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"content": "\u003cp>California has a giant rodent problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To clarify, it’s not that California has a huge problem with run-of-the-mill rats. It’s that the state has an emerging problem with jumbo-size critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutria, otherwise called \u003cem>Myocastor coypus, \u003c/em>were thought to have been eradicated from the state’s wetlands and rivers as far back as 1965, but they have mysteriously reappeared in three counties over the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> spokesman Peter Tira told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the department is \u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2018/02/08/nutria-discovered-in-san-joaquin-valley-cdfw-seeks-to-prevent-further-spread-and-infestation/\">calling \u003c/a>on residents to help track the animal to get an accurate count on the size of the latest infestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea how many there are or how they were reintroduced,” Tira said. “We don’t know if someone set one loose or if there was an isolated population out there that we didn’t know about. But we do know we have to get rid of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The invasive animals can grow up to 2.5 feet, not counting a foot-long tail. They weigh up to 20 pounds and wreak exponential havoc on their environment. They destroy wetlands and flood control systems, cause severe soil erosion and damage levees. They also degrade water quality and can contaminate drinking supplies with parasites and diseases transmissible to humans, livestock and pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tira said they’re also “big breeders.” In fact, the first nutria captured in California in the spring, he said, was a healthy, pregnant female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11649805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11649805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-800x527.jpg\" alt=\"The California Department of Fish and Wildlife allows anyone with a hunting license to kill up to five nutria per person per day -- and they encourage people to eat their catch.\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-800x527.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-1020x672.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-1180x777.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-520x343.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2.jpg 1682w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife allows anyone with a hunting license to kill up to five nutria per person per day — and they encourage people to eat their catch. \u003ccite>(Christian Fischer/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they reach reproductive maturity at six months, they reproduce at an astonishing rate. The wildlife department reports “one female nutria can result in more than 200 offspring, which can disperse as far as 50 miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, 20 nutria have been found in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were first brought to the U.S. from South America at the turn of the 20th century for their pelts. The creatures — often mistaken for beavers or muskrats — were farmed and harvested for their minklike fur. But after the collapse of the fur industry in the 1960s, many were let loose in the wild. Since then, the semi-aquatic rodent has been wreaking destruction and devastation wherever it can survive, which for many years included the Pacific Northwest, Maryland, California and Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve given up on complete eradication,” Jennifer Manuel, a biologist supervisor with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more than 3 million acres of coastal land, Manuel said eliminating nutria “is just never going to happen.” At best, her agency hopes to keep the feral population under control through a series of programs involving multiple agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have no idea how many there are… But we do know we have to get rid of them.’\u003ccite>Peter Tira, California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The department allows anyone with a hunting license to kill up to five nutria per person per day. Those with a commercial license can even earn money for the nutria they harvest. Manuel said her agency pays $5 for each nutria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our position is that it’s something that people can legally hunt and trap out in the marsh,” Manuel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also encourage people to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutria.com/site14.php\">eat their catch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Nutria] has a stigma of being like a rat, but it’s not closely related to a rat. It’s more like rabbit or squirrel in terms of meat,” she said, adding that her co-workers will often bring plates of nutria into the office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like the classic rice and gravy recipe,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Tira said it is precisely because nutria are legally classified as an invasive animal that they are illegal to possess, own, transport or eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want anyone to kill these animals,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now the department is asking anyone who spots a nutria to contact the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives\">CDFW\u003c/a> with a tip. The department will take it from there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Officials+Set+Up+Invasive+Swamp+Rodent+Hotline+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California has a giant rodent problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To clarify, it’s not that California has a huge problem with run-of-the-mill rats. It’s that the state has an emerging problem with jumbo-size critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutria, otherwise called \u003cem>Myocastor coypus, \u003c/em>were thought to have been eradicated from the state’s wetlands and rivers as far back as 1965, but they have mysteriously reappeared in three counties over the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives\">California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/a> spokesman Peter Tira told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And now the department is \u003ca href=\"https://cdfgnews.wordpress.com/2018/02/08/nutria-discovered-in-san-joaquin-valley-cdfw-seeks-to-prevent-further-spread-and-infestation/\">calling \u003c/a>on residents to help track the animal to get an accurate count on the size of the latest infestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have no idea how many there are or how they were reintroduced,” Tira said. “We don’t know if someone set one loose or if there was an isolated population out there that we didn’t know about. But we do know we have to get rid of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The invasive animals can grow up to 2.5 feet, not counting a foot-long tail. They weigh up to 20 pounds and wreak exponential havoc on their environment. They destroy wetlands and flood control systems, cause severe soil erosion and damage levees. They also degrade water quality and can contaminate drinking supplies with parasites and diseases transmissible to humans, livestock and pets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tira said they’re also “big breeders.” In fact, the first nutria captured in California in the spring, he said, was a healthy, pregnant female.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11649805\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11649805\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-800x527.jpg\" alt=\"The California Department of Fish and Wildlife allows anyone with a hunting license to kill up to five nutria per person per day -- and they encourage people to eat their catch.\" width=\"800\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-800x527.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-1020x672.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-1180x777.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-960x632.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-240x158.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-375x247.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2-520x343.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/Nutria2.jpg 1682w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The California Department of Fish and Wildlife allows anyone with a hunting license to kill up to five nutria per person per day — and they encourage people to eat their catch. \u003ccite>(Christian Fischer/Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When they reach reproductive maturity at six months, they reproduce at an astonishing rate. The wildlife department reports “one female nutria can result in more than 200 offspring, which can disperse as far as 50 miles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, 20 nutria have been found in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were first brought to the U.S. from South America at the turn of the 20th century for their pelts. The creatures — often mistaken for beavers or muskrats — were farmed and harvested for their minklike fur. But after the collapse of the fur industry in the 1960s, many were let loose in the wild. Since then, the semi-aquatic rodent has been wreaking destruction and devastation wherever it can survive, which for many years included the Pacific Northwest, Maryland, California and Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve given up on complete eradication,” Jennifer Manuel, a biologist supervisor with the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, told NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With more than 3 million acres of coastal land, Manuel said eliminating nutria “is just never going to happen.” At best, her agency hopes to keep the feral population under control through a series of programs involving multiple agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘We have no idea how many there are… But we do know we have to get rid of them.’\u003ccite>Peter Tira, California Department of Fish and Wildlife\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The department allows anyone with a hunting license to kill up to five nutria per person per day. Those with a commercial license can even earn money for the nutria they harvest. Manuel said her agency pays $5 for each nutria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our position is that it’s something that people can legally hunt and trap out in the marsh,” Manuel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials also encourage people to \u003ca href=\"http://www.nutria.com/site14.php\">eat their catch\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Nutria] has a stigma of being like a rat, but it’s not closely related to a rat. It’s more like rabbit or squirrel in terms of meat,” she said, adding that her co-workers will often bring plates of nutria into the office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like the classic rice and gravy recipe,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, Tira said it is precisely because nutria are legally classified as an invasive animal that they are illegal to possess, own, transport or eat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t want anyone to kill these animals,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now the department is asking anyone who spots a nutria to contact the \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives\">CDFW\u003c/a> with a tip. The department will take it from there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California+Officials+Set+Up+Invasive+Swamp+Rodent+Hotline+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Richmond Fire Released Range of Toxic Chemicals Into Air, Reports Show",
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"content": "\u003cp>Newly obtained reports show that elevated levels of several industrial chemicals were found in air samples taken at the site of a smoky fire at a scrap-metal yard in Richmond late last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/01/31/smoke-from-scrap-metal-yard-fire-in-richmond-may-have-violated-local-air-standards/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blaze\u003c/a>, Contra Costa County health officials disclosed that high levels of benzene, a chemical known to cause cancer, were recorded near the site of the Jan. 30 fire at Sims Metal Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But reports from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District show several other toxic pollutants, including at least one other human carcinogen, were also detected during the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the air district's lab analysis, significant concentrations of butadiene, acrylonitrile, acetone and toluene were also found at the Sims facility within the first 90 minutes after the fire was reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whenever this happens, lots of bad stuff gets emitted,\" said Qi Zhang, a UC Davis professor of environmental toxicology who reviewed the air district's data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a big concern,\" Zhang said, adding that the report gives only a small snapshot of what was in the air that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a town hall meeting in Richmond last Wednesday, several residents indicated that the smoke made them sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We could smell it in our house,\" said Bruce Kaplan, a Point Richmond resident. \"It irritated my eyes. It's not good to put noxious stuff in the air.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Sims representative said the 20-foot pile that burned for about 11 hours was made up of refrigerators, stoves, dishwashers and office furniture, among other items.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims officials said they do not know what chemicals were in the air the night of fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air agency's lab reports, which analyzed smoke captured within the first two hours of the fire, found \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/benzene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">benzene\u003c/a> levels that peaked at 318 parts per billion. Short-term exposure to the chemical, which is used in paints and gasoline, can cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation and, at high levels, unconsciousness -- and, longer term, central nervous system and bone marrow damage, according to the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab data showed 111 parts per billion of \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_3-butadiene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">butadiene\u003c/a>, an industrial chemical used in making synthetic rubber. Butadiene is also a known carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang said \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/13-butadiene.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA data\u003c/a> indicate that the acute or short-term toxicity of butadiene is low. The EPA's hazard summary for the substance says short-term exposure can cause irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat and lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district reports also showed peak levels of 81 parts per billion of \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acrylonitrile#section=Top\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acrylonitrile, \u003c/a> a highly toxic compound used in manufacturing plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber that is \"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen,\" according to the NIH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/acrylonitrile.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA research\u003c/a> has found the acute toxicity of acrylonitrile -- which can cause mucous membrane irritation, headaches, dizziness and nausea with short-term exposure -- is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer risks associated with inhaling butadiene and acrylonitrile are higher than benzene, according to Zhang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show elevated levels of \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acetone\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/toluene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toluene\u003c/a>, solvents that are not known carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A county health department press statement released three days after the Jan. 30 fire noted that the air district and a county hazardous materials response team also measured high particulate readings throughout the night of the fire. The press release notes that smoke particulates can irritate the throat, lungs and eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High benzene and particulate readings came from an air monitor in Point Richmond, the county health department release said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were no other elevated readings of any other chemicals that were analyzed or particulates on any of the other monitors,\" the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district's tests included five samples that measured the presence of 22 chemicals, most in low concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County health officials, when asked why they didn't include a mention of the other compounds detected by the air district, defended their communication with the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The announcement we prepared focused on the levels of benzene because the levels of the other 21 chemicals were either not detected or detected below a level of concern for short-term exposure,\" said Marilyn Underwood, the county's environmental health director, in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The level of benzene detected in three samples collected near the fire and from one community monitor were above a health comparison value developed by the state for short-term (1 hour) exposure,\" Underwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwood stressed that the department is uncertain about the long-term risks for those exposed to benzene or other chemicals the night of the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the air district issued two notices of violation against Sims, one for public nuisance and another for illegal open burning. The agency's investigation is ongoing and any settlement associated with the violations is likely years away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of the fire is under investigation by the Richmond Fire Department.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Newly obtained reports show that elevated levels of several industrial chemicals were found in air samples taken at the site of a smoky fire at a scrap-metal yard in Richmond late last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days after the \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2018/01/31/smoke-from-scrap-metal-yard-fire-in-richmond-may-have-violated-local-air-standards/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blaze\u003c/a>, Contra Costa County health officials disclosed that high levels of benzene, a chemical known to cause cancer, were recorded near the site of the Jan. 30 fire at Sims Metal Management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But reports from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District show several other toxic pollutants, including at least one other human carcinogen, were also detected during the blaze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the air district's lab analysis, significant concentrations of butadiene, acrylonitrile, acetone and toluene were also found at the Sims facility within the first 90 minutes after the fire was reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whenever this happens, lots of bad stuff gets emitted,\" said Qi Zhang, a UC Davis professor of environmental toxicology who reviewed the air district's data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a big concern,\" Zhang said, adding that the report gives only a small snapshot of what was in the air that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a town hall meeting in Richmond last Wednesday, several residents indicated that the smoke made them sick.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We could smell it in our house,\" said Bruce Kaplan, a Point Richmond resident. \"It irritated my eyes. It's not good to put noxious stuff in the air.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Sims representative said the 20-foot pile that burned for about 11 hours was made up of refrigerators, stoves, dishwashers and office furniture, among other items.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sims officials said they do not know what chemicals were in the air the night of fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air agency's lab reports, which analyzed smoke captured within the first two hours of the fire, found \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/benzene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">benzene\u003c/a> levels that peaked at 318 parts per billion. Short-term exposure to the chemical, which is used in paints and gasoline, can cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation and, at high levels, unconsciousness -- and, longer term, central nervous system and bone marrow damage, according to the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab data showed 111 parts per billion of \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1_3-butadiene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">butadiene\u003c/a>, an industrial chemical used in making synthetic rubber. Butadiene is also a known carcinogen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang said \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-08/documents/13-butadiene.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA data\u003c/a> indicate that the acute or short-term toxicity of butadiene is low. The EPA's hazard summary for the substance says short-term exposure can cause irritation of the eyes, nasal passages, throat and lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district reports also showed peak levels of 81 parts per billion of \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acrylonitrile#section=Top\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acrylonitrile, \u003c/a> a highly toxic compound used in manufacturing plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber that is \"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen,\" according to the NIH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/acrylonitrile.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EPA research\u003c/a> has found the acute toxicity of acrylonitrile -- which can cause mucous membrane irritation, headaches, dizziness and nausea with short-term exposure -- is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cancer risks associated with inhaling butadiene and acrylonitrile are higher than benzene, according to Zhang.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The data also show elevated levels of \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/acetone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">acetone\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/toluene\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toluene\u003c/a>, solvents that are not known carcinogens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A county health department press statement released three days after the Jan. 30 fire noted that the air district and a county hazardous materials response team also measured high particulate readings throughout the night of the fire. The press release notes that smoke particulates can irritate the throat, lungs and eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>High benzene and particulate readings came from an air monitor in Point Richmond, the county health department release said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were no other elevated readings of any other chemicals that were analyzed or particulates on any of the other monitors,\" the department said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air district's tests included five samples that measured the presence of 22 chemicals, most in low concentrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County health officials, when asked why they didn't include a mention of the other compounds detected by the air district, defended their communication with the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The announcement we prepared focused on the levels of benzene because the levels of the other 21 chemicals were either not detected or detected below a level of concern for short-term exposure,\" said Marilyn Underwood, the county's environmental health director, in an emailed statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The level of benzene detected in three samples collected near the fire and from one community monitor were above a health comparison value developed by the state for short-term (1 hour) exposure,\" Underwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Underwood stressed that the department is uncertain about the long-term risks for those exposed to benzene or other chemicals the night of the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last week, the air district issued two notices of violation against Sims, one for public nuisance and another for illegal open burning. 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"content": "\u003cp>Environmental groups and the state of California argue the federal government does not have the right to waive a host of environmental laws to build prototypes and replace 17 miles of border wall in San Diego County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plaintiffs said the administration is using waivers that were granted more than 10 years ago for a specific border wall project that is already complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The waiver authority is not available, and it has essentially expired in this Mexican border fence construction that has already occurred, and it is unconstitutional,” said Brian Segee, of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\"> Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state argues border wall construction would do irreparable harm to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Gonzalo Curiel will preside over the border wall case in a San Diego courtroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11649064\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11649064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800.jpg\" alt=\"San Diego federal judge Gonzalo Curiel.\" width=\"440\" height=\"660\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800-240x360.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800-375x563.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego federal judge Gonzalo Curiel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curiel became famous in 2016 when the judge was publicly criticized repeatedly over a period of months by then-presidential candidate Donald Trump for his handling of the Trump University lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/\">CNN interview\u003c/a> on June 3, 2016, Trump reiterated charges that the Indiana-born Curiel’s heritage impacted his courtroom decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are building a wall. He's a Mexican. We're building a wall between here and Mexico. The answer is, he is giving us very unfair rulings, rulings that people can't even believe. This case should have ended years ago in summary judgment,” Trump told interviewer Jake Tapper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiel never responded to those attacks and Trump agreed to settle the Trump University case for $25 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Curiel will have a chance to rule on a case that could impact Trump’s plans to build a wall where there currently isn’t one.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The state of California argues the president doesn’t have the right to waive a host of environmental laws to build prototypes and replace 17 miles of border wall in San Diego County.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Environmental groups and the state of California argue the federal government does not have the right to waive a host of environmental laws to build prototypes and replace 17 miles of border wall in San Diego County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plaintiffs said the administration is using waivers that were granted more than 10 years ago for a specific border wall project that is already complete.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The waiver authority is not available, and it has essentially expired in this Mexican border fence construction that has already occurred, and it is unconstitutional,” said Brian Segee, of the\u003ca href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/\"> Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state argues border wall construction would do irreparable harm to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Gonzalo Curiel will preside over the border wall case in a San Diego courtroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11649064\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 440px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11649064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800.jpg\" alt=\"San Diego federal judge Gonzalo Curiel.\" width=\"440\" height=\"660\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800.jpg 440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800-160x240.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800-240x360.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/440px-Gonzalo_Curiel_t800-375x563.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Diego federal judge Gonzalo Curiel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Curiel became famous in 2016 when the judge was publicly criticized repeatedly over a period of months by then-presidential candidate Donald Trump for his handling of the Trump University lawsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/\">CNN interview\u003c/a> on June 3, 2016, Trump reiterated charges that the Indiana-born Curiel’s heritage impacted his courtroom decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are building a wall. He's a Mexican. We're building a wall between here and Mexico. The answer is, he is giving us very unfair rulings, rulings that people can't even believe. This case should have ended years ago in summary judgment,” Trump told interviewer Jake Tapper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiel never responded to those attacks and Trump agreed to settle the Trump University case for $25 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Curiel will have a chance to rule on a case that could impact Trump’s plans to build a wall where there currently isn’t one.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Butte County District Attorney Michael Ramsey has filed a lawsuit against the California Department of Water Resources seeking $34 billion to $51 billion in civil penalties for environmental damage following the failure of the Oroville Dam spillways last February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed penalty is based on an earlier estimate of the volume of concrete, rock, and dirt that washed into the Feather River after the dam's main and emergency spillways experienced catastrophic erosion. A more recent and significantly higher DWR estimate of the material eroded into the river could lead to a demand for an even higher penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsey's suit, announced Wednesday, was filed under \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=5650&lawCode=FGC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a law dating back to 1875\u003c/a> that seeks to protect fish and other wildlife by banning the dumping of harmful materials into the state's waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statute, amended many times since its 19th century adoption, provides for penalties of as much as $10 per pound for dumping \"any substance or material deleterious to fish, plant life, mammals, or bird life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The failure of the dam's main spillway on Feb. 7, 2017, began a process that DWR initially said eroded 1.7 million cubic yards of concrete, rock and dirt into the Feather River. In a 400-page report submitted to federal regulators late last month, the department said 2.2 million cubic yards of debris wound up in the river channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discharge transformed the river into a turbid, mud-filled stream and forced the state Department of Fish and Wildlife to rescue millions of juvenile salmon from its Oroville hatchery and transfer them to another facility nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deleterious nature of the material was spotlighted and proved by the evacuation of the Feather River Fish Hatchery,\" Ramsey said. \"It was too dangerous for the salmon and steelhead there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsey said the Fish and Game Code does not require the county to show anything beyond the fact the Oroville spillway debris was harmful to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no need to prove that they willfully or negligently intended to pass through deleterious material. Basically, you dump, you're liable,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte County officials, state legislators and local residents have complained for months that DWR has failed to address the issue of sediment that remains in the river and other impacts from the debris. Agency Deputy Director Cindy Messer told an Assembly committee hearing last month that DWR was \"currently having dialogue with the members of the various communities to talk about that particular item.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Butte County lawsuit estimates the weight of the Oroville spillway sludge at between 2,000 pounds and 3,000 pounds per cubic yard. Multiplying that number by 1.7 million -- the number of cubic yards -- yields an overall weight estimate of 3.4 billion to 5.1 billion pounds. The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=5650.1.&lawCode=FGC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state law's maximum penalty\u003c/a> of $10 per pound would bring the DWR's total fine to between $34 billion and $51 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the suit seeks to base the penalty on the larger 2.2 million cubic yard figure DWR currently cites, the maximum penalty could reach $66 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit also asks for a $25,000 per day penalty to be levied for the period between Feb. 7 and Feb. 27, 2017, when most of the debris was washed into the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put $51 billion (or $66 billion) into perspective: Gov. Jerry Brown's proposed 2018-19 budget, which covers everything California state government does, is $190 billion. The state's bullet-train project carries a projected price tag of $67 billion. The estimated cost of the proposed Delta tunnel project has been put at $10 billion for a newly scaled-down version. The entire Department of Water Resources 2017-18 budget, including funding for operating the State Water Project, is about $2.4 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those outlandish-sounding penalties may never come to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law specifies $10 per pound as the \u003cem>maximum\u003c/em> penalty, and a court could set a lesser amount if it finds DWR liable for the alleged dumping. The law also calls for penalties to be reduced \"for every ... pound of the ilegally discharged material that is recovered and properly disposed of by the responsible party.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources reported last May it had removed virtually all of the 1.7 million cubic yards of debris that it said wound up at near the foot of the shattered concrete spillway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR now says that it has recovered 1.4 million cubic yards of the 2.2 million it now estimates washed into the river.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Butte County District Attorney Michael Ramsey has filed a lawsuit against the California Department of Water Resources seeking $34 billion to $51 billion in civil penalties for environmental damage following the failure of the Oroville Dam spillways last February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proposed penalty is based on an earlier estimate of the volume of concrete, rock, and dirt that washed into the Feather River after the dam's main and emergency spillways experienced catastrophic erosion. A more recent and significantly higher DWR estimate of the material eroded into the river could lead to a demand for an even higher penalty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsey's suit, announced Wednesday, was filed under \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=5650&lawCode=FGC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a law dating back to 1875\u003c/a> that seeks to protect fish and other wildlife by banning the dumping of harmful materials into the state's waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statute, amended many times since its 19th century adoption, provides for penalties of as much as $10 per pound for dumping \"any substance or material deleterious to fish, plant life, mammals, or bird life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The failure of the dam's main spillway on Feb. 7, 2017, began a process that DWR initially said eroded 1.7 million cubic yards of concrete, rock and dirt into the Feather River. In a 400-page report submitted to federal regulators late last month, the department said 2.2 million cubic yards of debris wound up in the river channel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discharge transformed the river into a turbid, mud-filled stream and forced the state Department of Fish and Wildlife to rescue millions of juvenile salmon from its Oroville hatchery and transfer them to another facility nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The deleterious nature of the material was spotlighted and proved by the evacuation of the Feather River Fish Hatchery,\" Ramsey said. \"It was too dangerous for the salmon and steelhead there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramsey said the Fish and Game Code does not require the county to show anything beyond the fact the Oroville spillway debris was harmful to wildlife.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no need to prove that they willfully or negligently intended to pass through deleterious material. Basically, you dump, you're liable,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte County officials, state legislators and local residents have complained for months that DWR has failed to address the issue of sediment that remains in the river and other impacts from the debris. Agency Deputy Director Cindy Messer told an Assembly committee hearing last month that DWR was \"currently having dialogue with the members of the various communities to talk about that particular item.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Butte County lawsuit estimates the weight of the Oroville spillway sludge at between 2,000 pounds and 3,000 pounds per cubic yard. Multiplying that number by 1.7 million -- the number of cubic yards -- yields an overall weight estimate of 3.4 billion to 5.1 billion pounds. The \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=5650.1.&lawCode=FGC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state law's maximum penalty\u003c/a> of $10 per pound would bring the DWR's total fine to between $34 billion and $51 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the suit seeks to base the penalty on the larger 2.2 million cubic yard figure DWR currently cites, the maximum penalty could reach $66 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suit also asks for a $25,000 per day penalty to be levied for the period between Feb. 7 and Feb. 27, 2017, when most of the debris was washed into the river.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put $51 billion (or $66 billion) into perspective: Gov. Jerry Brown's proposed 2018-19 budget, which covers everything California state government does, is $190 billion. The state's bullet-train project carries a projected price tag of $67 billion. The estimated cost of the proposed Delta tunnel project has been put at $10 billion for a newly scaled-down version. The entire Department of Water Resources 2017-18 budget, including funding for operating the State Water Project, is about $2.4 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But those outlandish-sounding penalties may never come to pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law specifies $10 per pound as the \u003cem>maximum\u003c/em> penalty, and a court could set a lesser amount if it finds DWR liable for the alleged dumping. The law also calls for penalties to be reduced \"for every ... pound of the ilegally discharged material that is recovered and properly disposed of by the responsible party.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Water Resources reported last May it had removed virtually all of the 1.7 million cubic yards of debris that it said wound up at near the foot of the shattered concrete spillway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DWR now says that it has recovered 1.4 million cubic yards of the 2.2 million it now estimates washed into the river.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fioreoffshore\">Protesters are rallying\u003c/a> against the Trump administration’s offshore drilling plan that would expand oil and gas development off the coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of the Interior scheduled just one public meeting in California, with no public comment period and only written comments accepted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s meeting is at the main library in Sacramento, about 100 miles inland from communities (and fish) that would be directly impacted by offshore oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Online \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/National-Program-Comment/#submitcomments\">comments can be submitted\u003c/a> on the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fioreoffshore\">Protesters are rallying\u003c/a> against the Trump administration’s offshore drilling plan that would expand oil and gas development off the coast of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Department of the Interior scheduled just one public meeting in California, with no public comment period and only written comments accepted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thursday’s meeting is at the main library in Sacramento, about 100 miles inland from communities (and fish) that would be directly impacted by offshore oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Online \u003ca href=\"https://www.boem.gov/National-Program-Comment/#submitcomments\">comments can be submitted\u003c/a> on the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management’s website.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A foul-mouthed longshoreman named Frank Gaskin pointed his phone at a chain link fence at the Port of Long Beach last summer and made a video of the robots that had taken his and his buddies’ jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the video, flatbed carts glide by carrying cargo containers around the dock. They’re self-driving, guided by computers and magnets beneath the pavement. As one passes soundlessly near the fence, Gaskin yells, “f— you automation mother f—–!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 21 of the 22 docks at the Port of Long Beach, most of the work of loading and unloading cargo from containers ships is still done by people, not by robots. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Long Beach Container Terminal, which opened in April 2016, is an exception. It requires two-thirds fewer workers than traditional terminals. And that frightens the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, which controls all the jobs at the docks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This video contains profanity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvrPcgM5cH4\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But viewed from another perspective, automation is part of the solution to one of Southern California’s most vexing environmental problems: the worst air pollution in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diesel trucks and equipment are the largest contributors to that air pollution, and the ports are the largest single source of those emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the automated carts at the Long Beach Container Terminal run on electricity, which can be generated by natural gas or renewable energy. Look closely as the cart nears Gaskin’s camera, and you can see the words, written in bright white letters on a green background, “zero emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gaskin captioned his video: “Automation in Long Beach Container Terminal will hurt everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if automating is also a way to help everyone by cleaning the air and fighting climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where People Run the Port\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To understand how radically different the Long Beach Container Terminal is, you first have to visit a traditional terminal, where people control each piece of equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Herrera, the vice president of the ILWU Local 13, took me on a tour of the Everport Terminal at the Port of Los Angeles. He pointed out workers unloading containers, driving forklifts and operating cranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone you see, those are longshoremen,” Herrera said proudly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648613\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A crane lifts a container from the Hanjin Greece container ship at the Port of Long Beach in 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11648613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crane lifts a container from the Hanjin Greece container ship at the Port of Long Beach in 2016. \u003ccite>(DAVID MCNEW/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are just over 14,000 unionized longshoremen on the West Coast, but that number is half of what it was in 1960. That’s even though the ports move more than 14 times as much cargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ILWU’s founder, Harry Bridges, started preparing for automation in the 1950s. At that time, “automation” came in the form of containers that replaced individual bales, bundles and boxes of goods to be shipped. The containers carried more cargo and required fewer hands. Bridges signed an agreement with the terminal operators allowing that, but he did so only after ensuring his members got higher pay and pension guarantees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And any new equipment they used would have to be operated by union workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it comes down to one person pushing one button to run a whole port,” Bridges reportedly said, “that person will be union.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agreement largely remains in place, and ILWU members are among the best compensated blue-collar workers in the U.S. They receive an average salary of $155,000 a year, pay almost nothing for their health insurance, and get up to six weeks of paid vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longshoremen owe their leverage to the fact that, unlike factories and auto plants, ports cannot be outsourced.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where Machines Run the Port\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ports can also be run by machines and computers, and, increasingly, robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My tour with Herrera continued as we headed across a towering bridge toward the Port of Long Beach and the Long Beach Container Terminal. Herrera’s mood changed as he looked across the water and saw remotely operated cranes and self-driving trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://giphy.com/embed/l0HUkguLk0Afp8LfO\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://giphy.com/gifs/l0HUkguLk0Afp8LfO\">via GIPHY\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me sick to my stomach,” he said, tightening his hands on the steering wheel. “I look at this place, and I do not like what it stands for. These machines get rid of men.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d tried for weeks, unsuccessfully, to get into the Long Beach Container Terminal on my own. I even got so far as to get their president, Anthony Otto, on the phone. He agreed to show me around, but said I couldn’t record any audio, take any pictures, or quote him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the morning of the tour, he canceled. “It’s a sensitive time for us,” he said, referring me to his PR firm for further explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firm didn’t return my call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the ILWU can enter the terminal at any time and bring guests. Herrera had invited me to come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He drove us into the terminal, and we stopped in front of LBCT’s 48 stacking cranes. They load containers onto semi-trucks that haul them out of the port to distribution warehouses. In a traditional terminal, workers operate them from booths on top, but in the LBCT, four people can control all 48 cranes at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same guy who used to drive the crane out in the yard eight hours a day is now doing it from a remote console, sipping coffee and listening to light music in air conditioning,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIrPWW6r1uo&t=5s\">Otto said in a YouTube video\u003c/a> touting the benefits of automation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ILWU estimates that two-thirds of the longshore jobs at LBCT have disappeared due to automation. Neither Otto nor anyone else from LBCT would confirm the number of jobs lost, nor comment on the record for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they say automation creates opportunities for new kinds of jobs, like mechanics to maintain the self-driving vehicles. And, they say, their robots are cleaner than the diesel fueled, human-controlled machines they’re replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Long Beach Container Terminal emits 85 percent less diesel soot, 58 percent less nitrogen oxide (a component of smog), and 33 percent less carbon dioxide than a traditional dock at the ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of reductions give Adrian Martinez, an environmental lawyer with Earthjustice, a very different take on the automated equipment at LBCT than guys like Gary Herrera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exciting to see zero emissions equipment actually on the terminal,” Martinez said. “Because from a basic level, we’re not going to solve the air pollution crisis in the Los Angeles area until we eliminate port and freight pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-800x466.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11648608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-1020x595.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-960x560.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-520x303.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So, More Robots?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In November 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2017/11/02/77259/ports-to-vote-to-spend-up-to-14-billion-to-clean-u/\">the Port of Long Beach and the neighboring Port of Los Angeles pledged\u003c/a> to dramatically slash their emissions by phasing out internal combustion engines. Their goal is to replace all diesel trucks and cargo-handling equipment with zero-emissions equivalents by 2035. Usually that means electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is whether the ports’ new mandate will lead to more automation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, electric cargo-handling equipment is more than twice as expensive as its diesel equivalent. That could lead terminal operators to choose to automate to save on labor costs, said Thomas Jelenic, who represents terminal operators as the vice president of the Pacific Merchant Shipping Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People generally won’t seek out automation in and of itself unless they can justify it in some way,” he said. “But if they’re forced to electrify, the costs of electrification then dictate the need to automate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mark Sisson, a port planner with the consulting firm AECOM, thinks concerns about price are overblown. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes the price of electric cargo-handling equipment will drop now that there’s a mandate for the largest ports in the Western Hemisphere to buy it. And right now, at least three other marine terminals are testing human-controlled electric cargo equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Rage Against the Machine\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of all the automated equipment inside the Long Beach Container Terminal, it’s the 72 self-driving vehicles that elicit the strongest reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re the ones Frank Gaskin swore at in his video, and they’re the ones Gary Herrera glared as he stepped out of the SUV on the last stop on our tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They got rid of jobs, there’s no more drivers,” he said, looking across the fence at the little green carts. “And so this is why we’re skeptical at all when they wanna say zero emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all the uncertainty, the ILWU isn’t taking any chances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB134\">Gov. Jerry Brown signed a budget bill \u003c/a>allocating $900 million from the sale of carbon permits under California’s cap and trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to $140 million will be sent to the ports for clean freight and ships, but the ILWU lobbied hard to ensure that none of it could be used for automated equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the terminals want to automate, they have to do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A foul-mouthed longshoreman named Frank Gaskin pointed his phone at a chain link fence at the Port of Long Beach last summer and made a video of the robots that had taken his and his buddies’ jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the video, flatbed carts glide by carrying cargo containers around the dock. They’re self-driving, guided by computers and magnets beneath the pavement. As one passes soundlessly near the fence, Gaskin yells, “f— you automation mother f—–!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At 21 of the 22 docks at the Port of Long Beach, most of the work of loading and unloading cargo from containers ships is still done by people, not by robots. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Long Beach Container Terminal, which opened in April 2016, is an exception. It requires two-thirds fewer workers than traditional terminals. And that frightens the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, which controls all the jobs at the docks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Note: This video contains profanity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fvrPcgM5cH4'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fvrPcgM5cH4'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>But viewed from another perspective, automation is part of the solution to one of Southern California’s most vexing environmental problems: the worst air pollution in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diesel trucks and equipment are the largest contributors to that air pollution, and the ports are the largest single source of those emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the automated carts at the Long Beach Container Terminal run on electricity, which can be generated by natural gas or renewable energy. Look closely as the cart nears Gaskin’s camera, and you can see the words, written in bright white letters on a green background, “zero emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gaskin captioned his video: “Automation in Long Beach Container Terminal will hurt everyone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if automating is also a way to help everyone by cleaning the air and fighting climate change?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where People Run the Port\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To understand how radically different the Long Beach Container Terminal is, you first have to visit a traditional terminal, where people control each piece of equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gary Herrera, the vice president of the ILWU Local 13, took me on a tour of the Everport Terminal at the Port of Los Angeles. He pointed out workers unloading containers, driving forklifts and operating cranes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone you see, those are longshoremen,” Herrera said proudly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648613\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A crane lifts a container from the Hanjin Greece container ship at the Port of Long Beach in 2016.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11648613\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/PortofLongBeach-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A crane lifts a container from the Hanjin Greece container ship at the Port of Long Beach in 2016. \u003ccite>(DAVID MCNEW/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There are just over 14,000 unionized longshoremen on the West Coast, but that number is half of what it was in 1960. That’s even though the ports move more than 14 times as much cargo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ILWU’s founder, Harry Bridges, started preparing for automation in the 1950s. At that time, “automation” came in the form of containers that replaced individual bales, bundles and boxes of goods to be shipped. The containers carried more cargo and required fewer hands. Bridges signed an agreement with the terminal operators allowing that, but he did so only after ensuring his members got higher pay and pension guarantees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And any new equipment they used would have to be operated by union workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even if it comes down to one person pushing one button to run a whole port,” Bridges reportedly said, “that person will be union.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That agreement largely remains in place, and ILWU members are among the best compensated blue-collar workers in the U.S. They receive an average salary of $155,000 a year, pay almost nothing for their health insurance, and get up to six weeks of paid vacation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The longshoremen owe their leverage to the fact that, unlike factories and auto plants, ports cannot be outsourced.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where Machines Run the Port\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ports can also be run by machines and computers, and, increasingly, robots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My tour with Herrera continued as we headed across a towering bridge toward the Port of Long Beach and the Long Beach Container Terminal. Herrera’s mood changed as he looked across the water and saw remotely operated cranes and self-driving trucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://giphy.com/embed/l0HUkguLk0Afp8LfO\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" frameborder=\"0\" class=\"giphy-embed\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://giphy.com/gifs/l0HUkguLk0Afp8LfO\">via GIPHY\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me sick to my stomach,” he said, tightening his hands on the steering wheel. “I look at this place, and I do not like what it stands for. These machines get rid of men.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’d tried for weeks, unsuccessfully, to get into the Long Beach Container Terminal on my own. I even got so far as to get their president, Anthony Otto, on the phone. He agreed to show me around, but said I couldn’t record any audio, take any pictures, or quote him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the morning of the tour, he canceled. “It’s a sensitive time for us,” he said, referring me to his PR firm for further explanation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firm didn’t return my call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with the ILWU can enter the terminal at any time and bring guests. Herrera had invited me to come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He drove us into the terminal, and we stopped in front of LBCT’s 48 stacking cranes. They load containers onto semi-trucks that haul them out of the port to distribution warehouses. In a traditional terminal, workers operate them from booths on top, but in the LBCT, four people can control all 48 cranes at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The same guy who used to drive the crane out in the yard eight hours a day is now doing it from a remote console, sipping coffee and listening to light music in air conditioning,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIrPWW6r1uo&t=5s\">Otto said in a YouTube video\u003c/a> touting the benefits of automation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ILWU estimates that two-thirds of the longshore jobs at LBCT have disappeared due to automation. Neither Otto nor anyone else from LBCT would confirm the number of jobs lost, nor comment on the record for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they say automation creates opportunities for new kinds of jobs, like mechanics to maintain the self-driving vehicles. And, they say, their robots are cleaner than the diesel fueled, human-controlled machines they’re replacing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Long Beach Container Terminal emits 85 percent less diesel soot, 58 percent less nitrogen oxide (a component of smog), and 33 percent less carbon dioxide than a traditional dock at the ports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those kinds of reductions give Adrian Martinez, an environmental lawyer with Earthjustice, a very different take on the automated equipment at LBCT than guys like Gary Herrera.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s exciting to see zero emissions equipment actually on the terminal,” Martinez said. “Because from a basic level, we’re not going to solve the air pollution crisis in the Los Angeles area until we eliminate port and freight pollution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-800x466.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"466\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-11648608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-800x466.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-160x93.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-1020x595.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-960x560.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-240x140.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-375x219.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf-520x303.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/KPCCgraf.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So, More Robots?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In November 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scpr.org/news/2017/11/02/77259/ports-to-vote-to-spend-up-to-14-billion-to-clean-u/\">the Port of Long Beach and the neighboring Port of Los Angeles pledged\u003c/a> to dramatically slash their emissions by phasing out internal combustion engines. Their goal is to replace all diesel trucks and cargo-handling equipment with zero-emissions equivalents by 2035. Usually that means electric vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big question is whether the ports’ new mandate will lead to more automation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, electric cargo-handling equipment is more than twice as expensive as its diesel equivalent. That could lead terminal operators to choose to automate to save on labor costs, said Thomas Jelenic, who represents terminal operators as the vice president of the Pacific Merchant Shipping Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People generally won’t seek out automation in and of itself unless they can justify it in some way,” he said. “But if they’re forced to electrify, the costs of electrification then dictate the need to automate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Mark Sisson, a port planner with the consulting firm AECOM, thinks concerns about price are overblown. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes the price of electric cargo-handling equipment will drop now that there’s a mandate for the largest ports in the Western Hemisphere to buy it. And right now, at least three other marine terminals are testing human-controlled electric cargo equipment.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Rage Against the Machine\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Of all the automated equipment inside the Long Beach Container Terminal, it’s the 72 self-driving vehicles that elicit the strongest reaction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re the ones Frank Gaskin swore at in his video, and they’re the ones Gary Herrera glared as he stepped out of the SUV on the last stop on our tour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They got rid of jobs, there’s no more drivers,” he said, looking across the fence at the little green carts. “And so this is why we’re skeptical at all when they wanna say zero emissions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all the uncertainty, the ILWU isn’t taking any chances. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2017, \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180AB134\">Gov. Jerry Brown signed a budget bill \u003c/a>allocating $900 million from the sale of carbon permits under California’s cap and trade program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up to $140 million will be sent to the ports for clean freight and ships, but the ILWU lobbied hard to ensure that none of it could be used for automated equipment. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the terminals want to automate, they have to do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A rejuvenation of the land brought out about a dozen “fire walk” hikers to open space near the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sonomaecologycenter.org/\">Sonoma Ecology Center\u003c/a> recently. This area, known to locals as the Valley of the Moon, burned in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Wine-Country-fires-destroyed-8-889-structures-12328007.php\">wildfires\u003c/a> last fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologist Caitlin Cornwall leads the hike. She points to a group of madrones, which usually have a shiny red and brown bark. These are charred, with burnt leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Cornwall reminds the group to look up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2018/02/FireRecoveryPlansCamhi.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29248_IMG_0335-qut-800x600.jpg\" Title=\"Signs of Life Sprout Up in North Bay’s Burned Natural Landscapes\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of those green leaves are new since the fire,” says Cornwall. “That tree looked dead, and pretty soon it’s going to be hard to tell that these trees burned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther down the trail, Cornwall finds an oak tree with leaves sprouting from its trunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t see this normally,” she says. “I’ve been talking about these species for 30 years and I didn’t know they could do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11648093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Caitlin Cornwall (right) leads curious hikers on a walk around Lake Suttonfield. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cornwall has been leading these fire recovery walks since December, but now with spring just around the corner, these charred lands are beginning to explode with color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornwall is not surprised. She says fire has benefits for the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native Americans who lived here would even periodically start grass fires to stimulate plant growth, Cornwall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effects of fire are like a renewal,” says Cornwall. “It gets rid of dead vegetation, it cleans the ground surface of diseases and it makes room for more plants to grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That practice ended when Europeans settled California. But Cornwall says the plants are still well adapted to the fires we experience now. And she says these fires are not all bad. It’s actually what helps keep this natural landscape healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires caused loss and trauma and we need to do a lot more as a society to better prepare for them, but we also live in a place where the beauty that we love here so much is not threatened by an event like this,” says Cornwall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648092\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11648092\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New plant life is rapidly sprouting up in some burned areas in Sonoma County. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakmont resident Margaret Neilsen says she came on this walk as part of her own healing process from the wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know this isn’t going to help the people who lost their homes,” says Neilsen. “But I feel much better knowing that at least the landscape is going to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sonoma Ecology Center is hosting “Fire Recovery Walks” through February.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther down the trail, Cornwall finds an oak tree with leaves sprouting from its trunk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just don’t see this normally,” she says. “I’ve been talking about these species for 30 years and I didn’t know they could do this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11648093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29246_IMG_0310-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Biologist Caitlin Cornwall (right) leads curious hikers on a walk around Lake Suttonfield. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cornwall has been leading these fire recovery walks since December, but now with spring just around the corner, these charred lands are beginning to explode with color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cornwall is not surprised. She says fire has benefits for the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Native Americans who lived here would even periodically start grass fires to stimulate plant growth, Cornwall says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The effects of fire are like a renewal,” says Cornwall. “It gets rid of dead vegetation, it cleans the ground surface of diseases and it makes room for more plants to grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That practice ended when Europeans settled California. But Cornwall says the plants are still well adapted to the fires we experience now. And she says these fires are not all bad. It’s actually what helps keep this natural landscape healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fires caused loss and trauma and we need to do a lot more as a society to better prepare for them, but we also live in a place where the beauty that we love here so much is not threatened by an event like this,” says Cornwall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648092\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11648092\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS29245_IMG_0308-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New plant life is rapidly sprouting up in some burned areas in Sonoma County. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Oakmont resident Margaret Neilsen says she came on this walk as part of her own healing process from the wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know this isn’t going to help the people who lost their homes,” says Neilsen. “But I feel much better knowing that at least the landscape is going to recover.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sonoma Ecology Center is hosting “Fire Recovery Walks” through February.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Could Oil Firms Be Forced to Pay for Climate Change? California Cities Hope So",
"title": "Could Oil Firms Be Forced to Pay for Climate Change? California Cities Hope So",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area city of Richmond recently made an unlikely move that got the attention of its largest employer and taxpayer, Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It followed other municipalities and counties across California that have filed lawsuits against oil companies, alleging that the energy giants knowingly contributed to climate change and should begin paying for it. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employing the legal strategy that brought states major payouts from tobacco companies decades ago, the plaintiffs are demanding that oil interests begin writing checks to protect Californians against rising seas, crippling drought and harmful air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal viability of the lawsuits is unclear; the cases are in early stages. But if any succeed, the implications are profound: The state is already spending hundreds of millions of dollars to shore up coastlines, protect infrastructure and retrofit roads and bridges in response to rising seas. And if companies are persuaded to drill and refine less oil, California has a much better chance of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions on the schedule it has set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides Richmond, plaintiffs include the cities of Imperial Beach, Oakland, Santa Cruz and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hbsslaw.com/uploads/case_downloads/climate_change/2017-09-19complaintforpublicnuisance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco,\u003c/a> and the counties of Marin, San Mateo and Santa Cruz. The Los Angeles City Council is considering its own suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has not joined in, something environmental groups say is a failure of leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Accountability is critical,” said Kassie Siegel, director of the Climate Law Institute at the Center for Biological Diversity. “The state of California can and should file a case seeking money damages and also an injunction against ongoing activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Justice has sued the Trump administration two dozen times over policies that include several related to the environment. Asked whether the state would join the cities and counties or consider filing its own suit against the oil companies, the Justice Department declined to comment about potential future action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city-county suits began six months ago when Imperial Beach, in southern San Diego County, sued a handful of oil companies. Richmond, surrounded on three sides by water and imperiled by rising seas, joined the fight Jan. 22. Its city council voted unanimously to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180122_docket-C18-00055_complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sue\u003c/a> 29 oil producers, even if it meant taking on Chevron, whose tax payments -- $45 million in 2016 -- account for 25 percent of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are a pretty important corporate citizen,” Richmond Mayor Tom Butt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, “we are a waterfront city -- Richmond has 32 miles of shoreline on the bay. Part of our city is vulnerable to sea-level rise: our transportation systems, neighborhoods and commercial areas, and thousands of acres of waterfront park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those vulnerable venues is Chevron’s refinery, which sits at the edge of San Francisco Bay. Completed in 1902, this refinery, the state’s largest, was immediately dubbed “the colossus.” The facility today employs more than 3,400 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648046\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11648046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-160x142.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-240x213.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-375x333.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-520x461.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Our city is vulnerable to sea-level rise,” Richmond Mayor Tom Butt said. \u003ccite>(Julie Cart/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leah Casey, the spokeswoman for Chevron’s Richmond refinery, said in a statement that lawsuits like the local ones “will do nothing to address the serious issue of climate change. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is a global issue that requires global engagement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butt said the city sued “out of frustration, because I know that these fossil fuel companies are aware of the long-term costs and damage of the widespread consumption of fossil fuel.” He said Richmond was already planning for the sea’s rise but had not yet calculated mitigation costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suits are filed in state court under California’s public nuisance law, which allows legal actions against activities that are “injurious to health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York City filed a similar claim against five of the world’s largest oil companies in federal court, asking that the cost of mitigating damage done by the companies as a result of their contribution to climate change be charged to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenges also assert that the oil industry has known for decades that burning fossil fuels accelerates climate change. The Richmond complaint states, “The industry has known for decades that business-as-usual combustion of their products could be ‘severe’ or even ‘catastrophic.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Companies were so certain of the threat that some even took steps to protect their own assets from rising seas and more extreme storms,” the complaint goes on, “and they developed new technologies to profit from drilling in a soon-to-be-ice-free Arctic. Yet instead of taking steps to reduce the threat to others, the industry actually increased production while spending billions on public relations, lobbying, and campaign contributions to hide the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slow unraveling of the decades-long industry cover-up of the medical harm from cigarettes turned the tide in the tobacco cases, according to Ann Carlson, an environmental law professor at the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the UCLA School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson, who is advising some of the plaintiffs’ lawyers, said that courts will take into account the oil-industry-funded campaign to discredit climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That matters in California,” she said. “If you can show evidence that a defendant engaged in a campaign to obfuscate, it’s more than just a nice detail. Evidence helps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With much at stake, oil companies are pushing back hard. ExxonMobil has responded with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4345487-Exxon-Texas-Petition-Jan-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">demand\u003c/a> to depose lawyers representing the California cities and counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says it is a victim of a conspiracy, and cities and counties are being disingenuous: When they issue municipal bonds, they portray risk from climate change as unpredictable, not the fault of oil firms, as the lawsuits claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies have also filed motions to move the cases to federal courts, where they believe there are precedents more favorable to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of legal claims intended to monetize the consequences of a warming planet is growing. Carlson said greater scientific certainty about attributing climate change impacts to specific industries and companies has created a legal opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts were uncomfortable that they couldn’t trace the harm,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the epicenter of so-called climate-attribution science, said Peter Frumhoff, director of science and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really a quite robust ability to characterize the extent to which climate change impacts have worsened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, by collating data taken from oil companies’ annual accounting and national and international energy agencies’ reports, “one can then connect the dots and assign a cost. That tees up the question, ‘Who is responsible and who should pay?’ ” Frumhoff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the science is taking us, with increasing specificity and confidence,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Employing the legal strategy that brought states major payouts from tobacco companies decades ago, the plaintiffs are demanding that oil interests begin writing checks to protect Californians against rising seas, crippling drought and harmful air.",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/articles/author/julie-cart/\">Julie Cart\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CALmatters\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area city of Richmond recently made an unlikely move that got the attention of its largest employer and taxpayer, Chevron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It followed other municipalities and counties across California that have filed lawsuits against oil companies, alleging that the energy giants knowingly contributed to climate change and should begin paying for it. Literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Employing the legal strategy that brought states major payouts from tobacco companies decades ago, the plaintiffs are demanding that oil interests begin writing checks to protect Californians against rising seas, crippling drought and harmful air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal viability of the lawsuits is unclear; the cases are in early stages. But if any succeed, the implications are profound: The state is already spending hundreds of millions of dollars to shore up coastlines, protect infrastructure and retrofit roads and bridges in response to rising seas. And if companies are persuaded to drill and refine less oil, California has a much better chance of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions on the schedule it has set.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides Richmond, plaintiffs include the cities of Imperial Beach, Oakland, Santa Cruz and \u003ca href=\"https://www.hbsslaw.com/uploads/case_downloads/climate_change/2017-09-19complaintforpublicnuisance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco,\u003c/a> and the counties of Marin, San Mateo and Santa Cruz. The Los Angeles City Council is considering its own suit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has not joined in, something environmental groups say is a failure of leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Accountability is critical,” said Kassie Siegel, director of the Climate Law Institute at the Center for Biological Diversity. “The state of California can and should file a case seeking money damages and also an injunction against ongoing activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Department of Justice has sued the Trump administration two dozen times over policies that include several related to the environment. Asked whether the state would join the cities and counties or consider filing its own suit against the oil companies, the Justice Department declined to comment about potential future action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city-county suits began six months ago when Imperial Beach, in southern San Diego County, sued a handful of oil companies. Richmond, surrounded on three sides by water and imperiled by rising seas, joined the fight Jan. 22. Its city council voted unanimously to \u003ca href=\"http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/case-documents/2018/20180122_docket-C18-00055_complaint.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sue\u003c/a> 29 oil producers, even if it meant taking on Chevron, whose tax payments -- $45 million in 2016 -- account for 25 percent of the city’s general fund.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are a pretty important corporate citizen,” Richmond Mayor Tom Butt said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, “we are a waterfront city -- Richmond has 32 miles of shoreline on the bay. Part of our city is vulnerable to sea-level rise: our transportation systems, neighborhoods and commercial areas, and thousands of acres of waterfront park.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among those vulnerable venues is Chevron’s refinery, which sits at the edge of San Francisco Bay. Completed in 1902, this refinery, the state’s largest, was immediately dubbed “the colossus.” The facility today employs more than 3,400 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11648046\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11648046\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-160x142.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-240x213.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-375x333.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/tomButtwater-600x532-520x461.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">“Our city is vulnerable to sea-level rise,” Richmond Mayor Tom Butt said. \u003ccite>(Julie Cart/CALmatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Leah Casey, the spokeswoman for Chevron’s Richmond refinery, said in a statement that lawsuits like the local ones “will do nothing to address the serious issue of climate change. Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions is a global issue that requires global engagement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butt said the city sued “out of frustration, because I know that these fossil fuel companies are aware of the long-term costs and damage of the widespread consumption of fossil fuel.” He said Richmond was already planning for the sea’s rise but had not yet calculated mitigation costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suits are filed in state court under California’s public nuisance law, which allows legal actions against activities that are “injurious to health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York City filed a similar claim against five of the world’s largest oil companies in federal court, asking that the cost of mitigating damage done by the companies as a result of their contribution to climate change be charged to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal challenges also assert that the oil industry has known for decades that burning fossil fuels accelerates climate change. The Richmond complaint states, “The industry has known for decades that business-as-usual combustion of their products could be ‘severe’ or even ‘catastrophic.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Companies were so certain of the threat that some even took steps to protect their own assets from rising seas and more extreme storms,” the complaint goes on, “and they developed new technologies to profit from drilling in a soon-to-be-ice-free Arctic. Yet instead of taking steps to reduce the threat to others, the industry actually increased production while spending billions on public relations, lobbying, and campaign contributions to hide the truth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slow unraveling of the decades-long industry cover-up of the medical harm from cigarettes turned the tide in the tobacco cases, according to Ann Carlson, an environmental law professor at the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the UCLA School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carlson, who is advising some of the plaintiffs’ lawyers, said that courts will take into account the oil-industry-funded campaign to discredit climate science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That matters in California,” she said. “If you can show evidence that a defendant engaged in a campaign to obfuscate, it’s more than just a nice detail. Evidence helps.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With much at stake, oil companies are pushing back hard. ExxonMobil has responded with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4345487-Exxon-Texas-Petition-Jan-2018.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">demand\u003c/a> to depose lawyers representing the California cities and counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says it is a victim of a conspiracy, and cities and counties are being disingenuous: When they issue municipal bonds, they portray risk from climate change as unpredictable, not the fault of oil firms, as the lawsuits claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies have also filed motions to move the cases to federal courts, where they believe there are precedents more favorable to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The number of legal claims intended to monetize the consequences of a warming planet is growing. Carlson said greater scientific certainty about attributing climate change impacts to specific industries and companies has created a legal opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The courts were uncomfortable that they couldn’t trace the harm,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is the epicenter of so-called climate-attribution science, said Peter Frumhoff, director of science and policy for the Union of Concerned Scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s really a quite robust ability to characterize the extent to which climate change impacts have worsened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further, by collating data taken from oil companies’ annual accounting and national and international energy agencies’ reports, “one can then connect the dots and assign a cost. That tees up the question, ‘Who is responsible and who should pay?’ ” Frumhoff said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is where the science is taking us, with increasing specificity and confidence,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>New research from UC Davis finds a sneaky contributor to the state’s smog problem rising from the floor of the Central Valley: California’s crops are emitting polluting nitrogen oxides, up to 10 times as much of those gases as previously thought.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘In California we love and respect our agricultural sector. We hope we can help find solutions for environmental health and agricultural production, too.’\u003ccite>Maya Almaraz, UC Davis\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>State regulators blame nitrogen oxides, also commonly known as NOx, for health problems and even deaths. Over decades, the California Air Resources Board and scientists have worked to inventory NOx gases. Most often, those pollutants are connected to burning fossil fuels, tailpipes and smokestacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agriculture is another source of nitrogen oxides. Fertilizers add nitrogen to soil; what plants don’t use gets digested by microbes, and soil and air conditions can intensify that process. A \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaao3477.full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published\u003c/a> in “Science Advances” finds that those emissions may make up 25 to 41 percent of the state’s total.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e43xeVlEgiyscTww5TLJr2bI6anLZq2Z”]“We have been able to make big strides in improving air quality in cities,” says National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow Maya Almaraz, the study’s lead author. “But we’re just not seeing those changes happen as quickly in rural areas, which we think might be because we have this sort of undetected source in those areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the state Air Resources Board has used satellites and local field studies to characterize the pollutant. Almaraz and her team relied on new and different methods, including soil calculations and data collected by low-flying planes to create their calculations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new results differ sharply from the current state air pollution inventory, last updated in 2013, which has put farm-based NOx pollution at 3.8 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11647797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11647797 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1020x682.jpg\" alt=\"Man on a tractor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1920x1284.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-960x642.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer plows a field on Aug. 11, 2004, near the town of Arvin, southeast of Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These numbers seem to be quite a bit different from our prior understanding,” says Bart Croes, head of research for the California Air Resources Board. “So we’re going to take a close look at their methods and see if we need to adjust our understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Croes says he has questions about the new study’s methodology. “When we look at satellite data, it shows that the remaining hot spots of pollution in California are, as you’d expect, our major cities,” he says. “So that seems to align with the prior understanding that we have, that cars and trucks and other urban sources are responsible for the pollution we need to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”Dj0njYGVYIGxW5f7aU6tPXaFzOVIQF9G”]Almaraz and Croes both acknowledge uncertainties in measuring the pollutant in farm fields. The microbial process that produces nitrogen oxides is a pulsing, complex one, dependent on multiple factors including fertilizer application, temperature, air and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almaraz and her co-authors point out that their results are on par with agricultural emissions described in other studies for Europe and the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking back we realize, oh, of course, perhaps it isn’t as surprising as we first thought that we’re getting these large soil emissions of NOx,” Almaraz says. “We’re seeing this elsewhere in the world, and it was just a matter of time before we looked at it in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s results may have longer-term implications for California farmers. Regulations aimed at cutting smog have for decades been largely focused on mobile sources, like cars and trucks, and major stationary sources, like refineries. 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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new results differ sharply from the current state air pollution inventory, last updated in 2013, which has put farm-based NOx pollution at 3.8 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11647797\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11647797 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1020x682.jpg\" alt=\"Man on a tractor.\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1920x1284.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-960x642.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/02/RS729_farms0613-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farmer plows a field on Aug. 11, 2004, near the town of Arvin, southeast of Bakersfield, California. \u003ccite>(David McNew/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“These numbers seem to be quite a bit different from our prior understanding,” says Bart Croes, head of research for the California Air Resources Board. “So we’re going to take a close look at their methods and see if we need to adjust our understanding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Croes says he has questions about the new study’s methodology. “When we look at satellite data, it shows that the remaining hot spots of pollution in California are, as you’d expect, our major cities,” he says. “So that seems to align with the prior understanding that we have, that cars and trucks and other urban sources are responsible for the pollution we need to control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Almaraz and Croes both acknowledge uncertainties in measuring the pollutant in farm fields. The microbial process that produces nitrogen oxides is a pulsing, complex one, dependent on multiple factors including fertilizer application, temperature, air and soil moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almaraz and her co-authors point out that their results are on par with agricultural emissions described in other studies for Europe and the Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Looking back we realize, oh, of course, perhaps it isn’t as surprising as we first thought that we’re getting these large soil emissions of NOx,” Almaraz says. “We’re seeing this elsewhere in the world, and it was just a matter of time before we looked at it in California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s results may have longer-term implications for California farmers. Regulations aimed at cutting smog have for decades been largely focused on mobile sources, like cars and trucks, and major stationary sources, like refineries. California already incentivizes less-polluting farming practices and promotes strategies to cut emissions from crops, such as through slow-release, efficient fertilizing practices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those strategies may not be enough going forward. Almaraz points out that a growing population is likely to demand more produce — which means farm-related emissions may grow in significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In California we love and respect our agricultural sector,” she says. “We hope we can help find solutions for environmental health and agricultural production, too.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Adventurers hoping to see Yosemite National Park's annual \"firefall\" will need reservations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Chronicle reports \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/learn/news/yosemite-national-park-announces-pilot-program-for-horsetail-fall-event-february-12-26-2018.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yosemite has instituted a new reservation system\u003c/a> this year to end congestion and pedestrian safety problems when spectators flock to Horsetail Fall on the east side of El Capitan to see the fiery orange glow at sunset. The release says popularity has contributed to traffic issues, including \"jams with over 1,000 vehicles at one time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/YosemiteNPS/status/959157026688401408\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those hoping to see the natural wonder Feb. 12-26 must apply for a free day parking permit, which grants access to parking on Northside Drive between the Yosemite Valley Lodge and El Capitan Crossover.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Registration opened Saturday, with a limit of one vehicle permit per person each day: 250 parking reservations (a reservation is good for a carload of passengers) will be available online each day, with 50 additional daily permits on a first-come, first-served basis from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. at the Ansel Adams Gallery in Yosemite Village.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Trump administration is considering altering a plan that protects millions of acres of the California desert in order to boost energy development, mining and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan was finalized less than 18 months ago, but the Bureau of Land Management announced Thursday that it would revisit it with an eye toward opening even more areas to renewable energy development, off-road vehicles, mining and grazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation plan, which covers more than 22 million acres of private and public land across seven Southern California counties, nearly doubled the amount of protected land in the desert while concentrating energy development into areas where it would be least harmful to wildlife and the environment. Other lands were set aside for off-road vehicle access and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to reduce burdens on all domestic energy development, including solar, wind and other renewables,” Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Katharine MacGregor said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to reopen the conservation plan comes in response to an April 2017 executive order directing federal agencies to review all regulations or decisions that could “potentially burden the development or use of domestically produced energy sources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BLM, in its news release, implied that California could struggle to meet its ambitious renewable energy goals of getting 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 unless more of the California desert is opened to energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California Energy Commissioner Karen Douglas disputed that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not a need to open up conservation lands, or high-value habitat areas, for more renewable energy on public land in the desert,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is revisiting only the public lands portion of the conservation plan, some 11 million acres. Of that, 388,000 acres, or 4 percent, are designated as ideal for renewable energy projects, 60 percent for conservation and 33 percent for recreation — a balance that Douglas said was “heavily vetted and very strongly science-based.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the decision to revisit the plan was welcome news to Nancy Rader, the executive director of the California Wind Energy Association. She said the plan all but prohibited wind development on public land in the California desert, which she said resulted in California having to import more renewable energy from places like Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pleased to get another shot at it,” she said. “We’d like to be listened to this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other groups mentioned by the BLM that could see expanded access, like off-roaders, seemed ambivalent about the decision. Amy Granat, the managing director of the California Off-Road Vehicle Association, said she felt her group had been listened to in the creation of the first plan, and that revisiting it might be complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not everyone may have been pleased by the outcome, but I think sometimes when that happens a compromise is reached,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists decried the decision to reopen the conservation plan, saying it would create chaos for renewable energy developers and endanger special places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re creating a problem where there is none,” said Frazier Haney, the director of land conservation at the Mojave Desert Land Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has decided to reconsider a number of management plans painstakingly negotiated by previous administrations in recent months, including multiple national monuments and a sage grouse protection plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BLM will take public comments through March 19.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Trump administration is considering altering a plan that protects millions of acres of the California desert in order to boost energy development, mining and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan was finalized less than 18 months ago, but the Bureau of Land Management announced Thursday that it would revisit it with an eye toward opening even more areas to renewable energy development, off-road vehicles, mining and grazing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The conservation plan, which covers more than 22 million acres of private and public land across seven Southern California counties, nearly doubled the amount of protected land in the desert while concentrating energy development into areas where it would be least harmful to wildlife and the environment. Other lands were set aside for off-road vehicle access and recreation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to reduce burdens on all domestic energy development, including solar, wind and other renewables,” Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Katharine MacGregor said in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision to reopen the conservation plan comes in response to an April 2017 executive order directing federal agencies to review all regulations or decisions that could “potentially burden the development or use of domestically produced energy sources.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BLM, in its news release, implied that California could struggle to meet its ambitious renewable energy goals of getting 50 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030 unless more of the California desert is opened to energy development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California Energy Commissioner Karen Douglas disputed that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not a need to open up conservation lands, or high-value habitat areas, for more renewable energy on public land in the desert,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration is revisiting only the public lands portion of the conservation plan, some 11 million acres. Of that, 388,000 acres, or 4 percent, are designated as ideal for renewable energy projects, 60 percent for conservation and 33 percent for recreation — a balance that Douglas said was “heavily vetted and very strongly science-based.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the decision to revisit the plan was welcome news to Nancy Rader, the executive director of the California Wind Energy Association. She said the plan all but prohibited wind development on public land in the California desert, which she said resulted in California having to import more renewable energy from places like Wyoming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re pleased to get another shot at it,” she said. “We’d like to be listened to this time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other groups mentioned by the BLM that could see expanded access, like off-roaders, seemed ambivalent about the decision. Amy Granat, the managing director of the California Off-Road Vehicle Association, said she felt her group had been listened to in the creation of the first plan, and that revisiting it might be complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Not everyone may have been pleased by the outcome, but I think sometimes when that happens a compromise is reached,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Conservationists decried the decision to reopen the conservation plan, saying it would create chaos for renewable energy developers and endanger special places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re creating a problem where there is none,” said Frazier Haney, the director of land conservation at the Mojave Desert Land Trust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration has decided to reconsider a number of management plans painstakingly negotiated by previous administrations in recent months, including multiple national monuments and a sage grouse protection plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The BLM will take public comments through March 19.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Would You Drink Beer Made With GMO Yeast to Conserve Water?",
"title": "Would You Drink Beer Made With GMO Yeast to Conserve Water?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are a beer drinker, it might surprise you to learn how much water goes into one pint of beer. About 11 gallons just for the hops alone.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But there’s a scientist named Charles Denby who wants to replace those hops with genetically engineered yeast. And he’s doing this because he wants to make beer more climate-friendly. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I'm really interested in making an impact on the process,” says Denby, “and if that means that we can cut out trillions of liters of water that’s used on hop agriculture every year, that’s really the pie-in-the-sky goal for me.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby wants to replace hops because the crop is vulnerable to climate change. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most of the nation’s hops, and many of California’s hops, are grown in the Yakima Valley in the state of Washington. And\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-and/climate-beer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that area is expected to have less water \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">because of higher temperatures and intense drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615763\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The UC Davis brewery where Charles Denby brewed the first batch of his GMO yeast. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The challenge for Denby is creating yeast that tastes hoppy enough. I met him at a brewery at UC Davis last summer to see his experiment in action. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sound of heavy metal filled the room and steam hissed from silver machines. Denby yelled over the noise and explained that beer is made from water, barley, yeast and hops. But the four batches he was making that day wouldn’t include that last ingredient. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instead of hops, he added his GMO yeast to three large fermenters. As a control, he added generic yeast that he didn't genetically modify to the fourth fermenter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">His yeast is made with the genes from mint and basil plants. He combined these genes with yeast DNA, then mixed them with yeast cells. He’s hoping this process will lead to some interesting flavors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Before Denby started this research, he wasn't a big beer drinker. But after his friend gave him a home brewing kit a few years ago, he got into the science behind it. His interest in brewing, along with a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ph.D. in molecular and cellular biology\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, led him to make a discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was literally sitting in the bathtub reading this book about brewing science and I got to the section about hops. And they actually spelled out exactly what the molecules were for the primary determinants for hoppy flavor,” says Denby. “And I looked at the molecules and was like, ‘Oh my God.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right now, he says he’s the only scientist using GMO yeast to make beer. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But getting that beer to market is tricky because GMOs carry some heavy baggage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Monsanto have made GMO crops resistant to pesticides that kill weeds. But these pesticides lead to diversity loss and they also drift to nearby farms and kill non-GMO crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bill Freese, a science policy analyst at the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, says these weeds eventually develop a resistance to the pesticides, and so more toxic chemicals are needed. And the cycle continues.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615765\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615765\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Denby pours one of his GMO yeast solutions into a fermenter at the UC Davis brewery. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Denby explains he isn’t in the business of making harmful chemicals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I'll have friends and family say, ‘Oh I don't eat anything GMO,’ and I have to be very patient and just explain what the potential benefits are,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But his research still involves risk. There’s the fear his GMO yeast could escape and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a10911/better-beer-from-genetically-engineered-yeast-16992861/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">alter yeast in the wild.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then there is the regulation of GMO products. There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/freese_safetytestingandregulationofgeneticallyebgineeredfoods_nov212004_62269.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no mandatory rules that say GMO products must be safe\u003c/a> to eat or drink. There’s only \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GEPlants/default.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a voluntary process\u003c/a> by which scientists test their GMO creations themselves and then ask the FDA if they approve the product as safe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a caveat. If a company doesn't submit for FDA approval and places their GMO product on the market, they would most likely face liability issues. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby made sure to submit his results last year and is waiting to hear from the FDA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While Freese\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/reports/2156/safety-testing-and-regulation-of-genetically-engineered-foods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> says there should be more regulation,\u003c/a> scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazards directly connected with the use of genetically engineered crops, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24041244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 10 year review.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby says the benefits of his research outweigh the harms. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">My position on GMO products has definitely evolved. I'm very pro. Obviously, you want to make sure they don't have allergenic effects, but you can save a lot of resources,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the meantime, Denby wants to make \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sure his beer actually tastes good. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He reached out to Sonoma County's Lagunitas Brewing Co., and they set up a companywide taste test.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615766\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615766\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Denby fills out a questionnaire after tasting his beers for the first time in the Sensory Lab at the Lagunitas Brewing Co. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby brought the samples he brewed at UC Davis to the Sensory Lab at the brewery. I watched as Bryan Donaldson, the lab's innovation manager, led Denby through the process. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">First, Denby sat down in a private booth. Then, a blue light came on and a small door slid open. A woman on the other side handed him a tray with four samples of his beer -- three from his GMO yeast and the fourth from the control. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the tasting, Denby pushed back his chair and breathed. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They actually tasted good. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I've been nervous all day, all week, and I feel like a pretty profound sense of relief,” said Denby. “I guess the next thing that I'm nervous about is, is it going to be [similarly] perceived by the general public or a group of expert tasters as well, or is it gonna be just in my mind?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But before leaving the lab, expert taster Bryan weighed in on the samples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I got some fruit notes off a couple of them,\" he commented. \"One was straight-up Fruit Loops and then one was kinda orangey, like orange blossoms.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615768\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615768\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Denby talks about the flavors in his beer with Bryan Donaldson, the innovation manager at Lagunitas Brewing Co. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We headed to the company’s bar to try some other beers, and Denby told me his next step would be getting brewing companies to bottle his beer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few months later, I caught up with Denby to see if he got the taste testing results back. He told me the results were quite positive: two of his beers were hoppy enough for the judges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then he told me he had some exciting news. He received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1722376&HistoricalAwards=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/a> He's starting his own brewery science company and wants to experiment with new flavors -- \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like passion fruit, gooseberry or broom flower. He says that by using genetically engineered yeast instead of real hops, beer can taste like anything. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Biologist Charles Denby is using GMO yeast to make beer more climate-friendly.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you are a beer drinker, it might surprise you to learn how much water goes into one pint of beer. About 11 gallons just for the hops alone.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But there’s a scientist named Charles Denby who wants to replace those hops with genetically engineered yeast. And he’s doing this because he wants to make beer more climate-friendly. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I'm really interested in making an impact on the process,” says Denby, “and if that means that we can cut out trillions of liters of water that’s used on hop agriculture every year, that’s really the pie-in-the-sky goal for me.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby wants to replace hops because the crop is vulnerable to climate change. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most of the nation’s hops, and many of California’s hops, are grown in the Yakima Valley in the state of Washington. And\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-and/climate-beer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that area is expected to have less water \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">because of higher temperatures and intense drought. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615763\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615763\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The UC Davis brewery where Charles Denby brewed the first batch of his GMO yeast. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The challenge for Denby is creating yeast that tastes hoppy enough. I met him at a brewery at UC Davis last summer to see his experiment in action. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The sound of heavy metal filled the room and steam hissed from silver machines. Denby yelled over the noise and explained that beer is made from water, barley, yeast and hops. But the four batches he was making that day wouldn’t include that last ingredient. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Instead of hops, he added his GMO yeast to three large fermenters. As a control, he added generic yeast that he didn't genetically modify to the fourth fermenter.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">His yeast is made with the genes from mint and basil plants. He combined these genes with yeast DNA, then mixed them with yeast cells. He’s hoping this process will lead to some interesting flavors.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Before Denby started this research, he wasn't a big beer drinker. But after his friend gave him a home brewing kit a few years ago, he got into the science behind it. His interest in brewing, along with a \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ph.D. in molecular and cellular biology\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, led him to make a discovery. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was literally sitting in the bathtub reading this book about brewing science and I got to the section about hops. And they actually spelled out exactly what the molecules were for the primary determinants for hoppy flavor,” says Denby. “And I looked at the molecules and was like, ‘Oh my God.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Right now, he says he’s the only scientist using GMO yeast to make beer. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But getting that beer to market is tricky because GMOs carry some heavy baggage.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Monsanto have made GMO crops resistant to pesticides that kill weeds. But these pesticides lead to diversity loss and they also drift to nearby farms and kill non-GMO crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bill Freese, a science policy analyst at the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Center for Food Safety\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, says these weeds eventually develop a resistance to the pesticides, and so more toxic chemicals are needed. And the cycle continues.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615765\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615765\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-3.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Denby pours one of his GMO yeast solutions into a fermenter at the UC Davis brewery. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But Denby explains he isn’t in the business of making harmful chemicals.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I'll have friends and family say, ‘Oh I don't eat anything GMO,’ and I have to be very patient and just explain what the potential benefits are,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But his research still involves risk. There’s the fear his GMO yeast could escape and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a10911/better-beer-from-genetically-engineered-yeast-16992861/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">alter yeast in the wild.\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then there is the regulation of GMO products. There are \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/freese_safetytestingandregulationofgeneticallyebgineeredfoods_nov212004_62269.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no mandatory rules that say GMO products must be safe\u003c/a> to eat or drink. There’s only \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GEPlants/default.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a voluntary process\u003c/a> by which scientists test their GMO creations themselves and then ask the FDA if they approve the product as safe. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is a caveat. If a company doesn't submit for FDA approval and places their GMO product on the market, they would most likely face liability issues. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby made sure to submit his results last year and is waiting to hear from the FDA.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While Freese\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/reports/2156/safety-testing-and-regulation-of-genetically-engineered-foods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> says there should be more regulation,\u003c/a> scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazards directly connected with the use of genetically engineered crops, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24041244\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to a 10 year review.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby says the benefits of his research outweigh the harms. “\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">My position on GMO products has definitely evolved. I'm very pro. Obviously, you want to make sure they don't have allergenic effects, but you can save a lot of resources,” he says. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the meantime, Denby wants to make \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sure his beer actually tastes good. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">He reached out to Sonoma County's Lagunitas Brewing Co., and they set up a companywide taste test.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615766\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615766\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-4.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charles Denby fills out a questionnaire after tasting his beers for the first time in the Sensory Lab at the Lagunitas Brewing Co. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Denby brought the samples he brewed at UC Davis to the Sensory Lab at the brewery. I watched as Bryan Donaldson, the lab's innovation manager, led Denby through the process. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">First, Denby sat down in a private booth. Then, a blue light came on and a small door slid open. A woman on the other side handed him a tray with four samples of his beer -- three from his GMO yeast and the fourth from the control. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">After the tasting, Denby pushed back his chair and breathed. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">They actually tasted good. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I've been nervous all day, all week, and I feel like a pretty profound sense of relief,” said Denby. “I guess the next thing that I'm nervous about is, is it going to be [similarly] perceived by the general public or a group of expert tasters as well, or is it gonna be just in my mind?”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But before leaving the lab, expert taster Bryan weighed in on the samples.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“I got some fruit notes off a couple of them,\" he commented. \"One was straight-up Fruit Loops and then one was kinda orangey, like orange blossoms.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11615768\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11615768\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-1180x786.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5-520x347.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/GMObeer-5.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Denby talks about the flavors in his beer with Bryan Donaldson, the innovation manager at Lagunitas Brewing Co. \u003ccite>(Sarah Craig)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We headed to the company’s bar to try some other beers, and Denby told me his next step would be getting brewing companies to bottle his beer. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A few months later, I caught up with Denby to see if he got the taste testing results back. He told me the results were quite positive: two of his beers were hoppy enough for the judges.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then he told me he had some exciting news. He received a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1722376&HistoricalAwards=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">grant from the National Science Foundation.\u003c/a> He's starting his own brewery science company and wants to experiment with new flavors -- \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">like passion fruit, gooseberry or broom flower. He says that by using genetically engineered yeast instead of real hops, beer can taste like anything. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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