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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly two decades after California banned bilingual education, voters next month will have a chance to restore it. Proposition 58 would officially end the era of English-only teaching and re-introduce instruction in English and a second language as an option.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 1.4 million English Language Learners, or ELLs, make up roughly 23 percent of California’s public school students. Most are Spanish speakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[http_redir]\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/bilingual-california-chart-20161021/child.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"500\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of bilingual instruction say it delays kids’ ability to read, write and speak proper English because they spend too much time learning in their native language. That view was widespread in 1998, the year that 61 percent of voters passed Proposition 227, ending what was called “transitional bilingual education.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Proposition 227 did not outlaw all bilingual education programs. It did, however require that parents sign a waiver if they wanted to keep their children in a bilingual classroom. Without a waiver, ELLs were automatically placed in English-only classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has changed in 18 years, though. Public support for programs that help children master two languages has grown significantly in California. More and more parents see biliteracy as a crucial skill that will open doors for their children. And districts like San Francisco and Los Angeles have created sizable bilingual programs using that waiver provision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One influential supporter of Proposition 58 is Shelly Spiegel-Coleman. She’s head of Californians Together, a Long Beach nonprofit that’s behind the so-called “biliteracy movement” in California. She says knowing at least two languages now is as important as being proficient in math, science and reading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates of Proposition 58 point to a \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/march/teaching-english-language-032514.html\">2014 Stanford University study\u003c/a> of 18,000 ELLs in San Francisco. It found that, by fifth grade, ELLs who had gotten waivers to remain in small bilingual programs were equally proficient in English and did just as well on state tests when compared with ELLs in English-only programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ricardo Lara, a Democratic state senator from Los Angeles County, is the sponsor of the ballot measure. He calls it “an attempt to right a tremendous wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the debate over bilingual education is different this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians know and value and understand the importance of having their students be multilingual, bilingual and multiliterate,” he said recently. “And so we’re removing those barriers and ensuring that we are going to continue to have those dynamic programs in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11146645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11146645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Drawings hang on the walls at Las Familias Del Pueblo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawings hang on the walls at Las Familias Del Pueblo. \u003ccite>(Morgan Walker/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Under the measure, for example, school districts would still decide locally whether they want to expand bilingual education or not. English-only programs would remain, but parents would no longer need to sign a waiver to place their children in a bilingual program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents fear this would allow schools to transfer ELLs to a bilingual classroom without the parent’s consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading the charge against the bilingual measure is Ron Unz, the Silicon Valley millionaire who orchestrated the original ban in 1998. His campaign was inspired by a protest by immigrant parents in Los Angeles in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, a group called Las Familias del Pueblo launched a boycott at the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-02-14/local/me-35833_1_district-schools\">Ninth Street School in \u003c/a>L.A.’s garment district. Latino parents complained that, as much as they wanted their kids to continue speaking Spanish, only 1 percent of the students at the school knew enough English to transition out of the bilingual program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”hVhY4GiK7kEAQfPH9zc9fVfu3c1xiYcC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unz insists that bilingual instruction is ineffective and cheats ELLs of a quality education. He argues that ELLs need no more than a year of intensive English instruction before moving on to English-only classrooms, and that while challenges remain, those students today are better off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latino students “are doing much better than they had been doing 18 or 20 years ago,” he says, “or that they would be doing if they weren’t being taught English.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years after the ban, test scores for English Language Learners statewide improved considerably. Supporters interpreted it as powerful evidence that English-only was a better way to get ELLs to succeed, even if it meant that children would lose their Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years later, the academic achievement and test scores of ELLs began to drop off. So much so that in 2015, a coalition of civil rights groups won a landmark case against the state for failing to address the high failure rates of ELLs. State officials have since agreed to new monitoring procedures to ensure that districts provide the necessary services and interventions required under the federal Equal Educational Opportunities Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, the bilingual debate has been much more muted than it was in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Unz says the proposed initiative is likely to pass, thanks to upper-middle-class families who see bilingual instruction as a form of academic enrichment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot has changed in 18 years, though. Public support for programs that help children master two languages has grown significantly in California. More and more parents see biliteracy as a crucial skill that will open doors for their children. And districts like San Francisco and Los Angeles have created sizable bilingual programs using that waiver provision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One influential supporter of Proposition 58 is Shelly Spiegel-Coleman. She’s head of Californians Together, a Long Beach nonprofit that’s behind the so-called “biliteracy movement” in California. She says knowing at least two languages now is as important as being proficient in math, science and reading.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates of Proposition 58 point to a \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2014/march/teaching-english-language-032514.html\">2014 Stanford University study\u003c/a> of 18,000 ELLs in San Francisco. It found that, by fifth grade, ELLs who had gotten waivers to remain in small bilingual programs were equally proficient in English and did just as well on state tests when compared with ELLs in English-only programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ricardo Lara, a Democratic state senator from Los Angeles County, is the sponsor of the ballot measure. He calls it “an attempt to right a tremendous wrong.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the debate over bilingual education is different this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Californians know and value and understand the importance of having their students be multilingual, bilingual and multiliterate,” he said recently. “And so we’re removing those barriers and ensuring that we are going to continue to have those dynamic programs in the state.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11146645\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11146645\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Drawings hang on the walls at Las Familias Del Pueblo.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/npr-15_slide-84d3d78311336aac2c1253c87266e1b0fe7e5685-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drawings hang on the walls at Las Familias Del Pueblo. \u003ccite>(Morgan Walker/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Under the measure, for example, school districts would still decide locally whether they want to expand bilingual education or not. English-only programs would remain, but parents would no longer need to sign a waiver to place their children in a bilingual program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents fear this would allow schools to transfer ELLs to a bilingual classroom without the parent’s consent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading the charge against the bilingual measure is Ron Unz, the Silicon Valley millionaire who orchestrated the original ban in 1998. His campaign was inspired by a protest by immigrant parents in Los Angeles in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, a group called Las Familias del Pueblo launched a boycott at the \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-02-14/local/me-35833_1_district-schools\">Ninth Street School in \u003c/a>L.A.’s garment district. Latino parents complained that, as much as they wanted their kids to continue speaking Spanish, only 1 percent of the students at the school knew enough English to transition out of the bilingual program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unz insists that bilingual instruction is ineffective and cheats ELLs of a quality education. He argues that ELLs need no more than a year of intensive English instruction before moving on to English-only classrooms, and that while challenges remain, those students today are better off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latino students “are doing much better than they had been doing 18 or 20 years ago,” he says, “or that they would be doing if they weren’t being taught English.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the years after the ban, test scores for English Language Learners statewide improved considerably. Supporters interpreted it as powerful evidence that English-only was a better way to get ELLs to succeed, even if it meant that children would lose their Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Years later, the academic achievement and test scores of ELLs began to drop off. So much so that in 2015, a coalition of civil rights groups won a landmark case against the state for failing to address the high failure rates of ELLs. State officials have since agreed to new monitoring procedures to ensure that districts provide the necessary services and interventions required under the federal Equal Educational Opportunities Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, the bilingual debate has been much more muted than it was in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ron Unz says the proposed initiative is likely to pass, thanks to upper-middle-class families who see bilingual instruction as a form of academic enrichment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Judge Approves VW's $14.7 Billion Settlement Over Emissions Scandal",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal judge in San Francisco has approved Volkswagen's $14.7 billion settlement over the carmaker's vehicle emissions scandal. The process of compensating affected U.S. car owners is beginning now, with the first buybacks expected to happen within the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the deal, Volkswagen agrees to either buy back or repair vehicles involved in the scandal. That means paying as much as $10.033 billion to owners. In addition, the carmaker has come to an agreement with the United States under which it will pay nearly $5 billion in environmental remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative deal was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">announced in June\u003c/a>. On Tuesday, it was approved by U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer, who found it was \"fair, adequate, and reasonable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the largest civil settlement in automaker history, and the largest false advertising case the Federal Trade Commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/refunds/volkswagen-settlement\">has ever seen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the agreement, the court notes, funds to compensate owners have to be made available within 10 days of this final approval, and the buyback program must begin immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"lq9bzWHDrBolSOXj8QpJ011W73WEvBbX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen says the claims process for arranging buybacks or modifications has already started. Documents already submitted by owners are being reviewed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vwcourtsettlement.com/en/\">settlement website\u003c/a>, and once approved, buybacks or repairs will be scheduled within 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the carmaker says the company expects the first transactions to take place around mid-November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affected owners have until Sept. 1, 2018, to submit a claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars in question were sold as being \"green\" diesel vehicles with low emissions, but in fact had been set up to drive differently during emissions tests — so they appeared to have lower emissions than they really had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">previously reported\u003c/a>, the emissions scandal involves some Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche vehicles, in both 2.0- and 3.0-liter diesel engine sizes, that were released from 2009 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This settlement covers only 2.0-liter engines in VW and Audi cars owned in the U.S. Legal proceedings on behalf of owners of 3.0-liter engines are ongoing, according to the lead counsel in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VW faces a number of other legal challenges related to the emissions-cheating debacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lawsuits against the German carmaker in other countries; in the U.S., there remains a possibility of criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several states have filed lawsuits accusing VW of violating \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/19/486621489/states-lawsuits-say-vw-execs-ran-a-cover-up-of-diesel-emissions-cheating\">state environmental laws\u003c/a> by cheating on emissions tests, and this summer the company announced a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/25/491400452/volkswagen-has-tentative-deal-to-compensate-u-s-dealers-in-emissions-scandal\">proposed settlement with dealers\u003c/a> who claim losses caused by the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal judge in San Francisco has approved Volkswagen's $14.7 billion settlement over the carmaker's vehicle emissions scandal. The process of compensating affected U.S. car owners is beginning now, with the first buybacks expected to happen within the next few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the deal, Volkswagen agrees to either buy back or repair vehicles involved in the scandal. That means paying as much as $10.033 billion to owners. In addition, the carmaker has come to an agreement with the United States under which it will pay nearly $5 billion in environmental remediation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tentative deal was \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">announced in June\u003c/a>. On Tuesday, it was approved by U.S. District Judge Charles Breyer, who found it was \"fair, adequate, and reasonable.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's the largest civil settlement in automaker history, and the largest false advertising case the Federal Trade Commission \u003ca href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/cases-proceedings/refunds/volkswagen-settlement\">has ever seen\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the terms of the agreement, the court notes, funds to compensate owners have to be made available within 10 days of this final approval, and the buyback program must begin immediately.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volkswagen says the claims process for arranging buybacks or modifications has already started. Documents already submitted by owners are being reviewed, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.vwcourtsettlement.com/en/\">settlement website\u003c/a>, and once approved, buybacks or repairs will be scheduled within 90 days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokeswoman for the carmaker says the company expects the first transactions to take place around mid-November.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Affected owners have until Sept. 1, 2018, to submit a claim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars in question were sold as being \"green\" diesel vehicles with low emissions, but in fact had been set up to drive differently during emissions tests — so they appeared to have lower emissions than they really had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As NPR \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/06/28/483785166/volkswagen-will-pay-u-s-diesel-car-owners-up-to-10-billion\">previously reported\u003c/a>, the emissions scandal involves some Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche vehicles, in both 2.0- and 3.0-liter diesel engine sizes, that were released from 2009 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This settlement covers only 2.0-liter engines in VW and Audi cars owned in the U.S. Legal proceedings on behalf of owners of 3.0-liter engines are ongoing, according to the lead counsel in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VW faces a number of other legal challenges related to the emissions-cheating debacle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are lawsuits against the German carmaker in other countries; in the U.S., there remains a possibility of criminal charges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several states have filed lawsuits accusing VW of violating \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/19/486621489/states-lawsuits-say-vw-execs-ran-a-cover-up-of-diesel-emissions-cheating\">state environmental laws\u003c/a> by cheating on emissions tests, and this summer the company announced a \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/08/25/491400452/volkswagen-has-tentative-deal-to-compensate-u-s-dealers-in-emissions-scandal\">proposed settlement with dealers\u003c/a> who claim losses caused by the scandal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "antarcticas-ice-sheets-are-melting-faster-and-from-beneath",
"title": "Antarctica's Ice Sheets Are Melting Faster — and From Beneath",
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"content": "\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”qHvFWkEdISjffdiNsa2BZpl5IRSp1ksh”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Researchers say the ice is melting more quickly than they've ever seen. They think it's because warm water is circulating under the ice shelf, and that the melting process appears to be irreversible.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Antarctica’s ice has been melting, most likely because of a warming climate. Now, newly published research shows the rate of melting appears to be accelerating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Antarctica is bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined, and it’s covered in deep ice — more than a mile deep in some places. Most of the ice sits on bedrock, but it slowly flows off the continent’s edges. Along the western edge, giant glaciers creep down toward the sea. Where they meet the ocean, they form ice shelves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shelves are the specialty of \u003ca href=\"https://radar.jpl.nasa.gov/people/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowPerson&pplID=33\">Ala Khazendar\u003c/a>, a geophysicist and polar expert at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You have this floating plate of ice being fed by the glaciers flowing from the interior of the continent,” he says, “while having ocean water underneath it.” He calls the shelves “the gates of Antarctica.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the shelves float, they’re still connected to the mainland. The point at which the ice shelf is no longer supported by bedrock is called the “grounding line.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A team from JPL has been studying that grounding line in several places along the edge of the West Antarctic ice sheet. They used radar to look beneath the ice. In particular, overflights have targeted ice shelves along the West Antarctic ice sheet known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve found that the ice is melting faster than they’ve ever seen. The researchers believe the cause is warm water circulating beneath the ice shelf. The melting was most pronounced from 2002 to 2009. (The influx of warmer water to the region stalled recently, and the rate of melting seems to have slowed somewhat.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the more the bottom of the shelves melt, the more ice is exposed to warm water. “It becomes a runaway process,” he explains, “which makes it unstable.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where’s the warmer water coming from? The team, whose findings appear in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms13243\">Nature Communications\u003c/a>, points to global warming that’s heating up the oceans. There’s been \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GL070500/full\">a spate of research lately\u003c/a> showing that Antarctic ice is \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6185/735\">melting faster than previously thought\u003c/a> — and raising global sea levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Khazendar says the melting process appears to be irreversible. Polar scientists fear that at some point, the shelves will collapse and Antarctica’s glaciers will flow into the sea. As to whether and when that might happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The simple answer is we don’t know. And that’s the scary part,” Khazendar says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "California Soldiers Told to Repay Signing Bonuses From Height of War Effort",
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"content": "\u003cp>In most cases, when an employer pays a signing bonus to attract new workers, that payment is understood to be essentially unrecoverable. But the Pentagon has a different understanding — and it's ordering the California National Guard to claw back thousands of dollars paid to soldiers who re-enlisted to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in many cases, an employer would also have a tough time arguing that decade-old lapses in its own oversight should trigger wage garnishments and tax liens against its workers. But again, this is the U.S. military, and its officials say the law requires them to reclaim the overpayments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the gist of a report by \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-national-guard-bonus-20161020-snap-story.html\">the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>, which says nearly 10,000 soldiers are now scrambling to pay back signing bonuses that helped the Pentagon cope with the task of using an all-volunteer service to fight two prolonged international conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to doling out cash for re-enlistment, the Pentagon offered student loan repayments. The incentives were seen as crucial to the military's effort to keep its ranks flush, but auditors say the rules should have limited the largest payments to certain skill areas — and that in the rush to staff the war effort, the bonuses were given out too liberally, the L.A. Times reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We have to change the law to make this right.'\u003ccite>Congressman John Garamendi\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Responding to the newspaper's story Sunday, the California National Guard points out that the repayments are part of a federal program run by the National Guard Bureau and the Department of the Army.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/posts/10154523711193796\">The state military service says\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The California National Guard does not have the authority to unilaterally waive these debts. However, the California National Guard welcomes any law passed by Congress to waive these debts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Until that time, our priority is to advocate for our Soldiers through this difficult process.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In its statement, the service adds that its adjutant general, Maj. Gen. David S. Baldwin, created an assistance center that has helped some of its soldiers retain $37 million \"of original bonus payments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem of improper use of military troop-level incentives isn't limited to California — but the state has emerged as a focal point because of two factors: the large size of its guard force, and a history of overpayments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento Valley Congressman John Garamendi, a member of the House Armed Services Committee, says he's proposing legislation to change a federal law that would require the soldiers to return the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is disgusting. These men and women answered the country’s call. They went off to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan and many were wounded in many different ways, their lives were disrupted. The signing bonuses were appropriate at the time. And then to go back years later and to say 'well there were some mistakes made by the recruiting officers and therefore we want all the money back' is absolutely unacceptable. And we have to change the law to make this right,\" Garamendi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Garamendi's legislative fix is approved, any service member who accepted a recruiting bonus between 2005 and 2009 would not be required to return any money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scandal over the California National Guard's use of bonus money was first unearthed in 2010, when \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/investigations/article2573111.html\">the Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> that its incentive program had misspent as much as $100 million. The program's onetime leader, former Master Sgt. Toni Jaffe, was later \u003ca href=\"https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/losangeles/press-releases/2012/former-california-national-guard-master-sergeant-sentenced-to-30-months-in-federal-prison-in-15-million-false-claims-case\">sentenced to 30 months in prison\u003c/a>, after pleading guilty to making $15 million in false claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was first discovered, that scandal was deemed \"war profiteering\" and was said to have benefited guard members who hadn't logged any combat duty; high-ranking officers were mentioned. But in the years since, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/investigations/article2580422.html\">lower-ranking service members have complained\u003c/a> about garnished checks and a prolonged review process, saying they've done nothing wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the work of 42 auditors who reviewed the California cases now complete, the repayments are back in the spotlight — and service members and veterans, as well as members of the public, have been venting their anger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/?hc_ref=SEARCH\">California guard's Facebook page\u003c/a>, several people hijacked a post about training to comment on the bonus repayments, with one man writing, \"The officials who screwed over our service members need to do the right thing and pay back the money. DISGUSTING.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the guard responded to the Times story Monday, a commenter criticized its stance, writing, \"Meanwhile vets are suffering while one bureaucracy waits to 'welcome' another bureaucracy to take responsibility and force it to do the right thing. Pathetic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revelations about fraud and mismanagement in the Pentagon's retention program emerged after the program's budget swelled between 2000 and 2008 — when the Defense Department went from spending $891 million for selective re-enlistment bonuses to spending $1.4 billion on them, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG950.pdf\">a 2010 research paper by the RAND defense institute\u003c/a>. By the end of that period, the military was also spending $625 million yearly to pay enlistment bonuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not unusual for signing bonuses to have strings attached. But in the civilian world, conditions for repayment are often limited to cases where an employee spends less than a year in their new job. In the case of the California National Guard, soldiers who say they held up their end of the contract — serving the required three- or six-year re-enlistment period — are being told to repay a key incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them is Robert Richmond, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/supreme-court-stop-army-from-taking-back-signing-bonuses-10-years-later-after-vets-completed-contracts\">begun an online petition\u003c/a> that calls for the Army to \"stop stealing back signing bonuses 10 years later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond says he signed the contract in good faith, and in his petition, he describes a scenario that's reminiscent of the recent Wells Fargo cross-selling scandal, saying that a lower-ranking figure has been punished for committing fraud that was motivated at least in part by a need to meet targets set by her superiors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond also appears in the L.A. Times story; here's a sample from his petition:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Like many other soldiers, I honorably completed my contract in 2012 and two years later they sent me a letter stating I had to pay the money back. Each contract has a different excuse. They stated the reason I was not eligible for the contract was because I had over 20 years of service at the time. I had originally signed up more than 20 years prior, but had breaks in service and only had 15 credible years of service, not 20. Although at the time, they informed me I was eligible for a bonus, now they are saying I was not.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Like other veterans who are refusing to pay up, Richmond is now incurring interest on the repayment amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its General Rules about the recovery of pay and bonuses, \u003ca href=\"http://militarypay.defense.gov/Pay/Recoupment/Rules.aspx\">the Department of Defense states\u003c/a>, \"As a general rule, repayment will not be sought if the member's inability to fulfill the eligibility requirements is due to circumstances determined reasonably beyond the member's control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after dozens of auditors reviewed its system that had paid soldiers bonuses without determining their eligibility, the California National Guard's veterans started getting repayment notices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People like me just got screwed,\" a 42-year-old veteran tells the Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That veteran, former Army Capt. Christopher Van Meter, fought in Iraq. He tells the newspaper he refinanced his mortgage to repay $25,000 in re-enlistment bonuses and $21,000 in student loan repayments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another veteran — former Army Master Sgt. Susan Haley, who served in Afghanistan and spent more than 25 years in the service — tells the newspaper that she's now sending the Pentagon $650 each month to repay $20,500 in bonuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel totally betrayed,\" Haley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put those dollar figures in perspective, we can look at \u003ca href=\"http://army.com/sites/army.com/files/r601_280.pdf\">the Army's payment and retention policy\u003c/a> — specifically, a summary of its Selective Reenlistment Bonus program that was laid out early in 2006:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The objective of the SRB program is to increase the number of reenlistments in critical MOSs [Military Occupational Specialty] that do not have adequate retention levels to man the career force. Although Department of Defense policy permits SRB payments of up to $45,000.00, soldiers may be paid bonuses up to six times their monthly basic pay at discharge, times the number of years of additional obligated service, or $20,000.00, whichever is less.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>While some veterans are working to repay the money, others are filing appeals, engaging in what's likely to be a prolonged fight against the service to which they once belonged. California National Guard officials tell the Times that they've been helping veterans through the appeals process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd be more than happy to absolve these people of their debts,\" Maj. Gen. Matthew Beevers, deputy commander of the California National Guard, tells the Times. \"We just can't do it. We'd be breaking the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the earliest reviews of the Army's post-Iraq invasion bonus system came in 2007, when \u003ca href=\"http://www.dodig.mil/audit/reports/FY07/07-077.pdf\">the Defense Department's inspector general\u003c/a> examined the program called the Reenlistment, Reclassification, and Assignment System (RETAIN). But at the time, the central issue wasn't whether too much money was being paid, but rather whether the service was paying out bonuses quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Soldiers+Told+To+Repay+Thousands+In+Signing+Bonuses+From+Height+Of+War+Effort&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In most cases, when an employer pays a signing bonus to attract new workers, that payment is understood to be essentially unrecoverable. But the Pentagon has a different understanding — and it's ordering the California National Guard to claw back thousands of dollars paid to soldiers who re-enlisted to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in many cases, an employer would also have a tough time arguing that decade-old lapses in its own oversight should trigger wage garnishments and tax liens against its workers. But again, this is the U.S. military, and its officials say the law requires them to reclaim the overpayments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the gist of a report by \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-national-guard-bonus-20161020-snap-story.html\">the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>, which says nearly 10,000 soldiers are now scrambling to pay back signing bonuses that helped the Pentagon cope with the task of using an all-volunteer service to fight two prolonged international conflicts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to doling out cash for re-enlistment, the Pentagon offered student loan repayments. The incentives were seen as crucial to the military's effort to keep its ranks flush, but auditors say the rules should have limited the largest payments to certain skill areas — and that in the rush to staff the war effort, the bonuses were given out too liberally, the L.A. Times reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We have to change the law to make this right.'\u003ccite>Congressman John Garamendi\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Responding to the newspaper's story Sunday, the California National Guard points out that the repayments are part of a federal program run by the National Guard Bureau and the Department of the Army.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/posts/10154523711193796\">The state military service says\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The California National Guard does not have the authority to unilaterally waive these debts. However, the California National Guard welcomes any law passed by Congress to waive these debts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Until that time, our priority is to advocate for our Soldiers through this difficult process.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In its statement, the service adds that its adjutant general, Maj. Gen. David S. Baldwin, created an assistance center that has helped some of its soldiers retain $37 million \"of original bonus payments.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem of improper use of military troop-level incentives isn't limited to California — but the state has emerged as a focal point because of two factors: the large size of its guard force, and a history of overpayments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sacramento Valley Congressman John Garamendi, a member of the House Armed Services Committee, says he's proposing legislation to change a federal law that would require the soldiers to return the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it is disgusting. These men and women answered the country’s call. They went off to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan and many were wounded in many different ways, their lives were disrupted. The signing bonuses were appropriate at the time. And then to go back years later and to say 'well there were some mistakes made by the recruiting officers and therefore we want all the money back' is absolutely unacceptable. And we have to change the law to make this right,\" Garamendi says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Garamendi's legislative fix is approved, any service member who accepted a recruiting bonus between 2005 and 2009 would not be required to return any money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scandal over the California National Guard's use of bonus money was first unearthed in 2010, when \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/investigations/article2573111.html\">the Sacramento Bee reported\u003c/a> that its incentive program had misspent as much as $100 million. The program's onetime leader, former Master Sgt. Toni Jaffe, was later \u003ca href=\"https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/losangeles/press-releases/2012/former-california-national-guard-master-sergeant-sentenced-to-30-months-in-federal-prison-in-15-million-false-claims-case\">sentenced to 30 months in prison\u003c/a>, after pleading guilty to making $15 million in false claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was first discovered, that scandal was deemed \"war profiteering\" and was said to have benefited guard members who hadn't logged any combat duty; high-ranking officers were mentioned. But in the years since, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/investigations/article2580422.html\">lower-ranking service members have complained\u003c/a> about garnished checks and a prolonged review process, saying they've done nothing wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the work of 42 auditors who reviewed the California cases now complete, the repayments are back in the spotlight — and service members and veterans, as well as members of the public, have been venting their anger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/CAGUARD/?hc_ref=SEARCH\">California guard's Facebook page\u003c/a>, several people hijacked a post about training to comment on the bonus repayments, with one man writing, \"The officials who screwed over our service members need to do the right thing and pay back the money. DISGUSTING.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the guard responded to the Times story Monday, a commenter criticized its stance, writing, \"Meanwhile vets are suffering while one bureaucracy waits to 'welcome' another bureaucracy to take responsibility and force it to do the right thing. Pathetic.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Revelations about fraud and mismanagement in the Pentagon's retention program emerged after the program's budget swelled between 2000 and 2008 — when the Defense Department went from spending $891 million for selective re-enlistment bonuses to spending $1.4 billion on them, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG950.pdf\">a 2010 research paper by the RAND defense institute\u003c/a>. By the end of that period, the military was also spending $625 million yearly to pay enlistment bonuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not unusual for signing bonuses to have strings attached. But in the civilian world, conditions for repayment are often limited to cases where an employee spends less than a year in their new job. In the case of the California National Guard, soldiers who say they held up their end of the contract — serving the required three- or six-year re-enlistment period — are being told to repay a key incentive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of them is Robert Richmond, who has \u003ca href=\"https://www.change.org/p/supreme-court-stop-army-from-taking-back-signing-bonuses-10-years-later-after-vets-completed-contracts\">begun an online petition\u003c/a> that calls for the Army to \"stop stealing back signing bonuses 10 years later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond says he signed the contract in good faith, and in his petition, he describes a scenario that's reminiscent of the recent Wells Fargo cross-selling scandal, saying that a lower-ranking figure has been punished for committing fraud that was motivated at least in part by a need to meet targets set by her superiors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richmond also appears in the L.A. Times story; here's a sample from his petition:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Like many other soldiers, I honorably completed my contract in 2012 and two years later they sent me a letter stating I had to pay the money back. Each contract has a different excuse. They stated the reason I was not eligible for the contract was because I had over 20 years of service at the time. I had originally signed up more than 20 years prior, but had breaks in service and only had 15 credible years of service, not 20. Although at the time, they informed me I was eligible for a bonus, now they are saying I was not.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Like other veterans who are refusing to pay up, Richmond is now incurring interest on the repayment amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In its General Rules about the recovery of pay and bonuses, \u003ca href=\"http://militarypay.defense.gov/Pay/Recoupment/Rules.aspx\">the Department of Defense states\u003c/a>, \"As a general rule, repayment will not be sought if the member's inability to fulfill the eligibility requirements is due to circumstances determined reasonably beyond the member's control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after dozens of auditors reviewed its system that had paid soldiers bonuses without determining their eligibility, the California National Guard's veterans started getting repayment notices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People like me just got screwed,\" a 42-year-old veteran tells the Times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That veteran, former Army Capt. Christopher Van Meter, fought in Iraq. He tells the newspaper he refinanced his mortgage to repay $25,000 in re-enlistment bonuses and $21,000 in student loan repayments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another veteran — former Army Master Sgt. Susan Haley, who served in Afghanistan and spent more than 25 years in the service — tells the newspaper that she's now sending the Pentagon $650 each month to repay $20,500 in bonuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I feel totally betrayed,\" Haley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To put those dollar figures in perspective, we can look at \u003ca href=\"http://army.com/sites/army.com/files/r601_280.pdf\">the Army's payment and retention policy\u003c/a> — specifically, a summary of its Selective Reenlistment Bonus program that was laid out early in 2006:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"The objective of the SRB program is to increase the number of reenlistments in critical MOSs [Military Occupational Specialty] that do not have adequate retention levels to man the career force. Although Department of Defense policy permits SRB payments of up to $45,000.00, soldiers may be paid bonuses up to six times their monthly basic pay at discharge, times the number of years of additional obligated service, or $20,000.00, whichever is less.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>While some veterans are working to repay the money, others are filing appeals, engaging in what's likely to be a prolonged fight against the service to which they once belonged. California National Guard officials tell the Times that they've been helping veterans through the appeals process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We'd be more than happy to absolve these people of their debts,\" Maj. Gen. Matthew Beevers, deputy commander of the California National Guard, tells the Times. \"We just can't do it. We'd be breaking the law.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the earliest reviews of the Army's post-Iraq invasion bonus system came in 2007, when \u003ca href=\"http://www.dodig.mil/audit/reports/FY07/07-077.pdf\">the Defense Department's inspector general\u003c/a> examined the program called the Reenlistment, Reclassification, and Assignment System (RETAIN). But at the time, the central issue wasn't whether too much money was being paid, but rather whether the service was paying out bonuses quickly enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=U.S.+Soldiers+Told+To+Repay+Thousands+In+Signing+Bonuses+From+Height+Of+War+Effort&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Longtime Progressive Activist Tom Hayden Dies at 76",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tom Hayden, a radical activist and advocate for progressive causes, died Sunday at the age of 76.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://tomhayden.com/biography/\">early 1960s\u003c/a>, Hayden was a freedom rider in the South and a community organizer in Newark. He was a civil rights activist who became famous for his anti-war efforts and made several high-profile (and later controversial) trips to Vietnam. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society and wrote the first draft of the influential activist group's manifesto, the Port Huron Statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=\"https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289753182\" params=\"color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false\" width=\"100%\" height=\"166\" iframe=\"true\" /]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After helping organize protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, he was prosecuted in the \"Chicago Seven\" conspiracy trial for allegedly inciting a riot. Hayden was convicted, but the charge was later overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden was married several times. Most famously, he was married to Jane Fonda — whom he met through their shared anti-war activism — for 17 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An icon of the anti-establishment protest movement for years, Hayden later became a politician. He made an unsuccessful bid for a Senate seat in 1976, and was later elected to the California state Legislature, where he served for 18 years. He was also an author, publishing books about the Chicago Seven (originally the Chicago Eight, until one defendant had his trial severed) as well as political manifestos and memoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1993, Hayden spoke to NPR about the tensions on the streets of Chicago in 1968, and the violence between police and protesters at the Democratic National Convention that led to his trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By 1968, the Vietnam War was claiming tens of thousands of lives, Indo-Chinese and American,\" he said in that interview. \"The Democratic Party was running the country, and so you had a bipartisan Democratic and Republican war policy that seemed to be escalating without end ... the Democratic Party was controlled from the top by traditional bosses who chose their nominees and their parties platforms in smoke-filled rooms. And so the goal of the protest was not only to protest the war, but to protest the disenfranchisement that was so deep. Here we were, if you were 18, you could be drafted and sent to war, but you couldn't vote for Eugene McCarthy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said some things had improved in America over the course of 25 years, but that the country had far to go:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I would hope that we learned something about how to deal with dissent and protest — that having an inclusive process where you open the doors is a lot better than sending in the police. ... What was not learned, however, is the lesson that prevention and getting ahead of our problems is uppermost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still disenfranchise racial minorities in economic terms. Young people still feel they're not listened to. ... I think the environmental issue has begun to eclipse everything else because our population has doubled and the resources of the world have been cut in half since I was born and there's very little focus on those issues on the political agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I don't know on the balance sheet whether to mark myself as an optimist or pessimist, but we've got to go on.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Go on he did — serving several more years in office and writing more than a dozen other books. He faced censure from some on the left who accused him of joining the same establishment he once criticized, as well as those on the right who objected to his protests in the '60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the decades passed, Hayden remained a prominent voice on progressive causes, including environmental issues, economic policy and continued anti-war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, he surprised some in progressive circles by supporting Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders in this year's Democratic primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bernie and I only have one thing in common you need to know: We're both politicians, so we make decisions based on what's possible,\" he \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2016/07/28/tom-hayden-dnc\">told NPR this summer\u003c/a>. \"I've really been trying to work towards a goal that seems to be getting realized, and that's a serious united front against Trump.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tom Hayden, a radical activist and advocate for progressive causes, died Sunday at the age of 76.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"http://tomhayden.com/biography/\">early 1960s\u003c/a>, Hayden was a freedom rider in the South and a community organizer in Newark. He was a civil rights activist who became famous for his anti-war efforts and made several high-profile (and later controversial) trips to Vietnam. He was a founding member of the Students for a Democratic Society and wrote the first draft of the influential activist group's manifesto, the Port Huron Statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='100%' height='166'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289753182&visual=true&color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false'\n title='https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/289753182'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After helping organize protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, he was prosecuted in the \"Chicago Seven\" conspiracy trial for allegedly inciting a riot. Hayden was convicted, but the charge was later overturned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hayden was married several times. Most famously, he was married to Jane Fonda — whom he met through their shared anti-war activism — for 17 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An icon of the anti-establishment protest movement for years, Hayden later became a politician. He made an unsuccessful bid for a Senate seat in 1976, and was later elected to the California state Legislature, where he served for 18 years. He was also an author, publishing books about the Chicago Seven (originally the Chicago Eight, until one defendant had his trial severed) as well as political manifestos and memoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1993, Hayden spoke to NPR about the tensions on the streets of Chicago in 1968, and the violence between police and protesters at the Democratic National Convention that led to his trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"By 1968, the Vietnam War was claiming tens of thousands of lives, Indo-Chinese and American,\" he said in that interview. \"The Democratic Party was running the country, and so you had a bipartisan Democratic and Republican war policy that seemed to be escalating without end ... the Democratic Party was controlled from the top by traditional bosses who chose their nominees and their parties platforms in smoke-filled rooms. And so the goal of the protest was not only to protest the war, but to protest the disenfranchisement that was so deep. Here we were, if you were 18, you could be drafted and sent to war, but you couldn't vote for Eugene McCarthy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said some things had improved in America over the course of 25 years, but that the country had far to go:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"I would hope that we learned something about how to deal with dissent and protest — that having an inclusive process where you open the doors is a lot better than sending in the police. ... What was not learned, however, is the lesson that prevention and getting ahead of our problems is uppermost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still disenfranchise racial minorities in economic terms. Young people still feel they're not listened to. ... I think the environmental issue has begun to eclipse everything else because our population has doubled and the resources of the world have been cut in half since I was born and there's very little focus on those issues on the political agenda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So I don't know on the balance sheet whether to mark myself as an optimist or pessimist, but we've got to go on.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Go on he did — serving several more years in office and writing more than a dozen other books. He faced censure from some on the left who accused him of joining the same establishment he once criticized, as well as those on the right who objected to his protests in the '60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the decades passed, Hayden remained a prominent voice on progressive causes, including environmental issues, economic policy and continued anti-war efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More recently, he surprised some in progressive circles by supporting Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders in this year's Democratic primary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Bernie and I only have one thing in common you need to know: We're both politicians, so we make decisions based on what's possible,\" he \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2016/07/28/tom-hayden-dnc\">told NPR this summer\u003c/a>. \"I've really been trying to work towards a goal that seems to be getting realized, and that's a serious united front against Trump.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Assessing the In-Your-Face Sexism of the 2016 Campaign",
"title": "Assessing the In-Your-Face Sexism of the 2016 Campaign",
"headTitle": "Election 2016 | The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>The men parked their white work van on a patch of dirt down the road from the college where Hillary Clinton was set to give a major speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they attached a banner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was almost as long as the van with bold red-and-black vinyl lettering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Trump that bitch,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They waved and smiled, as people drove by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message wasn't subtle. It also wasn't an outlier. It's a slogan that's been found on T-shirts at many Trump rallies since \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/04/25/trump-clinton-misogynistic-merch/\">at least March\u003c/a>. There are bumper stickers for sale with the slogan, even a \u003ca href=\"https://saucedistributor.com/trump-that-bitch-presidential-hot-sauce.html\">bottle of hot sauce\u003c/a>. (Clinton has said she \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/21/463858189/hillary-clintons-elixir-can-a-hot-pepper-a-day-boost-immunity\">carries hot sauce with her wherever she goes \u003c/a>because of the immune-boosting properties of hot peppers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps it was inevitable that with the first female nominee of a major political party on the ballot, the race for president would have undercurrents of sexism. But what wasn't inevitable is just how out in the open it has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is nearly impossible to separate out everything underlying this moment in history. Would this type of vitriol be directed at \u003cem>any\u003c/em> woman trying to reach the highest office in the land? Or is there something unique about Clinton, who has been on the political stage disrupting norms and drawing ire from Republicans for decades? And what about her opponent? If Clinton were running against someone else, would this still be happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Is this what we are teaching our little boys?'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much responsibility does Donald Trump have to bear? For strategists aligned with the previous two Republican presidential nominees, quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think that Jeb would have allowed that — or any of the other candidates,\" said Katie Packer, who was deputy campaign manager for Republican Mitt Romney in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Schmidt, a senior adviser to John McCain's 2008 campaign, also blamed Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's created a permissible environment for this,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt and Packer are not Trump fans. But they speak from the experience of being part of the rigors of campaigns with GOP nominees for president that both also ran against another candidate whose very presence on the ballot challenged a historical norm — Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt remembers a famous moment from 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was anger,\" Schmidt said, \"and there was angst and, as Sen. Obama was moving towards election to the presidency, the crowds became angrier frankly at the end of the campaign.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, a woman stood up at and said, \"I can't trust Obama. I have read about him, and he's not, he's not, he's a -- he's an Arab.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain stopped her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \"stepped forward towards her, and he said, 'No ma'am,' \" Schmidt recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain went on, \"He's a decent family man, citizen, that I just happen to have disagreements with on fundamental issues, and that's what this campaign is all about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain never became beloved by the base the same way his running mate, Sarah Palin, did, and that was, in part, because of his willingness do things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, perhaps unsurprisingly, there's been no moment like that — though there have been plenty of opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packer points to pictures of parents standing with their children at rallies with a variety of shirts and signs describing Clinton in crude sexual terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Is this what we are teaching our little boys?\" Packer asked. \"Is this what we're teaching these kids is an appropriate way to treat women that you don't agree with? And there hasn't been a peep from the campaign about this stuff being offensive. And, so, by not addressing it, they have encouraged it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those T-shirts aren't sold by the campaign — and the lowest-common denominator has a way of thriving on the periphery of all campaigns. But Packer and Schmidt argue Trump's own words have fostered sexism rather than tamping it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The woman's card\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there was Trump accusing Clinton of playing the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/04/27/475899411/3-things-to-know-about-the-woman-card-in-the-2016-election\">woman's card\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Well, I think the only card she has is the woman's card,\" Trump said in April during a victory speech after sweeping five primaries. \"She's got nothing else going on. And frankly, if Hillary Clinton were a man, I don't think she'd get 5 percent of the vote. The only thing she's got going is the women's vote. And the beautiful thing is that women don't like her, OK?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doubled down on that, telling a crowd in Spokane, Washington, a couple of weeks later: \"If she didn't play the woman's card she would have no chance, I mean zero, of winning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton shrugged it off — and tried to use it to her advantage. \"If fighting for women's health care and paid family leave and equal pay is playing the woman card, then deal me in,\" she said in a \u003ca href=\"http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/clinton-trump-woman-card-deal-me-in\">campaign video \u003c/a>after Trump's remarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Deal me in\" became something of a call-and-response catch phrase for Clinton. The campaign even began selling a pink $5 \"Woman Card.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I just don't think she has a presidential look'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump, who has made plenty of derogatory comments about women's appearances in this campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-presidential-look-2016-9\">said last month \u003c/a>of Clinton, \"I just don't think she has a presidential look. And you need a presidential look. You have to get the job done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked directly about his comment that he didn't think Clinton \"has a presidential look\" during the first debate, Trump again said, \"She doesn't have the look,\" before immediately pivoting to talking about her \"stamina.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'\u003cstrong>I wasn't impressed'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was the time, at a rally, where he was talking about the second debate, the town-hall style event where the candidates walked around on stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She walks in front of me, you know, and when she walked in front of me, believe me, I wasn't impressed,\" he said to hoots and laughter from the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/gettyimages-615757104_wide-8f1552e2fa535c5b964571a50d86faa83a38ec21-e1477322871985.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/gettyimages-615757104_wide-8f1552e2fa535c5b964571a50d86faa83a38ec21-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump walk off stage Wednesday after the third and final presidential debate at the University of Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nev.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump walk off stage Wednesday after the third and final presidential debate at the University of Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nevada. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP-Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clinton occasionally nods to her potential at making history, but she studiously avoids talking about the sexism directed at her. Instead she deflects, talking about sexism and chauvinism aimed at others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backlash with women\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packer, who has made a specialty of helping Republicans better communicate with female voters, said women do notice Trump's language and recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The kinds of women that Trump would need to win in a general election really recoil at that,\" Packer said, \"and it's the kind of thing that causes them to want to defend Hillary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has shown up in the polls. Since the first debate, and especially since the leaked audio of Trump bragging about groping and kissing women, Clinton's lead has expanded. It's been because of those very kinds of women — white, suburban, college-educated. It's why places like Pennsylvania, Colorado and New Hampshire have moved more strongly to her corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, when Clinton ran in the primary, there were certainly \u003cem>signs\u003c/em> of sexism. \"Saturday Night Live\" joked about a perceived double standard she seemed to face in the debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if you wanted to, you could buy a pantsuit-wearing Hillary Clinton nutcracker. (Actually, it is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sears.com/eagleview-usa-hillary-clinton-political-novelty-nutcracker-2016/p-SPM8050066527?sid=IDx20110310x00001i&gclid=CjwKEAjw-abABRDquOTJi8qdojwSJABt1S1OsOSSTRBedURLf4Ki1jJ_3WtJVUDaffdHW8wd1P9cDxoCRBXw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds\" target=\"_blank\">back for 2016\u003c/a> with a longer suit jacket to match Clinton's new style).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time — as she gets closer to that highest, hardest glass ceiling — it's even more out in the open, said Debbie Walsh, who heads the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is ironic in so many ways,\" Walsh said, \"that the person that this woman is running against kind of is almost a caricature of this uber-masculine guy with just tremendous bravado.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe it was fitting that in the waning minutes of the final debate, as Clinton was answering a question about Social Security — and again getting in a dig at her opponent's taxes — Trump would interrupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Such a nasty woman,\" he interjected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many female voters, especially millennials, scoff at the idea of supporting Clinton just because she's a woman, but moments like that have \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/men-are-treating-2016-as-a-normal-election-women-arent/\">experts predicting \u003c/a>2016 could have a historically large gender gap — with women overwhelmingly supporting Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sexism+Is+Out+In+The+Open+In+The+2016+Campaign.+That+May+Have+Been+Inevitable&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "With Hillary Clinton, the first woman to head a major party ticket on the ballot, it was always likely there'd be undercurrents of sexism. What's surprising is just how out in the open it has been.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The men parked their white work van on a patch of dirt down the road from the college where Hillary Clinton was set to give a major speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then they attached a banner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was almost as long as the van with bold red-and-black vinyl lettering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Trump that bitch,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They waved and smiled, as people drove by.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The message wasn't subtle. It also wasn't an outlier. It's a slogan that's been found on T-shirts at many Trump rallies since \u003ca href=\"http://fortune.com/2016/04/25/trump-clinton-misogynistic-merch/\">at least March\u003c/a>. There are bumper stickers for sale with the slogan, even a \u003ca href=\"https://saucedistributor.com/trump-that-bitch-presidential-hot-sauce.html\">bottle of hot sauce\u003c/a>. (Clinton has said she \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/21/463858189/hillary-clintons-elixir-can-a-hot-pepper-a-day-boost-immunity\">carries hot sauce with her wherever she goes \u003c/a>because of the immune-boosting properties of hot peppers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Perhaps it was inevitable that with the first female nominee of a major political party on the ballot, the race for president would have undercurrents of sexism. But what wasn't inevitable is just how out in the open it has been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is nearly impossible to separate out everything underlying this moment in history. Would this type of vitriol be directed at \u003cem>any\u003c/em> woman trying to reach the highest office in the land? Or is there something unique about Clinton, who has been on the political stage disrupting norms and drawing ire from Republicans for decades? And what about her opponent? If Clinton were running against someone else, would this still be happening?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'Is this what we are teaching our little boys?'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How much responsibility does Donald Trump have to bear? For strategists aligned with the previous two Republican presidential nominees, quite a bit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't think that Jeb would have allowed that — or any of the other candidates,\" said Katie Packer, who was deputy campaign manager for Republican Mitt Romney in 2012.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Schmidt, a senior adviser to John McCain's 2008 campaign, also blamed Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's created a permissible environment for this,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt and Packer are not Trump fans. But they speak from the experience of being part of the rigors of campaigns with GOP nominees for president that both also ran against another candidate whose very presence on the ballot challenged a historical norm — Barack Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmidt remembers a famous moment from 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There was anger,\" Schmidt said, \"and there was angst and, as Sen. Obama was moving towards election to the presidency, the crowds became angrier frankly at the end of the campaign.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At one point, a woman stood up at and said, \"I can't trust Obama. I have read about him, and he's not, he's not, he's a -- he's an Arab.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain stopped her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \"stepped forward towards her, and he said, 'No ma'am,' \" Schmidt recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain went on, \"He's a decent family man, citizen, that I just happen to have disagreements with on fundamental issues, and that's what this campaign is all about.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McCain never became beloved by the base the same way his running mate, Sarah Palin, did, and that was, in part, because of his willingness do things like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time around, perhaps unsurprisingly, there's been no moment like that — though there have been plenty of opportunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packer points to pictures of parents standing with their children at rallies with a variety of shirts and signs describing Clinton in crude sexual terms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Is this what we are teaching our little boys?\" Packer asked. \"Is this what we're teaching these kids is an appropriate way to treat women that you don't agree with? And there hasn't been a peep from the campaign about this stuff being offensive. And, so, by not addressing it, they have encouraged it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those T-shirts aren't sold by the campaign — and the lowest-common denominator has a way of thriving on the periphery of all campaigns. But Packer and Schmidt argue Trump's own words have fostered sexism rather than tamping it down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The woman's card\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there was Trump accusing Clinton of playing the \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/04/27/475899411/3-things-to-know-about-the-woman-card-in-the-2016-election\">woman's card\u003c/a>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Well, I think the only card she has is the woman's card,\" Trump said in April during a victory speech after sweeping five primaries. \"She's got nothing else going on. And frankly, if Hillary Clinton were a man, I don't think she'd get 5 percent of the vote. The only thing she's got going is the women's vote. And the beautiful thing is that women don't like her, OK?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He doubled down on that, telling a crowd in Spokane, Washington, a couple of weeks later: \"If she didn't play the woman's card she would have no chance, I mean zero, of winning.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinton shrugged it off — and tried to use it to her advantage. \"If fighting for women's health care and paid family leave and equal pay is playing the woman card, then deal me in,\" she said in a \u003ca href=\"http://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/clinton-trump-woman-card-deal-me-in\">campaign video \u003c/a>after Trump's remarks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Deal me in\" became something of a call-and-response catch phrase for Clinton. The campaign even began selling a pink $5 \"Woman Card.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'I just don't think she has a presidential look'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump, who has made plenty of derogatory comments about women's appearances in this campaign, \u003ca href=\"http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-presidential-look-2016-9\">said last month \u003c/a>of Clinton, \"I just don't think she has a presidential look. And you need a presidential look. You have to get the job done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked directly about his comment that he didn't think Clinton \"has a presidential look\" during the first debate, Trump again said, \"She doesn't have the look,\" before immediately pivoting to talking about her \"stamina.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>'\u003cstrong>I wasn't impressed'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there was the time, at a rally, where he was talking about the second debate, the town-hall style event where the candidates walked around on stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"She walks in front of me, you know, and when she walked in front of me, believe me, I wasn't impressed,\" he said to hoots and laughter from the crowd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11143657\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/gettyimages-615757104_wide-8f1552e2fa535c5b964571a50d86faa83a38ec21-e1477322871985.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11143657\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/gettyimages-615757104_wide-8f1552e2fa535c5b964571a50d86faa83a38ec21-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump walk off stage Wednesday after the third and final presidential debate at the University of Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nev.\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump walk off stage Wednesday after the third and final presidential debate at the University of Las Vegas in Las Vegas, Nevada. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP-Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clinton occasionally nods to her potential at making history, but she studiously avoids talking about the sexism directed at her. Instead she deflects, talking about sexism and chauvinism aimed at others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Backlash with women\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Packer, who has made a specialty of helping Republicans better communicate with female voters, said women do notice Trump's language and recognize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The kinds of women that Trump would need to win in a general election really recoil at that,\" Packer said, \"and it's the kind of thing that causes them to want to defend Hillary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that has shown up in the polls. Since the first debate, and especially since the leaked audio of Trump bragging about groping and kissing women, Clinton's lead has expanded. It's been because of those very kinds of women — white, suburban, college-educated. It's why places like Pennsylvania, Colorado and New Hampshire have moved more strongly to her corner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, when Clinton ran in the primary, there were certainly \u003cem>signs\u003c/em> of sexism. \"Saturday Night Live\" joked about a perceived double standard she seemed to face in the debates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, if you wanted to, you could buy a pantsuit-wearing Hillary Clinton nutcracker. (Actually, it is \u003ca href=\"http://www.sears.com/eagleview-usa-hillary-clinton-political-novelty-nutcracker-2016/p-SPM8050066527?sid=IDx20110310x00001i&gclid=CjwKEAjw-abABRDquOTJi8qdojwSJABt1S1OsOSSTRBedURLf4Ki1jJ_3WtJVUDaffdHW8wd1P9cDxoCRBXw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds\" target=\"_blank\">back for 2016\u003c/a> with a longer suit jacket to match Clinton's new style).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this time — as she gets closer to that highest, hardest glass ceiling — it's even more out in the open, said Debbie Walsh, who heads the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is ironic in so many ways,\" Walsh said, \"that the person that this woman is running against kind of is almost a caricature of this uber-masculine guy with just tremendous bravado.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So maybe it was fitting that in the waning minutes of the final debate, as Clinton was answering a question about Social Security — and again getting in a dig at her opponent's taxes — Trump would interrupt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Such a nasty woman,\" he interjected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many female voters, especially millennials, scoff at the idea of supporting Clinton just because she's a woman, but moments like that have \u003ca href=\"http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/men-are-treating-2016-as-a-normal-election-women-arent/\">experts predicting \u003c/a>2016 could have a historically large gender gap — with women overwhelmingly supporting Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Sexism+Is+Out+In+The+Open+In+The+2016+Campaign.+That+May+Have+Been+Inevitable&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Remember the California drought? It was all over the news a year ago, when the state took the unprecedented step of mandating statewide water cutbacks. The Sierra Nevada snowpack was at its lowest recorded level. Rivers and reservoirs were getting shallower and shallower. Wells in rural towns were literally running dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That drought is still very much a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”vVCIzFDGCbodGGT2QlAPs2Fq6ma0JQep”]More than 62 percent of California remains in severe to exceptional drought conditions, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. And without a wet winter the state could be facing a sixth-consecutive year of severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely we’re still in a drought,” says Peter Gleick, a co-founder of the Pacific Institute, a water think tank. “We are way below normal. Our reservoirs are low. Our groundwater is still being grossly over-pumped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is: People aren’t acting like it — at least not quite like they did. And that’s raising questions about how the drought is being messaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, when Governor Jerry Brown mandated a 25 percent water cutback, the message was dire and it was clear. Californians rose to the occasion. In August 2015, urban water consumption was cut by 27 percent statewide, compared to the same month in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the state did away with those mandatory water cutbacks, citing an improvement in the state’s water conditions. “Since the circumstances changed, we felt like we needed to change our approach,” says Felicia Marcus, chairwoman of the state water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation numbers fell after that announcement and they continue to fall. This past August, Californians cut their water use 17.7 percent — a nearly 10 percentage point slide from the year previous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people have kind of gone into denial mode because they’re not getting as dire a message anymore,” says Los Angeles homeowner Kelly Krull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krull is one of the people who got the message last year. She tore out her water-thirsty lawn and landscaping to put in dirt paths and drought-tolerant gardens. Some of her neighbors did the same. This year, Krull says, “I’m not hearing much of a message at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The difficulty of messaging drought \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messaging for something like drought is difficult for a lot of reasons. And it becomes more difficult the longer the drought persists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain, NPR reached out to two people who do messaging for a living: Tony Foleno, the senior vice president and head of strategic development at the Ad Council, and Nick Barham, the chief strategy officer at TBWAChiatDay Los Angeles, an advertising agency that works with companies such as Apple and Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some excerpts from both interviews, edited for clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you keep people interested in something that’s been going on for longer than five years? How do you keep something like drought sexy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tony Foleno, Ad Council:\u003c/strong> I don’t know if drought will ever be sexy, but I think that it’s one of the tougher issues. It’s sort of intangible [for urban users]. If you can’t water your lawn or there’s some inconvenience, it becomes a little more tangible, but it’s not something that you might think of that might immediately affect you and your family. The other part of it is, the sense of self-efficacy: are my actions — my day-to-day actions — really making a difference? There could be some doubt around that. There could be doubt that while I’m doing my part, other people aren’t doing their part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Barham, TBWAChiatDay LA:\u003c/strong> With any messaging — whether it’s about drought, whether it’s about war or whether it’s about the next pair of sneakers — there’s an inevitable wear-out if people feel like they’ve heard the same thing before, especially if they feel like [earlier] danger has been averted. That’s a shared characteristic between [public service announcements] and advertising in general; a lot of time you’re trying to make things that feel over-familiar, mundane, invisible, boring or repetitious interesting and fresh. And trying to get people to reconsider something that has become a familiar part of daily life. I do think that’s a challenge. But talking about water conservation in California, I think we need to get out of a campaign mindset and a temporary action and think more about long-term change of behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/130249787?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/130249787\">Save the Drop\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/weareroyale\">We Are Royale\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you think of California’s current efforts to message the drought? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> Overall, I think they’ve been pretty successful. They did a lot of things right, certainly at the height of the drought, before El Nino did or didn’t happen. They were getting lots of supporting messages from different areas. It was in the news, so you saw headlines and pictures of lakes that were less full than they used to be, so it didn’t feel like a distant issue. There were tough targets that people saw and penalties for people who overused, some incentives for people who tore out their lawns and stuff like that. And there were things like ‘Save the Drop,’ which had a very cute cartoony version of a water drop and a clear call to action. But I think [now], it certainly feels like it’s less of an urgent issue. My observation here [in Los Angeles] is that the city doesn’t behave like a city that’s in a drought. You can still drive through the city and see perfect green lawns and the kind of plants and greenery that you wouldn’t have naturally in a drought area. I think there are a lot of behaviors here that are in denial of the kind of climate we’re in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/hdUQrGht7NE\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It’s got to be hard to try and get people to change their behavior. What makes an effective PSA or messaging campaign?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> Behavior change is the ultimate objective of every campaign we do at the Ad Council. It’s harder by an order of magnitude — I don’t know what it would be — than to just raise awareness of something, to get people to re-Tweet something or think about it for a minute and then move on. Every campaign has a different set of tools, but we start at the end point – sitting down a year from now, what do we want to see? What does success look like? Then we work backwards from there. You need to be relevant. You need to be emotional. You need to be understandable and single-minded. You also need to know the media landscape. How are you going to reach the people you want to reach? And then you need to be consistent. A lot of things require long-term commitment. The reason we’ve been working on Smokey Bear for decades is you need to maintain and educate a new generation of the public all the time about wildfire prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> One of the key difficulties of PSAs is you’re trying to stop people from doing something they really like doing or you’re trying to get them to do something that’s going to be more of a hassle than not doing. There are two favorite tactics to get attention, neither of which has been used to strongly in California. The first obvious one is through shock: exaggerating or at least shining a light on how bad things could be if you don’t change behavior. The best recent example of this was an Australian campaign for rail safety which was called ‘Dumb Ways to Die.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/IJNR2EpS0jw\u003cbr>\nThe other way is through humor. The best recent example of that is called the ‘World’s Biggest Asshole.’ It got lots and lots of attention and talked to people in a way that didn’t feel preachy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/TeVLxcekEsw\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>OK, I’m emperor for the day and I put you in charge of messaging California’s drought. What would you do? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> I’m a research guy, so the first thing I would do is go out and talk to the folks of California to see what their awareness of the current messaging is — what their perception is, how do they talk about it with their friends and loved ones and neighbors — to get a real sense of where their head is at, from the consumer perspective. From there you’d generate a set of message framings, depending on what you hear back. Those are all testable. You can go out and see which are the most motivating. There are a variety of approaches off the top of my head. There’s a social-norming approach, where you let people know that their neighbor is actually using a lot less water than they are. You could talk about the future of California and inject a sense of state pride into it. You could talk about dire consequences down the road if we don’t make this a top issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> I think there’s room to use those two models I talked about [shock and humor], but I think you need to balance that by giving people very practical guidelines for what they should be doing. I would try to think about water conservation in the way that we think about our health, as something that we try to maintain on a day-to-day basis, rather than as a diet, which tends to be a short-term fix to some kind of issue. I think we’re in danger of the equivalent of yo-yo dieting, where we take some extreme measures for a short period of time, think that will fix everything and then go back to bad behavior. What we should be trying to do is instill behavior and attitudes that are ongoing and permanent and can be measured and monitored. I think a good model to look at is how a lot of fitness apps work, which is this daily check at how you’re doing and the ability to share it with other people, either in your immediate social circle or the broader public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California%27s+Dire+Drought+Message+Wanes%2C+Conservation+Levels+Drop+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Californians are saving less and less water as the state enters what may be its sixth year of drought, in part because they say they're hearing a less-than-clear message about the drought.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Remember the California drought? It was all over the news a year ago, when the state took the unprecedented step of mandating statewide water cutbacks. The Sierra Nevada snowpack was at its lowest recorded level. Rivers and reservoirs were getting shallower and shallower. Wells in rural towns were literally running dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That drought is still very much a thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>More than 62 percent of California remains in severe to exceptional drought conditions, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor. And without a wet winter the state could be facing a sixth-consecutive year of severe drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Absolutely we’re still in a drought,” says Peter Gleick, a co-founder of the Pacific Institute, a water think tank. “We are way below normal. Our reservoirs are low. Our groundwater is still being grossly over-pumped.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Problem is: People aren’t acting like it — at least not quite like they did. And that’s raising questions about how the drought is being messaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A year ago, when Governor Jerry Brown mandated a 25 percent water cutback, the message was dire and it was clear. Californians rose to the occasion. In August 2015, urban water consumption was cut by 27 percent statewide, compared to the same month in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, the state did away with those mandatory water cutbacks, citing an improvement in the state’s water conditions. “Since the circumstances changed, we felt like we needed to change our approach,” says Felicia Marcus, chairwoman of the state water board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water conservation numbers fell after that announcement and they continue to fall. This past August, Californians cut their water use 17.7 percent — a nearly 10 percentage point slide from the year previous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think people have kind of gone into denial mode because they’re not getting as dire a message anymore,” says Los Angeles homeowner Kelly Krull.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krull is one of the people who got the message last year. She tore out her water-thirsty lawn and landscaping to put in dirt paths and drought-tolerant gardens. Some of her neighbors did the same. This year, Krull says, “I’m not hearing much of a message at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The difficulty of messaging drought \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Messaging for something like drought is difficult for a lot of reasons. And it becomes more difficult the longer the drought persists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To explain, NPR reached out to two people who do messaging for a living: Tony Foleno, the senior vice president and head of strategic development at the Ad Council, and Nick Barham, the chief strategy officer at TBWAChiatDay Los Angeles, an advertising agency that works with companies such as Apple and Gatorade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Below are some excerpts from both interviews, edited for clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you keep people interested in something that’s been going on for longer than five years? How do you keep something like drought sexy? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tony Foleno, Ad Council:\u003c/strong> I don’t know if drought will ever be sexy, but I think that it’s one of the tougher issues. It’s sort of intangible [for urban users]. If you can’t water your lawn or there’s some inconvenience, it becomes a little more tangible, but it’s not something that you might think of that might immediately affect you and your family. The other part of it is, the sense of self-efficacy: are my actions — my day-to-day actions — really making a difference? There could be some doubt around that. There could be doubt that while I’m doing my part, other people aren’t doing their part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Nick Barham, TBWAChiatDay LA:\u003c/strong> With any messaging — whether it’s about drought, whether it’s about war or whether it’s about the next pair of sneakers — there’s an inevitable wear-out if people feel like they’ve heard the same thing before, especially if they feel like [earlier] danger has been averted. That’s a shared characteristic between [public service announcements] and advertising in general; a lot of time you’re trying to make things that feel over-familiar, mundane, invisible, boring or repetitious interesting and fresh. And trying to get people to reconsider something that has become a familiar part of daily life. I do think that’s a challenge. But talking about water conservation in California, I think we need to get out of a campaign mindset and a temporary action and think more about long-term change of behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/130249787?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/130249787\">Save the Drop\u003c/a> from \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/weareroyale\">We Are Royale\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com\">Vimeo\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you think of California’s current efforts to message the drought? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> Overall, I think they’ve been pretty successful. They did a lot of things right, certainly at the height of the drought, before El Nino did or didn’t happen. They were getting lots of supporting messages from different areas. It was in the news, so you saw headlines and pictures of lakes that were less full than they used to be, so it didn’t feel like a distant issue. There were tough targets that people saw and penalties for people who overused, some incentives for people who tore out their lawns and stuff like that. And there were things like ‘Save the Drop,’ which had a very cute cartoony version of a water drop and a clear call to action. But I think [now], it certainly feels like it’s less of an urgent issue. My observation here [in Los Angeles] is that the city doesn’t behave like a city that’s in a drought. You can still drive through the city and see perfect green lawns and the kind of plants and greenery that you wouldn’t have naturally in a drought area. I think there are a lot of behaviors here that are in denial of the kind of climate we’re in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/hdUQrGht7NE\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>It’s got to be hard to try and get people to change their behavior. What makes an effective PSA or messaging campaign?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> Behavior change is the ultimate objective of every campaign we do at the Ad Council. It’s harder by an order of magnitude — I don’t know what it would be — than to just raise awareness of something, to get people to re-Tweet something or think about it for a minute and then move on. Every campaign has a different set of tools, but we start at the end point – sitting down a year from now, what do we want to see? What does success look like? Then we work backwards from there. You need to be relevant. You need to be emotional. You need to be understandable and single-minded. You also need to know the media landscape. How are you going to reach the people you want to reach? And then you need to be consistent. A lot of things require long-term commitment. The reason we’ve been working on Smokey Bear for decades is you need to maintain and educate a new generation of the public all the time about wildfire prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> One of the key difficulties of PSAs is you’re trying to stop people from doing something they really like doing or you’re trying to get them to do something that’s going to be more of a hassle than not doing. There are two favorite tactics to get attention, neither of which has been used to strongly in California. The first obvious one is through shock: exaggerating or at least shining a light on how bad things could be if you don’t change behavior. The best recent example of this was an Australian campaign for rail safety which was called ‘Dumb Ways to Die.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/IJNR2EpS0jw\u003cbr>\nThe other way is through humor. The best recent example of that is called the ‘World’s Biggest Asshole.’ It got lots and lots of attention and talked to people in a way that didn’t feel preachy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/TeVLxcekEsw\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>OK, I’m emperor for the day and I put you in charge of messaging California’s drought. What would you do? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Foleno:\u003c/strong> I’m a research guy, so the first thing I would do is go out and talk to the folks of California to see what their awareness of the current messaging is — what their perception is, how do they talk about it with their friends and loved ones and neighbors — to get a real sense of where their head is at, from the consumer perspective. From there you’d generate a set of message framings, depending on what you hear back. Those are all testable. You can go out and see which are the most motivating. There are a variety of approaches off the top of my head. There’s a social-norming approach, where you let people know that their neighbor is actually using a lot less water than they are. You could talk about the future of California and inject a sense of state pride into it. You could talk about dire consequences down the road if we don’t make this a top issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Barham:\u003c/strong> I think there’s room to use those two models I talked about [shock and humor], but I think you need to balance that by giving people very practical guidelines for what they should be doing. I would try to think about water conservation in the way that we think about our health, as something that we try to maintain on a day-to-day basis, rather than as a diet, which tends to be a short-term fix to some kind of issue. I think we’re in danger of the equivalent of yo-yo dieting, where we take some extreme measures for a short period of time, think that will fix everything and then go back to bad behavior. What we should be trying to do is instill behavior and attitudes that are ongoing and permanent and can be measured and monitored. I think a good model to look at is how a lot of fitness apps work, which is this daily check at how you’re doing and the ability to share it with other people, either in your immediate social circle or the broader public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=California%27s+Dire+Drought+Message+Wanes%2C+Conservation+Levels+Drop+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Obama administration is announcing a series of recommendations for ensuring the safety of the nation's more than 400 underground natural gas storage wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/Ensuring%20Safe%20and%20Reliable%20Underground%20Natural%20Gas%20Storage%20-%20Final%20Repor..._0.pdf\">report\u003c/a> comes as a result of the natural gas leak in Porter Ranch, a Los Angeles neighborhood, one year ago. It says the leak at the Aliso Canyon plant was the largest methane release from a natural gas storage facility in U.S. history. Some 8,000 families were displaced after complaining of headaches, nosebleeds and nausea. The facility operator, Southern California Gas Co., was unable to seal the well until February 2016, four months after the leak was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report by a White House interagency task force includes 44 recommendations related to the integrity of gas storage wells, preparation for possible natural gas leaks, and better coordination between the gas and electric industries, which are increasingly interdependent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No community should have to go through something like the Aliso Canyon leak again. The recommendations in this report outline the steps we can take to prevent such an incident in the future. Now, it is up to industry to implement these recommendations in a timely fashion,\" said Energy Secretary Ernest J. Moniz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main recommendations is that natural gas operators should phase out \"single-point-of-failure well designs\" and introduce backup systems or \"double-barrier protection\" that can contain gas even in the event of a leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the Aliso Canyon incident highlighted the problems with the nation's aging natural gas infrastructure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Approximately 80% of wells in the Nation's natural gas storage fields were completed in the 1970s or earlier. They have been exposed to decades of physical and mechanical stresses and pre-date many current materials and technology standards. In addition, many of these wells were converted to gas storage from oil production and may not have piping designed for the higher overall operating pressures of natural gas. Although rare, large natural gas storage leakage events can have negative impacts on human health and communities.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Interim federal rules to ensure the safety of natural gas storage facilities will be released by the end of the year, said Marie Therese Dominguez, the chief of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, at a Washington news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we reported in September, Southern California Gas Co. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493813305/socal-gas-to-pay-4-million-after-massive-gas-leak\">pleaded no contest\u003c/a> to a single criminal charge that it failed to immediately report the Aliso Canyon leak to state emergency officials. The company paid a settlement of $4 million, most of which will pay for the installation and maintenance of an infrared methane leak detection system that includes the hiring of six full-time monitors over the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_NATURAL_GAS_LEAKS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a> reports, SoCal Gas still faces more than 130 pending lawsuits or civil or criminal penalties from a variety of government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=White+House+Report+Calls+For+Safer+Natural+Gas+Storage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Obama administration is announcing a series of recommendations for ensuring the safety of the nation's more than 400 underground natural gas storage wells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/10/f33/Ensuring%20Safe%20and%20Reliable%20Underground%20Natural%20Gas%20Storage%20-%20Final%20Repor..._0.pdf\">report\u003c/a> comes as a result of the natural gas leak in Porter Ranch, a Los Angeles neighborhood, one year ago. It says the leak at the Aliso Canyon plant was the largest methane release from a natural gas storage facility in U.S. history. Some 8,000 families were displaced after complaining of headaches, nosebleeds and nausea. The facility operator, Southern California Gas Co., was unable to seal the well until February 2016, four months after the leak was detected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report by a White House interagency task force includes 44 recommendations related to the integrity of gas storage wells, preparation for possible natural gas leaks, and better coordination between the gas and electric industries, which are increasingly interdependent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No community should have to go through something like the Aliso Canyon leak again. The recommendations in this report outline the steps we can take to prevent such an incident in the future. Now, it is up to industry to implement these recommendations in a timely fashion,\" said Energy Secretary Ernest J. Moniz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the main recommendations is that natural gas operators should phase out \"single-point-of-failure well designs\" and introduce backup systems or \"double-barrier protection\" that can contain gas even in the event of a leak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the report, the Aliso Canyon incident highlighted the problems with the nation's aging natural gas infrastructure:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"Approximately 80% of wells in the Nation's natural gas storage fields were completed in the 1970s or earlier. They have been exposed to decades of physical and mechanical stresses and pre-date many current materials and technology standards. In addition, many of these wells were converted to gas storage from oil production and may not have piping designed for the higher overall operating pressures of natural gas. Although rare, large natural gas storage leakage events can have negative impacts on human health and communities.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Interim federal rules to ensure the safety of natural gas storage facilities will be released by the end of the year, said Marie Therese Dominguez, the chief of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, at a Washington news conference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we reported in September, Southern California Gas Co. \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/13/493813305/socal-gas-to-pay-4-million-after-massive-gas-leak\">pleaded no contest\u003c/a> to a single criminal charge that it failed to immediately report the Aliso Canyon leak to state emergency officials. The company paid a settlement of $4 million, most of which will pay for the installation and maintenance of an infrared methane leak detection system that includes the hiring of six full-time monitors over the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the \u003ca href=\"http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_NATURAL_GAS_LEAKS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">Associated Press\u003c/a> reports, SoCal Gas still faces more than 130 pending lawsuits or civil or criminal penalties from a variety of government agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=White+House+Report+Calls+For+Safer+Natural+Gas+Storage&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The head of the largest association of police chiefs in the U.S. has issued a formal apology on the group's behalf for \"historical mistreatment of communities of color.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking Monday at the annual meeting of the International Association of Chiefs of Police in San Diego, Terry Cunningham \u003ca href=\"http://www.iacp.org/ViewResult?SearchID=2690\">said his remarks on behalf of the group\u003c/a> were aimed at breaking a \"historic cycle of mistrust.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said that policing is, in essence, a \"noble profession\" that has seen dark periods in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There have been times when law enforcement officers, because of the laws enacted by federal, state and local governments, have been the face of oppression for far too many of our fellow citizens,\" Cunningham said. \"In the past, the laws adopted by our society have required police officers to perform many unpalatable tasks, such as ensuring legalized discrimination or even denying the basic rights of citizenship to many of our fellow Americans.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He emphasized that these darker periods are in the past, adding that \"while this is no longer the case, this dark side of our shared history has created a multigenerational — almost inherited — mistrust between many communities of color and their law enforcement agencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We must move forward together to build a shared understanding,\" he said, calling the apology a first step in the process. \"At the same time, those who denounce the police must also acknowledge that today's officers are not to blame for the injustices of the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police officers gave the speech a standing ovation, IACP spokeswoman Sarah Guy \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2016/10/17/head-of-u-s-police-chiefs-apologizes-for-historic-mistreatment-of-minorities/\">told the Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham, who is the police chief in Wellesley, Massachusetts, did not specifically mention any of the recent, numerous, high-profile police shootings of black men, nor did he bring up the police officers killed earlier this year in Dallas and Baton Rouge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of historic injustices is a \"delicate subject inside policing,\" as NPR's Martin Kaste tells our Newscast unit, \"especially as many rank-and-file cops have come to resent accusations of systemic racism by groups such as Black Lives Matter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Martin reports, \"Cunningham says he decided to make this statement after a meeting last summer with President Obama, who told him police needed to acknowledge historical mistreatment of communities of color.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civil rights groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund told the \u003cem>Post \u003c/em>that they welcomed the apology. Here's what Jeffrey Robinson, ACLU deputy legal director, said to the newspaper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It seems to me that this is a very significant admission ... and a very significant acknowledgement of what much of America has known for some time about the historical relationship between police and communities of color. The fact someone high in the law enforcement community has said this is significant and I applaud it because it is long overdue. And I think it's a necessary first step to them trying to change these relationships.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But others were less impressed. \"[Cunningham] fails to acknowledge the deplorable behavior of some modern-day police officers who are allowed to go from police agency to police agency after having been cited for misconduct within one or more departments,\" Delores Jones-Brown, a professor at the John Jay College Center on Race, Crime and Justice, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-police-chiefs-apology-20161017-snap-story.html\">told the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>. \"There are bigoted cops today, as there were when it was legal to be a bigoted cop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The apology comes less than a week after U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/13/497850361/justice-department-will-track-police-killings-and-use-of-force\">announced that the Department of Justice plans\u003c/a> to collect data on killings by police and use of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Head+Of+Police+Chiefs+Group+Apologizes+For+%27Historical+Mistreatment%27+Of+Minorities&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We must move forward together to build a shared understanding,\" he said, calling the apology a first step in the process. \"At the same time, those who denounce the police must also acknowledge that today's officers are not to blame for the injustices of the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Police officers gave the speech a standing ovation, IACP spokeswoman Sarah Guy \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/true-crime/wp/2016/10/17/head-of-u-s-police-chiefs-apologizes-for-historic-mistreatment-of-minorities/\">told the Washington Post\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cunningham, who is the police chief in Wellesley, Massachusetts, did not specifically mention any of the recent, numerous, high-profile police shootings of black men, nor did he bring up the police officers killed earlier this year in Dallas and Baton Rouge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue of historic injustices is a \"delicate subject inside policing,\" as NPR's Martin Kaste tells our Newscast unit, \"especially as many rank-and-file cops have come to resent accusations of systemic racism by groups such as Black Lives Matter.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as Martin reports, \"Cunningham says he decided to make this statement after a meeting last summer with President Obama, who told him police needed to acknowledge historical mistreatment of communities of color.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civil rights groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union and the NAACP Legal Defense Fund told the \u003cem>Post \u003c/em>that they welcomed the apology. Here's what Jeffrey Robinson, ACLU deputy legal director, said to the newspaper:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"It seems to me that this is a very significant admission ... and a very significant acknowledgement of what much of America has known for some time about the historical relationship between police and communities of color. The fact someone high in the law enforcement community has said this is significant and I applaud it because it is long overdue. And I think it's a necessary first step to them trying to change these relationships.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But others were less impressed. \"[Cunningham] fails to acknowledge the deplorable behavior of some modern-day police officers who are allowed to go from police agency to police agency after having been cited for misconduct within one or more departments,\" Delores Jones-Brown, a professor at the John Jay College Center on Race, Crime and Justice, \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-police-chiefs-apology-20161017-snap-story.html\">told the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>. \"There are bigoted cops today, as there were when it was legal to be a bigoted cop.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The apology comes less than a week after U.S. Attorney General Loretta Lynch \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/13/497850361/justice-department-will-track-police-killings-and-use-of-force\">announced that the Department of Justice plans\u003c/a> to collect data on killings by police and use of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Head+Of+Police+Chiefs+Group+Apologizes+For+%27Historical+Mistreatment%27+Of+Minorities&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Donald Trump is warning that the election will be rigged. He has precisely zero evidence to back up that claim. But he has a remarkably receptive audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/HTML%20Reports/views-on-the-american-election-process-and-perceptions-of-voter-fraud-issue-brief.aspx\">Around 30 percent\u003c/a> of Americans have \"little or no confidence\" that votes will be counted accurately — and Trump's voters are far less confident about that than Clinton's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that potentially millions of Americans will turn out to vote on Nov. 8, despite apparently believing their votes may not count at all. But to believe the election will be \"rigged\" is to believe that any number of improbable things will happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a handful of reasons not to worry about any rigging:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>1. The election is decentralized\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, election-rigging worked on \u003cem>Scandal\u003c/em>, when a super-secret cabal of five people (including the first lady AND the White House chief of staff) flipped the election by fiddling with a single voting machine in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then, Campaign 2016 is not a Shonda Rhimes production. Which is to say: Rigging the election would be much, much harder than this. For one, there are few options of where to try doing that voting-machine fiddling. Where would you begin? Ohio? Florida? Iowa? Arizona?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Conceivably one could focus on the few states that factor into the Electoral College,\" Walter Mebane, a political scientist who focuses on voter fraud at the University of Michigan, told NPR in August. \"And maybe that turns into a few hundred or a few thousand precincts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that would be difficult to do because — let's repeat this again — elections are not federally run. States run them themselves. Trying to twist the results in a bunch of different precincts run by different authorities would be monstrously difficult. And even if one could somehow pull it off, then there's the problem of people's big mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, say, 400 precincts in a big conspiracy, and no one will know?\" Mebane added. \"That's not gonna happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>2. State officials are on guard\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretaries of state are charged with administering elections in each state. And on Monday, Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted, a Republican, insisted that rigging won't happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First of all, I can reassure Donald Trump: I am in charge of elections in Ohio, and they're not going to be rigged. I'll make sure of that,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/trump-election-rigged-ohio-secretary-of-state-229\">he told CNN\u003c/a>. \"Our institutions, like our election system, is one of the bedrocks of American democracy. We should not question it or the legitimacy of it. It works very well. In places like Ohio, we make it easy to vote and hard to cheat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he's no enemy of Trump — Husted, by the way, said later Monday that he will vote for the Republican nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple other secretaries of state have likewise asserted that the elections in their states will not be rigged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, considering that the cries of election rigging are overwhelmingly coming from the right, there's another reason to be skeptical, as the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NickRiccardi/status/782210861330857985\">AP's Nick Riccardi\u003c/a> pointed out: Many of the closest states — Ohio, Iowa, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, Alaska, Georgia — have Republican governors. That means the rigging would have to take place under Republican administrations — people who would, theoretically, have more reason to want Trump rather than Clinton to win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>3. Clinton is already leading by a lot\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a really close race, there could potentially be more of an argument that \"rigging\" the election would be possible (with irregularities in particular counties or precincts, which would be challenged and subject to recounts and oversight and courts weighing in).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the way things look right now, that doesn't seem likely to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the polls in November look like they do now, then I don't see much of an issue,\" Vanderbilt University political science professor Marc Hetherington \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/08/07/488893858/questioning-if-an-election-will-be-rigged-strikes-at-the-heart-of-democracy\">told NPR in August\u003c/a>. \"No one will find credible charges of election fraud if it looks like a blowout in advance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Clinton was far ahead of Trump — she had an 83 percent chance of winning to his 17, according to FiveThirtyEight. Now, it's looking slightly better for Clinton — 88 percent chance to his 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true that some states will be close. But if Clinton is far enough ahead in enough states — which is looking increasingly likely — then it wouldn't be necessary to rig the election. (Or you'd have to believe that many polls in many states are rigged, which isn't happening.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>4. Election fraud is rare (and it's not quite \"rigging\" either)\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple analyses have found the problem of voter fraud to be sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt's comprehensive analysis, there were only \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/\">31 incidents of the type of voter fraud\u003c/a> that could have been prevented by voter ID laws — that is, voter impersonation — from 2000 through 2014. Another analysis from News21 looked into 2,068 allegations of election fraud and found only 10 cases of impersonation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after analyzing multiple studies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/665966.pdf\">Government Accountability Office\u003c/a> said it found \"few instances of in-person voter fraud\" (though it also acknowledged that in-person voter fraud is difficult to count accurately). So it appears that in-person voter fraud on the scale that it currently happens would have very little chance of swaying the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Trump and Pence have told their supporters to head to the polls to make sure people are voting fairly on Election Day. But even then, they could easily miss some cases of fraud, because fraud via absentee ballots is \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/13/the-disconnect-between-voter-id-laws-and-voter-fraud/\">\"unfortunately quite real,\"\u003c/a> as Levitt told \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, as election lawyer Chris Ashby pointed out on CNN Monday afternoon (after an \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ashbylaw/status/787352959633981440\">epic tweetstorm \u003c/a>over the weekend), individual instances of voter fraud aren't exactly \"rigging\" anyway. This isn't just semantics — yes, voter fraud is a bad thing. However, calling an election \"rigged\" implies a systematic, coordinated effort to cause one candidate to win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One more point here is that voter ID laws are the weapon of choice, particularly for politicians on the right, for fighting voter fraud. However, there's evidence that voter ID laws — which are put in place to fight voter fraud — end up swinging elections themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>5 (and 6 and 7 and 8 ...). Read Chris Ashby's latest post\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'd be entirely remiss if we didn't point to Ashby's \u003ca href=\"https://extranewsfeed.com/the-election-is-not-rigged-23917d9b0534#.ii0k4de5k\">excellent Medium post\u003c/a> spelling out a few more reasons to be skeptical of \"rigging\" allegations. For example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- elections are held in public places and staffed by private citizens;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- party officials and lawyers are at the ready to challenge if needed;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- voting machines have systems in place to prevent fraud — for example, they are \"equipped with multiple interconnected counters that make it impossible to add or remove votes secretly\" (sorry, Olivia Pope); and ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- representatives of both candidates \u003cem>and \u003c/em>parties observe vote-counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if someone tells you the election is rigged, it's just not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Reasons+%28And+Then+Some%29+Not+To+Worry+About+A+%27Rigged%27+Election&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Donald Trump is insisting the presidential election will be rigged. There is about zero chance of that happening. It would require an unprecedented, bipartisan and broad-sweeping conspiracy.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Donald Trump is warning that the election will be rigged. He has precisely zero evidence to back up that claim. But he has a remarkably receptive audience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/HTML%20Reports/views-on-the-american-election-process-and-perceptions-of-voter-fraud-issue-brief.aspx\">Around 30 percent\u003c/a> of Americans have \"little or no confidence\" that votes will be counted accurately — and Trump's voters are far less confident about that than Clinton's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means that potentially millions of Americans will turn out to vote on Nov. 8, despite apparently believing their votes may not count at all. But to believe the election will be \"rigged\" is to believe that any number of improbable things will happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a handful of reasons not to worry about any rigging:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>1. The election is decentralized\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, election-rigging worked on \u003cem>Scandal\u003c/em>, when a super-secret cabal of five people (including the first lady AND the White House chief of staff) flipped the election by fiddling with a single voting machine in Ohio.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But then, Campaign 2016 is not a Shonda Rhimes production. Which is to say: Rigging the election would be much, much harder than this. For one, there are few options of where to try doing that voting-machine fiddling. Where would you begin? Ohio? Florida? Iowa? Arizona?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Conceivably one could focus on the few states that factor into the Electoral College,\" Walter Mebane, a political scientist who focuses on voter fraud at the University of Michigan, told NPR in August. \"And maybe that turns into a few hundred or a few thousand precincts.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that would be difficult to do because — let's repeat this again — elections are not federally run. States run them themselves. Trying to twist the results in a bunch of different precincts run by different authorities would be monstrously difficult. And even if one could somehow pull it off, then there's the problem of people's big mouths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, say, 400 precincts in a big conspiracy, and no one will know?\" Mebane added. \"That's not gonna happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>2. State officials are on guard\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Secretaries of state are charged with administering elections in each state. And on Monday, Ohio Secretary of State Jon Husted, a Republican, insisted that rigging won't happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"First of all, I can reassure Donald Trump: I am in charge of elections in Ohio, and they're not going to be rigged. I'll make sure of that,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.politico.com/story/2016/10/trump-election-rigged-ohio-secretary-of-state-229\">he told CNN\u003c/a>. \"Our institutions, like our election system, is one of the bedrocks of American democracy. We should not question it or the legitimacy of it. It works very well. In places like Ohio, we make it easy to vote and hard to cheat.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And he's no enemy of Trump — Husted, by the way, said later Monday that he will vote for the Republican nominee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple other secretaries of state have likewise asserted that the elections in their states will not be rigged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, considering that the cries of election rigging are overwhelmingly coming from the right, there's another reason to be skeptical, as the \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NickRiccardi/status/782210861330857985\">AP's Nick Riccardi\u003c/a> pointed out: Many of the closest states — Ohio, Iowa, Arizona, Florida, North Carolina, Alaska, Georgia — have Republican governors. That means the rigging would have to take place under Republican administrations — people who would, theoretically, have more reason to want Trump rather than Clinton to win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>3. Clinton is already leading by a lot\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a really close race, there could potentially be more of an argument that \"rigging\" the election would be possible (with irregularities in particular counties or precincts, which would be challenged and subject to recounts and oversight and courts weighing in).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the way things look right now, that doesn't seem likely to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the polls in November look like they do now, then I don't see much of an issue,\" Vanderbilt University political science professor Marc Hetherington \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/08/07/488893858/questioning-if-an-election-will-be-rigged-strikes-at-the-heart-of-democracy\">told NPR in August\u003c/a>. \"No one will find credible charges of election fraud if it looks like a blowout in advance.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Clinton was far ahead of Trump — she had an 83 percent chance of winning to his 17, according to FiveThirtyEight. Now, it's looking slightly better for Clinton — 88 percent chance to his 12.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's true that some states will be close. But if Clinton is far enough ahead in enough states — which is looking increasingly likely — then it wouldn't be necessary to rig the election. (Or you'd have to believe that many polls in many states are rigged, which isn't happening.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>4. Election fraud is rare (and it's not quite \"rigging\" either)\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple analyses have found the problem of voter fraud to be sparse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Loyola Law School professor Justin Levitt's comprehensive analysis, there were only \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/06/a-comprehensive-investigation-of-voter-impersonation-finds-31-credible-incidents-out-of-one-billion-ballots-cast/\">31 incidents of the type of voter fraud\u003c/a> that could have been prevented by voter ID laws — that is, voter impersonation — from 2000 through 2014. Another analysis from News21 looked into 2,068 allegations of election fraud and found only 10 cases of impersonation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after analyzing multiple studies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/665966.pdf\">Government Accountability Office\u003c/a> said it found \"few instances of in-person voter fraud\" (though it also acknowledged that in-person voter fraud is difficult to count accurately). So it appears that in-person voter fraud on the scale that it currently happens would have very little chance of swaying the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Trump and Pence have told their supporters to head to the polls to make sure people are voting fairly on Election Day. But even then, they could easily miss some cases of fraud, because fraud via absentee ballots is \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/13/the-disconnect-between-voter-id-laws-and-voter-fraud/\">\"unfortunately quite real,\"\u003c/a> as Levitt told \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, as election lawyer Chris Ashby pointed out on CNN Monday afternoon (after an \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/ashbylaw/status/787352959633981440\">epic tweetstorm \u003c/a>over the weekend), individual instances of voter fraud aren't exactly \"rigging\" anyway. This isn't just semantics — yes, voter fraud is a bad thing. However, calling an election \"rigged\" implies a systematic, coordinated effort to cause one candidate to win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One more point here is that voter ID laws are the weapon of choice, particularly for politicians on the right, for fighting voter fraud. However, there's evidence that voter ID laws — which are put in place to fight voter fraud — end up swinging elections themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cstrong>5 (and 6 and 7 and 8 ...). Read Chris Ashby's latest post\u003c/strong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We'd be entirely remiss if we didn't point to Ashby's \u003ca href=\"https://extranewsfeed.com/the-election-is-not-rigged-23917d9b0534#.ii0k4de5k\">excellent Medium post\u003c/a> spelling out a few more reasons to be skeptical of \"rigging\" allegations. For example:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- elections are held in public places and staffed by private citizens;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- party officials and lawyers are at the ready to challenge if needed;\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- voting machines have systems in place to prevent fraud — for example, they are \"equipped with multiple interconnected counters that make it impossible to add or remove votes secretly\" (sorry, Olivia Pope); and ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- representatives of both candidates \u003cem>and \u003c/em>parties observe vote-counting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if someone tells you the election is rigged, it's just not true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=5+Reasons+%28And+Then+Some%29+Not+To+Worry+About+A+%27Rigged%27+Election&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Survey Says Americans Are Getting Stressed by the Election",
"title": "Survey Says Americans Are Getting Stressed by the Election",
"headTitle": "Election 2016 | The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>At some point everyone, regardless of party affiliation or lack thereof, wants to bail from a presidential election. OK, that's a hunch, but it's borne out, at least in part (caveats aplenty), in an online survey by the American Psychological Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-two percent of American adults tell the pollsters that the 2016 election is a very or somewhat significant source of stress. The survey was conducted online among adults 18 years old and older living in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/10/presidential-election-stress.aspx\">by the Harris Poll for the association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"For the past decade, the Stress in America™ survey has examined how stress affects the health and well-being of American adults. Prior to the release of this year's full survey results slated for early 2017, APA highlighted data that points to Americans' stress levels related to the upcoming presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'We're seeing that it doesn't matter whether you're registered as a Democrat or Republican — U.S. adults say they are experiencing significant stress from the current election,' said Lynn Bufka, PhD, APA's associate executive director for practice research and policy. Across party lines, those registered as Democrats (55 percent) and Republicans (59 percent) are statistically equally likely to say the election is a very or somewhat significant source of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'Election stress becomes exacerbated by arguments, stories, images and video on social media that can heighten concern and frustration, particularly with thousands of comments that can range from factual to hostile or even inflammatory,' said Bufka.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"If there is an effect it's a lagged effect,\" says Joe Nunes. He is head of the marketing department at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business and he studies consumer behavior. In an interview with NPR, Nunes says consumers and voters often show their reactions to elections in spending and investment patterns. However, so far in this election, Nunes says \"there's no economic indicator that shows people are fearful and not spending.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nunes points out that the results of the American Psychological Association survey are not definitive. The poll is online and (more caveats) taken before the most recent round of political turmoil, but \"there is a real psychological effect of the news,\" Nunes says. If people felt the status quo was going to radically change, he says, \"they'd pull money out of the stock market, stop spending on major goods.\" He says people are likely feeling fatigue and concern but that's different from a panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you are feeling stressed, what can you do about it? \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/14/497942024/in-other-news-this-photo-of-an-elephant-snuggling-an-ostrich\">You could\u003c/a> follow\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/13/497824938/man-juggles-for-an-entire-marathon-without-a-single-drop\"> the links\u003c/a> to some of our \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/06/496938817/world-s-oldest-living-man-celebrates-his-bar-mitzvah-100-years-late\">non-politics news\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the APA has these suggestions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"If the 24-hour news cycle of claims and counterclaims from the candidates is causing you stress, limit your media consumption. Read just enough to stay informed. Turn off the newsfeed or take a digital break. Take some time for yourself, go for a walk, or spend time with friends and family doing things that you enjoy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Avoid getting into discussions about the election if you think they have the potential to escalate to conflict. Be cognizant of the frequency with which you're discussing the election with friends, family members or coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stress and anxiety about what might happen is not productive. Channel your concerns to make a positive difference on issues you care about. Consider volunteering in your community, advocating for an issue you support or joining a local group. Remember that in addition to the presidential election, there are state and local elections taking place in many parts of the country, providing more opportunities for civic involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whatever happens on Nov. 8, life will go on. Our political system and the three branches of government mean that we can expect a significant degree of stability immediately after a major transition of government. Avoid catastrophizing, and maintain a balanced perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vote. In a democracy, a citizen's voice does matter. By voting, you will hopefully feel you are taking a proactive step and participating in what for many has been a stressful election cycle. Find balanced information to learn about all the candidates and issues on your ballot (not just the presidential race), make informed decisions and wear your 'I voted' sticker with pride.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Survey+Says+Americans+Are+Getting+Stressed+By+The+Elections&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At some point everyone, regardless of party affiliation or lack thereof, wants to bail from a presidential election. OK, that's a hunch, but it's borne out, at least in part (caveats aplenty), in an online survey by the American Psychological Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifty-two percent of American adults tell the pollsters that the 2016 election is a very or somewhat significant source of stress. The survey was conducted online among adults 18 years old and older living in the U.S. \u003ca href=\"http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2016/10/presidential-election-stress.aspx\">by the Harris Poll for the association.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"For the past decade, the Stress in America™ survey has examined how stress affects the health and well-being of American adults. Prior to the release of this year's full survey results slated for early 2017, APA highlighted data that points to Americans' stress levels related to the upcoming presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'We're seeing that it doesn't matter whether you're registered as a Democrat or Republican — U.S. adults say they are experiencing significant stress from the current election,' said Lynn Bufka, PhD, APA's associate executive director for practice research and policy. Across party lines, those registered as Democrats (55 percent) and Republicans (59 percent) are statistically equally likely to say the election is a very or somewhat significant source of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\" 'Election stress becomes exacerbated by arguments, stories, images and video on social media that can heighten concern and frustration, particularly with thousands of comments that can range from factual to hostile or even inflammatory,' said Bufka.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\"If there is an effect it's a lagged effect,\" says Joe Nunes. He is head of the marketing department at the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business and he studies consumer behavior. In an interview with NPR, Nunes says consumers and voters often show their reactions to elections in spending and investment patterns. However, so far in this election, Nunes says \"there's no economic indicator that shows people are fearful and not spending.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nunes points out that the results of the American Psychological Association survey are not definitive. The poll is online and (more caveats) taken before the most recent round of political turmoil, but \"there is a real psychological effect of the news,\" Nunes says. If people felt the status quo was going to radically change, he says, \"they'd pull money out of the stock market, stop spending on major goods.\" He says people are likely feeling fatigue and concern but that's different from a panic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you are feeling stressed, what can you do about it? \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/14/497942024/in-other-news-this-photo-of-an-elephant-snuggling-an-ostrich\">You could\u003c/a> follow\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/13/497824938/man-juggles-for-an-entire-marathon-without-a-single-drop\"> the links\u003c/a> to some of our \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/06/496938817/world-s-oldest-living-man-celebrates-his-bar-mitzvah-100-years-late\">non-politics news\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the APA has these suggestions:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"If the 24-hour news cycle of claims and counterclaims from the candidates is causing you stress, limit your media consumption. Read just enough to stay informed. Turn off the newsfeed or take a digital break. Take some time for yourself, go for a walk, or spend time with friends and family doing things that you enjoy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Avoid getting into discussions about the election if you think they have the potential to escalate to conflict. Be cognizant of the frequency with which you're discussing the election with friends, family members or coworkers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Stress and anxiety about what might happen is not productive. Channel your concerns to make a positive difference on issues you care about. Consider volunteering in your community, advocating for an issue you support or joining a local group. Remember that in addition to the presidential election, there are state and local elections taking place in many parts of the country, providing more opportunities for civic involvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Whatever happens on Nov. 8, life will go on. Our political system and the three branches of government mean that we can expect a significant degree of stability immediately after a major transition of government. Avoid catastrophizing, and maintain a balanced perspective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Vote. In a democracy, a citizen's voice does matter. By voting, you will hopefully feel you are taking a proactive step and participating in what for many has been a stressful election cycle. Find balanced information to learn about all the candidates and issues on your ballot (not just the presidential race), make informed decisions and wear your 'I voted' sticker with pride.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Survey+Says+Americans+Are+Getting+Stressed+By+The+Elections&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco has made headlines as a hub for technology — giants like Facebook, Apple and Google are headquartered nearby, as are a plethora of tech startups. At the same time, residents complain that those same tech companies are part of the cause of the city's \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/02/sfs-tech-bus-problem-isnt-about-buses-its-about-housing/\">astronomical cost of living\u003c/a> — and in turn contributing to the city's big homeless problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homelessness in the city is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/07/03/484516166/san-francisco-media-outlets-unite-to-help-end-the-citys-homelessness\">well reported\u003c/a> — the San Francisco Chronicle even ran a \u003ca href=\"http://projects.sfchronicle.com/sf-homeless/civic-disgrace/\">front-page editorial\u003c/a> earlier this year calling the \"level and pervasiveness of homelessness in San Francisco\" a \"civic disgrace.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the number of homeless people in San Francisco is hard. One estimate gathered by a group of volunteers over one night counted 6,686 adults. The city's \u003ca href=\"http://sfbos.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/56163-061316%20Homeless%20Services%20in%20SF_Bud%26LegAnalyst.pdf\">Department of Public Health\u003c/a> counts homeless people using city services over a year and counted 9,975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco doesn't lead the country in per capita homelessness. But the reason San Francisco's homeless problem is much more visible than in other large cities is because the city has more per capita unsheltered homeless people: \"511 people on the streets for every 100,000 residents,\" as noted by \u003ca href=\"http://projects.sfchronicle.com/sf-homeless/numbers/\">the Chronicle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, someone in San Francisco had an idea to use technology to help alleviate one of the symptoms of homelessness: falling out of touch with one's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the mission of \u003ca href=\"http://www.miraclemessages.org/\">Miracle Messages\u003c/a>, an organization started by Kevin Adler in 2014. Volunteers record video messages from homeless people to their loved ones, who they have often not seen for many years. The organization then uses social media to publicize the videos in hope of contacting that person's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glXZS-LDVHE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dave Adams lived on the streets in San Francisco for 20 years. He tells NPR's Mary Louise Kelly that he lost touch with his family and couldn't figure out how to make contact. \"I ain't computer smart,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed after he recorded a video message with a Miracle Messages volunteer. Adams learned he had a half-sister named Dorothy, who had been looking for him for years. Adams says she started crying the first time he called her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's one of the success stories for founder and CEO Adler, who says messages are positively received in about 90 percent of the cases where they reach the family. Many people are hesitant to participate at first, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've said, 'Well, I don't know how the family is going to respond, I feel like a burden, I feel ashamed, I'm embarrassed,' \" Adler tells NPR. \"Trying to get past that — doing something very simple, with what we call a video postcard, is a very helpful first step for basically saying who you love, who you want to reconnect with, whatever kind of message you want to leave. And we'll do our best to deliver it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is personal for Adler. It has to do with empathy and understanding people as more than just the label \"homeless,\" including his own family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11133746\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11133746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/RS13835_mission_camp_for_web-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"A homeless encampment in San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A homeless encampment in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Eric Lawson/San Francisco Public Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"My uncle Mark had been homeless for about 30 years,\" Adler says. \"He suffered from schizophrenia, lived on and off the streets. I never saw him as a homeless man. He's my beloved uncle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I ain't homeless, I'm houseless,\" Adams interrupts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Exactly — houseless,\" Adler says. \"And so when we walk down the street and we see someone who is without a house, it's easy to define them by that. And we want to live in a world where we walk down the street and we don't see Homeless Joe or Jane ... but we see someone's loved one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Homelessness is a state of mind,\" Adams says. \"Houseless is like how I think about it. Where you lay your head at night and lay down and go to sleep. Whether it's in a mansion, whether it's in a jail cell, or a car, or school bus, or a doorway — one thing about it is, that's home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adler's goal for Miracle Messages is ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reunite 1 million people by 2021,\" he says. \"That's 1 percent of the world's homeless population — houseless population. So yeah, if we're really going to move the needle in ending homelessness and using social media for social good, we figure we need to set the goal at least at a million, and then hopefully exceed it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Adams is headed to work and live at his sister's farm in Tennessee. She's going to pick him up at the bus stop, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Harnessing+Social+Media+To+Reconnect+Homeless+People+With+Their+Families&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco has made headlines as a hub for technology — giants like Facebook, Apple and Google are headquartered nearby, as are a plethora of tech startups. At the same time, residents complain that those same tech companies are part of the cause of the city's \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/02/sfs-tech-bus-problem-isnt-about-buses-its-about-housing/\">astronomical cost of living\u003c/a> — and in turn contributing to the city's big homeless problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homelessness in the city is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2016/07/03/484516166/san-francisco-media-outlets-unite-to-help-end-the-citys-homelessness\">well reported\u003c/a> — the San Francisco Chronicle even ran a \u003ca href=\"http://projects.sfchronicle.com/sf-homeless/civic-disgrace/\">front-page editorial\u003c/a> earlier this year calling the \"level and pervasiveness of homelessness in San Francisco\" a \"civic disgrace.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measuring the number of homeless people in San Francisco is hard. One estimate gathered by a group of volunteers over one night counted 6,686 adults. The city's \u003ca href=\"http://sfbos.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/56163-061316%20Homeless%20Services%20in%20SF_Bud%26LegAnalyst.pdf\">Department of Public Health\u003c/a> counts homeless people using city services over a year and counted 9,975.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco doesn't lead the country in per capita homelessness. But the reason San Francisco's homeless problem is much more visible than in other large cities is because the city has more per capita unsheltered homeless people: \"511 people on the streets for every 100,000 residents,\" as noted by \u003ca href=\"http://projects.sfchronicle.com/sf-homeless/numbers/\">the Chronicle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Naturally, someone in San Francisco had an idea to use technology to help alleviate one of the symptoms of homelessness: falling out of touch with one's family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the mission of \u003ca href=\"http://www.miraclemessages.org/\">Miracle Messages\u003c/a>, an organization started by Kevin Adler in 2014. Volunteers record video messages from homeless people to their loved ones, who they have often not seen for many years. The organization then uses social media to publicize the videos in hope of contacting that person's family.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/glXZS-LDVHE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/glXZS-LDVHE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Dave Adams lived on the streets in San Francisco for 20 years. He tells NPR's Mary Louise Kelly that he lost touch with his family and couldn't figure out how to make contact. \"I ain't computer smart,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That changed after he recorded a video message with a Miracle Messages volunteer. Adams learned he had a half-sister named Dorothy, who had been looking for him for years. Adams says she started crying the first time he called her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's one of the success stories for founder and CEO Adler, who says messages are positively received in about 90 percent of the cases where they reach the family. Many people are hesitant to participate at first, though.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've said, 'Well, I don't know how the family is going to respond, I feel like a burden, I feel ashamed, I'm embarrassed,' \" Adler tells NPR. \"Trying to get past that — doing something very simple, with what we call a video postcard, is a very helpful first step for basically saying who you love, who you want to reconnect with, whatever kind of message you want to leave. And we'll do our best to deliver it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mission is personal for Adler. It has to do with empathy and understanding people as more than just the label \"homeless,\" including his own family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11133746\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11133746\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2016/10/RS13835_mission_camp_for_web-800x546.jpg\" alt=\"A homeless encampment in San Francisco.\" width=\"800\" height=\"546\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A homeless encampment in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Eric Lawson/San Francisco Public Press)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"My uncle Mark had been homeless for about 30 years,\" Adler says. \"He suffered from schizophrenia, lived on and off the streets. I never saw him as a homeless man. He's my beloved uncle.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I ain't homeless, I'm houseless,\" Adams interrupts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Exactly — houseless,\" Adler says. \"And so when we walk down the street and we see someone who is without a house, it's easy to define them by that. And we want to live in a world where we walk down the street and we don't see Homeless Joe or Jane ... but we see someone's loved one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Homelessness is a state of mind,\" Adams says. \"Houseless is like how I think about it. Where you lay your head at night and lay down and go to sleep. Whether it's in a mansion, whether it's in a jail cell, or a car, or school bus, or a doorway — one thing about it is, that's home.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Adler's goal for Miracle Messages is ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to reunite 1 million people by 2021,\" he says. \"That's 1 percent of the world's homeless population — houseless population. So yeah, if we're really going to move the needle in ending homelessness and using social media for social good, we figure we need to set the goal at least at a million, and then hopefully exceed it.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Adams is headed to work and live at his sister's farm in Tennessee. She's going to pick him up at the bus stop, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Harnessing+Social+Media+To+Reconnect+Homeless+People+With+Their+Families&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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