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"content": "\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — A firefighter \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11686818/fatality-in-mendocino-complex-fire-adds-to-deadly-month-for-california-firefighters\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">died last week\u003c/a> from falling tree debris after thousands of gallons of retardant were dropped on the area where he was helping battle California’s largest-ever wildfire, according to a preliminary report from investigators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summary report from Cal Fire says Battalion Chief Matthew Burchett was struck by debris on Aug. 13 at the \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Mendocino Complex Fire\u003c/a>. Three other firefighters suffered minor injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funeral services for the 42-year-old Burchett were held Monday in his home state of Utah. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friends and family said Burchett thrived when he was sleeping on the ground, eating rations and working to protect people. He was described as a sharp, hardworking leader with a well-known grin and unassuming manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is survived by his wife Heather and 7-year-old son Griffin, who carried his father’s helmet underneath his arm as he entered the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire’s preliminary summary report on the incident recommends an immediate corrective action, saying firefighters must remain clear of areas with overhead hazards during a retardant drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what we’re trained to do,” said Scott McLean, a spokesman for Cal Fire. “Look up, look down, look around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other spokesmen could not say what went wrong in this case, citing the ongoing investigation. That includes disclosing the type of aircraft involved, why the four firefighters were underneath, or even if all four firefighters were from the same unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cliff Allen, president of the union representing state wildland firefighters, said he understood investigators were still conducting interviews. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said fire supervisors should have made sure the firefighters were well clear of the drop zone, or that their positions were clearly marked for the air tanker pilot and the pilot of the lead planes that guide in the huge tanker aircraft, showing them where to go and when to start and stop slurry drops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-800x909.jpg\" alt=\"An honor guard brings the casket of Battalion Chief Matthew David Burchett into the Maverik Center for his funeral on August 20 in West Valley City, Utah.\" width=\"800\" height=\"909\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11687879\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-800x909.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-160x182.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-1020x1159.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-1056x1200.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-1180x1341.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-960x1091.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-240x273.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-375x426.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-520x591.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An honor guard brings the casket of Battalion Chief Matthew David Burchett into the Maverik Center for his funeral on August 20 in West Valley City, Utah. \u003ccite>(George Frey/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There could have been a radio miscommunication or the crew may not have heard or chose to ignore the radio warning, Allen said. He cautioned that it’s not clear from the preliminary report whether the tree was weakened from the fire or from the retardant drop, or if the firefighters were hit by fire retardant slurry, which is a mixture of water, fertilizer and red dye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you’re working in trees, you have trees that are fire weakened, then strong winds or water or retardant drops could potentially cause them to fall and possibly injure folks,” he said. “It’s often referred to as ‘widow makers.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modified DC-10 aircraft can drop 12,000 gallons of slurry, 12 times the amount carried by the standard smaller air tanker used by Cal Fire. It can lay a swath of fire retardant as wide as a football field for as long as a mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire says a modified 747 can drop 24,000 gallons — double that of the DC-10. It uses a system that can release the slurry under pressure or as gently as falling rain from an altitude as low as 400 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"A DC-10 drops fire retardant ahead of the River Fire on August 1, 2018. The huge aircraft can drop 12,000 gallons of slurry.\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11687884\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-1200x762.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-1180x749.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-960x610.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-375x238.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-520x330.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A DC-10 drops fire retardant ahead of the River Fire on August 1, 2018. The huge aircraft can drop 12,000 gallons of slurry. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Firefighters who can’t get out of the way are trained to lie face-down toward the oncoming aircraft, helmet on, chinstrap secured, one hand holding the top of the helmet as it takes the brunt of the impact, McLean said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firefighter’s legs should be spread to provide stability, because the force of the falling slurry and the air turbulence can otherwise lift a firefighter off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re in that particular area and you can’t leave, you want to get to a safe position,” McLean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SACRAMENTO — A firefighter \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11686818/fatality-in-mendocino-complex-fire-adds-to-deadly-month-for-california-firefighters\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">died last week\u003c/a> from falling tree debris after thousands of gallons of retardant were dropped on the area where he was helping battle California’s largest-ever wildfire, according to a preliminary report from investigators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The summary report from Cal Fire says Battalion Chief Matthew Burchett was struck by debris on Aug. 13 at the \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Mendocino Complex Fire\u003c/a>. Three other firefighters suffered minor injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Funeral services for the 42-year-old Burchett were held Monday in his home state of Utah. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friends and family said Burchett thrived when he was sleeping on the ground, eating rations and working to protect people. He was described as a sharp, hardworking leader with a well-known grin and unassuming manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is survived by his wife Heather and 7-year-old son Griffin, who carried his father’s helmet underneath his arm as he entered the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire’s preliminary summary report on the incident recommends an immediate corrective action, saying firefighters must remain clear of areas with overhead hazards during a retardant drop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That is what we’re trained to do,” said Scott McLean, a spokesman for Cal Fire. “Look up, look down, look around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and other spokesmen could not say what went wrong in this case, citing the ongoing investigation. That includes disclosing the type of aircraft involved, why the four firefighters were underneath, or even if all four firefighters were from the same unit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cliff Allen, president of the union representing state wildland firefighters, said he understood investigators were still conducting interviews. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said fire supervisors should have made sure the firefighters were well clear of the drop zone, or that their positions were clearly marked for the air tanker pilot and the pilot of the lead planes that guide in the huge tanker aircraft, showing them where to go and when to start and stop slurry drops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-800x909.jpg\" alt=\"An honor guard brings the casket of Battalion Chief Matthew David Burchett into the Maverik Center for his funeral on August 20 in West Valley City, Utah.\" width=\"800\" height=\"909\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11687879\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-800x909.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-160x182.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-1020x1159.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-1056x1200.jpg 1056w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-1180x1341.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-960x1091.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-240x273.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-375x426.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/MemHonorguard-520x591.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An honor guard brings the casket of Battalion Chief Matthew David Burchett into the Maverik Center for his funeral on August 20 in West Valley City, Utah. \u003ccite>(George Frey/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There could have been a radio miscommunication or the crew may not have heard or chose to ignore the radio warning, Allen said. He cautioned that it’s not clear from the preliminary report whether the tree was weakened from the fire or from the retardant drop, or if the firefighters were hit by fire retardant slurry, which is a mixture of water, fertilizer and red dye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you’re working in trees, you have trees that are fire weakened, then strong winds or water or retardant drops could potentially cause them to fall and possibly injure folks,” he said. “It’s often referred to as ‘widow makers.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Modified DC-10 aircraft can drop 12,000 gallons of slurry, 12 times the amount carried by the standard smaller air tanker used by Cal Fire. It can lay a swath of fire retardant as wide as a football field for as long as a mile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire says a modified 747 can drop 24,000 gallons — double that of the DC-10. It uses a system that can release the slurry under pressure or as gently as falling rain from an altitude as low as 400 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"A DC-10 drops fire retardant ahead of the River Fire on August 1, 2018. The huge aircraft can drop 12,000 gallons of slurry.\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11687884\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-1200x762.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-1180x749.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-960x610.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-240x152.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-375x238.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/DC10Drop-520x330.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A DC-10 drops fire retardant ahead of the River Fire on August 1, 2018. The huge aircraft can drop 12,000 gallons of slurry. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Firefighters who can’t get out of the way are trained to lie face-down toward the oncoming aircraft, helmet on, chinstrap secured, one hand holding the top of the helmet as it takes the brunt of the impact, McLean said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The firefighter’s legs should be spread to provide stability, because the force of the falling slurry and the air turbulence can otherwise lift a firefighter off the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re in that particular area and you can’t leave, you want to get to a safe position,” McLean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Officials in Glenn County, in the northern Central Valley about halfway between Sacramento and Redding, are enforcing some mandatory evacuations after the \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mendocino Complex Fire\u003c/a> spread an additional 8,895 acres overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire Public Information Officer Derek Tisinger said his team is expecting fire activity to increase again Monday afternoon with strong winds and warmer, drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have westerly winds,” Tisinger said. “This will increase the rate of fire spread to the east, especially as it lines up with the topography, such as drainages and canyons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tisinger said the blaze is currently nearly 80 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://google.org/crisismap/us-wildfires?hl=en&llbox=39.5818%2C38.9412%2C-121.8563%2C-123.474&t=TERRAIN&layers=16%2C17%2C9%2C2&embedded=true\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory evacuation order covers the southwestern part of Glenn County, including all areas west of County Road 306 to the Lake County line, south to the Colusa County line and north to Forest Road 20N07 (also known as County Road 308).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn County under-sheriff Todd James said the evacuation order affects the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recarea/?recid=25214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snow Mountain Wilderness\u003c/a>, a 60,000-acre tract of land in Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a mostly forested region with only around 20 residents. James said the residents have all been alerted and urged visitors to stay north of the town of Elk Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t go south, because everything’s closed,” James said of the evacuated area, which is a popular hunting spot. “People will be either cited or arrested if they’re found in the closed areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mendocino Complex Fire has burned more than 390,000 acres and is the largest wildfire in California history.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Officials in Glenn County, in the northern Central Valley about halfway between Sacramento and Redding, are enforcing some mandatory evacuations after the \u003ca href=\"https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/6073/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mendocino Complex Fire\u003c/a> spread an additional 8,895 acres overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cal Fire Public Information Officer Derek Tisinger said his team is expecting fire activity to increase again Monday afternoon with strong winds and warmer, drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have westerly winds,” Tisinger said. “This will increase the rate of fire spread to the east, especially as it lines up with the topography, such as drainages and canyons.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tisinger said the blaze is currently nearly 80 percent contained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"800\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://google.org/crisismap/us-wildfires?hl=en&llbox=39.5818%2C38.9412%2C-121.8563%2C-123.474&t=TERRAIN&layers=16%2C17%2C9%2C2&embedded=true\" style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mandatory evacuation order covers the southwestern part of Glenn County, including all areas west of County Road 306 to the Lake County line, south to the Colusa County line and north to Forest Road 20N07 (also known as County Road 308).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glenn County under-sheriff Todd James said the evacuation order affects the \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/mendocino/recarea/?recid=25214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snow Mountain Wilderness\u003c/a>, a 60,000-acre tract of land in Mendocino National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a mostly forested region with only around 20 residents. James said the residents have all been alerted and urged visitors to stay north of the town of Elk Creek.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t go south, because everything’s closed,” James said of the evacuated area, which is a popular hunting spot. “People will be either cited or arrested if they’re found in the closed areas.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mendocino Complex Fire has burned more than 390,000 acres and is the largest wildfire in California history.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11687674/deadly-ferguson-fire-burning-near-yosemite-fully-contained-after-more-than-a-month\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ferguson Wildfire Reaches Full Containment, Evacuations Ordered for Mendocino Complex\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fire crews across California have been making progress on the destructive and deadly wildfires burning across the state. Cal Fire is calling the Ferguson Fire -- which closed parts of Yosemite National Park -- 100 percent contained. But what does this actually mean? \u003cem>Reporter: Sonja Hutson\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Migrant Caravan Embarks on Cross-Country Protest\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A caravan of migrants is headed toward Phoenix on Monday after embarking on a 12-week journey across the country. The group started their journey at the steps of Los Angeles City Hall on Friday, and will make their way to Washington, D.C. They are protesting the Trump administration’s decision to end Temporary Protected Status, which provides temporary legal status to people fleeing violence or natural disasters in their home countries.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Paulina Velasco\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Orange County Election Officials Ramp Up Security in Response to Russian Hacks\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Orange County elections officials have been beefing up security ever since reports emerged of Russian hacking during the 2016 presidential election. Their efforts come in the midst of a revelation that cyber-attacks occurred during Orange County’s June primary campaign.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Mary Plummer\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Redding Schools Back in Session in the Wake of Carr Fire\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Redding School District in Northern California opened on-schedule for the start of the school year last week. Reporter Penny Nelson headed up to Shasta County to see how students were faring in the aftermath of the Carr Fire.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Penny Nelson\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Victorville Detainees Held Without Respect to Religious Practices\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A group of California Congressional Representatives visited the Victorville State Penitentiary and the Adelanto Detention Facility, where ICE is able to hold up to 1,000 detainees. Reports show that some of these detainees, who are of the Sikh faith, were being held without respect to their religious traditions.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Polly Stryker\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Scientists Testing New Ways to Stop Collisions of Birds and Airplanes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Sometimes the friendly skies aren't so friendly -- especially when you are a bird. But scientists from Caltech are working on a novel way to reduce the risk of birds colliding with airplanes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Reporter: Sharon McNary\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox told KQED that seeing “a kid holding a sign saying ‘thank you’ genuinely from the bottom of their heart … it kind of brings it all home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTheCaliforniaReport%2Fvideos%2F1894104190894624%2F&show_text=0&width=476\" width=\"476\" height=\"476\" style=\"border:none;overflow:hidden\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11687075/cal-fire-green-sheet-carr-fire-jeremy-stoke-don-ray-smith\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">danger\u003c/a> and chaos of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683410/carr-fire-expands-in-shasta-two-wildfires-blaze-in-mendocino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s wildfires\u003c/a>, it turns out a simple “thank you” goes a long way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Cal Fire Battalion Chief Jonathan Cox told KQED that seeing “a kid holding a sign saying ‘thank you’ genuinely from the bottom of their heart … it kind of brings it all home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://www.facebook.com/plugins/video.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FTheCaliforniaReport%2Fvideos%2F1894104190894624%2F&show_text=0&width=476\" width=\"476\" height=\"476\" style=\"border:none;overflow:hidden\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" allowtransparency=\"true\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11687075/cal-fire-green-sheet-carr-fire-jeremy-stoke-don-ray-smith\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">danger\u003c/a> and chaos of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11683410/carr-fire-expands-in-shasta-two-wildfires-blaze-in-mendocino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California’s wildfires\u003c/a>, it turns out a simple “thank you” goes a long way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 25, 2018: This story includes a correction.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regional air regulators have approved a proposal by Phillips 66 to process an extra 61 million gallons of gas oil every year at its refinery in Rodeo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District informed the Houston-based oil giant Thursday (August 16, 2018) that a unit at the facility can immediately begin processing an additional 4,000 barrels — 168,000 gallons — of the fuel every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local environmental groups slammed the company for the expansion and the air district for allowing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The refinery is trying to pretend that the increases are insignificant\" said Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of San Francisco Baykeeper. \"The air board seems to be falling for this ploy at the expense of the community's health and the Bay's water quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choksi-Chugh and Hollin Kretzmann, a staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity, say Phillips 66 has long been pressing the air district to change its permits and allow increased refining capacity at its Contra Costa County facility, with a goal of processing heavier Canadian crude oils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have said spills involving heavy tar-sands oil from Canada are more dangerous and harder to clean up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At a time when California needs to rapidly move away from fossil fuels, this short-sighted decision will take us in the exact opposite direction,\" Kretzmann said. \"The air district should be fighting to protect our air and health, not bending over backwards to help the oil industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators have no power to dictate what kind of oil a refinery blends at their facilities, according to Bay Area Air Quality Management District spokesman Tom Flannigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 spokesman Dennis Nuss declined to comment on why the company requested the increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a note in the air district's \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/engineering/title-v-permits/a0016/a0016_statementoffindings_unicracker_project_app27954_082018-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> provides a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The requested change of conditions will allow the refinery additional flexibility and processing capacity to operate units more efficiently and to more easily recover from planned outages for maintenance,\" the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district determined that the newly approved 4,000-barrel-a-day increase could create 130 pounds a year in emissions above the refinery's old permit, Flannigan said. The agency concluded that amount was \"insignificant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expansion \"would contribute to regional air pollutant emissions, but ... its contribution would not be cumulatively considerable,\" the district's findings state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air agency's approval comes as the oil company also pushes to more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11593334/phillips-66-seeks-big-increase-in-tanker-traffic-to-rodeo-refinery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">double the number of oil tankers\u003c/a> permitted to unload crude oil at its marine terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, 59 ships a year are allowed to make crude and gas deliveries at the terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 wants to increase that limit to 135. That hike would raise the daily average of oil unloaded at the terminal from about 51,000 barrels to 130,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approval process for that is separate from the one granted Thursday, and there's no timetable for its completion, air district spokesman Tom Flannigan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2016, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11514480/refinery-tanker-firm-cited-for-fumes-that-sickened-scores-in-vallejo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crude oil spill\u003c/a> near the Phillips 66 marine terminal caused an overpowering odor that sickened Vallejo residents and led to a set of citations from the air district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: This story originally reported that the air district's permit approval allowed an increase in crude processing. But the unit involved only process gas oil.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated Sept. 25, 2018: This story includes a correction.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regional air regulators have approved a proposal by Phillips 66 to process an extra 61 million gallons of gas oil every year at its refinery in Rodeo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area Air Quality Management District informed the Houston-based oil giant Thursday (August 16, 2018) that a unit at the facility can immediately begin processing an additional 4,000 barrels — 168,000 gallons — of the fuel every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local environmental groups slammed the company for the expansion and the air district for allowing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The refinery is trying to pretend that the increases are insignificant\" said Sejal Choksi-Chugh, executive director of San Francisco Baykeeper. \"The air board seems to be falling for this ploy at the expense of the community's health and the Bay's water quality.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Choksi-Chugh and Hollin Kretzmann, a staff attorney at the Center for Biological Diversity, say Phillips 66 has long been pressing the air district to change its permits and allow increased refining capacity at its Contra Costa County facility, with a goal of processing heavier Canadian crude oils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have said spills involving heavy tar-sands oil from Canada are more dangerous and harder to clean up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At a time when California needs to rapidly move away from fossil fuels, this short-sighted decision will take us in the exact opposite direction,\" Kretzmann said. \"The air district should be fighting to protect our air and health, not bending over backwards to help the oil industry.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Local air regulators have no power to dictate what kind of oil a refinery blends at their facilities, according to Bay Area Air Quality Management District spokesman Tom Flannigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 spokesman Dennis Nuss declined to comment on why the company requested the increase.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a note in the air district's \u003ca href=\"http://www.baaqmd.gov/~/media/files/engineering/title-v-permits/a0016/a0016_statementoffindings_unicracker_project_app27954_082018-pdf.pdf?la=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> provides a couple of reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The requested change of conditions will allow the refinery additional flexibility and processing capacity to operate units more efficiently and to more easily recover from planned outages for maintenance,\" the agency said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The district determined that the newly approved 4,000-barrel-a-day increase could create 130 pounds a year in emissions above the refinery's old permit, Flannigan said. The agency concluded that amount was \"insignificant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expansion \"would contribute to regional air pollutant emissions, but ... its contribution would not be cumulatively considerable,\" the district's findings state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The air agency's approval comes as the oil company also pushes to more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11593334/phillips-66-seeks-big-increase-in-tanker-traffic-to-rodeo-refinery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">double the number of oil tankers\u003c/a> permitted to unload crude oil at its marine terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, 59 ships a year are allowed to make crude and gas deliveries at the terminal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phillips 66 wants to increase that limit to 135. That hike would raise the daily average of oil unloaded at the terminal from about 51,000 barrels to 130,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approval process for that is separate from the one granted Thursday, and there's no timetable for its completion, air district spokesman Tom Flannigan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In September 2016, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11514480/refinery-tanker-firm-cited-for-fumes-that-sickened-scores-in-vallejo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">crude oil spill\u003c/a> near the Phillips 66 marine terminal caused an overpowering odor that sickened Vallejo residents and led to a set of citations from the air district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: This story originally reported that the air district's permit approval allowed an increase in crude processing. But the unit involved only process gas oil.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>As California’s enormous wildfires continue to set records for the second year in a row, state lawmakers are scrambling to close gaps in California law that could help curb future fires or make the difference between life and death once a blaze breaks out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11674663/with-pge-implicated-in-wildfire-catastrophe-a-fight-over-its-future\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">biggest political battle\u003c/a> in Sacramento is focused on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11686087/lawmakers-weigh-governors-controversial-proposal-to-limit-utility-liability-in-wildfires\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">utility liability laws\u003c/a>, lawmakers are also rushing to change state laws around forest management and emergency alerts before the legislative sessions ends this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A special joint legislative committee is examining how to shore up emergency alert systems so people know to evacuate and how to prevent fires through better forest management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, said state Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson during a recent interview in her Capitol office, “We have looked at fire as an enemy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a mistake, said Jackson, a Democrat. She represents Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, which were devastated by the massive Thomas Fire last December, and is pushing \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1260\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">legislation\u003c/a> that would expand prescribed burns and other forest management practices on both public and private lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been doing less and less to try to clear vegetation, to do controlled burns so that we can reduce the dead vegetation that we have,” she said. “And as a result, we have conditions that are seeing fruition with these enormous and out of control fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson says after years of inaction, everyone in California is finally at the table — including environmental groups — supporting the measure and engaging in a conversation around forest management. Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration has already steered $800 million into projects aimed at preventing fires in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson also has a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB821\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">bill\u003c/a> that would let counties automatically enroll residents in emergency notification systems. It’s one of two bills aimed at shoring up gaps around evacuation alerts that were \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">exposed by last years’ deadly fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other is \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB833\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Senate Bill 833\u003c/a> by North Bay Senator Mike McGuire. It would seek to expand use of the federally regulated, wireless emergency alert system in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology has changed and governments must adjust, Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We used to be warned about danger with the church bells, and then during the Cold War with Russia, we had a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONELRAD\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CONELRAD\u003c/a> alert system. … We don’t have any of those things today,” she said. “We rely upon people’s cell phones. … Fewer and fewer people actually have landlines today. So we’ve got to adapt and that’s what this program will hopefully do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the national level, there’s also political maneuvering over fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen visited a fire zone in Northern California earlier this month and promised to start providing federal emergency funding earlier. And California U.S. Senator Kamala Harris spoke about her push to expand federal funding for both fighting and preventing wildfires during a recent tour of a fire area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of that money has already been included in a budget bill; additional funding is in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1842/cosponsors\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">bipartisan bill\u003c/a> that is cosponsored by senators from 10 other states, many of them in the fire-prone West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s also invest resources in things like deforestation, in getting rid of these dead trees and doing the other kind of work that is necessary to mitigate the harm that that is caused by these fires,” Harris said while visiting Lake County last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dollars are important: The state has blown through its firefighting budget seven of the last 10 years, even as the annual budget has grown five-fold over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fiscal year started six weeks ago, and California has already spent three-quarters of its firefighting budget for the entire year, according to the state Department of Finance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That spending is “a very stark indication of the severity and the scope of these type of catastrophic wildfires,” Department of Finance spokesman H.D. Palmer said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "State lawmakers tasked with tackling the wildfire crisis are rushing to change laws around forest management and emergency alerts before the legislative sessions ends this month.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As California’s enormous wildfires continue to set records for the second year in a row, state lawmakers are scrambling to close gaps in California law that could help curb future fires or make the difference between life and death once a blaze breaks out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11674663/with-pge-implicated-in-wildfire-catastrophe-a-fight-over-its-future\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">biggest political battle\u003c/a> in Sacramento is focused on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11686087/lawmakers-weigh-governors-controversial-proposal-to-limit-utility-liability-in-wildfires\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">utility liability laws\u003c/a>, lawmakers are also rushing to change state laws around forest management and emergency alerts before the legislative sessions ends this month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A special joint legislative committee is examining how to shore up emergency alert systems so people know to evacuate and how to prevent fires through better forest management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, said state Sen. Hannah-Beth Jackson during a recent interview in her Capitol office, “We have looked at fire as an enemy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was a mistake, said Jackson, a Democrat. She represents Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, which were devastated by the massive Thomas Fire last December, and is pushing \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB1260\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">legislation\u003c/a> that would expand prescribed burns and other forest management practices on both public and private lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have been doing less and less to try to clear vegetation, to do controlled burns so that we can reduce the dead vegetation that we have,” she said. “And as a result, we have conditions that are seeing fruition with these enormous and out of control fires.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson says after years of inaction, everyone in California is finally at the table — including environmental groups — supporting the measure and engaging in a conversation around forest management. Gov. Jerry Brown’s administration has already steered $800 million into projects aimed at preventing fires in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jackson also has a \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB821\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">bill\u003c/a> that would let counties automatically enroll residents in emergency notification systems. It’s one of two bills aimed at shoring up gaps around evacuation alerts that were \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11654027/my-world-was-burning-the-north-bay-fires-and-what-went-wrong\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">exposed by last years’ deadly fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other is \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB833\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Senate Bill 833\u003c/a> by North Bay Senator Mike McGuire. It would seek to expand use of the federally regulated, wireless emergency alert system in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology has changed and governments must adjust, Jackson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We used to be warned about danger with the church bells, and then during the Cold War with Russia, we had a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONELRAD\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CONELRAD\u003c/a> alert system. … We don’t have any of those things today,” she said. “We rely upon people’s cell phones. … Fewer and fewer people actually have landlines today. So we’ve got to adapt and that’s what this program will hopefully do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the national level, there’s also political maneuvering over fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kirstjen Nielsen visited a fire zone in Northern California earlier this month and promised to start providing federal emergency funding earlier. And California U.S. Senator Kamala Harris spoke about her push to expand federal funding for both fighting and preventing wildfires during a recent tour of a fire area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of that money has already been included in a budget bill; additional funding is in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/1842/cosponsors\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">bipartisan bill\u003c/a> that is cosponsored by senators from 10 other states, many of them in the fire-prone West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Let’s also invest resources in things like deforestation, in getting rid of these dead trees and doing the other kind of work that is necessary to mitigate the harm that that is caused by these fires,” Harris said while visiting Lake County last week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dollars are important: The state has blown through its firefighting budget seven of the last 10 years, even as the annual budget has grown five-fold over the same period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This fiscal year started six weeks ago, and California has already spent three-quarters of its firefighting budget for the entire year, according to the state Department of Finance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That spending is “a very stark indication of the severity and the scope of these type of catastrophic wildfires,” Department of Finance spokesman H.D. Palmer said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Last March, \u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital & Main\u003c/a> launched an investigative series, “Battery Blood,” which revealed that hundreds of workers at the former Exide battery recycling plant in Vernon, California, had for decades been exposed to lead poisoning. Even worse, the state’s public health department knew about it but failed to act. Now, utilizing data obtained from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), our joint investigation with the University of Southern California’s Center for Health Journalism has found at least 80 companies — including one that recently dismantled parts of the iconic San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge — continue to have workers in California who are lead-poisoned at levels high enough to cause birth defects, tremors and a variety of brain disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once again we found that CDPH routinely failed to refer even the most egregious employers to state enforcement officers who can levy fines and require mandatory changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most extensive problems were found at other car battery recycling plants in working-class areas of Los Angeles. At one plant, Trojan Battery Recycling Company had 174 employees with elevated levels of lead in their blood between 2015 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cli>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/lists/22191603/California-s-Dept-of-Public-Health-Failed-to-Report-Elevated-Blood-Lead-Levels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read More Documents Related to the Story\u003c/a>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s beyond upsetting,” Bell city councilman Nestor Valencia said. He lives in one of the roughly 10,000 residential properties contaminated at levels above what is safe for kids by lead emissions from the Exide plant. “You know we need these jobs, but not at the expense of worker health or keeping kids who live nearby safe. This is what state government is supposed to be for, and they are failing us.” Valencia said he was shocked to learn that other nearby plants continue to have lead-poisoned workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area also has serious ongoing problems. There were lead-poisoning victims among those working on the demolition of the eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Despite promises to keep workers safe from lead, California Engineering Contractors, which received a $200 million dollar state contract to dismantle the earthquake-damaged span, had 12 cases of lead-poisoned employees between 2013 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at Target Masters West, an indoor gun range in the city of Milpitas, there have been more than 25 lead-poisoning cases in the last decade amongst workers who clean and manage the range. Seven cases were reported during 2015 and 2016, the most recent years for which data is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Target Master West owner Bill Heskett bristled at the suggestion his workers had been poisoned, asserting that a spate of recent findings by public health experts that lead at lower levels is harmful to human health “isn’t based in real science and has been set by a bunch of clerks with no accountability.” Heskett said that the recent spikes in lead levels at his range were attributable to an employee “who wasn’t following protocols.” The employee was terminated, Heskett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Exide revelations in our March investigation, a bill was introduced in the California legislature by Assemblymember Ash Kalra (D-San Jose). Assembly Bill 2963 would require mandatory inspections at any workplace where a worker’s blood lead level is at or above 25 micrograms per deciliter. Even at levels as low as 10 micrograms per deciliter, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Controls (CDC), people with prolonged exposure to the neurotoxin are at higher risk for high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease and reduced fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>“You know we need these jobs, \u003c/strong>but not at the expense of worker health or keeping kids who live nearby safe.\u003ccite>Bell city councilman Nestor Valencia\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the legislation has faced stiff opposition from industry groups and only passed out of the Assembly by a single vote, it has stronger support in the Senate and appears likely to make it to Governor Jerry Brown’s desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among AB 2963’s supporters is Senator Bob Wieckowski (D-Fremont), who expressed dismay that problems at the Milpitas gun range (which is in his district), the Bay Bridge project and elsewhere have been allowed to linger. “If you had a family member or a friend exposed to high blood lead levels, you would want to see immediate action taken to reduce that exposure,” Wieckowski said. “The health and safety of all workers should be the top priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Two Agencies Working in Silos\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The problem in California doesn’t appear to lie with finding out about lead-poisoned workers, but with what happens when some state officials get that information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At battery plants, gun ranges and other workplaces where exposure to lead is common, the state of California requires companies to test their workers for elevated levels of lead. The custodian of that testing information is a division of CDPH called the Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (OLPPP). The division is funded through a small fee on employers in industries that work with lead. In theory, OLPPP provides education to companies and at the agency’s discretion can refer serious cases to the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, better known as Cal/OSHA. The enforcement agency can then determine the cause of problems and issue fines when unsafe practices are found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our year-long investigation found a stunning level of reluctance on the part of CDPH to turn lead-poisoning cases over to Cal/OSHA for enforcement. Of the eight companies with some of the most persistent problems with lead exposure in California between 2013 and 2016, Cal/OSHA confirmed that it received no referrals from OLPPP for any of them during the last 10 years, and conducted no lead-related inspections at any of the companies. Many of the workplaces have had lead-poisoned workers for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDPH has declined repeated interview requests and did not respond in time for publication to written questions about its management of lead poisoning cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the state Public Records Act, Capital & Main obtained communications between OLPPP and California Engineering Contractors (CEC), one of the companies awarded a contract by California’s Department of Transportation to dismantle the Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2013, OLPPP informed the company that workers on the project would be exposed to lead coating as the steel bridge was dismantled. “Our role is to assist employers in identifying and correcting work practices that can result in employees being over exposed to lead,” the OLPPP wrote in a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>“They’ve lost sight of the fundamental mission,\u003c/strong> to make sure that at the end of the day workers come home to their families safe and sound.”\u003ccite>Mariano Kramer, a former district manager for Cal/OSHA\u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Within a year, workers on the project showed signs of elevated blood lead levels. The company asserted in an August, 2014 email to OLPPP that it could bring the situation under control. “We are confident we can get even the highest exposed workers under 10 µg/dl (BLL) with aggressive oversight and support,” wrote CEC safety director Robert Ikenberry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite assurances, the problem of lead-poisoned employees grew worse. By 2015 one worker’s blood lead levels had exceeded 40 micrograms per deciliter, a level deemed “very high” by the CDC. Michael McKinney, a safety manager for CEC had an explanation, which he provided in an email to OLPPP. “The employee admitted to us that he was chewing tobacco during work. We feel that this practice is what caused the high lead level,” McKinney wrote. OLPPP appeared to accept that explanation, and never referred the Bay Bridge project for Cal/OSHA inspection, even when elevated blood levels amongst workers jumped 25 percent the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mariano Kramer, a former district manager for Cal/OSHA, said that simply accepting emailed assurances from a company with lead-poisoned workers is not acceptable. “There are a myriad of issues which can cause elevated blood lead levels. A trained inspector knows how to identify them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 27 states, workplace occupational lead safety standards are administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal agency. In those states, any blood lead level above 25 micrograms triggers an automatic OSHA inspection, through which fines for unsafe conditions can be levied and changes can be mandated. A similar standard would go into effect in California if AB 2963 becomes law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer said he supports the proposed legislation because it would empower his former agency to more aggressively target workplaces that lead-poison workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But,” he added, “there are cultural issues within both agencies that no law will fix. They’ve lost sight of the fundamental mission, to make sure that at the end of the day workers come home to their families safe and sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was produced as a project for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/event/2017-california-data-fellowship\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2017 California Data Fellowship,\u003c/a> a program of \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/author/jrubin\">Joe Rubin\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/bay-bridge-dismantling-project-was-a-lead-contamination-site-0815\">Capital and Main\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last March, \u003ca href=\"https://capitalandmain.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capital & Main\u003c/a> launched an investigative series, “Battery Blood,” which revealed that hundreds of workers at the former Exide battery recycling plant in Vernon, California, had for decades been exposed to lead poisoning. Even worse, the state’s public health department knew about it but failed to act. Now, utilizing data obtained from the California Department of Public Health (CDPH), our joint investigation with the University of Southern California’s Center for Health Journalism has found at least 80 companies — including one that recently dismantled parts of the iconic San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge — continue to have workers in California who are lead-poisoned at levels high enough to cause birth defects, tremors and a variety of brain disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once again we found that CDPH routinely failed to refer even the most egregious employers to state enforcement officers who can levy fines and require mandatory changes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most extensive problems were found at other car battery recycling plants in working-class areas of Los Angeles. At one plant, Trojan Battery Recycling Company had 174 employees with elevated levels of lead in their blood between 2015 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003cli>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/lists/22191603/California-s-Dept-of-Public-Health-Failed-to-Report-Elevated-Blood-Lead-Levels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read More Documents Related to the Story\u003c/a>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s beyond upsetting,” Bell city councilman Nestor Valencia said. He lives in one of the roughly 10,000 residential properties contaminated at levels above what is safe for kids by lead emissions from the Exide plant. “You know we need these jobs, but not at the expense of worker health or keeping kids who live nearby safe. This is what state government is supposed to be for, and they are failing us.” Valencia said he was shocked to learn that other nearby plants continue to have lead-poisoned workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area also has serious ongoing problems. There were lead-poisoning victims among those working on the demolition of the eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Despite promises to keep workers safe from lead, California Engineering Contractors, which received a $200 million dollar state contract to dismantle the earthquake-damaged span, had 12 cases of lead-poisoned employees between 2013 and 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And at Target Masters West, an indoor gun range in the city of Milpitas, there have been more than 25 lead-poisoning cases in the last decade amongst workers who clean and manage the range. Seven cases were reported during 2015 and 2016, the most recent years for which data is available.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Target Master West owner Bill Heskett bristled at the suggestion his workers had been poisoned, asserting that a spate of recent findings by public health experts that lead at lower levels is harmful to human health “isn’t based in real science and has been set by a bunch of clerks with no accountability.” Heskett said that the recent spikes in lead levels at his range were attributable to an employee “who wasn’t following protocols.” The employee was terminated, Heskett said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the Exide revelations in our March investigation, a bill was introduced in the California legislature by Assemblymember Ash Kalra (D-San Jose). Assembly Bill 2963 would require mandatory inspections at any workplace where a worker’s blood lead level is at or above 25 micrograms per deciliter. Even at levels as low as 10 micrograms per deciliter, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Controls (CDC), people with prolonged exposure to the neurotoxin are at higher risk for high blood pressure, heart disease, kidney disease and reduced fertility.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>“You know we need these jobs, \u003c/strong>but not at the expense of worker health or keeping kids who live nearby safe.\u003ccite>Bell city councilman Nestor Valencia\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>While the legislation has faced stiff opposition from industry groups and only passed out of the Assembly by a single vote, it has stronger support in the Senate and appears likely to make it to Governor Jerry Brown’s desk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among AB 2963’s supporters is Senator Bob Wieckowski (D-Fremont), who expressed dismay that problems at the Milpitas gun range (which is in his district), the Bay Bridge project and elsewhere have been allowed to linger. “If you had a family member or a friend exposed to high blood lead levels, you would want to see immediate action taken to reduce that exposure,” Wieckowski said. “The health and safety of all workers should be the top priority.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Two Agencies Working in Silos\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The problem in California doesn’t appear to lie with finding out about lead-poisoned workers, but with what happens when some state officials get that information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At battery plants, gun ranges and other workplaces where exposure to lead is common, the state of California requires companies to test their workers for elevated levels of lead. The custodian of that testing information is a division of CDPH called the Occupational Lead Poisoning Prevention Program (OLPPP). The division is funded through a small fee on employers in industries that work with lead. In theory, OLPPP provides education to companies and at the agency’s discretion can refer serious cases to the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, better known as Cal/OSHA. The enforcement agency can then determine the cause of problems and issue fines when unsafe practices are found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our year-long investigation found a stunning level of reluctance on the part of CDPH to turn lead-poisoning cases over to Cal/OSHA for enforcement. Of the eight companies with some of the most persistent problems with lead exposure in California between 2013 and 2016, Cal/OSHA confirmed that it received no referrals from OLPPP for any of them during the last 10 years, and conducted no lead-related inspections at any of the companies. Many of the workplaces have had lead-poisoned workers for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDPH has declined repeated interview requests and did not respond in time for publication to written questions about its management of lead poisoning cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the state Public Records Act, Capital & Main obtained communications between OLPPP and California Engineering Contractors (CEC), one of the companies awarded a contract by California’s Department of Transportation to dismantle the Bay Bridge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In October 2013, OLPPP informed the company that workers on the project would be exposed to lead coating as the steel bridge was dismantled. “Our role is to assist employers in identifying and correcting work practices that can result in employees being over exposed to lead,” the OLPPP wrote in a letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>“They’ve lost sight of the fundamental mission,\u003c/strong> to make sure that at the end of the day workers come home to their families safe and sound.”\u003ccite>Mariano Kramer, a former district manager for Cal/OSHA\u003c/cite>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Within a year, workers on the project showed signs of elevated blood lead levels. The company asserted in an August, 2014 email to OLPPP that it could bring the situation under control. “We are confident we can get even the highest exposed workers under 10 µg/dl (BLL) with aggressive oversight and support,” wrote CEC safety director Robert Ikenberry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite assurances, the problem of lead-poisoned employees grew worse. By 2015 one worker’s blood lead levels had exceeded 40 micrograms per deciliter, a level deemed “very high” by the CDC. Michael McKinney, a safety manager for CEC had an explanation, which he provided in an email to OLPPP. “The employee admitted to us that he was chewing tobacco during work. We feel that this practice is what caused the high lead level,” McKinney wrote. OLPPP appeared to accept that explanation, and never referred the Bay Bridge project for Cal/OSHA inspection, even when elevated blood levels amongst workers jumped 25 percent the following year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mariano Kramer, a former district manager for Cal/OSHA, said that simply accepting emailed assurances from a company with lead-poisoned workers is not acceptable. “There are a myriad of issues which can cause elevated blood lead levels. A trained inspector knows how to identify them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 27 states, workplace occupational lead safety standards are administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a federal agency. In those states, any blood lead level above 25 micrograms triggers an automatic OSHA inspection, through which fines for unsafe conditions can be levied and changes can be mandated. A similar standard would go into effect in California if AB 2963 becomes law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kramer said he supports the proposed legislation because it would empower his former agency to more aggressively target workplaces that lead-poison workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But,” he added, “there are cultural issues within both agencies that no law will fix. They’ve lost sight of the fundamental mission, to make sure that at the end of the day workers come home to their families safe and sound.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was produced as a project for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/event/2017-california-data-fellowship\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2017 California Data Fellowship,\u003c/a> a program of \u003ca href=\"https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/about-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the USC Annenberg Center for Health Journalism\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-brief-history-of-bear-proofing-in-yosemite-from-canisters-to-a-garbage-dump",
"title": "A Brief History of Bear-Proofing In Yosemite, From a Garbage Dump to Canisters",
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"headTitle": "A Brief History of Bear-Proofing In Yosemite, From a Garbage Dump to Canisters | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ah, the tranquil sounds of Yosemite Valley in the summertime. Robins singing, leaves rustling in the wind and the loud booming noise of a bear locker being slammed shut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the sweet, sweet sounds of camping in bear country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you camp in Yosemite and other parks with black bears, you can’t just leave your food out on the picnic table or even in your car overnight. You have to store it in a weird contraption called a bear locker, a large metal box that bears cannot open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to go backpacking in Yosemite, up to the top of Half Dome or down to the majestic Tuolumne River, you have to keep all of your food in a portable bear-proof canister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This problem of bears wanting to eat human food in places like Yosemite, it’s a problem we humans created. And for decades, people have been inventing solutions to try to solve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The canister, the locker — all of those things were basically invented here in Yosemite,” says Rachel Mazur, Chief of Wildlife and Visitor Use for Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the problem that these inventions were created to solve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem was not invented here,” Mazur says, “but we sure did a good job of making it a tough one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“In your car, you turn to ‘Classic Rock;’ here you get a bear”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Leahy is on patrol in Yosemite Valley. Leahy looks kind of like a cop — sunglasses, a uniform with a vest full of pockets. He’s armed with a radio and binoculars. Leahy’s a biologist; he’s patrolling for bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we slowly drive along a back road in Yosemite Valley, he sticks a hand-held antenna out the window. There are up to 500 bears in the park, and Leahy and his team have put GPS and radio collars on a handful of them to be able to track them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially they have radio frequency and we have a receiver,” he explains. When Leahy listens to different frequencies using his antenna, he can hear the beeping noise coming from different bears’ collars. “Like in your car you turn to 104.1 classic rock, but here you get you get a different bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beeping speeds up. “The bear’s pretty close,” Leahy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of natural food for bears to eat in Yosemite, but they’ve learned that swiping coolers and grocery bags is just easier. So Leahy and his team monitor the bears to try and prevent them from ever getting a taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy’s park radio interrupts our quiet listening. One of Leahy’s crew members is trying to get a hold of him, because a mamma bear and cub have been reported in a campground on the opposite side of the park. Then his work cell phone rings. It turns out there’s even another bear down here in the valley. He’s got to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s a bear in the campground in the middle of the day going after human food,” he explains, “it’s going to probably get worse fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls over into a parking lot so he can make a plan, which turns out to maybe be a bad idea because now he’s a sitting duck for tourist questions. In the middle of all this chaos, a park visitor approaches his truck window. “Hey, where’s Half Dome?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, the giant granite monolith visible from most places in Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy is nothing but professional. “After you take a left at the stop sign, look right on the bridge; you’ll see Half Dome. It’s huge. You can’t miss it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four million people visit Yosemite each year, most only for a day. Many are first-timers and don’t even know their way around the park, let alone how to behave in bear country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bears take advantage of that ignorance, which is why Leahy’s got to get on the road, and drive to the other end of the park to keep these bears from getting into people’s food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the reality of bears and humans trying to coexist in Yosemite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did we get here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687121\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687121\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"There are up to 500 bears in Yosemite, and Ryan Leahy and his team have put GPS and radio collars on a handful. Here, he tracks a bear getting a little too close to a campground.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are up to 500 bears in Yosemite, and Ryan Leahy and his team have put GPS and radio collars on a handful. Here, he tracks a bear getting a little too close to a campground. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From bear-feeding shows to “nuisance bears”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, tourists started visiting Yosemite year-round. This was a time before garbage trucks and even plastic garbage bags were invented, and the tourists needed somewhere to put their trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was crazy!” Rachel Mazur says. “They would have a dump, and that’s where the garbage would go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Mazur worked as Chief of Wildlife in Yosemite, she wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.falcon.com/book/9781493008223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book\u003c/a> about the history of bears and humans in the park. She says the bears quickly figured out that they could go to the dump and eat campers’ food scraps. Then, the concessionaire for the park figured it could make money off of tourists who’d love to see bears up close and personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’d put bleachers up, bus people in, have on spotlights, and you’d have twenty, thirty bears in there, feeding off the trash but also fighting each other,” Mazur says, and basically becoming conditioned to humans and our food. The dumps drew bears out of the wilderness into Yosemite Valley. They started reproducing in larger numbers because they got so many calories from human food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors were getting too close to the bears and getting injured, and the park realized it had to make some changes. It ended all bear feeding shows in the 1940s and closed the dumps in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But you can’t just close dumps and expect these bears that are food-conditioned and used to humans to disappear back into the forest,” Mazur says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt='Rachel Mazur, Chief of Wildlife for Yosemite National Park, by a \"graveyard\" of old bear lockers. She says when bear management is under control, her team can focus on other wildlife efforts, like conservation and restoring endangered species.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Mazur, Chief of Wildlife for Yosemite National Park, by a “graveyard” of old bear lockers. She says when bear management is under control, her team can focus on other wildlife efforts, like conservation and restoring endangered species. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the dumps closed, the bears turned their eye toward the campgrounds and visitors’ cars. This lead to even more injuries and rangers killing what they called “nuisance” bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t the type of job that the rangers had signed up for. They wanted to figure out a way to keep bears wild and away from human food, so, Mazur says, they started experimenting. They created special lids for garbage cans, and metal lockers for campers to store their food, with latches complicated enough that they were sure bears wouldn’t be able to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet bears are very smart and they figured out a way in. The rangers tweaked the designs more, adding carabiners and inventing new latches. Mazur has a whole stack of these old bear locker designs outside her office in Yosemite Valley; she calls it the “bear locker graveyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Staying ahead of the “wily bears”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While rangers experimented with bear-proof storage for car campgrounds, more and more tourists were heading out to hike in the wilderness. This was the late 1960s and the start of the environmental movement. Many young people wanted to go backpacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Durkee was a ranger in Little Yosemite Valley, the popular backcountry area behind Half Dome. Hikers would hike from the valley up to these woods and stay overnight, leaving the next day to climb the famous granite monolith. They didn’t have anywhere to store their food while they camped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would get five or ten people minimum having their food taken every night,” Durkee remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other campers were about to set out for weeks-long trips on the John Muir Trail. They didn’t take kindly to the idea of losing all their food to bears before such a big trip. Durkee remembers one upset camper chasing a bear when it ran off with his food sack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was one of those cartoon moments,” Durkee laughs. “You see the bear suddenly realizing, ‘Wait a minute, I’m a 200 pound bear. I don’t have to put up with this!’” The bear turned around and swatted the guy across the chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others campers tried using their food as pillows, which Durkee says is a very dangerous idea. “On the one hand, you want to say, ‘This is natural selection at work!’ But you don’t want people to get hurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687128\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687128\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Retired back country ranger George Durkee helped invent some of the earliest bear-proofing methods.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired back country ranger George Durkee helped invent some of the earliest bear-proofing methods. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Campers would complain to Durkee when they lost their food to bears, so he and other rangers started experimenting with different ways to hang food away from bears’ reach. First, he tried tying the food between two trees, but bears would chew through the rope and pull down the food. Then, Durkee invented something called the counterbalance system. He would throw a rope over a tree branch and hang two food bags of equal weight on each end; that way, there was no rope for the bears to chew through. Instead, bears would climb high into the tree and drop down onto the food from above, knocking it to the ground. Then the bear would run off with the food bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just one thing after another trying to stay ahead of the wily bears!” Durkee says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park tried installing metal poles with hooks that campers could hang their food on, but those got knocked down by an avalanche; then the park helicoptered heavy bear lockers into the backcountry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tried everything,” Rachel Mazur says. Until finally, “This idea of the canister came about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear canister: a portable, cylindrical container that bears cannot open, and that holds about five days of food. It looks sort of like a drum. These days, anyone backpacking in Yosemite must use one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687126\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Bear canisters like this are required for anyone backpacking in Yosemite. The park has approved 12 different types of bear canisters.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bear canisters like this are required for anyone backpacking in Yosemite. The park has approved 12 different types of bear canisters. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea was invented by Barrie Gilbert, a behavioral ecologist, who was researching bears in Yellowstone and got \u003ca href=\"https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/bear-attack-makes-man-a-bear-defender/article_660bc36f-8268-590c-a7be-55d04a41ce50.html\">horribly mauled\u003c/a> by a grizzly. The bear pulled the scalp off his head, ripped off his ears and took out an eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he healed, he decided to send his graduate student to research black bears in Yosemite instead, figuring he’d be safer there. But the graduate student kept losing his food to the bears! (It’s better than losing an eye, but still a problem.) Gilbert wanted to invent a way for his student to be able to bear-proof his food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the idea while watching a nature show on TV. He saw a frustrated lion pawing at an ostrich egg, trying to eat it, but its shape kept the lion out. That’s when Gilbert “just had this ‘A-ha’ moment,” Mazur says. Gilbert realized if someone could design a contraption that bears would have trouble getting a grip on, and make it lightweight, backpackers might be able to use it to bear-proof their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilberts’ colleagues working in Yosemite took the idea and ran with it. They hired a machinist from Visalia to make prototypes and gave them to bears at the Fresno Zoo to see if they could break them open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran through many prototypes, testing them both on bears and humans. “You’re trying to find something that can keep a bear out but that humans can use and will” use, Mazur says. “We learned, for example, if there’s more than two hand motions, people won’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to bears, nothing is foolproof. A few black bears have figured out a way around these canisters. There’s a famously smart bear in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2012/11/a-yellow-yellow-obituary.html\">Adirondack\u003c/a> mountains that taught herself out how to open one of the canister models. Back here in Yosemite, a clever bear realized she can roll canisters off a cliff to break them open. Then she climbs down to get the contents. “It just drives us nuts!” Mazur says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one individual bear and the park was able to close that area off from camping. The people on Mazur’s team sometimes have to relocate young bears or even adult bears that have become too conditioned to human food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels like the ultimate betrayal,” Mazur says. When visitors don’t bear proof their food, it’s really the bears who pay the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what’s driven rangers and researchers over the years to invent these bear-proof contraptions. Yet even once the park knew that the canisters and lockers worked, it took decades to get the funding and the support to put all the infrastructure in place and get visitors to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“If we backslide, everything backslides”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with tons of education and enforcement, and requiring the use of bear lockers and canisters, Yosemite has reduced their human-bear incidents, from a high of 1,500 a year to under 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur says, that’s exciting. “But what’s also amazing is in the old days, all we did was bear management – nothing else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, she’s technically the Chief of Wildlife, not just bears. Now she’s able to focus on reintroducing endangered species like the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep and yellow-legged frog. But Mazur says, the park still has to stay on top of bear management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we backslide, everything backslides,” she says. “We won’t just lose our grip on the human-bear issue. We’ll lose our grip on all the good wildlife work that we’re doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur says, it’s ultimately up to the tourists to behave properly in bear country. She says, many times campers have told her they didn’t really believe how bad the bear-human food issue was until they lost food to a bear themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If everyone had to lose their food to a bear before they stored it, we’d be in a world of trouble,” she says. At some point, you have to just agree that this is the right thing to do and take it from what’s been learned in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "A Brief History of Bear-Proofing In Yosemite, From a Garbage Dump to Canisters | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ah, the tranquil sounds of Yosemite Valley in the summertime. Robins singing, leaves rustling in the wind and the loud booming noise of a bear locker being slammed shut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the sweet, sweet sounds of camping in bear country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you camp in Yosemite and other parks with black bears, you can’t just leave your food out on the picnic table or even in your car overnight. You have to store it in a weird contraption called a bear locker, a large metal box that bears cannot open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to go backpacking in Yosemite, up to the top of Half Dome or down to the majestic Tuolumne River, you have to keep all of your food in a portable bear-proof canister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This problem of bears wanting to eat human food in places like Yosemite, it’s a problem we humans created. And for decades, people have been inventing solutions to try to solve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The canister, the locker — all of those things were basically invented here in Yosemite,” says Rachel Mazur, Chief of Wildlife and Visitor Use for Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the problem that these inventions were created to solve?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem was not invented here,” Mazur says, “but we sure did a good job of making it a tough one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“In your car, you turn to ‘Classic Rock;’ here you get a bear”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ryan Leahy is on patrol in Yosemite Valley. Leahy looks kind of like a cop — sunglasses, a uniform with a vest full of pockets. He’s armed with a radio and binoculars. Leahy’s a biologist; he’s patrolling for bears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we slowly drive along a back road in Yosemite Valley, he sticks a hand-held antenna out the window. There are up to 500 bears in the park, and Leahy and his team have put GPS and radio collars on a handful of them to be able to track them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Essentially they have radio frequency and we have a receiver,” he explains. When Leahy listens to different frequencies using his antenna, he can hear the beeping noise coming from different bears’ collars. “Like in your car you turn to 104.1 classic rock, but here you get you get a different bear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beeping speeds up. “The bear’s pretty close,” Leahy says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of natural food for bears to eat in Yosemite, but they’ve learned that swiping coolers and grocery bags is just easier. So Leahy and his team monitor the bears to try and prevent them from ever getting a taste.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy’s park radio interrupts our quiet listening. One of Leahy’s crew members is trying to get a hold of him, because a mamma bear and cub have been reported in a campground on the opposite side of the park. Then his work cell phone rings. It turns out there’s even another bear down here in the valley. He’s got to move quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s a bear in the campground in the middle of the day going after human food,” he explains, “it’s going to probably get worse fast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He pulls over into a parking lot so he can make a plan, which turns out to maybe be a bad idea because now he’s a sitting duck for tourist questions. In the middle of all this chaos, a park visitor approaches his truck window. “Hey, where’s Half Dome?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You know, the giant granite monolith visible from most places in Yosemite Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leahy is nothing but professional. “After you take a left at the stop sign, look right on the bridge; you’ll see Half Dome. It’s huge. You can’t miss it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than four million people visit Yosemite each year, most only for a day. Many are first-timers and don’t even know their way around the park, let alone how to behave in bear country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bears take advantage of that ignorance, which is why Leahy’s got to get on the road, and drive to the other end of the park to keep these bears from getting into people’s food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the reality of bears and humans trying to coexist in Yosemite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how did we get here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687121\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687121\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"There are up to 500 bears in Yosemite, and Ryan Leahy and his team have put GPS and radio collars on a handful. Here, he tracks a bear getting a little too close to a campground.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32394_DSC02243-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">There are up to 500 bears in Yosemite, and Ryan Leahy and his team have put GPS and radio collars on a handful. Here, he tracks a bear getting a little too close to a campground. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From bear-feeding shows to “nuisance bears”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the early 1900s, tourists started visiting Yosemite year-round. This was a time before garbage trucks and even plastic garbage bags were invented, and the tourists needed somewhere to put their trash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was crazy!” Rachel Mazur says. “They would have a dump, and that’s where the garbage would go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Mazur worked as Chief of Wildlife in Yosemite, she wrote \u003ca href=\"http://www.falcon.com/book/9781493008223\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a book\u003c/a> about the history of bears and humans in the park. She says the bears quickly figured out that they could go to the dump and eat campers’ food scraps. Then, the concessionaire for the park figured it could make money off of tourists who’d love to see bears up close and personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’d put bleachers up, bus people in, have on spotlights, and you’d have twenty, thirty bears in there, feeding off the trash but also fighting each other,” Mazur says, and basically becoming conditioned to humans and our food. The dumps drew bears out of the wilderness into Yosemite Valley. They started reproducing in larger numbers because they got so many calories from human food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors were getting too close to the bears and getting injured, and the park realized it had to make some changes. It ended all bear feeding shows in the 1940s and closed the dumps in 1970.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But you can’t just close dumps and expect these bears that are food-conditioned and used to humans to disappear back into the forest,” Mazur says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687123\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687123\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt='Rachel Mazur, Chief of Wildlife for Yosemite National Park, by a \"graveyard\" of old bear lockers. She says when bear management is under control, her team can focus on other wildlife efforts, like conservation and restoring endangered species.' width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32391_DSC02225-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rachel Mazur, Chief of Wildlife for Yosemite National Park, by a “graveyard” of old bear lockers. She says when bear management is under control, her team can focus on other wildlife efforts, like conservation and restoring endangered species. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the dumps closed, the bears turned their eye toward the campgrounds and visitors’ cars. This lead to even more injuries and rangers killing what they called “nuisance” bears.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t the type of job that the rangers had signed up for. They wanted to figure out a way to keep bears wild and away from human food, so, Mazur says, they started experimenting. They created special lids for garbage cans, and metal lockers for campers to store their food, with latches complicated enough that they were sure bears wouldn’t be able to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet bears are very smart and they figured out a way in. The rangers tweaked the designs more, adding carabiners and inventing new latches. Mazur has a whole stack of these old bear locker designs outside her office in Yosemite Valley; she calls it the “bear locker graveyard.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Staying ahead of the “wily bears”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While rangers experimented with bear-proof storage for car campgrounds, more and more tourists were heading out to hike in the wilderness. This was the late 1960s and the start of the environmental movement. Many young people wanted to go backpacking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>George Durkee was a ranger in Little Yosemite Valley, the popular backcountry area behind Half Dome. Hikers would hike from the valley up to these woods and stay overnight, leaving the next day to climb the famous granite monolith. They didn’t have anywhere to store their food while they camped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You would get five or ten people minimum having their food taken every night,” Durkee remembers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other campers were about to set out for weeks-long trips on the John Muir Trail. They didn’t take kindly to the idea of losing all their food to bears before such a big trip. Durkee remembers one upset camper chasing a bear when it ran off with his food sack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was one of those cartoon moments,” Durkee laughs. “You see the bear suddenly realizing, ‘Wait a minute, I’m a 200 pound bear. I don’t have to put up with this!’” The bear turned around and swatted the guy across the chest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others campers tried using their food as pillows, which Durkee says is a very dangerous idea. “On the one hand, you want to say, ‘This is natural selection at work!’ But you don’t want people to get hurt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687128\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687128\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"Retired back country ranger George Durkee helped invent some of the earliest bear-proofing methods.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32390_DSC02209-qut-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retired back country ranger George Durkee helped invent some of the earliest bear-proofing methods. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Campers would complain to Durkee when they lost their food to bears, so he and other rangers started experimenting with different ways to hang food away from bears’ reach. First, he tried tying the food between two trees, but bears would chew through the rope and pull down the food. Then, Durkee invented something called the counterbalance system. He would throw a rope over a tree branch and hang two food bags of equal weight on each end; that way, there was no rope for the bears to chew through. Instead, bears would climb high into the tree and drop down onto the food from above, knocking it to the ground. Then the bear would run off with the food bag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s just one thing after another trying to stay ahead of the wily bears!” Durkee says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The park tried installing metal poles with hooks that campers could hang their food on, but those got knocked down by an avalanche; then the park helicoptered heavy bear lockers into the backcountry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tried everything,” Rachel Mazur says. Until finally, “This idea of the canister came about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bear canister: a portable, cylindrical container that bears cannot open, and that holds about five days of food. It looks sort of like a drum. These days, anyone backpacking in Yosemite must use one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11687126\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11687126\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"Bear canisters like this are required for anyone backpacking in Yosemite. The park has approved 12 different types of bear canisters.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32423_IMG_7630-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bear canisters like this are required for anyone backpacking in Yosemite. The park has approved 12 different types of bear canisters. \u003ccite>(Marissa Ortega Welch/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The idea was invented by Barrie Gilbert, a behavioral ecologist, who was researching bears in Yellowstone and got \u003ca href=\"https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/bear-attack-makes-man-a-bear-defender/article_660bc36f-8268-590c-a7be-55d04a41ce50.html\">horribly mauled\u003c/a> by a grizzly. The bear pulled the scalp off his head, ripped off his ears and took out an eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After he healed, he decided to send his graduate student to research black bears in Yosemite instead, figuring he’d be safer there. But the graduate student kept losing his food to the bears! (It’s better than losing an eye, but still a problem.) Gilbert wanted to invent a way for his student to be able to bear-proof his food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He got the idea while watching a nature show on TV. He saw a frustrated lion pawing at an ostrich egg, trying to eat it, but its shape kept the lion out. That’s when Gilbert “just had this ‘A-ha’ moment,” Mazur says. Gilbert realized if someone could design a contraption that bears would have trouble getting a grip on, and make it lightweight, backpackers might be able to use it to bear-proof their food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gilberts’ colleagues working in Yosemite took the idea and ran with it. They hired a machinist from Visalia to make prototypes and gave them to bears at the Fresno Zoo to see if they could break them open.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran through many prototypes, testing them both on bears and humans. “You’re trying to find something that can keep a bear out but that humans can use and will” use, Mazur says. “We learned, for example, if there’s more than two hand motions, people won’t do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it comes to bears, nothing is foolproof. A few black bears have figured out a way around these canisters. There’s a famously smart bear in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2012/11/a-yellow-yellow-obituary.html\">Adirondack\u003c/a> mountains that taught herself out how to open one of the canister models. Back here in Yosemite, a clever bear realized she can roll canisters off a cliff to break them open. Then she climbs down to get the contents. “It just drives us nuts!” Mazur says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just one individual bear and the park was able to close that area off from camping. The people on Mazur’s team sometimes have to relocate young bears or even adult bears that have become too conditioned to human food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It feels like the ultimate betrayal,” Mazur says. When visitors don’t bear proof their food, it’s really the bears who pay the price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what’s driven rangers and researchers over the years to invent these bear-proof contraptions. Yet even once the park knew that the canisters and lockers worked, it took decades to get the funding and the support to put all the infrastructure in place and get visitors to use them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“If we backslide, everything backslides”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with tons of education and enforcement, and requiring the use of bear lockers and canisters, Yosemite has reduced their human-bear incidents, from a high of 1,500 a year to under 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur says, that’s exciting. “But what’s also amazing is in the old days, all we did was bear management – nothing else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember, she’s technically the Chief of Wildlife, not just bears. Now she’s able to focus on reintroducing endangered species like the Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep and yellow-legged frog. But Mazur says, the park still has to stay on top of bear management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we backslide, everything backslides,” she says. “We won’t just lose our grip on the human-bear issue. We’ll lose our grip on all the good wildlife work that we’re doing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazur says, it’s ultimately up to the tourists to behave properly in bear country. She says, many times campers have told her they didn’t really believe how bad the bear-human food issue was until they lost food to a bear themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If everyone had to lose their food to a bear before they stored it, we’d be in a world of trouble,” she says. At some point, you have to just agree that this is the right thing to do and take it from what’s been learned in the past.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you're waiting to hop a train at San Francisco's new \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fioretransit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$2 billion transit center\u003c/a>, you may be in for a long wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11685506/10-things-to-know-about-san-franciscos-spectacular-new-transit-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salesforce Transit Center,\u003c/a> buses will reign supreme, at least until Caltrain connects to the busy transit hub sometime around 2027.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If funding and political forces align, California's high-speed rail may roll into the station a couple years after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, pause to consider what \u003ca href=\"https://thegreatermarin.wordpress.com/2015/04/06/mapping-the-derelict-lines-of-the-bay-area/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area rail service\u003c/a> looked like in 1937.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you're waiting to hop a train at San Francisco's new \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/fioretransit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$2 billion transit center\u003c/a>, you may be in for a long wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the new \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11685506/10-things-to-know-about-san-franciscos-spectacular-new-transit-center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Salesforce Transit Center,\u003c/a> buses will reign supreme, at least until Caltrain connects to the busy transit hub sometime around 2027.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If funding and political forces align, California's high-speed rail may roll into the station a couple years after that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, pause to consider what \u003ca href=\"https://thegreatermarin.wordpress.com/2015/04/06/mapping-the-derelict-lines-of-the-bay-area/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bay Area rail service\u003c/a> looked like in 1937.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "wildfires-are-inevitable-increasing-home-losses-fatalities-and-costs-are-not",
"title": "Wildfires Are Inevitable – Increasing Home Losses, Fatalities and Costs Are Not",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wildfire has been an integral part of California ecosystems for \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520246058/fire-in-californias-ecosystems\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">centuries\u003c/a>. Now, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/data/wui/state_summary/#wui-houses\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">nearly a third of homes in the state\u003c/a> are in wildland urban interface areas where houses intermingling with wildlands and fire is a natural phenomenon. Just as Californians must live with earthquake risk, they must live with wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped by ignitions, climate and fuels, wildfires are likely to become more \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/wildfires-in-west-have-gotten-bigger-more-frequent-and-longer-since-the-1980s-42993\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">frequent and severe with climate change\u003c/a>. The 2017 experience of the largest and most damaging wildfires in California history, and ongoing destructive fires in 2018, provide a window of opportunity for learning to better \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/learning-to-live-with-wildfires-how-communities-can-become-fire-adapted-59508\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">coexist\u003c/a> with wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But both governments and people tend to adopt only short-term responses that don’t necessarily \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/california-needs-to-rethink-urban-fire-risk-starting-with-where-it-builds-houses-88825\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reduce risk effectively\u003c/a>. For example, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, after visiting fires in California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/08/08/active-forest-management-prevent-wildfires-column/913801002/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">said\u003c/a> the solution to wildfire prevention is more \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ryan-zinke-tells-california-how-to-stop-wildfires-cut-down-trees_us_5b712e75e4b0ae32af996079\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">active management\u003c/a> to remove fuel from forests. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1026587142989008897\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a>, President Trump criticized California’s handling of the wildfires, blaming its environmental policies and saying that tree clearing is needed to contain fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, focusing on traditional approaches like fighting fires and fuels management alone can’t solve the wildfire problem. Instead, California must become better prepared for inevitable fires and change how it develops future communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Will Make Fires Worse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many decades, reducing ignitions was the focus of much public and government attention. Smokey Bear chided, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.smokeybear.com/en\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Only you can prevent forest fires\u003c/a>.” Indeed, ignitions play a role in determining \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2012/nrs_2012_bar_001.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">when and where fires occur\u003c/a>. However, whether ignitions translate into fires that spread to larger areas with substantial risks to human infrastructure depends strongly on weather and fuel conditions at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-of-the-art climate \u003ca href=\"https://cal-adapt.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">projections\u003c/a> estimate that annual average daily temperatures are expected to increase by 3-5 degrees Celsius in the next few decades, increasing how fast fuels will dry out. In mountainous parts of California, increasing temperatures also cause snow to melt earlier, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5789/940\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">lengthening the summer fire season\u003c/a>. The number of days with extreme temperatures, when fire risks are especially high, is also expected to double by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures and drought combine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21560682\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">create fuels that are dry and highly flammable\u003c/a>. Extreme rainfall events, which contribute to post-fire flooding, erosion and even \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/post-fire-mudslide-problems-arent-new-and-likely-to-get-worse-90048\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">debris flows\u003c/a>, are also expected to increase in frequency and intensity. Taken together, these changes in climate are \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014GL059576\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">likely to increase the length of the fire season\u003c/a>, fire size and fire severity, and the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014GL059576\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">impacts of fire for much of the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel management such as controlled burns, vegetation clearing, forest thinning and fire breaks can sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/62/6/549/249143\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reduce fire severity\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705000411\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">limit the size of fires\u003c/a>. However, like taking vitamin C and exercising, which cannot completely prevent colds, fuel management cannot eliminate fires. \u003ca href=\"https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles/135/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dry enough fuels\u003c/a> and high enough temperatures and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/get/545d07bce4b0ba8303f7239f\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">winds will spread fires\u003c/a>. And fuel management need to be maintained over time, or vegetation regrows and reduces the effectiveness of such actions – often within five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expense of fuel management can certainly be worthwhile if it uses best-available science to inform active management practices. Fuel management plans must also take advantage of advances in fire science to strategically inform where and how often to perform fuels management on different landscapes. But even well-designed fuel management will not eliminate fires, nor even severe fires and the substantial losses associated with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right After Fires Is the Time to Make Changes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the largest and most destructive fire \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">have occurred in the last decade\u003c/a>. As of July 2018, the Mendocino Complex Fire is the largest fire in recorded California history. In 2017, the Tubbs Fire, the most damaging California fire at that time, burned more than 5,000 structures. In response, the California state legislature is considering at least \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billSearchClient.xhtml?author=All&lawCode=All&session_year=20172018&keyword=wildfire&house=Both\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">57 bills related to wildfire\u003c/a>. Our research shows that this is typical; governments often respond to wildfire quickly and \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3173855\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">decisively\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people and governments don’t always respond in ways that reduce the risk most effectively. For example, our research shows that they place fuels management projects close to places that have had recent wildfires. These are often places at reduced risk of wildfire relative to places that haven’t just had a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"https://serifire.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">our research shows\u003c/a> that responses to wildfire and other natural hazards tend to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0208-8\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reduce risks in the short rather than long term\u003c/a>. Moreover, most responses to fire are focused on suppression and fuels management, rather than also emphasizing other policy responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strategies for Living With Wildfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addressing the wildfire problem will require policy solutions that reflect a shift in perspective from fighting to \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanscientist.org/article/coexisting-with-wildfire\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">coexisting with wildfire\u003c/a>. Here are some specific ways to achieve that goal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reducing incentives to locate in the wildland-urban interface: Local decision-makers need incentives to support safer and more sustainable development, recognizing that fire is inevitable in their communities. The relative lack of disincentives to develop in risky areas – for example, expecting state and federal payments for suppression and losses – ensures that local decisions will continue to promote disasters for which we all pay. And people must begin to pay the costs for living in fire-prone landscapes. Rather than encouraging development by \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfpnet.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">guaranteed fire insurance\u003c/a> and publicly funded fire suppression, we need to ensure that prospective homeowners can make informed decisions about the risks they face in the WUI.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Retrofitting existing housing stock: Homes often ignite and burn due to flying embers from a burning landscape far from the structure itself. There is a crucial need for \u003ca href=\"http://www.readyforwildfire.org/Hardening-Your-Home/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">retrofits of existing structures\u003c/a>, such as replacing wood roofing and screening attic vents, which are cost-effective ways to reduce home losses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Creating more sustainable future development: Building new homes on fire-prone landscapes increases our exposure and the risk of losses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2018/0803/Wildfires-force-California-to-reckon-with-a-not-so-new-normal\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Future development\u003c/a> needs to concentrate structures in the lower hazard portions of the landscape and avoid the highest hazard areas, as with other natural hazards. We can achieve safer spatial layouts for neighborhoods by, for example, including buffering with non-flammable features such as orchards, and ease the work of fire fighters by, for example, clustering homes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving evacuation planning, education and warning systems: Regardless of where people end up living, we will eventually be faced with evacuation due to inevitable wildfires. Evacuation planning can begin with spatial land use planning that accounts for multiple exit routes and ease of access. But it must extend to early education about evacuation. People must know in advance how to respond to wildfire, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-fire-warnings-failure-20171229-story.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">evacuation-warning systems must be robust\u003c/a> by having, for example, redundant technologies. Warning and education must also address the many consequences of fire beyond home and infrastructure loss, including health impacts of exposure to smoke, post-fire flooding and landslide risk.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>California has a great deal to learn from other inevitable natural hazards. Following the roadmap for earthquakes, from seismic planning to earthquake retrofitting to education campaigns, the state can move the response to wildfire from reactive fighting to comprehensive preparedness. Increasing wildfires – in number, size and severity – may be inevitable. However, increasing home losses, fatalities and costs are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was originally published through \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "As California reels from another devastating fire season, environmental resource scholars explain how the state – and other fire-prone areas – can better prepare and coexist with wildfires.",
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"title": "Wildfires Are Inevitable – Increasing Home Losses, Fatalities and Costs Are Not | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/max-moritz-416859\">Max Moritz\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/naomi-tague-531440\">Naomi Tague\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-anderson-310047\">Sarah Anderson\u003c/a>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wildfire has been an integral part of California ecosystems for \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520246058/fire-in-californias-ecosystems\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">centuries\u003c/a>. Now, however, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/data/wui/state_summary/#wui-houses\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">nearly a third of homes in the state\u003c/a> are in wildland urban interface areas where houses intermingling with wildlands and fire is a natural phenomenon. Just as Californians must live with earthquake risk, they must live with wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shaped by ignitions, climate and fuels, wildfires are likely to become more \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/wildfires-in-west-have-gotten-bigger-more-frequent-and-longer-since-the-1980s-42993\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">frequent and severe with climate change\u003c/a>. The 2017 experience of the largest and most damaging wildfires in California history, and ongoing destructive fires in 2018, provide a window of opportunity for learning to better \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/learning-to-live-with-wildfires-how-communities-can-become-fire-adapted-59508\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">coexist\u003c/a> with wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But both governments and people tend to adopt only short-term responses that don’t necessarily \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/california-needs-to-rethink-urban-fire-risk-starting-with-where-it-builds-houses-88825\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reduce risk effectively\u003c/a>. For example, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke, after visiting fires in California, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/08/08/active-forest-management-prevent-wildfires-column/913801002/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">said\u003c/a> the solution to wildfire prevention is more \u003ca href=\"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ryan-zinke-tells-california-how-to-stop-wildfires-cut-down-trees_us_5b712e75e4b0ae32af996079\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">active management\u003c/a> to remove fuel from forests. In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1026587142989008897\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">tweet\u003c/a>, President Trump criticized California’s handling of the wildfires, blaming its environmental policies and saying that tree clearing is needed to contain fires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, focusing on traditional approaches like fighting fires and fuels management alone can’t solve the wildfire problem. Instead, California must become better prepared for inevitable fires and change how it develops future communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Climate Change Will Make Fires Worse\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For many decades, reducing ignitions was the focus of much public and government attention. Smokey Bear chided, “\u003ca href=\"https://www.smokeybear.com/en\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Only you can prevent forest fires\u003c/a>.” Indeed, ignitions play a role in determining \u003ca href=\"https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2012/nrs_2012_bar_001.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">when and where fires occur\u003c/a>. However, whether ignitions translate into fires that spread to larger areas with substantial risks to human infrastructure depends strongly on weather and fuel conditions at the time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State-of-the-art climate \u003ca href=\"https://cal-adapt.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">projections\u003c/a> estimate that annual average daily temperatures are expected to increase by 3-5 degrees Celsius in the next few decades, increasing how fast fuels will dry out. In mountainous parts of California, increasing temperatures also cause snow to melt earlier, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/313/5789/940\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">lengthening the summer fire season\u003c/a>. The number of days with extreme temperatures, when fire risks are especially high, is also expected to double by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures and drought combine to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21560682\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">create fuels that are dry and highly flammable\u003c/a>. Extreme rainfall events, which contribute to post-fire flooding, erosion and even \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/post-fire-mudslide-problems-arent-new-and-likely-to-get-worse-90048\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">debris flows\u003c/a>, are also expected to increase in frequency and intensity. Taken together, these changes in climate are \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014GL059576\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">likely to increase the length of the fire season\u003c/a>, fire size and fire severity, and the \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2014GL059576\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">impacts of fire for much of the state\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fuel management such as controlled burns, vegetation clearing, forest thinning and fire breaks can sometimes \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/62/6/549/249143\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reduce fire severity\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705000411\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">limit the size of fires\u003c/a>. However, like taking vitamin C and exercising, which cannot completely prevent colds, fuel management cannot eliminate fires. \u003ca href=\"https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles/135/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dry enough fuels\u003c/a> and high enough temperatures and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/get/545d07bce4b0ba8303f7239f\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">winds will spread fires\u003c/a>. And fuel management need to be maintained over time, or vegetation regrows and reduces the effectiveness of such actions – often within five to 10 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expense of fuel management can certainly be worthwhile if it uses best-available science to inform active management practices. Fuel management plans must also take advantage of advances in fire science to strategically inform where and how often to perform fuels management on different landscapes. But even well-designed fuel management will not eliminate fires, nor even severe fires and the substantial losses associated with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Right After Fires Is the Time to Make Changes\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the largest and most destructive fire \u003ca href=\"http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Acres.pdf\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">have occurred in the last decade\u003c/a>. As of July 2018, the Mendocino Complex Fire is the largest fire in recorded California history. In 2017, the Tubbs Fire, the most damaging California fire at that time, burned more than 5,000 structures. In response, the California state legislature is considering at least \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billSearchClient.xhtml?author=All&lawCode=All&session_year=20172018&keyword=wildfire&house=Both\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">57 bills related to wildfire\u003c/a>. Our research shows that this is typical; governments often respond to wildfire quickly and \u003ca href=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3173855\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">decisively\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But people and governments don’t always respond in ways that reduce the risk most effectively. For example, our research shows that they place fuels management projects close to places that have had recent wildfires. These are often places at reduced risk of wildfire relative to places that haven’t just had a wildfire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"https://serifire.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">our research shows\u003c/a> that responses to wildfire and other natural hazards tend to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0208-8\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">reduce risks in the short rather than long term\u003c/a>. Moreover, most responses to fire are focused on suppression and fuels management, rather than also emphasizing other policy responses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strategies for Living With Wildfire\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Addressing the wildfire problem will require policy solutions that reflect a shift in perspective from fighting to \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanscientist.org/article/coexisting-with-wildfire\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">coexisting with wildfire\u003c/a>. Here are some specific ways to achieve that goal:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Reducing incentives to locate in the wildland-urban interface: Local decision-makers need incentives to support safer and more sustainable development, recognizing that fire is inevitable in their communities. The relative lack of disincentives to develop in risky areas – for example, expecting state and federal payments for suppression and losses – ensures that local decisions will continue to promote disasters for which we all pay. And people must begin to pay the costs for living in fire-prone landscapes. Rather than encouraging development by \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfpnet.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">guaranteed fire insurance\u003c/a> and publicly funded fire suppression, we need to ensure that prospective homeowners can make informed decisions about the risks they face in the WUI.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Retrofitting existing housing stock: Homes often ignite and burn due to flying embers from a burning landscape far from the structure itself. There is a crucial need for \u003ca href=\"http://www.readyforwildfire.org/Hardening-Your-Home/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">retrofits of existing structures\u003c/a>, such as replacing wood roofing and screening attic vents, which are cost-effective ways to reduce home losses.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Creating more sustainable future development: Building new homes on fire-prone landscapes increases our exposure and the risk of losses. \u003ca href=\"https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2018/0803/Wildfires-force-California-to-reckon-with-a-not-so-new-normal\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Future development\u003c/a> needs to concentrate structures in the lower hazard portions of the landscape and avoid the highest hazard areas, as with other natural hazards. We can achieve safer spatial layouts for neighborhoods by, for example, including buffering with non-flammable features such as orchards, and ease the work of fire fighters by, for example, clustering homes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Improving evacuation planning, education and warning systems: Regardless of where people end up living, we will eventually be faced with evacuation due to inevitable wildfires. Evacuation planning can begin with spatial land use planning that accounts for multiple exit routes and ease of access. But it must extend to early education about evacuation. People must know in advance how to respond to wildfire, and \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-fire-warnings-failure-20171229-story.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">evacuation-warning systems must be robust\u003c/a> by having, for example, redundant technologies. Warning and education must also address the many consequences of fire beyond home and infrastructure loss, including health impacts of exposure to smoke, post-fire flooding and landslide risk.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>California has a great deal to learn from other inevitable natural hazards. Following the roadmap for earthquakes, from seismic planning to earthquake retrofitting to education campaigns, the state can move the response to wildfire from reactive fighting to comprehensive preparedness. Increasing wildfires – in number, size and severity – may be inevitable. However, increasing home losses, fatalities and costs are not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was originally published through \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "How Dredging the Bay Is Helping Restore Delta Wetlands",
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"headTitle": "How Dredging the Bay Is Helping Restore Delta Wetlands | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This is part of our ongoing series about where taxpayer funds from 2016’s Measure AA to restore the San Francisco Bay are going. Find all the stories \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/measure-aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area known as Montezuma, about 20 miles southeast of Fairfield in Solano County, is unassuming. It’s surrounded by former tidal wetlands that are golden-brown and its south end is bordered by the California Delta. This is where two major rivers meet: the San Joaquin River and the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassie Pinnell, a biologist with the Montezuma Wetlands Restoration Project, says these two rivers are major corridors for federally-listed California fish like Chinook Salmon and Delta Smelt. “These rivers are bringing fish from far up in California, dumping them right here,” Pinnell says. “They’re looking for a place to eat, hide and grow, as they work their way out to the bay and the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 100 years ago, Montezuma and the surrounding areas by the Delta were lush tidal wetlands filled with wildlife. But, like so many areas in the bay, the wetlands here were drained for farming and ranching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/measure-aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a nine-county parcel tax approved in 2016, allocates $1.6 million to help restore more than 600 acres of tidal marsh, enhance the upland areas of the marsh and re-establish the endangered fish nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that step of the restoration project will have to come after a lot of preliminary work. Project head Jim Levine first needed to figure out a way to fill up the stretch of land in Montezuma, which had fallen about seven feet below sea level. If the area were to be restored without elevating it first, says Levine, it would essentially just become a pond and have none of the environmental benefits of a tidal wetland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levine found a solution beneath the bay—in the form of dredged sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11686942\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11686942\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small barge from the Sausalito Yacht Harbor brings dredged material to the Montezuma project site. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 2003, Levine has partnered with the Port of Oakland, the Port of San Francisco, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chevron and other smaller ports along the bay to direct their dredged sediment to Montezuma. An off-loader machine, docked on the Sacramento River and powered by two 2,500-horsepower electric motors, pumps the sediment through a series of large pipes to the surface of the drained wetlands. Levine says the off-loader can pump up to 20,000 gallons of sediment per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have now taken about 8 million cubic yards of sediment to fill up about 600 acres to about two feet above sea level,” Levine says. “It now can function as a tidal wetland when we restore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levine hopes to re-introduce these raised wetlands to tidal flow in late 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, according to Levine, there’s one more added benefit from using dredged sediment: dumping the material in Montezuma means the sediment won’t be disposed of in the ocean where it can oxidize and release contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This is part of our ongoing series about where taxpayer funds from 2016’s Measure AA to restore the San Francisco Bay are going. Find all the stories \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/measure-aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The area known as Montezuma, about 20 miles southeast of Fairfield in Solano County, is unassuming. It’s surrounded by former tidal wetlands that are golden-brown and its south end is bordered by the California Delta. This is where two major rivers meet: the San Joaquin River and the Sacramento River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cassie Pinnell, a biologist with the Montezuma Wetlands Restoration Project, says these two rivers are major corridors for federally-listed California fish like Chinook Salmon and Delta Smelt. “These rivers are bringing fish from far up in California, dumping them right here,” Pinnell says. “They’re looking for a place to eat, hide and grow, as they work their way out to the bay and the ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 100 years ago, Montezuma and the surrounding areas by the Delta were lush tidal wetlands filled with wildlife. But, like so many areas in the bay, the wetlands here were drained for farming and ranching.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/measure-aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measure AA\u003c/a>, a nine-county parcel tax approved in 2016, allocates $1.6 million to help restore more than 600 acres of tidal marsh, enhance the upland areas of the marsh and re-establish the endangered fish nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that step of the restoration project will have to come after a lot of preliminary work. Project head Jim Levine first needed to figure out a way to fill up the stretch of land in Montezuma, which had fallen about seven feet below sea level. If the area were to be restored without elevating it first, says Levine, it would essentially just become a pond and have none of the environmental benefits of a tidal wetland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levine found a solution beneath the bay—in the form of dredged sediment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11686942\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11686942\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/08/RS32350_IMG_1073-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A small barge from the Sausalito Yacht Harbor brings dredged material to the Montezuma project site. \u003ccite>(Tiffany Camhi/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since 2003, Levine has partnered with the Port of Oakland, the Port of San Francisco, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Chevron and other smaller ports along the bay to direct their dredged sediment to Montezuma. An off-loader machine, docked on the Sacramento River and powered by two 2,500-horsepower electric motors, pumps the sediment through a series of large pipes to the surface of the drained wetlands. Levine says the off-loader can pump up to 20,000 gallons of sediment per minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have now taken about 8 million cubic yards of sediment to fill up about 600 acres to about two feet above sea level,” Levine says. “It now can function as a tidal wetland when we restore it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Levine hopes to re-introduce these raised wetlands to tidal flow in late 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, according to Levine, there’s one more added benefit from using dredged sediment: dumping the material in Montezuma means the sediment won’t be disposed of in the ocean where it can oxidize and release contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
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