=.225ffa0eaaa9\">Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have full confidence that the Nebraska Public Service Commission is going to side with Nebraskans, not a foreign oil company,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Walsh, an environmental scientist manager at the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, said the company was aware of the spill at about 5:30 a.m. CT. But his agency wasn’t alerted until about 10:30 a.m. CT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a time lag there and I expect that that will be some of the questions we need to answer over the coming months,” he told Jeff. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/TransCanada/status/931302782199615489\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its statement, TransCanada said, “The section of pipe along a right-of-way approximately 35 miles (56 kilometres) south of the Ludden pump station in Marshall County, South Dakota was completely isolated with 15 minutes and emergency procedures were activated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill occurred about 3 miles southeast of Amherst on private land, which Walsh described as a “flat, grassy area for grazing.” The company \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TransCanada/status/931302782199615489\">tweeted a picture\u003c/a> of the site late Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says that it is providing state and federal regulators “with accurate and confirmed information on an ongoing basis.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Keystone+Pipeline+Oil+Spill+Reported+In+South+Dakota&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 8 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TransCanada, the company that owns and operates the Keystone Pipeline, says that an estimated 210,000 gallons, or 5,000 barrels, of oil have spilled near the small town of Amherst, S.D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the leak is under investigation, according to the company’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.transcanada.com/en/announcements/2017-11-16transcanada-responds-to-oil-leak-in-amherst-south-dakota/\">website\u003c/a>. TransCanada crews detected a drop in pressure at about 6 a.m. CT Thursday morning and shut down the pipeline, which runs from Hardesty, Alberta, to Cushing, Okla., and Wood River/Patoka, Ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amherst is about 200 miles north of Sioux Falls, S.D., and about 25 miles from the state’s border with North Dakota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conduit is not the controversial and long-delayed Keystone XL Pipeline that TransCanada is still shepherding through the approval process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as NPR’s Jeff Brady reports, the spill comes at a sensitive time for TransCanada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>“Regulators in the neighboring state of Nebraska are expected to announce a decision on the company’s proposed Keystone XL pipeline next week. The project and its route through Nebraska have been controversial. Some landowners are concerned about how an oil spill might harm their property and water supplies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The spill does nothing to enhance prospects for the XL Pipeline, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/08/11/542752986/nebraska-can-still-keep-the-keystone-xl-pipeline-from-being-built\">critics\u003c/a> argue should not be allowed to operate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“TransCanada cannot be trusted,” said Jane Kleeb, head of the Nebraska Democratic Party and a longtime activist opposed to Keystone XL, as quoted by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/11/16/keystone-pipeline-spills-210000-gallons-of-oil-on-eve-of-key-permitting-decision/?utm_term=.225ffa0eaaa9\">Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have full confidence that the Nebraska Public Service Commission is going to side with Nebraskans, not a foreign oil company,” she added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brian Walsh, an environmental scientist manager at the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, said the company was aware of the spill at about 5:30 a.m. CT. But his agency wasn’t alerted until about 10:30 a.m. CT.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There is a time lag there and I expect that that will be some of the questions we need to answer over the coming months,” he told Jeff. \u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>In its statement, TransCanada said, “The section of pipe along a right-of-way approximately 35 miles (56 kilometres) south of the Ludden pump station in Marshall County, South Dakota was completely isolated with 15 minutes and emergency procedures were activated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spill occurred about 3 miles southeast of Amherst on private land, which Walsh described as a “flat, grassy area for grazing.” The company \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/TransCanada/status/931302782199615489\">tweeted a picture\u003c/a> of the site late Thursday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says that it is providing state and federal regulators “with accurate and confirmed information on an ongoing basis.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Keystone+Pipeline+Oil+Spill+Reported+In+South+Dakota&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Oakland’s Black Weed Entrepreneurs, It’s Not a Level Playing Field",
"title": "For Oakland’s Black Weed Entrepreneurs, It’s Not a Level Playing Field",
"headTitle": "News Fix | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Linda Grant has lived in East Oakland most of her life. In the early 1980s, she went to Elmhurst Middle School (now Elmhurst Community Prep) on 98th Avenue and Cherry Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We stayed on the football field all day selling weed to one another,\" says Grant. \"Selling dollar joints, $5 bags of weed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant is 48 years old now. She's a mother of six and a grandmother of two. And she's still operating in the underground weed economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it's inevitable that she has had some run-ins with the Oakland Police Department, like in 1994 when she was in front of Lockwood Gardens Village, a housing project on 65th Avenue in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just remember, like, they saying, 'Yeah, you going to jail for a long time for this weed,' \" says Grant. \"The police officer was like, 'You can kiss your kids goodbye, you are going to jail for such a long time. You aren't going to see sunlight again.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2017/11/PerryOaklandWeedIncubator.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/PotPlants-1920x1280.jpg\" Title=\"For Oakland’s Black Weed Entrepreneurs, It’s Not a Level Playing Field\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being black and getting arrested for cannabis isn't uncommon in Oakland. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://beta.oaklandca.gov/documents/equity-analysis-and-proposed-medical-cannabis-ordinance-amendments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">77 percent\u003c/a> of those arrested for cannabis-related crimes were black, although just one-third of the city's population was black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Certain communities have been policed for the same activities because we know that white people use drugs and sell drugs at approximately the same rate that black and brown people do, but they don't get jailed at the same rate,\" says Darlene Flynn of Oakland's Department of Race and Equity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now the city is trying to right that wrong through the\u003ca href=\"https://beta.oaklandca.gov/news/2017/city-of-oakland-releases-medical-cannabis-permit-applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Equity Cannabis Permit Program,\u003c/a> which started in May. Through the program, the city will give permits to weed entrepreneurs who want to enter Oakland's legal weed economy when it becomes legal to sell recreational cannabis in California next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it will give priority to people who have been arrested and convicted for cannabis within city limits after Nov. 5, 1996. (This is the date when medical marijuana became legalized in California.) It will also give priority to those who, like Grant, have lived in neighborhoods with the highest number of marijuana-related arrests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flynn says the city is trying to counteract another inequity. While East and West Oakland have been disproportionately policed for weed, other neighborhoods have benefited from the city's embrace of medical marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Literally those neighborhoods are in another geographic part of the city where we have a concentration of people who are not people of color,\" says Flynn. She says in those neighborhoods, such as downtown Oakland, universities like Oaksterdam and marijuana workshops have been allowed to run openly without any repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But moving from the underground to the legal market may not be easy for Oakland's equity applicants. More than 100 qualified people have started the application process. But the city says it has yet to issue any permits, in part because there are a lot of loopholes to jump through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"svpaT4nTwtKyFnhm8fTAL5pZSPnVt9Jx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant says she still needs to get a business license, lease a legitimate workspace and show that her income is low enough to qualify. Applicants must make less than $53,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They want tax returns and stuff like that. I don't have no receipts from selling weed. I haven’t worked legally,\" says Grant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Anthony is a local medical cannabis lawyer. He says that it's hard for people with little money to start any kind of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They have no money, they have no access to land, they don’t have commercial property and they don’t have startup capital,\" says Anthony. \"It’s a very, very difficult task, and I’m not sure how the city is going to solve all those problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Grant is determined to make her dream come true. She wants to become the first black woman to own a dispensary in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think my experience and my background makes me eligible to own a dispensary because I have been in the cannabis club businesses,\" says Grant. \"Illegal or not illegal, I still know what to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Hood Incubator Trains Aspiring Weed CEOs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of other people of color, without capital and traditional business skills, who are looking to cash in on Oakland's potential legal weed boom. Aanya Gamble Hill is a 67-year-old grandmother. She wants to get her cannabis delivery service off the ground, but she has never started a business before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she took a four-month basic business program through \u003ca href=\"http://www.hoodincubator.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Hood Incubator, \u003c/a>an Oakland nonprofit that trains people of color how to enter the legal pot industry. It's similar to the world of tech startups, where future founders learn to network, build pitches and meet investors in an accelerated period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ebele Ifedigbo is one of the three co-founders of the Hood Incubator and a Yale MBA grad. Ifedigbo says, \"The Hood Incubator gives people that access to training, education, that access to capital and access to information that are traditional barriers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all types of businesses, black entrepreneurs are less likely to have access to cash and credit, so that means they have an even harder time starting up and succeeding in the legal weed industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, fewer than \u003ca href=\"https://mjbizdaily.com/chart-19-cannabis-businesses-owned-founded-racial-minorities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5 percent of owners or founders are black\u003c/a>. That’s according to a survey of readers of the publication Marijuana Business Daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ifedigbo believes the future will look different, even if people like Hill and Grant don’t get their ideas off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their businesses may not be operating one, two or five years down the line,\" says Idefigbo. \"But they’ve come away with an experience, a skill set and a run-through about what it means to be an entrepreneur.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill still needs an investor to get her business up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I need all this money to apply for the permit and then money for security. Money for a location,\" she adds. \"So it’s all about money.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that rings true for any new business, whether it's pot or not.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Linda Grant has lived in East Oakland most of her life. In the early 1980s, she went to Elmhurst Middle School (now Elmhurst Community Prep) on 98th Avenue and Cherry Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We stayed on the football field all day selling weed to one another,\" says Grant. \"Selling dollar joints, $5 bags of weed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant is 48 years old now. She's a mother of six and a grandmother of two. And she's still operating in the underground weed economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it's inevitable that she has had some run-ins with the Oakland Police Department, like in 1994 when she was in front of Lockwood Gardens Village, a housing project on 65th Avenue in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just remember, like, they saying, 'Yeah, you going to jail for a long time for this weed,' \" says Grant. \"The police officer was like, 'You can kiss your kids goodbye, you are going to jail for such a long time. You aren't going to see sunlight again.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being black and getting arrested for cannabis isn't uncommon in Oakland. In 2015, \u003ca href=\"https://beta.oaklandca.gov/documents/equity-analysis-and-proposed-medical-cannabis-ordinance-amendments\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">77 percent\u003c/a> of those arrested for cannabis-related crimes were black, although just one-third of the city's population was black.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Certain communities have been policed for the same activities because we know that white people use drugs and sell drugs at approximately the same rate that black and brown people do, but they don't get jailed at the same rate,\" says Darlene Flynn of Oakland's Department of Race and Equity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So now the city is trying to right that wrong through the\u003ca href=\"https://beta.oaklandca.gov/news/2017/city-of-oakland-releases-medical-cannabis-permit-applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Equity Cannabis Permit Program,\u003c/a> which started in May. Through the program, the city will give permits to weed entrepreneurs who want to enter Oakland's legal weed economy when it becomes legal to sell recreational cannabis in California next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it will give priority to people who have been arrested and convicted for cannabis within city limits after Nov. 5, 1996. (This is the date when medical marijuana became legalized in California.) It will also give priority to those who, like Grant, have lived in neighborhoods with the highest number of marijuana-related arrests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flynn says the city is trying to counteract another inequity. While East and West Oakland have been disproportionately policed for weed, other neighborhoods have benefited from the city's embrace of medical marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Literally those neighborhoods are in another geographic part of the city where we have a concentration of people who are not people of color,\" says Flynn. She says in those neighborhoods, such as downtown Oakland, universities like Oaksterdam and marijuana workshops have been allowed to run openly without any repercussions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But moving from the underground to the legal market may not be easy for Oakland's equity applicants. More than 100 qualified people have started the application process. But the city says it has yet to issue any permits, in part because there are a lot of loopholes to jump through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grant says she still needs to get a business license, lease a legitimate workspace and show that her income is low enough to qualify. Applicants must make less than $53,000 a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They want tax returns and stuff like that. I don't have no receipts from selling weed. I haven’t worked legally,\" says Grant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>James Anthony is a local medical cannabis lawyer. He says that it's hard for people with little money to start any kind of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They have no money, they have no access to land, they don’t have commercial property and they don’t have startup capital,\" says Anthony. \"It’s a very, very difficult task, and I’m not sure how the city is going to solve all those problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Grant is determined to make her dream come true. She wants to become the first black woman to own a dispensary in East Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think my experience and my background makes me eligible to own a dispensary because I have been in the cannabis club businesses,\" says Grant. \"Illegal or not illegal, I still know what to do.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Hood Incubator Trains Aspiring Weed CEOs\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of other people of color, without capital and traditional business skills, who are looking to cash in on Oakland's potential legal weed boom. Aanya Gamble Hill is a 67-year-old grandmother. She wants to get her cannabis delivery service off the ground, but she has never started a business before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So she took a four-month basic business program through \u003ca href=\"http://www.hoodincubator.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Hood Incubator, \u003c/a>an Oakland nonprofit that trains people of color how to enter the legal pot industry. It's similar to the world of tech startups, where future founders learn to network, build pitches and meet investors in an accelerated period of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ebele Ifedigbo is one of the three co-founders of the Hood Incubator and a Yale MBA grad. Ifedigbo says, \"The Hood Incubator gives people that access to training, education, that access to capital and access to information that are traditional barriers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all types of businesses, black entrepreneurs are less likely to have access to cash and credit, so that means they have an even harder time starting up and succeeding in the legal weed industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, fewer than \u003ca href=\"https://mjbizdaily.com/chart-19-cannabis-businesses-owned-founded-racial-minorities/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5 percent of owners or founders are black\u003c/a>. That’s according to a survey of readers of the publication Marijuana Business Daily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Ifedigbo believes the future will look different, even if people like Hill and Grant don’t get their ideas off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their businesses may not be operating one, two or five years down the line,\" says Idefigbo. \"But they’ve come away with an experience, a skill set and a run-through about what it means to be an entrepreneur.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill still needs an investor to get her business up and running.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I need all this money to apply for the permit and then money for security. Money for a location,\" she adds. \"So it’s all about money.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Commercial Crab Season Kicks Off",
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"content": "\u003cp>At Lucas Wharf in Bodega Bay, dozens of commercial fishing boats have been preparing for California's commercial Dungeness crab season, which opened statewide on Wednesday. The recreational crab season \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/04/photos-no-acid-no-wait-recreational-crabbers-take-to-the-water-for-opening-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kicked off already\u003c/a>, on Nov. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next few weeks will be critical for fishermen like Nick Hofland of Occidental, in western Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the best time of year,\" says Hofland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"zXdEToPyM240cRqeesx2CI7XYPgbRKhq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been loading up his boat -- the Presley Capri -- with squid and mackerel for crab bait. Next to him, a boat from Eureka named the Humbug is loading up its mesh crab pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fishermen are relieved because for the first time in three years, the crab season is starting on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of exciting, because they get to go for the first time [in years] no strike, no domoic acid,\" says Craig Thompson, who leases Lucas Wharf, along with Hofland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917768\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917768\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/IMG_0728-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nick Hofland and crew load up on crab bait for the start of commercial Dungeness crab season.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid is a toxin that accumulates in Dungeness crab and can cause severe illness if eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But health officials have given both commercial and recreational crabbers the green light this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For recreational crabbers, the California Department of Public Health is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR17-079.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warning not to consume crab viscera\u003c/a> when collected from two points along the northern coast: north of Laguna Point in Mendocino County to the Humboldt Bay North Jetty, and north of the Klamath River in Humboldt County up to the Oregon border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishery is worth in the ballpark of $60 million for the state -- and it's also one of the most sustainable. Only males of a certain size can be caught, big enough that they’ve probably mated a couple of times already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fishery has been well managed and sustainably managed, so people can feel good about eating Dungeness crab this season and every year,\" says Tom Dempsey, with the Nature Conservancy in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry is facing challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"GZCH9QTRcstrm2ExmKUGhdYC5rxk22fd\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One thing that the fishery has been dealing with in the last few years is an increase in the observed entanglements with whales,\" says Dempsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whales \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/10/whale-entanglements-off-california-coast-happening-at-record-pace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can get caught\u003c/a> in the ropes connecting crab pots to buoys floating on the surface. Prior to 2014, entanglements were rare: fewer than 10 per year. In 2016 there were 71.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entanglements have prompted an environmental organization, the Center for Biological Diversity, to \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/17-10-3_CA_Dungeness_Crab_Entanglement_Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sue the state\u003c/a>, claiming California is failing to protect whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917769\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917769\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/IMG_0722-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crab pots in Bodega Bay waiting for the start of commercial Dungeness season.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dempsey's organization (not involved in the lawsuit) is part of a working group, along with leaders in the crabbing industry. They develop best practices for how to deploy and collect fishing gear to avoid future entanglements as much as possible, and they train fishermen to respond to incidents. Dempsey has seen the industry take the problem very seriously, he says, and expects the number of entanglements to decrease in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most fishermen I've talked to up and down the coast of California have said they've seen real response and real improvement in how the industry overall is fishing that gear.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishermen also realize, he says, that there are no short-term solutions to preventing wildlife entanglements. They'll have to remain vigilant for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At Lucas Wharf in Bodega Bay, dozens of commercial fishing boats have been preparing for California's commercial Dungeness crab season, which opened statewide on Wednesday. The recreational crab season \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/04/photos-no-acid-no-wait-recreational-crabbers-take-to-the-water-for-opening-day/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kicked off already\u003c/a>, on Nov. 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next few weeks will be critical for fishermen like Nick Hofland of Occidental, in western Sonoma County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is the best time of year,\" says Hofland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's been loading up his boat -- the Presley Capri -- with squid and mackerel for crab bait. Next to him, a boat from Eureka named the Humbug is loading up its mesh crab pots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fishermen are relieved because for the first time in three years, the crab season is starting on time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of exciting, because they get to go for the first time [in years] no strike, no domoic acid,\" says Craig Thompson, who leases Lucas Wharf, along with Hofland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917768\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917768\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/IMG_0728-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nick Hofland and crew load up on crab bait for the start of commercial Dungeness crab season.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Domoic acid is a toxin that accumulates in Dungeness crab and can cause severe illness if eaten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But health officials have given both commercial and recreational crabbers the green light this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For recreational crabbers, the California Department of Public Health is \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/OPA/Pages/NR17-079.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">warning not to consume crab viscera\u003c/a> when collected from two points along the northern coast: north of Laguna Point in Mendocino County to the Humboldt Bay North Jetty, and north of the Klamath River in Humboldt County up to the Oregon border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishery is worth in the ballpark of $60 million for the state -- and it's also one of the most sustainable. Only males of a certain size can be caught, big enough that they’ve probably mated a couple of times already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fishery has been well managed and sustainably managed, so people can feel good about eating Dungeness crab this season and every year,\" says Tom Dempsey, with the Nature Conservancy in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the industry is facing challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One thing that the fishery has been dealing with in the last few years is an increase in the observed entanglements with whales,\" says Dempsey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whales \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2017/08/10/whale-entanglements-off-california-coast-happening-at-record-pace/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can get caught\u003c/a> in the ropes connecting crab pots to buoys floating on the surface. Prior to 2014, entanglements were rare: fewer than 10 per year. In 2016 there were 71.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The entanglements have prompted an environmental organization, the Center for Biological Diversity, to \u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/fisheries/pdfs/17-10-3_CA_Dungeness_Crab_Entanglement_Complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sue the state\u003c/a>, claiming California is failing to protect whales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1917769\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-1917769\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/11/IMG_0722-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Crab pots in Bodega Bay waiting for the start of commercial Dungeness season.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dempsey's organization (not involved in the lawsuit) is part of a working group, along with leaders in the crabbing industry. They develop best practices for how to deploy and collect fishing gear to avoid future entanglements as much as possible, and they train fishermen to respond to incidents. Dempsey has seen the industry take the problem very seriously, he says, and expects the number of entanglements to decrease in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most fishermen I've talked to up and down the coast of California have said they've seen real response and real improvement in how the industry overall is fishing that gear.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fishermen also realize, he says, that there are no short-term solutions to preventing wildlife entanglements. They'll have to remain vigilant for years to come.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Valley Fever is shaping up to be worse this year than in 2016, when the number of cases hit a record high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Suspected cases of the fungal disease in the first 10 months of 2017 surged by more than one-third from the same period last year to 5,121, officials at the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) said Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That puts this year on track to surpass the number of cases recorded in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is important that people living, working and travelling in California are aware of its symptoms, especially in the southern San Joaquin Valley and the Central Coast, where it is most common,” Dr. Karen Smith, CDPH director and state public health officer, said in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--/.slab-container -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The illness, also known by the scientific name coccidioidomycosis, typically causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, chest pain and coughing — but it can be dangerous. It is most prevalent in the late summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department said it doesn’t know why there has been an apparent increase in cases again this year. But climatologists and other researchers have theorized that intensified \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL073524/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dust storms\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/valley-fever-on-the-rise-in-us-southwest/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat waves\u003c/a> linked to global warming can fuel Valley Fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people infected by the fungus don’t show symptoms. But Valley Fever can also be confused with other respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. Elderly people and those with weakened immune symptoms can develop more severe symptoms, including infections of the bone, brain or other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Assemblyman Rudy Salas (D-Bakersfield), who represents areas of the San Joaquin Valley where the fungus is endemic, said the increase was alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[This] underscores the need for a statewide approach to help the thousands of families affected across the state,” Salas said in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1279\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">authored a measure\u003c/a> earlier this year that would have required the state public health department to develop outreach programs to educate people about the illness. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_1279_Veto_Message_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Brown vetoed\u003c/a> the bill, arguing that the state already provides fact sheets and posters to raise awareness, and that delegating more resources should be decided through state budget negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural communities are particularly hard hit by the fungal infection, which is contracted by breathing in spores when dust rises into the air because of weather conditions or activities such as farm work or construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno and Kern County reported a notable increase in the number of cases compared with the same period last year. Los Angeles, Tulare and San Luis Obispo counties also had a large share of the cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salas also wanted to establish an enhanced monitoring system for Valley Fever, including a working group of health officers from the five counties with the highest number of cases. Those proposals didn’t make it into the bill that Brown vetoed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The illness, also known by the scientific name coccidioidomycosis, typically causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, chest pain and coughing — but it can be dangerous. It is most prevalent in the late summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The department said it doesn’t know why there has been an apparent increase in cases again this year. But climatologists and other researchers have theorized that intensified \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL073524/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dust storms\u003c/a> or \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/valley-fever-on-the-rise-in-us-southwest/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heat waves\u003c/a> linked to global warming can fuel Valley Fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people infected by the fungus don’t show symptoms. But Valley Fever can also be confused with other respiratory infections such as influenza and pneumonia. Elderly people and those with weakened immune symptoms can develop more severe symptoms, including infections of the bone, brain or other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State Assemblyman Rudy Salas (D-Bakersfield), who represents areas of the San Joaquin Valley where the fungus is endemic, said the increase was alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[This] underscores the need for a statewide approach to help the thousands of families affected across the state,” Salas said in a written statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB1279\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">authored a measure\u003c/a> earlier this year that would have required the state public health department to develop outreach programs to educate people about the illness. \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/docs/AB_1279_Veto_Message_2017.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Governor Brown vetoed\u003c/a> the bill, arguing that the state already provides fact sheets and posters to raise awareness, and that delegating more resources should be decided through state budget negotiations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural communities are particularly hard hit by the fungal infection, which is contracted by breathing in spores when dust rises into the air because of weather conditions or activities such as farm work or construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno and Kern County reported a notable increase in the number of cases compared with the same period last year. Los Angeles, Tulare and San Luis Obispo counties also had a large share of the cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salas also wanted to establish an enhanced monitoring system for Valley Fever, including a working group of health officers from the five counties with the highest number of cases. Those proposals didn’t make it into the bill that Brown vetoed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a> (KHN) is a national health policy news service. It is an editorially independent program of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.kff.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
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"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
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}
},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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},
"city-arts": {
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"here-and-now": {
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"order": 18
},
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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