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"disqusTitle": "A Honduran Restaurant Hands Out Hot Comfort Food for the Migrant Caravan in Tijuana",
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"content": "\u003cp>When José Aguilar, a Honduran-born resident of Tijuana, Mexico, heard that a caravan of mostly Honduran migrants was headed to the border city, he knew he had to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago, Aguilar moved to Tijuana after bouncing between the United States, Mexico and Honduras for two decades. Once settled, he opened a restaurant called Honduras 504. People often call it just 504 or Catracho 504, using the informal demonym Hondurans call each other and their country code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713685\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11713685 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When thousands of Hondurans and other Central Americans poured into Tijuana, Aguilar knew he had to do something. \"They're from the same streets and cities as us. They're family!\" he says. \"It wasn't up for discussion, it was simply a matter of going out there and getting these people fed with a taste of home.\" \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through the years, the restaurant has become the unofficial heart of the Honduran community in Tijuana. \"Local Hondurans come here to eat and drink; it's kind of like a little Honduras. Since there isn't a consulate, newly arrived migrants also come here asking for food and phone calls. Ever since we opened, we've always been there to help,\" Aguilar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He manages the front while his wife, Lilian Mejía, runs the kitchen with her sister, Mitxy. In this cramped space the sisters cook up staples from northern Honduras: stewed chicken with plantains, \u003cem>yuca con chicharrón\u003c/em> (fried cassava and cubed pork) and the beloved \u003cem>baleada\u003c/em> (a flour tortilla stuffed with red beans, avocado, cream and salty cheese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713681\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11713681 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-16-_slide-ecf811f0730d36f9e45ce5caaba2f1a1545e7209-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cristian Aguilar carries his half-brother Jaden's toy car into the restaurant Honduras 504, owned by his father, José Aguilar. Cooking up traditional food, it has served the Honduran diaspora community in Tijuana since 2015. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the caravan arrived in November, the migrants were sent to a shelter inside the Benito Juárez sports complex. The park and baseball diamond were turned into a refugee camp, a short walk from the restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After thousands of Haitians had come to Tijuana in 2016, Aguilar and Mejía knew from experience that food was the most critical need during a sudden migration crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple closed the restaurant and started cooking for the displaced Hondurans. Aguilar sourced the produce, Mejía folded tortilla dough and her sister stewed beans, ultimately assembling some 200 \u003cem>baleadas\u003c/em>. Along with José's eldest son, Cristian, they went to the shelter and handed them out. Within minutes the whole supply was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713682\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11713682\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-3-_slide-b1fa0a50084cb38efb8d203afe260341faeaf3eb-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night at Honduras 504, where signs of Honduran culture are everywhere: National soccer matches and news play on TV, fast-paced punta music gets the expats dancing, and food from every region in the country is served from lunch to midnight to a packed house. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exhausted migrants smiled ear to ear, many of them eating Honduran cooking for the first time since they fled the country. Once the weary crowd found out it was Hondurans donating food, they erupted in cheers for the family and thanked them for bringing them a taste of home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The joy that flashed over so many faces got Aguilar and Mejía thinking: They had to do it again, and they had to go bigger. Funded by friends in America wanting to help, the pair set out to feed 1,000 mouths a week. For the family to undertake this monumental task, they hired people from the caravan, upgraded their stove and set aside a whole workday to \"cook enough food to feed an army,\" Aguilar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11713687 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/composite_11_custom-7ab15cb40fefb1dc7feee8d9646925f28797379c-1-e1545259256893.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1921\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top: Mitxy Mejía washes up before hauling stew to the shelter. She was the last of her family to reach Tijuana after they all left the crisis-stricken Honduran city of San Pedro Sula. \"It's painful to see our paisanos forced from their homes, but I understand why they fled,\" she says. Left: José Aguilar with his son, Jaden. Right: Lilian Mejía, Aguilar's wife, on her way to the market. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mejía believes a warm meal, cooked by Honduran hands, brings these folks back a sense of humanity that the long, difficult journey had taken from them. More than 2,700 miles from San Pedro Sula, Honduras, the caravan found family one step away from the U.S. And here, Aguilar sees his responsibility clearly: \"They're our brothers and sisters, and as long as they're here it's our duty to look after our own.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mejía sisters assemble servings of rice, beans, chicken stew and a stack of tortillas. With temperatures dipping to the low 50s, the warm meal is well-received. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713683\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/2_family_food-prep-8-_slide-d87ceace08e8304ee6362d6865031582e11b75c0-1-e1545259415837.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Friends come help the restaurant load coolers filled with stew onto a truck. Customers, employees and the owners, all of whom are Honduran, volunteer their time to help feed the thousands of migrants. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Honduran+Restaurant+Hands+Out+Hot+Comfort+Food+For+The+Migrant+Caravan+In+Tijuana&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When José Aguilar, a Honduran-born resident of Tijuana, Mexico, heard that a caravan of mostly Honduran migrants was headed to the border city, he knew he had to do something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years ago, Aguilar moved to Tijuana after bouncing between the United States, Mexico and Honduras for two decades. Once settled, he opened a restaurant called Honduras 504. People often call it just 504 or Catracho 504, using the informal demonym Hondurans call each other and their country code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713685\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11713685 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-2-_slide-aa58a1ba01b14078fa9671bc4a7c648b6b1fdc60-1-e1545259311401-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When thousands of Hondurans and other Central Americans poured into Tijuana, Aguilar knew he had to do something. \"They're from the same streets and cities as us. They're family!\" he says. \"It wasn't up for discussion, it was simply a matter of going out there and getting these people fed with a taste of home.\" \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through the years, the restaurant has become the unofficial heart of the Honduran community in Tijuana. \"Local Hondurans come here to eat and drink; it's kind of like a little Honduras. Since there isn't a consulate, newly arrived migrants also come here asking for food and phone calls. Ever since we opened, we've always been there to help,\" Aguilar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He manages the front while his wife, Lilian Mejía, runs the kitchen with her sister, Mitxy. In this cramped space the sisters cook up staples from northern Honduras: stewed chicken with plantains, \u003cem>yuca con chicharrón\u003c/em> (fried cassava and cubed pork) and the beloved \u003cem>baleada\u003c/em> (a flour tortilla stuffed with red beans, avocado, cream and salty cheese).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713681\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11713681 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-16-_slide-ecf811f0730d36f9e45ce5caaba2f1a1545e7209-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cristian Aguilar carries his half-brother Jaden's toy car into the restaurant Honduras 504, owned by his father, José Aguilar. Cooking up traditional food, it has served the Honduran diaspora community in Tijuana since 2015. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When the caravan arrived in November, the migrants were sent to a shelter inside the Benito Juárez sports complex. The park and baseball diamond were turned into a refugee camp, a short walk from the restaurant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After thousands of Haitians had come to Tijuana in 2016, Aguilar and Mejía knew from experience that food was the most critical need during a sudden migration crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The couple closed the restaurant and started cooking for the displaced Hondurans. Aguilar sourced the produce, Mejía folded tortilla dough and her sister stewed beans, ultimately assembling some 200 \u003cem>baleadas\u003c/em>. Along with José's eldest son, Cristian, they went to the shelter and handed them out. Within minutes the whole supply was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713682\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11713682\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/0_family_regular-life-3-_slide-b1fa0a50084cb38efb8d203afe260341faeaf3eb-1-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A night at Honduras 504, where signs of Honduran culture are everywhere: National soccer matches and news play on TV, fast-paced punta music gets the expats dancing, and food from every region in the country is served from lunch to midnight to a packed house. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exhausted migrants smiled ear to ear, many of them eating Honduran cooking for the first time since they fled the country. Once the weary crowd found out it was Hondurans donating food, they erupted in cheers for the family and thanked them for bringing them a taste of home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The joy that flashed over so many faces got Aguilar and Mejía thinking: They had to do it again, and they had to go bigger. Funded by friends in America wanting to help, the pair set out to feed 1,000 mouths a week. For the family to undertake this monumental task, they hired people from the caravan, upgraded their stove and set aside a whole workday to \"cook enough food to feed an army,\" Aguilar says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713687\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11713687 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/composite_11_custom-7ab15cb40fefb1dc7feee8d9646925f28797379c-1-e1545259256893.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1921\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Top: Mitxy Mejía washes up before hauling stew to the shelter. She was the last of her family to reach Tijuana after they all left the crisis-stricken Honduran city of San Pedro Sula. \"It's painful to see our paisanos forced from their homes, but I understand why they fled,\" she says. Left: José Aguilar with his son, Jaden. Right: Lilian Mejía, Aguilar's wife, on her way to the market. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mejía believes a warm meal, cooked by Honduran hands, brings these folks back a sense of humanity that the long, difficult journey had taken from them. More than 2,700 miles from San Pedro Sula, Honduras, the caravan found family one step away from the U.S. And here, Aguilar sees his responsibility clearly: \"They're our brothers and sisters, and as long as they're here it's our duty to look after our own.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713684\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713684\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/3_family_serving-food-17-_slide-e8583a4eb941d97ab51ea2a1cdfc71563b6c441d-1-e1545259384669-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Mejía sisters assemble servings of rice, beans, chicken stew and a stack of tortillas. With temperatures dipping to the low 50s, the warm meal is well-received. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713683\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713683\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/2_family_food-prep-8-_slide-d87ceace08e8304ee6362d6865031582e11b75c0-1-e1545259415837.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Friends come help the restaurant load coolers filled with stew onto a truck. Customers, employees and the owners, all of whom are Honduran, volunteer their time to help feed the thousands of migrants. \u003ccite>(Tomás Ayuso for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Honduran+Restaurant+Hands+Out+Hot+Comfort+Food+For+The+Migrant+Caravan+In+Tijuana&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Biker Bar in the Malibu Hills Serves as Bedrock for a Fire-Ravaged Community",
"title": "Biker Bar in the Malibu Hills Serves as Bedrock for a Fire-Ravaged Community",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>Before the Woolsey Fire raged near Malibu in November, hundreds of bikers gathered each weekend at the \u003ca href=\"http://rock-store.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rock Store\u003c/a> for pancakes or a cup of coffee before riding through the Santa Monica Mountains on the twisty road called \"The Snake.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the fire swept through the area, not much was left standing – except, somewhat miraculously, the popular biker bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Woolsey Fire\u003c/a> was one of the largest fires in Los Angeles County history. It burned for two weeks, destroying 15,000 structures and decimating almost 100,000 acres. Three people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than a month after it swept through the area, the air still smells like ash. The surrounding hills are an eerie blackened moonscape. Burnt rubble and twisted metal are all that's left of whole neighborhoods nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid this destruction, the Rock Store became a makeshift community center — even without power or a working telephone. Dozens of people rolled through to check in, including actor Keanu Reeves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713692\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0049-highres_custom-46a3e94a1a1cc566c9bb739ed9368549d6c18e36-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Built from volcanic rock, the Rock Store building was formerly a stagecoach stop in the 1910s. At first, Ed and Vern Savko opened it as a small town grocery store.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0049-highres_custom-46a3e94a1a1cc566c9bb739ed9368549d6c18e36-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0049-highres_custom-46a3e94a1a1cc566c9bb739ed9368549d6c18e36-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built from volcanic rock, the Rock Store building was formerly a stagecoach stop in the 1910s. At first, Ed and Vern Savko opened it as a small-town grocery store. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713693\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Rich Savko and his mother, Vern, at the Rock Store.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rich Savko and his mother, Vern, at the Rock Store. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vern Savko and her husband, Ed, bought the Rock Store in 1961 and ran it together until Ed died in 2012. Vern is 90 now, and their son, Rich, runs the place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rich Savko set up barbecue pits to cook off all the food they had left and shared it with anyone still in the area. They used a generator to boil water to make coffee that they handed out. The American Red Cross set up shop in the parking lot. Rich hasn't let anyone pay for any of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713694\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Left: A mailbox across the street from the Rock Store. Right: Gary Jones' multi-acre property above the Rock Store once had five structures. Now all that's left is a towering chimney where the main house once stood, shells of burnt vehicles, and a trailer (bottom right) that managed to survive the flames where Jones is now living.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-1020x763.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-1200x898.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: A mailbox across the street from the Rock Store. Right: Gary Jones' multi-acre property above the Rock Store once had five structures. Now all that's left is a towering chimney where the main house once stood, shells of burnt vehicles, and a trailer (bottom right) that managed to survive the flames where Jones is now living. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It seemed really tough around Thanksgiving,\" Savko remembers, sitting outside on the patio. Tears well up in his eyes. \"People obviously lost all their homes and things like that, but they sat out here and had Thanksgiving dinner. The guy across the street cooked a huge turkey. People didn't know where they were going to go or what they were going to do, but fortunately we were able to light some battery-powered lanterns and celebrate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day, even though the bar is officially closed, a group of firefighters gather in the parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713696\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0072-highres_custom-b507fe2b8e1ea1e02f91caec2d6a13aebd98ab6f-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Los Angeles County firefighters, from left: Brian Knutson, Jay Colvin, Adam Young and Marcus Carballo. Knutson lives in the community and says this is the worst fire any of them can ever remember. "It's always hard to talk to someone that's lost their house," he says. "I wish we could have done more for them."\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0072-highres_custom-b507fe2b8e1ea1e02f91caec2d6a13aebd98ab6f-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0072-highres_custom-b507fe2b8e1ea1e02f91caec2d6a13aebd98ab6f-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles County firefighters, from left: Brian Knutson, Jay Colvin, Adam Young and Marcus Carballo. Knutson lives in the community and says this is the worst fire any of them can ever remember. \"It's always hard to talk to someone that's lost their house,\" he says. \"I wish we could have done more for them.\" \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the people who lost everything is 76-year-old Gary Jones. He's lived on the ridge above the Rock Store for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones ignored the initial evacuation orders, and by the time he tried to leave, the fire had surrounded his house. He got trapped behind a big metal gate at his property line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I called my wife and said goodbye and asked her to pray for me,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713697\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0176-highres_custom-6d166eca2734513d257cf0a7131bf9320c29c872-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Holding a cigar, Gary Jones sits where his house once stood, in a wooden porch chair that somehow wasn't destroyed. Jones lost three of his five dogs in the flames and came back the next day to bury them. His horse was found alive up the hill and is recovering from burns.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0176-highres_custom-6d166eca2734513d257cf0a7131bf9320c29c872-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0176-highres_custom-6d166eca2734513d257cf0a7131bf9320c29c872-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holding a cigar, Gary Jones sits where his house once stood, in a wooden porch chair that somehow wasn't destroyed. Jones lost three of his five dogs in the flames and came back the next day to bury them. His horse was found alive up the hill and is recovering from burns. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713698\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Coins melted together on Jones' property. He had a pot of coins for his grandchildren to pull from when they visited.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coins melted together on Jones' property. He had a pot of coins for his grandchildren to pull from when they visited. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713699\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0164-highres_custom-9f487f0248bb35328a8dae9f98e0f29d2bf1783d-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"A few of the burned-out vehicles on Jones' property. The truck he used to escape during the fire is heavily blistered by fire, but still intact.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0164-highres_custom-9f487f0248bb35328a8dae9f98e0f29d2bf1783d-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0164-highres_custom-9f487f0248bb35328a8dae9f98e0f29d2bf1783d-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A few of the burned-out vehicles on Jones' property. The truck he used to escape during the fire is heavily blistered by fire, but still intact. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After about 10 minutes, he managed to force the gate open and drive through the black smoke down the hill to safety. When he returned a few days later, the house was gone. He had to leave in such a hurry that he lost three of his five dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, a tall brick chimney looms over a stretch of blackened stone where he used to live. A bathtub is about the only recognizable object in the rubble. A shell of a car sits in a melted garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've been doing some sifting,\" Jones says, pointing to piles of ash. \"I found my wife's wedding ring. Turns out rubies don't melt!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's not much Jones can do these days. He's waiting for a hazardous materials team to come inspect the mess and authorize him to take everything to the dump. He says he's actually excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713700\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713700\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Left: On Linda Rappoport's property, the glass liquefied and flowed like a river, before solidifying again. Right: Rappoport lives behind the Rock Store. The house she had just finished remodeling two days before the fire burned to the ground. Another smaller front house was left standing. She was sleeping when the evacuation orders were announced and awoke to the fire surrounding her property.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-1020x763.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-1200x898.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: On Linda Rappoport's property, the glass liquefied and flowed like a river, before solidifying again. Right: Rappoport lives behind the Rock Store. The house she had just finished remodeling two days before the fire burned to the ground. Another smaller front house was left standing. She was sleeping when the evacuation orders were announced and awoke to the fire surrounding her property. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is a blessing in disguise,\" he says. He had storage containers on the property, containers \"full of decisions that haven't been made yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And when you finally clear out the storage container it has a feeling of cleansing. That's kind of what I feel like. All the problems I had were gone,\" he says. \"I've got some new ones now. But you know, everyone talks about turning the pages of a book and it's true — I'm turning the pages of a book, but the book is getting more interesting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the signs of progress are small. Residents are combing through property, hoping to find mementos that survived the inferno. Roads are opening and power is being restored. Shoots of grass are starting to poke out of the ashy soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last weekend, the Rock Store officially opened for business for the first time since the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smells of frying bacon, pancakes and coffee cover up the scent of ash in the air. Vern Savko, who bought the place more than 50 years ago, sits in a booth drinking tea, looking around at her grateful customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's so great to see everybody, you know? They were worried about us, so it's great. I cry every time I start ...\" She trails off and her eyes fill with tears as she scans the blackened hills around the store. \"But we're here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Biker+Bar+In+The+Malibu+Hills+Serves+As+Bedrock+For+A+Fire-Ravaged+Community&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The Rock Store, run by the Savko family for more than 50 years, is one of the few structures still standing after last month's Woolsey Fire. There, amid the destruction, locals found help and hope.",
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"description": "The Rock Store, run by the Savko family for more than 50 years, is one of the few structures still standing after last month's Woolsey Fire. There, amid the destruction, locals found help and hope.",
"title": "Biker Bar in the Malibu Hills Serves as Bedrock for a Fire-Ravaged Community | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Before the Woolsey Fire raged near Malibu in November, hundreds of bikers gathered each weekend at the \u003ca href=\"http://rock-store.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rock Store\u003c/a> for pancakes or a cup of coffee before riding through the Santa Monica Mountains on the twisty road called \"The Snake.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the fire swept through the area, not much was left standing – except, somewhat miraculously, the popular biker bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://fire.ca.gov/current_incidents/incidentdetails/Index/2281\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Woolsey Fire\u003c/a> was one of the largest fires in Los Angeles County history. It burned for two weeks, destroying 15,000 structures and decimating almost 100,000 acres. Three people died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, more than a month after it swept through the area, the air still smells like ash. The surrounding hills are an eerie blackened moonscape. Burnt rubble and twisted metal are all that's left of whole neighborhoods nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Amid this destruction, the Rock Store became a makeshift community center — even without power or a working telephone. Dozens of people rolled through to check in, including actor Keanu Reeves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713692\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713692\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0049-highres_custom-46a3e94a1a1cc566c9bb739ed9368549d6c18e36-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Built from volcanic rock, the Rock Store building was formerly a stagecoach stop in the 1910s. At first, Ed and Vern Savko opened it as a small town grocery store.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0049-highres_custom-46a3e94a1a1cc566c9bb739ed9368549d6c18e36-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0049-highres_custom-46a3e94a1a1cc566c9bb739ed9368549d6c18e36-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Built from volcanic rock, the Rock Store building was formerly a stagecoach stop in the 1910s. At first, Ed and Vern Savko opened it as a small-town grocery store. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713693\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713693\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Rich Savko and his mother, Vern, at the Rock Store.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0070-highres_custom-e61e86399ed63e6083cdc981d53a9109d3efd35c-s700-c85-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rich Savko and his mother, Vern, at the Rock Store. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vern Savko and her husband, Ed, bought the Rock Store in 1961 and ran it together until Ed died in 2012. Vern is 90 now, and their son, Rich, runs the place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rich Savko set up barbecue pits to cook off all the food they had left and shared it with anyone still in the area. They used a generator to boil water to make coffee that they handed out. The American Red Cross set up shop in the parking lot. Rich hasn't let anyone pay for any of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713694\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713694\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Left: A mailbox across the street from the Rock Store. Right: Gary Jones' multi-acre property above the Rock Store once had five structures. Now all that's left is a towering chimney where the main house once stood, shells of burnt vehicles, and a trailer (bottom right) that managed to survive the flames where Jones is now living.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-1020x763.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85-1200x898.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuballbarmalibu_custom-0fdc9187433d162a60af9ebe7aa07b91914088d8-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: A mailbox across the street from the Rock Store. Right: Gary Jones' multi-acre property above the Rock Store once had five structures. Now all that's left is a towering chimney where the main house once stood, shells of burnt vehicles, and a trailer (bottom right) that managed to survive the flames where Jones is now living. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"It seemed really tough around Thanksgiving,\" Savko remembers, sitting outside on the patio. Tears well up in his eyes. \"People obviously lost all their homes and things like that, but they sat out here and had Thanksgiving dinner. The guy across the street cooked a huge turkey. People didn't know where they were going to go or what they were going to do, but fortunately we were able to light some battery-powered lanterns and celebrate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent day, even though the bar is officially closed, a group of firefighters gather in the parking lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713696\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0072-highres_custom-b507fe2b8e1ea1e02f91caec2d6a13aebd98ab6f-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Los Angeles County firefighters, from left: Brian Knutson, Jay Colvin, Adam Young and Marcus Carballo. Knutson lives in the community and says this is the worst fire any of them can ever remember. "It's always hard to talk to someone that's lost their house," he says. "I wish we could have done more for them."\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0072-highres_custom-b507fe2b8e1ea1e02f91caec2d6a13aebd98ab6f-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0072-highres_custom-b507fe2b8e1ea1e02f91caec2d6a13aebd98ab6f-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles County firefighters, from left: Brian Knutson, Jay Colvin, Adam Young and Marcus Carballo. Knutson lives in the community and says this is the worst fire any of them can ever remember. \"It's always hard to talk to someone that's lost their house,\" he says. \"I wish we could have done more for them.\" \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the people who lost everything is 76-year-old Gary Jones. He's lived on the ridge above the Rock Store for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones ignored the initial evacuation orders, and by the time he tried to leave, the fire had surrounded his house. He got trapped behind a big metal gate at his property line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I called my wife and said goodbye and asked her to pray for me,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713697\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713697\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0176-highres_custom-6d166eca2734513d257cf0a7131bf9320c29c872-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Holding a cigar, Gary Jones sits where his house once stood, in a wooden porch chair that somehow wasn't destroyed. Jones lost three of his five dogs in the flames and came back the next day to bury them. His horse was found alive up the hill and is recovering from burns.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0176-highres_custom-6d166eca2734513d257cf0a7131bf9320c29c872-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0176-highres_custom-6d166eca2734513d257cf0a7131bf9320c29c872-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Holding a cigar, Gary Jones sits where his house once stood, in a wooden porch chair that somehow wasn't destroyed. Jones lost three of his five dogs in the flames and came back the next day to bury them. His horse was found alive up the hill and is recovering from burns. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713698\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713698\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Coins melted together on Jones' property. He had a pot of coins for his grandchildren to pull from when they visited.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-240x160.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-375x250.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0218-highres_custom-9661aa12b0d00ffbbcf7f983a48cb94d22a0f04a-s700-c85-520x346.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Coins melted together on Jones' property. He had a pot of coins for his grandchildren to pull from when they visited. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713699\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 700px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11713699\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0164-highres_custom-9f487f0248bb35328a8dae9f98e0f29d2bf1783d-s700-c85.jpg\" alt=\"A few of the burned-out vehicles on Jones' property. The truck he used to escape during the fire is heavily blistered by fire, but still intact.\" width=\"700\" height=\"466\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0164-highres_custom-9f487f0248bb35328a8dae9f98e0f29d2bf1783d-s700-c85.jpg 700w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-181207-0164-highres_custom-9f487f0248bb35328a8dae9f98e0f29d2bf1783d-s700-c85-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A few of the burned-out vehicles on Jones' property. The truck he used to escape during the fire is heavily blistered by fire, but still intact. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>After about 10 minutes, he managed to force the gate open and drive through the black smoke down the hill to safety. When he returned a few days later, the house was gone. He had to leave in such a hurry that he lost three of his five dogs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, a tall brick chimney looms over a stretch of blackened stone where he used to live. A bathtub is about the only recognizable object in the rubble. A shell of a car sits in a melted garage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We've been doing some sifting,\" Jones says, pointing to piles of ash. \"I found my wife's wedding ring. Turns out rubies don't melt!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's not much Jones can do these days. He's waiting for a hazardous materials team to come inspect the mess and authorize him to take everything to the dump. He says he's actually excited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713700\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713700\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg\" alt=\"Left: On Linda Rappoport's property, the glass liquefied and flowed like a river, before solidifying again. Right: Rappoport lives behind the Rock Store. The house she had just finished remodeling two days before the fire burned to the ground. Another smaller front house was left standing. She was sleeping when the evacuation orders were announced and awoke to the fire surrounding her property.\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-800x599.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-1020x763.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85-1200x898.jpg 1200w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/lizkuball-rock-storebar_custom-b8e4177c050128b49dab7a4db5b7fe39019e5acc-s1300-c85.jpg 1300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: On Linda Rappoport's property, the glass liquefied and flowed like a river, before solidifying again. Right: Rappoport lives behind the Rock Store. The house she had just finished remodeling two days before the fire burned to the ground. Another smaller front house was left standing. She was sleeping when the evacuation orders were announced and awoke to the fire surrounding her property. \u003ccite>(Liz Kuball for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"This is a blessing in disguise,\" he says. He had storage containers on the property, containers \"full of decisions that haven't been made yet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And when you finally clear out the storage container it has a feeling of cleansing. That's kind of what I feel like. All the problems I had were gone,\" he says. \"I've got some new ones now. But you know, everyone talks about turning the pages of a book and it's true — I'm turning the pages of a book, but the book is getting more interesting.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, the signs of progress are small. Residents are combing through property, hoping to find mementos that survived the inferno. Roads are opening and power is being restored. Shoots of grass are starting to poke out of the ashy soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last weekend, the Rock Store officially opened for business for the first time since the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The smells of frying bacon, pancakes and coffee cover up the scent of ash in the air. Vern Savko, who bought the place more than 50 years ago, sits in a booth drinking tea, looking around at her grateful customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's so great to see everybody, you know? They were worried about us, so it's great. I cry every time I start ...\" She trails off and her eyes fill with tears as she scans the blackened hills around the store. \"But we're here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Biker+Bar+In+The+Malibu+Hills+Serves+As+Bedrock+For+A+Fire-Ravaged+Community&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Are Fighting for the Stricken Pickle Against This Tricky Disease",
"headTitle": "Scientists Are Fighting for the Stricken Pickle Against This Tricky Disease | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The pickle is in peril. Each summer since the mid 2000s, Florida winds carry downy mildew to cucumber fields north. By summer’s end, the disease reaches Michigan, leaving a trail of withered leaves and thwarted pickling plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With failed harvests, fewer growers are taking a chance on cucumbers. According to \u003ca href=\"https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/results/62F44E3C-4E4E-3614-99D5-78C998447ADB?pivot=short_desc\">USDA records\u003c/a>, pickling cucumber acreage declined nearly 25 percent between 2004 and 2015. Globally, downy mildew threatens fields as far flung as India, Israel, Mexico and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the number one threat to the pickle industry,” says vegetable pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/profile/lina-quesada-ocampo/\">Lina Quesada-Ocampo\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University. The growers, she says, lose money on failed crops and pricey fungicides. “It is a really bad double whammy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for pickle lovers, vegetable breeder \u003ca href=\"https://hort.cals.cornell.edu/people/michael-mazourek/\">Michael Mazourek\u003c/a> of Cornell University is close to releasing varieties that resist downy mildew. “It’s been one of our proudest David and Goliath stories,” he says. But his success hinges on funding at a time when public support of agricultural research is declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story of saving the pickle, then, is not just about preserving the deli sandwich’s sidekick. It’s a story of how much we value our food supply. And who we think should pay to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Trying to hit a moving target \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen \u003cem>Pseudoperonospora cubensis\u003c/em>, was once a minor nuisance. Starting in the 1960s, a Clemson University plant breeder, Carroll Barnes, produced a series of cucumber cultivars containing a strong resistance gene known as dm-1. For more than four decades, this gene helped keep the disease in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2004, the pathogen overwhelmed the defense. In North Carolina, pickling cucumber growers were a third of the way through harvesting when downy mildew arrived. Within about a week, the crop “almost melted,” says Thomas Joyner, president of Nash Produce. “It burned the leaves and there was almost nothing left.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, downy mildew struck cucumbers from Florida to New Jersey. The following year, it reached Michigan, the number one pickling cucumber state. And it has spread from Florida every summer since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have never seen something that moves this fast and is this devastating,” says Quesada-Ocampo. “You see a lot of brown, dead leaves on the ground, and cucumbers … almost becoming bleached white because of the sun scalding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers turned to fungicide, but downy mildew quickly adapts faster than the industry can release new ones. “Some that were very effective just a few years ago are absolutely ineffective now,” says Phil Denlinger, vice president of agricultural procurement for Mt. Olive Pickle Company. “It is a serious situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Breeding in resistance \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“Every year we wonder, will our tools hold up?” says plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/mary_hausbeck\">Mary Hausbeck\u003c/a> of Michigan State University. As extension specialists for each of their states, Hausbeck and Quesada-Ocampo test fungicides and advise growers on methods that remain effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Hausbeck was becoming increasingly concerned about running out of means for growers when she approached Cornell’s Mazourek with a personal plea for help. As she saw it, the industry was at terrible risk and, having grown up in Michigan pickle country, she hated to see it collapse. She recalls Mazourek listening politely and then saying, “You know, we might be able to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazourek had already developed a downy mildew resistant slicing cucumber, the kind we eat fresh on a salad, by crossing two cultivars with moderate levels of resistance and then selecting the most hardy offspring over multiple generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a pickling cucumber is a different cuke altogether. Unlike the much smoother slicers, pickling cucumbers have enough bumps on the skin for brine to pass through, and seed cavities that don’t disintegrate during that process. And those destined to become pickle spears must fit neatly in jars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accepting the challenge, he crossed his slicing cucumber with pickling cucumbers already on the market and selected the most disease resistant and pickle-like offspring. He tested plants in Florida, New York and Michigan to select for cucumbers that could resist downy mildew across the planting range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Hausbeck invited a few pickling cucumber growers and processors to meet Mazourek and assess his progress. Downy mildew had already swept through the MSU experimental farm, but the leaves of Mazourek’s plants were mostly green. “The growers were just about ready to hoist him on their shoulders and carry him through downtown East Lansing,” says Hausbeck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they also told him that many of his cucumbers weren’t quite pickling ready. Some, for example, had pockets between the seed cavity and flesh that could cause the center to fall out of a sliced pickle. Others were simply too short to make enough crosswise slices to top hamburgers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazourek took cuttings of the plants the pickle experts liked best. He then crossed some and self-pollinated others to make the next generation of new and, hopefully, improved pickling cucumbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A growing threat \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If downy mildew prevails, the pickling cucumber wouldn’t be the first crop lost from a region. A century ago, a related downy mildew helped drive commercial hops from the Northeast to the Pacific Northwest. In the second half of the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, coffee leaf rust wiped out the plantations of Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, pushing growers to switch to tea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crop pathogen problems may only get worse. “I’ve been doing plant pathology research for more than 30 years, and we’re seeing more threatening plant diseases now than in the past,” says plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://plantpath.cals.ncsu.edu/people/faculty/jean-ristaino/\">Jean Ristaino\u003c/a>, who directs N.C. State’s Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change stems, in part, from global trade. “Over the past 100 years, there has been more movement of plants, and the volume is much higher, so it is harder … to monitor all the pests and pathogens coming in,” says Ristaino. Climate change is also a factor. Fungi could move to where it was once too cold. And with milder winters, seasonal pathogens could become year-round residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with these challenges, Mazourek recognizes that any pickle fix may be temporary. “The last resistances that were deployed lasted for decades. While we hope that’s true, more and more we’re seeing new diseases, faster evolution of diseases,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A fall in funding \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite these threats, U.S. public spending on crop protection is declining. According to the USDA, total federal and state funding for agricultural research and development fell between 2002 and 2015 from about $6 billion to $4.4 billion. Meanwhile, Brazil, India and China increased spending, with China surging to about twice U.S. levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural researchers at land-grant universities like Cornell, MSU, and NC State once received enough set federal and state support to cover their programs. With this funding declining, they must apply for competitive grants from the USDA and other institutions to make up the difference. In the competition for funds, crops like the pickling cucumber are often passed over for crops that cover more acreage, says Quesada-Ocampo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>N.C. State plant breeder \u003ca href=\"https://cals.ncsu.edu/horticultural-science/people/tcwehner/\">Todd Wehner\u003c/a> says there were many more publicly funded cucumber breeders when he began his program nearly four decades ago. But today, with less funding, there are far fewer jobs. In fact, Wehner and Mazourek are among the last few still breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong> Private i\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>ndustry steps in \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Though public funding is waning, private investment in agricultural research and development, not including food manufacturing, increased from about $3.2 billion to $6.3 billion between 2002 and 2014, according to the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the pickle has profited. Nischit Shetty, a geneticist for Seminis, a Bayer Crop Science vegetable seeds brand (formerly of Monsanto), led efforts to develop the first two commercialized pickling cucumber hybrids resistant to downy mildew. Released two years ago, Shetty says that they remain the only two such hybrids on the market. But they don’t fend off downy mildew completely, so growers must still use at least some fungicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private fungicide research has also protected pickles. When downy mildew first struck, the pesticide producer Valent stepped in with a new fungicide called Presidio that was initially very effective. Unfortunately, the pathogen evolved resistance to Presidio within a few years. Other companies also developed fungicides. The industry advises growers to rotate sprays to limit the pathogen’s chances of adapting to any one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one consequence of our increasing reliance on agriculture companies is that growers foot a larger portion of the bill, says Wehner. Companies must charge growers enough to make a return on investment. Alternatively, public research expenses are spread across society, and the results of that research are shared openly. “It really comes down to: Do Americans want to help with their food production system, or do they want it to fall on the shoulders of the growers?” says Wehner.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The future of the pickle \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In late September, Mazourek sat in a room on an MSU experimental farm with his graduate student and lab technician, laying out their pickling cucumber vision for seven growers and processors that Hausbeck invited, including some who assessed Mazourek’s plants last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeders often cross two plant varieties, each genetically uniform, to make a new “hybrid” variety that boasts the best genes from each parent. But because downy mildew is quickly evolving, the best genes for resistance in 2018 may not be the same for the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than a hybrid, Mazourek described developing what are called open-pollinated varieties. Each of these varieties is really more like a population of plants that each have slightly different sets of genes, all growing together in a field. Mazourek observes which cucumbers are the most disease resistant and have the best pickling traits and then chooses those to keep in the gene pool for the next generation. The plants are uniform enough for repeatable results, but genetically diverse enough to resist whatever tricks downy mildew might devise next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By having that mix of plants, the disease can’t really get a foothold,” said Mazourek. “And if it does, it can’t wipe out the whole field, and we can continue to, every year, find the most resistant plants and select from that. And it just keeps evolving.” A seed company could continue this process, but so could a grower, just by saving some seed from the best plants for the next year’s planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, the group arrived at the field where Hausbeck was testing Mazourek’s progress. Before them lay about 500 cucumber plants, most with barely a hint of downy mildew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growers and processors spread out, cutting open “pickles,” as they dub them even before brining, and staking pink flags by promising plants. One cucumber got flagged for a seed cavity without pockets. Another’s boxier ends meant squeezing more slices out of a pickle. After much enthusiastic cucumber slicing and squeezing, the pickle experts left and the Cornell team and Hausbeck stood gazing at their glowing assessment — 30 pink flags across the field. There was still room for improvement, Mazourek concluded, but it was time to scale up. They were close enough that some growers could test the plants next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Against the clock\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>He’s eager to release something fast. Downy mildew isn’t getting weaker. And the funding clock is ticking — unless renewed, USDA support for Mazourek’s pickle program ends in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, pickle prospects look good — at least according to grower and fermenter John Swanson’s evaluation of Mazourek’s plants. “They’re alive,” he says. “And they’re pickles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Carolyn Beans is a freelance science journalist living in Washington, D.C. She specializes in ecology, evolution, and health.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Are+Fighting+For+The+Stricken+Pickle+Against+This+Tricky+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The pickle is in peril. Each summer since the mid 2000s, Florida winds carry downy mildew to cucumber fields north. By summer’s end, the disease reaches Michigan, leaving a trail of withered leaves and thwarted pickling plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With failed harvests, fewer growers are taking a chance on cucumbers. According to \u003ca href=\"https://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/results/62F44E3C-4E4E-3614-99D5-78C998447ADB?pivot=short_desc\">USDA records\u003c/a>, pickling cucumber acreage declined nearly 25 percent between 2004 and 2015. Globally, downy mildew threatens fields as far flung as India, Israel, Mexico and China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the number one threat to the pickle industry,” says vegetable pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.ces.ncsu.edu/profile/lina-quesada-ocampo/\">Lina Quesada-Ocampo\u003c/a> of North Carolina State University. The growers, she says, lose money on failed crops and pricey fungicides. “It is a really bad double whammy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately for pickle lovers, vegetable breeder \u003ca href=\"https://hort.cals.cornell.edu/people/michael-mazourek/\">Michael Mazourek\u003c/a> of Cornell University is close to releasing varieties that resist downy mildew. “It’s been one of our proudest David and Goliath stories,” he says. But his success hinges on funding at a time when public support of agricultural research is declining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story of saving the pickle, then, is not just about preserving the deli sandwich’s sidekick. It’s a story of how much we value our food supply. And who we think should pay to protect it.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Trying to hit a moving target \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Cucurbit downy mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen \u003cem>Pseudoperonospora cubensis\u003c/em>, was once a minor nuisance. Starting in the 1960s, a Clemson University plant breeder, Carroll Barnes, produced a series of cucumber cultivars containing a strong resistance gene known as dm-1. For more than four decades, this gene helped keep the disease in check.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in 2004, the pathogen overwhelmed the defense. In North Carolina, pickling cucumber growers were a third of the way through harvesting when downy mildew arrived. Within about a week, the crop “almost melted,” says Thomas Joyner, president of Nash Produce. “It burned the leaves and there was almost nothing left.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That year, downy mildew struck cucumbers from Florida to New Jersey. The following year, it reached Michigan, the number one pickling cucumber state. And it has spread from Florida every summer since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have never seen something that moves this fast and is this devastating,” says Quesada-Ocampo. “You see a lot of brown, dead leaves on the ground, and cucumbers … almost becoming bleached white because of the sun scalding.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growers turned to fungicide, but downy mildew quickly adapts faster than the industry can release new ones. “Some that were very effective just a few years ago are absolutely ineffective now,” says Phil Denlinger, vice president of agricultural procurement for Mt. Olive Pickle Company. “It is a serious situation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Breeding in resistance \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>“Every year we wonder, will our tools hold up?” says plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://www.canr.msu.edu/people/mary_hausbeck\">Mary Hausbeck\u003c/a> of Michigan State University. As extension specialists for each of their states, Hausbeck and Quesada-Ocampo test fungicides and advise growers on methods that remain effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Hausbeck was becoming increasingly concerned about running out of means for growers when she approached Cornell’s Mazourek with a personal plea for help. As she saw it, the industry was at terrible risk and, having grown up in Michigan pickle country, she hated to see it collapse. She recalls Mazourek listening politely and then saying, “You know, we might be able to do something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazourek had already developed a downy mildew resistant slicing cucumber, the kind we eat fresh on a salad, by crossing two cultivars with moderate levels of resistance and then selecting the most hardy offspring over multiple generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a pickling cucumber is a different cuke altogether. Unlike the much smoother slicers, pickling cucumbers have enough bumps on the skin for brine to pass through, and seed cavities that don’t disintegrate during that process. And those destined to become pickle spears must fit neatly in jars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Accepting the challenge, he crossed his slicing cucumber with pickling cucumbers already on the market and selected the most disease resistant and pickle-like offspring. He tested plants in Florida, New York and Michigan to select for cucumbers that could resist downy mildew across the planting range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2017, Hausbeck invited a few pickling cucumber growers and processors to meet Mazourek and assess his progress. Downy mildew had already swept through the MSU experimental farm, but the leaves of Mazourek’s plants were mostly green. “The growers were just about ready to hoist him on their shoulders and carry him through downtown East Lansing,” says Hausbeck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But they also told him that many of his cucumbers weren’t quite pickling ready. Some, for example, had pockets between the seed cavity and flesh that could cause the center to fall out of a sliced pickle. Others were simply too short to make enough crosswise slices to top hamburgers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mazourek took cuttings of the plants the pickle experts liked best. He then crossed some and self-pollinated others to make the next generation of new and, hopefully, improved pickling cucumbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A growing threat \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If downy mildew prevails, the pickling cucumber wouldn’t be the first crop lost from a region. A century ago, a related downy mildew helped drive commercial hops from the Northeast to the Pacific Northwest. In the second half of the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, coffee leaf rust wiped out the plantations of Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, pushing growers to switch to tea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crop pathogen problems may only get worse. “I’ve been doing plant pathology research for more than 30 years, and we’re seeing more threatening plant diseases now than in the past,” says plant pathologist \u003ca href=\"https://plantpath.cals.ncsu.edu/people/faculty/jean-ristaino/\">Jean Ristaino\u003c/a>, who directs N.C. State’s Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change stems, in part, from global trade. “Over the past 100 years, there has been more movement of plants, and the volume is much higher, so it is harder … to monitor all the pests and pathogens coming in,” says Ristaino. Climate change is also a factor. Fungi could move to where it was once too cold. And with milder winters, seasonal pathogens could become year-round residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with these challenges, Mazourek recognizes that any pickle fix may be temporary. “The last resistances that were deployed lasted for decades. While we hope that’s true, more and more we’re seeing new diseases, faster evolution of diseases,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A fall in funding \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Despite these threats, U.S. public spending on crop protection is declining. According to the USDA, total federal and state funding for agricultural research and development fell between 2002 and 2015 from about $6 billion to $4.4 billion. Meanwhile, Brazil, India and China increased spending, with China surging to about twice U.S. levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agricultural researchers at land-grant universities like Cornell, MSU, and NC State once received enough set federal and state support to cover their programs. With this funding declining, they must apply for competitive grants from the USDA and other institutions to make up the difference. In the competition for funds, crops like the pickling cucumber are often passed over for crops that cover more acreage, says Quesada-Ocampo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>N.C. State plant breeder \u003ca href=\"https://cals.ncsu.edu/horticultural-science/people/tcwehner/\">Todd Wehner\u003c/a> says there were many more publicly funded cucumber breeders when he began his program nearly four decades ago. But today, with less funding, there are far fewer jobs. In fact, Wehner and Mazourek are among the last few still breeding.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong> Private i\u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>ndustry steps in \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Though public funding is waning, private investment in agricultural research and development, not including food manufacturing, increased from about $3.2 billion to $6.3 billion between 2002 and 2014, according to the USDA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the pickle has profited. Nischit Shetty, a geneticist for Seminis, a Bayer Crop Science vegetable seeds brand (formerly of Monsanto), led efforts to develop the first two commercialized pickling cucumber hybrids resistant to downy mildew. Released two years ago, Shetty says that they remain the only two such hybrids on the market. But they don’t fend off downy mildew completely, so growers must still use at least some fungicide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Private fungicide research has also protected pickles. When downy mildew first struck, the pesticide producer Valent stepped in with a new fungicide called Presidio that was initially very effective. Unfortunately, the pathogen evolved resistance to Presidio within a few years. Other companies also developed fungicides. The industry advises growers to rotate sprays to limit the pathogen’s chances of adapting to any one of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But one consequence of our increasing reliance on agriculture companies is that growers foot a larger portion of the bill, says Wehner. Companies must charge growers enough to make a return on investment. Alternatively, public research expenses are spread across society, and the results of that research are shared openly. “It really comes down to: Do Americans want to help with their food production system, or do they want it to fall on the shoulders of the growers?” says Wehner.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The future of the pickle \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In late September, Mazourek sat in a room on an MSU experimental farm with his graduate student and lab technician, laying out their pickling cucumber vision for seven growers and processors that Hausbeck invited, including some who assessed Mazourek’s plants last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeders often cross two plant varieties, each genetically uniform, to make a new “hybrid” variety that boasts the best genes from each parent. But because downy mildew is quickly evolving, the best genes for resistance in 2018 may not be the same for the years ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than a hybrid, Mazourek described developing what are called open-pollinated varieties. Each of these varieties is really more like a population of plants that each have slightly different sets of genes, all growing together in a field. Mazourek observes which cucumbers are the most disease resistant and have the best pickling traits and then chooses those to keep in the gene pool for the next generation. The plants are uniform enough for repeatable results, but genetically diverse enough to resist whatever tricks downy mildew might devise next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By having that mix of plants, the disease can’t really get a foothold,” said Mazourek. “And if it does, it can’t wipe out the whole field, and we can continue to, every year, find the most resistant plants and select from that. And it just keeps evolving.” A seed company could continue this process, but so could a grower, just by saving some seed from the best plants for the next year’s planting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, the group arrived at the field where Hausbeck was testing Mazourek’s progress. Before them lay about 500 cucumber plants, most with barely a hint of downy mildew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The growers and processors spread out, cutting open “pickles,” as they dub them even before brining, and staking pink flags by promising plants. One cucumber got flagged for a seed cavity without pockets. Another’s boxier ends meant squeezing more slices out of a pickle. After much enthusiastic cucumber slicing and squeezing, the pickle experts left and the Cornell team and Hausbeck stood gazing at their glowing assessment — 30 pink flags across the field. There was still room for improvement, Mazourek concluded, but it was time to scale up. They were close enough that some growers could test the plants next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Against the clock\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>He’s eager to release something fast. Downy mildew isn’t getting weaker. And the funding clock is ticking — unless renewed, USDA support for Mazourek’s pickle program ends in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for now, pickle prospects look good — at least according to grower and fermenter John Swanson’s evaluation of Mazourek’s plants. “They’re alive,” he says. “And they’re pickles.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Carolyn Beans is a freelance science journalist living in Washington, D.C. She specializes in ecology, evolution, and health.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Are+Fighting+For+The+Stricken+Pickle+Against+This+Tricky+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>From the air, the scale of the devastation in and around Paradise, California, is, simply put, alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whole neighborhoods and commercial districts are completely decimated, turned to rubble amid the tall, orange-singed pine trees with blackened trunks. Deeper into the mountains, illegal pot plantations were suddenly exposed — and charred. Then there’s the odd home on a ridge top or Rite Aid store that has been randomly spared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“See how hot that burned, there’s nothing left down there,” says Dan Tomascheski, talking through a headset over the roar of the helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s vice president of resources for Sierra Pacific Industries, one of Northern California’s biggest timber companies. About 10,000 acres of the company’s private land was scorched by the Camp Fire, the largest and deadliest wildfire in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll have to get [down] there quickly and harvest what’s big enough to make lumber,” Tomascheski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate term, his company will try to salvage as many of the burned trees as they can before they’re taken over by bugs or rot. The longer-term strategy is more complicated and, in the past, politically fraught. But now, many on the ground in beleaguered Butte County — from the timber industry to environmentalists, forest ecologists and firefighters — see this fire as a possible turning point in the long-running debate over how Western forests should be managed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11712313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11712313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Pacific\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-1020x711.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2.jpg 1837w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of Sierra Pacific’s defensible space project next to Paradise Lake, as seen from the air. The tree thinning can be seen in comparison to the denser forest in the background. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every one of the fires, Thomas, Tubbs, Carr, and of course Camp, have all been leading us down the same direction — we have to rethink the past,” said Jim Broshears, emergency operations coordinator for the town of Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Paradise and the communities around it are still reeling in crisis, foresters are already eyeing the critical forest health and restoration work ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an agreement now that we have overstocked forests that are not resilient to drought, disease and wildfire,” Broshears says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many Northern California forests, they are so overgrown there are 10 times as many trees as there would be in a healthy, natural forest. All of that overgrowth, dried out from hotter and longer summers and a history of suppressing wildfires, is a big reason why we’re now seeing deadly infernos like the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trees as a ‘liability’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mountains near the old sawmill town of Stirling City, Dan Tomascheski has traded a chopper for a pickup so he can get a closer look at the extent of some of the damage to Sierra Pacific’s timber lands. In one forested rural neighborhood that didn’t burn, it is astounding how dense the woods are, thick with brush and small-diameter trees. It is similar to how many forested areas near Paradise looked before last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People love the trees and they’re beautiful,” Tomascheski says. “But they can be a liability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11712315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11712315 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tomasheski\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6.jpg 1824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Pacific Vice President Dan Tomascheski \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tomascheski stops near Paradise Lake to point out a small clearing in the forest where the large trees mostly survived the fire. Earlier this year, Sierra Pacific had thinned out underbrush and some of the trees to create what’s known as a fuel break. This had the effect of slowing down the Camp Fire long enough to allow firefighters to safely stage here and make a stand against the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think we’re being naive in that this is a panacea for every condition every time, but this really is a start,” Tomascheski says. You’re never going to stop these modern megafires once they blow up, he says, but a key fuel break like this might give firefighters the upper hand on the second or third day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a lot of good news after the Camp Fire. But the small success around this fuel break makes the case for the kind of work that foresters say needs to be done now across millions of acres of private and public lands in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landscape-level restoration \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 90 percent of all of the homes in Paradise, which had a population of almost 27,000, were destroyed. Jim Broshears’ place was spared, which he credits to the extensive brush clearing and other mitigation work he’d done prior to the fire. But he says this work creating defensible space and fuel breaks can’t just be focused in and around towns that have been built out into fire-prone areas. Attention also needs to be paid way out into the forests, doing selective thinning projects, brush clearing and controlled burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that one of the outcomes of this is that we’ll all be at the same table,” Broshears says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11712314\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11712314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Pacific\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-1200x785.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of Sierra Pacific’s defensible space project outside the town of Stirling City. This thinned area was used as a Cal Fire staging area and was one of the northern boundaries of the Camp Fire. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The so-called timber wars of the 1980s and ’90s pitted environmentalists against the logging industry. Battles over the spotted owl and other issues led to a significant drop in timber harvests on federal public land. But Broshears and others who work on the land say, these days, what’s really holding up these critical forest management projects is funding, not those environmental battles or lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arielle Halpern, a wildfire scientist with the Mount Shasta Bioregional Ecology Center, says there’s a realization now that all the finger-pointing and blaming of the past wasn’t constructive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are a lot of discussions that need to happen and everybody could use some education,” she says. “I say this for myself as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Paradise near the town of Mount Shasta, Halpern is organizing her neighbors — from hippies to ranchers — into community groups that will conduct prescribed burns on private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have common goals; we all like to have safe homes and families,” Halpern says. “You talk to an environmentalist on the far left and someone on the far right, and I bet that they could agree with that statement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural economic rebound? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the woods, near the old sawmill town of Stirling City, Dan Tomascheski says his industry is now talking and compromising with groups they might not have even agreed to meet with a couple of decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes time. You go to more meetings than you’d like to, but you need to build a consensus,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s too much at stake not to build that consensus, foresters say. There’s valuable timber, of course. But the forests are also important wildlife habitat. They serve as critical watersheds for many cities in the West, and the recent megafires are emitting enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, worsening global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s in nobody’s interest to burn the whole resource up,” Tomascheski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Sierra Pacific and other companies have begun making retrofits to mills in order to process the smaller-diameter wood and biomass that needs to be cleared out from the forests, and turn it into a commercially viable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the industry knows there will be a steady market, Tomascheski says, they’ll invest and expand. He sees an upside amid all this tragedy — the potential for a rural economic boom.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the air, the scale of the devastation in and around Paradise, California, is, simply put, alarming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whole neighborhoods and commercial districts are completely decimated, turned to rubble amid the tall, orange-singed pine trees with blackened trunks. Deeper into the mountains, illegal pot plantations were suddenly exposed — and charred. Then there’s the odd home on a ridge top or Rite Aid store that has been randomly spared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“See how hot that burned, there’s nothing left down there,” says Dan Tomascheski, talking through a headset over the roar of the helicopter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s vice president of resources for Sierra Pacific Industries, one of Northern California’s biggest timber companies. About 10,000 acres of the company’s private land was scorched by the Camp Fire, the largest and deadliest wildfire in California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ll have to get [down] there quickly and harvest what’s big enough to make lumber,” Tomascheski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the immediate term, his company will try to salvage as many of the burned trees as they can before they’re taken over by bugs or rot. The longer-term strategy is more complicated and, in the past, politically fraught. But now, many on the ground in beleaguered Butte County — from the timber industry to environmentalists, forest ecologists and firefighters — see this fire as a possible turning point in the long-running debate over how Western forests should be managed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11712313\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11712313\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Pacific\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-1020x711.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-2.jpg 1837w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of Sierra Pacific’s defensible space project next to Paradise Lake, as seen from the air. The tree thinning can be seen in comparison to the denser forest in the background. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Every one of the fires, Thomas, Tubbs, Carr, and of course Camp, have all been leading us down the same direction — we have to rethink the past,” said Jim Broshears, emergency operations coordinator for the town of Paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even as Paradise and the communities around it are still reeling in crisis, foresters are already eyeing the critical forest health and restoration work ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s an agreement now that we have overstocked forests that are not resilient to drought, disease and wildfire,” Broshears says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many Northern California forests, they are so overgrown there are 10 times as many trees as there would be in a healthy, natural forest. All of that overgrowth, dried out from hotter and longer summers and a history of suppressing wildfires, is a big reason why we’re now seeing deadly infernos like the Camp Fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Trees as a ‘liability’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the mountains near the old sawmill town of Stirling City, Dan Tomascheski has traded a chopper for a pickup so he can get a closer look at the extent of some of the damage to Sierra Pacific’s timber lands. In one forested rural neighborhood that didn’t burn, it is astounding how dense the woods are, thick with brush and small-diameter trees. It is similar to how many forested areas near Paradise looked before last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People love the trees and they’re beautiful,” Tomascheski says. “But they can be a liability.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11712315\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11712315 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Tomasheski\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-6.jpg 1824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra Pacific Vice President Dan Tomascheski \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tomascheski stops near Paradise Lake to point out a small clearing in the forest where the large trees mostly survived the fire. Earlier this year, Sierra Pacific had thinned out underbrush and some of the trees to create what’s known as a fuel break. This had the effect of slowing down the Camp Fire long enough to allow firefighters to safely stage here and make a stand against the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t think we’re being naive in that this is a panacea for every condition every time, but this really is a start,” Tomascheski says. You’re never going to stop these modern megafires once they blow up, he says, but a key fuel break like this might give firefighters the upper hand on the second or third day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t a lot of good news after the Camp Fire. But the small success around this fuel break makes the case for the kind of work that foresters say needs to be done now across millions of acres of private and public lands in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Landscape-level restoration \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An estimated 90 percent of all of the homes in Paradise, which had a population of almost 27,000, were destroyed. Jim Broshears’ place was spared, which he credits to the extensive brush clearing and other mitigation work he’d done prior to the fire. But he says this work creating defensible space and fuel breaks can’t just be focused in and around towns that have been built out into fire-prone areas. Attention also needs to be paid way out into the forests, doing selective thinning projects, brush clearing and controlled burns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that one of the outcomes of this is that we’ll all be at the same table,” Broshears says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11712314\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11712314\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-800x523.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra Pacific\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-800x523.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-160x105.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-1020x667.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4-1200x785.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Siegler_Sierra-Pacific-lumber-4.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Part of Sierra Pacific’s defensible space project outside the town of Stirling City. This thinned area was used as a Cal Fire staging area and was one of the northern boundaries of the Camp Fire. \u003ccite>(Adam Grossberg/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The so-called timber wars of the 1980s and ’90s pitted environmentalists against the logging industry. Battles over the spotted owl and other issues led to a significant drop in timber harvests on federal public land. But Broshears and others who work on the land say, these days, what’s really holding up these critical forest management projects is funding, not those environmental battles or lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arielle Halpern, a wildfire scientist with the Mount Shasta Bioregional Ecology Center, says there’s a realization now that all the finger-pointing and blaming of the past wasn’t constructive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there are a lot of discussions that need to happen and everybody could use some education,” she says. “I say this for myself as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>North of Paradise near the town of Mount Shasta, Halpern is organizing her neighbors — from hippies to ranchers — into community groups that will conduct prescribed burns on private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do have common goals; we all like to have safe homes and families,” Halpern says. “You talk to an environmentalist on the far left and someone on the far right, and I bet that they could agree with that statement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rural economic rebound? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the woods, near the old sawmill town of Stirling City, Dan Tomascheski says his industry is now talking and compromising with groups they might not have even agreed to meet with a couple of decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It takes time. You go to more meetings than you’d like to, but you need to build a consensus,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s too much at stake not to build that consensus, foresters say. There’s valuable timber, of course. But the forests are also important wildlife habitat. They serve as critical watersheds for many cities in the West, and the recent megafires are emitting enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, worsening global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s in nobody’s interest to burn the whole resource up,” Tomascheski says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Sierra Pacific and other companies have begun making retrofits to mills in order to process the smaller-diameter wood and biomass that needs to be cleared out from the forests, and turn it into a commercially viable product.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the industry knows there will be a steady market, Tomascheski says, they’ll invest and expand. He sees an upside amid all this tragedy — the potential for a rural economic boom.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>For 25 years, schools, hospitals and places of worship have effectively been off-limits to federal immigration officers. Now, a group of dozens of former state and federal judges is asking U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to add courthouses to the list of “sensitive locations” where their officers generally do not go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Judges simply cannot do their jobs — and our justice system cannot function effectively — if victims, defendants, witnesses, and family members do not feel secure in accessing the courthouse,” said the judges \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/395488473/Letter-From-Former-Judges-Courthouse-Immigration-Arrests\">in a letter Wednesday\u003c/a> to Acting Director Ronald Vitiello. “ICE’s reliance on immigration arrests in courthouses instills fear in clients and deters them from seeking justice in a court building.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judges cited reports of a marked increase in ICE activity in courts over the past two years. One study by the Immigrant Defense Project found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrantdefenseproject.org/ice-courts/\">1200 percent increase\u003c/a> in arrests and attempted arrests across New York state from 2016 to 2017. Arrests have been documented in dozens of states, the judges wrote, affecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/2017/02/15/ice-detains-domestic-violence-victim-court/97965624/\">survivors of domestic violence\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/when-a-day-in-court-is-a-trap-for-immigrants\">parents seeking to protect their children\u003c/a> from unsafe living conditions, and even \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnyc.org/story/when-ice-shows-court/\">victims of human trafficking\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know firsthand that for courts to effectively do justice, ensure public safety, and serve their communities, the public must be able to access courthouses safely and without fear of retribution,” the judges said. “For many, however, ICE’s courthouse arrests have made courts places to avoid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a January \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Document/2018/ciEnforcementActionsCourthouses.pdf\">memo\u003c/a>, ICE said it would limit its civil immigration enforcement actions inside courthouses to only certain people, such as gang members, those with criminal convictions, or people who pose national security threats. ICE officers won’t go after family members of arrest targets unless they try to intervene. Officers “should exercise sound judgment when enforcing federal law and make substantial efforts to avoid unnecessarily alarming the public,” the memo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That assurance didn’t go far enough, the judges wrote. “Following nearly two years of high profile ICE courthouse activity, only unequivocal guarantees and protections will restore the public’s confidence that it can safely pursue justice in our nation’s courts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/ero/enforcement/sensitive-loc\">FAQ on its web site\u003c/a>, ICE says that “courthouse arrests seem to be occurring more frequently” because some law enforcement agencies no longer work with ICE agents as easily as they used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The increasing unwillingness of some jurisdictions to cooperate with ICE in the safe and orderly transfer of targeted aliens inside their prisons and jails has necessitated additional at-large arrests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Judges+Ask+ICE+to+Make+Courts+Off+Limits+To+Immigration+Arrests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Courts should be added to the list of \"sensitive locations\" that ICE officials are to avoid, judges say, arguing the justice system depends on safe and equal access to the court system.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For 25 years, schools, hospitals and places of worship have effectively been off-limits to federal immigration officers. Now, a group of dozens of former state and federal judges is asking U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement to add courthouses to the list of “sensitive locations” where their officers generally do not go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Judges simply cannot do their jobs — and our justice system cannot function effectively — if victims, defendants, witnesses, and family members do not feel secure in accessing the courthouse,” said the judges \u003ca href=\"https://www.scribd.com/document/395488473/Letter-From-Former-Judges-Courthouse-Immigration-Arrests\">in a letter Wednesday\u003c/a> to Acting Director Ronald Vitiello. “ICE’s reliance on immigration arrests in courthouses instills fear in clients and deters them from seeking justice in a court building.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judges cited reports of a marked increase in ICE activity in courts over the past two years. One study by the Immigrant Defense Project found a \u003ca href=\"https://www.immigrantdefenseproject.org/ice-courts/\">1200 percent increase\u003c/a> in arrests and attempted arrests across New York state from 2016 to 2017. Arrests have been documented in dozens of states, the judges wrote, affecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/2017/02/15/ice-detains-domestic-violence-victim-court/97965624/\">survivors of domestic violence\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/when-a-day-in-court-is-a-trap-for-immigrants\">parents seeking to protect their children\u003c/a> from unsafe living conditions, and even \u003ca href=\"https://www.wnyc.org/story/when-ice-shows-court/\">victims of human trafficking\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know firsthand that for courts to effectively do justice, ensure public safety, and serve their communities, the public must be able to access courthouses safely and without fear of retribution,” the judges said. “For many, however, ICE’s courthouse arrests have made courts places to avoid.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a January \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Document/2018/ciEnforcementActionsCourthouses.pdf\">memo\u003c/a>, ICE said it would limit its civil immigration enforcement actions inside courthouses to only certain people, such as gang members, those with criminal convictions, or people who pose national security threats. ICE officers won’t go after family members of arrest targets unless they try to intervene. Officers “should exercise sound judgment when enforcing federal law and make substantial efforts to avoid unnecessarily alarming the public,” the memo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That assurance didn’t go far enough, the judges wrote. “Following nearly two years of high profile ICE courthouse activity, only unequivocal guarantees and protections will restore the public’s confidence that it can safely pursue justice in our nation’s courts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/ero/enforcement/sensitive-loc\">FAQ on its web site\u003c/a>, ICE says that “courthouse arrests seem to be occurring more frequently” because some law enforcement agencies no longer work with ICE agents as easily as they used to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The increasing unwillingness of some jurisdictions to cooperate with ICE in the safe and orderly transfer of targeted aliens inside their prisons and jails has necessitated additional at-large arrests.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Judges+Ask+ICE+to+Make+Courts+Off+Limits+To+Immigration+Arrests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Almost 15,000 Migrant Children Now Held at Nearly Full Shelters",
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"content": "\u003cp>The number of immigrant children being held in government custody has reached almost 15,000, putting a network of federally contracted shelters across the country near capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national network of more than 100 shelters is 92 percent full, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. The situation is forcing the government to consider a range of options, possibly including releasing children more quickly to sponsors in the United States or expanding the already crowded shelter network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the migrant children are teenage boys from Central America who travel to the border alone. Many are escaping poverty or gangs, and they plan to ask for asylum and ultimately find work or go to school in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waves of these so-called unaccompanied children have arrived in recent years, and the numbers are on the rise again. In November, according to Customs and Border Protection, an average of 175 unaccompanied children crossed the southern border every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest migrant youth shelter in the country is in Tornillo in remote west Texas. About 2,800 children live in heated, sand-colored tents set up on a patch of desert a few hundred yards from the Rio Grande.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/676300525/676346867\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" is unsustainable on the table. continue to look for options that don jeopardize child safety incentive never in best interest of a especially when it extended bad mental and physical health. class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n is inherently a violent place. Now you have a massive detention facility where you have thousands of children detained there. It's deplorable,\" Perez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last month, the Office of Inspector General at Health and Human Services identified two \"significant vulnerabilities\" at Tornillo. The contractor, BCFS, did not conduct FBI fingerprint background checks on its 2,000 staffers, though it had performed routine criminal background checks. And the facility lacked enough mental health clinicians for the swelling number of children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nonprofit says it is addressing both deficiencies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>BCSF officials have defended the camp, insisting that it is not a detention facility and that the employees are not guards. They say every child has access to three hot meals, snacks, education classes, medical care, soccer games, movie nights and, soon, Christmas festivities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Almost+15%2C000+Migrant+Children+Now+Held+At+Nearly+Full+Shelters&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The number of immigrant children being held in government custody has reached almost 15,000, putting a network of federally contracted shelters across the country near capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The national network of more than 100 shelters is 92 percent full, according to the Department of Health and Human Services. The situation is forcing the government to consider a range of options, possibly including releasing children more quickly to sponsors in the United States or expanding the already crowded shelter network.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the migrant children are teenage boys from Central America who travel to the border alone. Many are escaping poverty or gangs, and they plan to ask for asylum and ultimately find work or go to school in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waves of these so-called unaccompanied children have arrived in recent years, and the numbers are on the rise again. In November, according to Customs and Border Protection, an average of 175 unaccompanied children crossed the southern border every day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The largest migrant youth shelter in the country is in Tornillo in remote west Texas. About 2,800 children live in heated, sand-colored tents set up on a patch of desert a few hundred yards from the Rio Grande.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11711657/in-fight-with-chuck-and-nancy-trump-says-hed-be-proud-to-shut-down-government\">uncommonly contentious public exchange\u003c/a> in the Oval Office with House and Senate Democratic leaders, President Trump made several remarks about the southern border with Mexico justifying his demand for billions of dollars to build a wall to restrict illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“One thing that I do have to say is: Tremendous amounts of wall have already been built, and a lot of — a lot of wall. When you include the renovation of existing fences and walls, we’ve renovated a tremendous amount and we’ve done a lot of work. In San Diego, we’re building new walls right now. And we’ve — right next to San Diego, we’ve completed a major section of wall and it’s really worked well.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After promising voters that Mexico would pay for the border wall, the president has sought $25 billion from Congress to fund the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Republican majorities in both houses of Congress, lawmakers have not approved such funding. In 2017, the president managed to secure about $1.6 billion for border protection projects, but they are primarily for fortifying \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/04/05/president-trump-says-his-beautiful-wall-is-being-built-nope/?utm_term=.fb77f6a06d7c\">existing border fencing\u003c/a>, not expanding the current wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That appropriation by Congress did not authorize using the money for the border wall prototypes Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/13/593071082/trump-visits-u-s-mexico-border-to-tout-long-promised-wall\">promoted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president is demanding $5 billion more for wall construction. Democrats are proposing to spend $1.3 billion on border security overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“If you look at San Diego, illegal traffic dropped 92 percent once the wall was up. El Paso, illegal traffic dropped 72 percent, then ultimately 95 percent, once the wall was up. In Tucson, Arizona, illegal traffic dropped 92 percent. Yuma, it dropped illegal traffic 95 to 96 percent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the semantic difference between a wall and a fence, Trump is correct that fencing in San Diego, for example, significantly reduced “illegal traffic” when originally built decades ago. It also pushed border-crossers east, away from coastal San Diego, to areas where the fencing is less robust. Partly as a result, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/immigration/sd-me-borderwall-update-20170124-story.html\">thousands have perished\u003c/a> trying to trek through deserts and mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other locales Trump mentioned do have many miles of existing fencing that is being replaced or strengthened. To date, the fencing is a hodgepodge of projects covering about \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/30/trump-border-wall-mexico-492767\">650 miles.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/border-wall-contract-award-arizona\">announced\u003c/a> a $324 million contract for 32 miles of “primary pedestrian replacement wall” in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/santa-teresa-border-wall-replacement-project-begin\">20-mile border wall replacement\u003c/a> project in Santa Teresa, New Mexico, was announced in April 2018. The cost is reported to be $73.3 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 6-mile “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/border-wall-construction-project-begin-texas\">levee wall system\u003c/a>” is set for construction in Texas’s Rio Grande Valley beginning in February 2019. It will cost $145 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 14-mile “border wall construction project” along the border in San Diego was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/border-wall-construction-project-starts-san-diego-sector\">announced in June 2018\u003c/a>. The project actually will replace an “eight-to-10 foot high scrap metal wall with an 18-to-30 foot bollard-style wall topped off with an anti-climbing plate.” The cost will be $147 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11711657/in-fight-with-chuck-and-nancy-trump-says-hed-be-proud-to-shut-down-government\">In Fight With ‘Chuck and Nancy,’ Trump Says He’d Be ‘Proud’ to Shut Down Government\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11711657/in-fight-with-chuck-and-nancy-trump-says-hed-be-proud-to-shut-down-government\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/gettyimages-10718178121_wide-066c1e0d08e9a5e3b4486732836ce5979c0a71df-1180x664.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The dramatic declines in “illegal traffic,” as the president put it, appear to reflect the long-term impact of fencing and \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.brookings.edu_research_the-2Dimpact-2Dof-2Dthe-2Dgreat-2Drecession-2Don-2Dmetropolitan-2Dimmigration-2Dtrends_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=AJlZncBfTCNtTh4d3iqfyg&m=QL2DcceBYvyn0mEalxNj6R7o2rwBsorz-4UHr2MqbNs&s=qulxLqDzUNO93hGzkVXtaYNi4Iw7kJ1z19i5Oaq8b-A&e=\">other factors\u003c/a> that go back to the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger picture is more complicated. Border apprehensions — an indicator of overall unauthorized border crossings — have declined since \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.cbp.gov_sites_default_files_assets_documents_2017-2DDec_BP-2520Total-2520Monthly-2520Apps-2520by-2520Sector-2520and-2520Area-252C-2520FY2000-2DFY2017.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=AJlZncBfTCNtTh4d3iqfyg&m=QL2DcceBYvyn0mEalxNj6R7o2rwBsorz-4UHr2MqbNs&s=fYCSG4Pb6l81WG5EeE2SBGoL6DYfODWs4UMWkhrdoao&e=\">2000,\u003c/a> when monthly totals were as high as 220,000. That same year 1.6 million unauthorized border-crossers were detained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending on border protection, on technology as well as on personnel, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__americasvoice.org_research_charts-5Fenforcement-5Fspending-5Fand-5Fdeportation-5Flevels-5Fcontinue-5Fto-5Fskyrock_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=AJlZncBfTCNtTh4d3iqfyg&m=QL2DcceBYvyn0mEalxNj6R7o2rwBsorz-4UHr2MqbNs&s=ok_jEpqPPO2s2SJzDB203aFC9TGLmQ9mnAr_5GgJPy8&e=\">climbed \u003c/a>under both presidents Bush and Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration/fy-2018\">FY 18,\u003c/a> which ended in September, 521,090 people were apprehended at the southwest border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674434725/new-southwest-border-arrests-jump-78-percent-in-november\">monthly apprehensions are climbing\u003c/a>. More than 51,000 people were captured at the southwest border in November 2018. That’s a 78 percent increase over the same period last year. Yet it still far lower than the monthly totals in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pew Research Center finds that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/27/671238799/u-s-seeing-lowest-level-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-a-decade-says-pew-study\">far fewer Mexicans\u003c/a> are attempting to enter the U.S. and more Central Americans are making the trek, especially families with children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“A lot of the people that wanted to come into the country, and really, they were to come in no matter how they wanted to come in — they were going to come in even in a rough way — many of these people are leaving now and they’re going back to their countries: Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and other countries. They’re leaving. If you noticed, it’s getting a lot less crowded in Mexico.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are preliminary reports that the migrant caravan has diminished in strength, as many have chosen to return home. As KPBS’s Jean Guerrero \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674036694/location-of-new-tijuana-shelter-may-interfere-with-asylum-process\">reports\u003c/a>, “hundreds” have become disillusioned with the difficulty of entering the U.S. as asylees and have taken transport back to their native countries. Still, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/09/675070386/asylum-seekers-rely-on-ad-hoc-group-of-migrant-coordinators\">several thousand remain\u003c/a> in Tijuana, Mexico, where they are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/28/671429590/mexican-residents-grow-irritated-by-influx-of-central-american-migrants\">taxing local resources\u003c/a>. There’s no evidence that Mexico as a whole is getting a lot less crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072471575956504576\">tweet\u003c/a> before the Oval Office meeting, Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“People do not yet realize how much of the Wall, including really effective renovation, has already been built. If the Democrats do not give us the votes to secure our Country, the Military will build the remaining sections of the Wall. They know how important it is!”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Defense Department said in a statement Tuesday that while there are no current plans for the Pentagon to build the border wall, it could become involved in “border barrier projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710249/fact-check-trump-wrong-on-illegal-immigration-costs\">FACT CHECK: Trump Wrong on Illegal Immigration Costs\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710249/fact-check-trump-wrong-on-illegal-immigration-costs\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/GettyImages-1066361328-1180x785.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In an email to NPR’s Tom Bowman, Pentagon spokesman Lt. Col. Jamie Davis said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To date, there is no plan to build sections of the wall. However, Congress has provided options under Title 10 U.S. Code that could permit the Department of Defense to fund border barrier projects, such as in support of counter drug operations or national emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“People are pouring into our country, including terrorists. We have terrorists. We caught 10 terrorists over the last very short period of time. Ten. These are very serious people. Our border agents, all of our law enforcement has been incredible what they’ve done. But we caught 10 terrorists. These are people that were looking to do harm.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>According to statements from the Secretary of Homeland Security, Kirstjen Nielsen, the president may have underreported, or mis-reported, the number of terrorists caught at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June 2018, Nielsen \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/news/2018/06/12/secretary-nielsen-receives-operational-briefing-israeli-security-technology-delivers\">said\u003c/a> U.S. security officials intercepted “ten known or suspected terrorists a day.” She did not say that they were caught at the southwest border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, an official at DHS, in an e-mail to NPR, cited agency data derived from Customs and Border Protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data concerns individuals attempting to travel to the United States by air, sea, or land. On average last year, DHS prevented 10 individuals tied to terror—known or suspect terrorists—each day from traveling or attempting to travel to the United States. These are individuals that hit against U.S. terror watchlists. This is in addition to the 17,000 criminals and 3,000 special interest aliens that CBP apprehended at the border last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FACT+CHECK%3A+Trump+Says+%27A+Lot+Of+Wall+Has+Been+Built%27+As+He+Demands+We+Build+More&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11711657/in-fight-with-chuck-and-nancy-trump-says-hed-be-proud-to-shut-down-government\">uncommonly contentious public exchange\u003c/a> in the Oval Office with House and Senate Democratic leaders, President Trump made several remarks about the southern border with Mexico justifying his demand for billions of dollars to build a wall to restrict illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“One thing that I do have to say is: Tremendous amounts of wall have already been built, and a lot of — a lot of wall. When you include the renovation of existing fences and walls, we’ve renovated a tremendous amount and we’ve done a lot of work. In San Diego, we’re building new walls right now. And we’ve — right next to San Diego, we’ve completed a major section of wall and it’s really worked well.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>After promising voters that Mexico would pay for the border wall, the president has sought $25 billion from Congress to fund the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite Republican majorities in both houses of Congress, lawmakers have not approved such funding. In 2017, the president managed to secure about $1.6 billion for border protection projects, but they are primarily for fortifying \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/04/05/president-trump-says-his-beautiful-wall-is-being-built-nope/?utm_term=.fb77f6a06d7c\">existing border fencing\u003c/a>, not expanding the current wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That appropriation by Congress did not authorize using the money for the border wall prototypes Trump has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/13/593071082/trump-visits-u-s-mexico-border-to-tout-long-promised-wall\">promoted\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president is demanding $5 billion more for wall construction. Democrats are proposing to spend $1.3 billion on border security overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“If you look at San Diego, illegal traffic dropped 92 percent once the wall was up. El Paso, illegal traffic dropped 72 percent, then ultimately 95 percent, once the wall was up. In Tucson, Arizona, illegal traffic dropped 92 percent. Yuma, it dropped illegal traffic 95 to 96 percent.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Leaving aside the semantic difference between a wall and a fence, Trump is correct that fencing in San Diego, for example, significantly reduced “illegal traffic” when originally built decades ago. It also pushed border-crossers east, away from coastal San Diego, to areas where the fencing is less robust. Partly as a result, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/immigration/sd-me-borderwall-update-20170124-story.html\">thousands have perished\u003c/a> trying to trek through deserts and mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other locales Trump mentioned do have many miles of existing fencing that is being replaced or strengthened. To date, the fencing is a hodgepodge of projects covering about \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/03/30/trump-border-wall-mexico-492767\">650 miles.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, the government \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/border-wall-contract-award-arizona\">announced\u003c/a> a $324 million contract for 32 miles of “primary pedestrian replacement wall” in Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/santa-teresa-border-wall-replacement-project-begin\">20-mile border wall replacement\u003c/a> project in Santa Teresa, New Mexico, was announced in April 2018. The cost is reported to be $73.3 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 6-mile “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/border-wall-construction-project-begin-texas\">levee wall system\u003c/a>” is set for construction in Texas’s Rio Grande Valley beginning in February 2019. It will cost $145 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 14-mile “border wall construction project” along the border in San Diego was \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/local-media-release/border-wall-construction-project-starts-san-diego-sector\">announced in June 2018\u003c/a>. The project actually will replace an “eight-to-10 foot high scrap metal wall with an 18-to-30 foot bollard-style wall topped off with an anti-climbing plate.” The cost will be $147 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11711657/in-fight-with-chuck-and-nancy-trump-says-hed-be-proud-to-shut-down-government\">In Fight With ‘Chuck and Nancy,’ Trump Says He’d Be ‘Proud’ to Shut Down Government\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11711657/in-fight-with-chuck-and-nancy-trump-says-hed-be-proud-to-shut-down-government\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/gettyimages-10718178121_wide-066c1e0d08e9a5e3b4486732836ce5979c0a71df-1180x664.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The dramatic declines in “illegal traffic,” as the president put it, appear to reflect the long-term impact of fencing and \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.brookings.edu_research_the-2Dimpact-2Dof-2Dthe-2Dgreat-2Drecession-2Don-2Dmetropolitan-2Dimmigration-2Dtrends_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=AJlZncBfTCNtTh4d3iqfyg&m=QL2DcceBYvyn0mEalxNj6R7o2rwBsorz-4UHr2MqbNs&s=qulxLqDzUNO93hGzkVXtaYNi4Iw7kJ1z19i5Oaq8b-A&e=\">other factors\u003c/a> that go back to the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The larger picture is more complicated. Border apprehensions — an indicator of overall unauthorized border crossings — have declined since \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__www.cbp.gov_sites_default_files_assets_documents_2017-2DDec_BP-2520Total-2520Monthly-2520Apps-2520by-2520Sector-2520and-2520Area-252C-2520FY2000-2DFY2017.pdf&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=AJlZncBfTCNtTh4d3iqfyg&m=QL2DcceBYvyn0mEalxNj6R7o2rwBsorz-4UHr2MqbNs&s=fYCSG4Pb6l81WG5EeE2SBGoL6DYfODWs4UMWkhrdoao&e=\">2000,\u003c/a> when monthly totals were as high as 220,000. That same year 1.6 million unauthorized border-crossers were detained.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spending on border protection, on technology as well as on personnel, \u003ca href=\"https://urldefense.proofpoint.com/v2/url?u=https-3A__americasvoice.org_research_charts-5Fenforcement-5Fspending-5Fand-5Fdeportation-5Flevels-5Fcontinue-5Fto-5Fskyrock_&d=DwMFaQ&c=E2nBno7hEddFhl23N5nD1Q&r=AJlZncBfTCNtTh4d3iqfyg&m=QL2DcceBYvyn0mEalxNj6R7o2rwBsorz-4UHr2MqbNs&s=ok_jEpqPPO2s2SJzDB203aFC9TGLmQ9mnAr_5GgJPy8&e=\">climbed \u003c/a>under both presidents Bush and Obama.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/sw-border-migration/fy-2018\">FY 18,\u003c/a> which ended in September, 521,090 people were apprehended at the southwest border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674434725/new-southwest-border-arrests-jump-78-percent-in-november\">monthly apprehensions are climbing\u003c/a>. More than 51,000 people were captured at the southwest border in November 2018. That’s a 78 percent increase over the same period last year. Yet it still far lower than the monthly totals in 2000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pew Research Center finds that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/27/671238799/u-s-seeing-lowest-level-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-a-decade-says-pew-study\">far fewer Mexicans\u003c/a> are attempting to enter the U.S. and more Central Americans are making the trek, especially families with children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“A lot of the people that wanted to come into the country, and really, they were to come in no matter how they wanted to come in — they were going to come in even in a rough way — many of these people are leaving now and they’re going back to their countries: Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and other countries. They’re leaving. If you noticed, it’s getting a lot less crowded in Mexico.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>There are preliminary reports that the migrant caravan has diminished in strength, as many have chosen to return home. As KPBS’s Jean Guerrero \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/06/674036694/location-of-new-tijuana-shelter-may-interfere-with-asylum-process\">reports\u003c/a>, “hundreds” have become disillusioned with the difficulty of entering the U.S. as asylees and have taken transport back to their native countries. Still, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/09/675070386/asylum-seekers-rely-on-ad-hoc-group-of-migrant-coordinators\">several thousand remain\u003c/a> in Tijuana, Mexico, where they are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/28/671429590/mexican-residents-grow-irritated-by-influx-of-central-american-migrants\">taxing local resources\u003c/a>. There’s no evidence that Mexico as a whole is getting a lot less crowded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072471575956504576\">tweet\u003c/a> before the Oval Office meeting, Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“People do not yet realize how much of the Wall, including really effective renovation, has already been built. If the Democrats do not give us the votes to secure our Country, the Military will build the remaining sections of the Wall. They know how important it is!”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The Defense Department said in a statement Tuesday that while there are no current plans for the Pentagon to build the border wall, it could become involved in “border barrier projects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710249/fact-check-trump-wrong-on-illegal-immigration-costs\">FACT CHECK: Trump Wrong on Illegal Immigration Costs\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11710249/fact-check-trump-wrong-on-illegal-immigration-costs\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/GettyImages-1066361328-1180x785.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In an email to NPR’s Tom Bowman, Pentagon spokesman Lt. Col. Jamie Davis said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To date, there is no plan to build sections of the wall. However, Congress has provided options under Title 10 U.S. Code that could permit the Department of Defense to fund border barrier projects, such as in support of counter drug operations or national emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“People are pouring into our country, including terrorists. We have terrorists. We caught 10 terrorists over the last very short period of time. Ten. These are very serious people. Our border agents, all of our law enforcement has been incredible what they’ve done. But we caught 10 terrorists. These are people that were looking to do harm.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>According to statements from the Secretary of Homeland Security, Kirstjen Nielsen, the president may have underreported, or mis-reported, the number of terrorists caught at the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June 2018, Nielsen \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/news/2018/06/12/secretary-nielsen-receives-operational-briefing-israeli-security-technology-delivers\">said\u003c/a> U.S. security officials intercepted “ten known or suspected terrorists a day.” She did not say that they were caught at the southwest border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, an official at DHS, in an e-mail to NPR, cited agency data derived from Customs and Border Protection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The data concerns individuals attempting to travel to the United States by air, sea, or land. On average last year, DHS prevented 10 individuals tied to terror—known or suspect terrorists—each day from traveling or attempting to travel to the United States. These are individuals that hit against U.S. terror watchlists. This is in addition to the 17,000 criminals and 3,000 special interest aliens that CBP apprehended at the border last year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FACT+CHECK%3A+Trump+Says+%27A+Lot+Of+Wall+Has+Been+Built%27+As+He+Demands+We+Build+More&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 3:19 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google CEO Sundar Pichai made his public debut before Congress on Tuesday, spending much of his testimony countering Republicans’ allegations of anti-conservative bias in the company’s search results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also faced scrutiny of how much data Google collects on users and on the company’s work on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/27/671123903/we-re-taking-a-stand-google-workers-protest-plans-for-censored-search-in-china\">censored search tool\u003c/a> for China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time and again, Republican lawmakers pressed Pichai on allegations of political bias in search results on Google and its video subsidiary YouTube. In a few instances, they suggested that some Google engineers might be manipulating the results to sideline views that are conservative or supportive of President Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google has long denied this, and Pichai did so repeatedly over \u003ca href=\"https://judiciary.house.gov/hearing/transparency-accountability-examining-google-and-its-data-collection-use-and-filtering-practices/\">almost four hours\u003c/a> in front of the House Judiciary Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use a robust methodology to reflect what is being said about any given topic at any particular time,” he said. “It is in our interest to make sure we reflect what’s happening out there in the best objective manner possible. I can commit to you and I can assure you, we do it without regards to political ideology. Our algorithms do it with no notion of political sentiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s appearance on Capitol Hill comes at a time of high scrutiny for Silicon Valley. Alphabet (Google’s parent company), Facebook, Twitter and other companies are facing a downturn of public opinion as they struggle to strike a balance between serving up content that will engage users and reeling back the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Democrats have decried the anti-conservative accusations as political theater without evidence, this intense political focus on tech companies has opened a door to serious conversations about regulation. In September, a Justice Department meeting originally meant to address tech’s political bias instead \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/25/651472693/attorneys-general-zoom-in-on-tech-privacy-and-power\">united state attorneys general\u003c/a> in an effort to rein in the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, Pichai faced pointed questions about just how much data Google collects on users, especially about their location. The AP \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/ef95c6a91eeb4d8e9dda9cad887bf211\">reported\u003c/a> earlier this year that “several Google apps and websites store user location even if users have turned off Location History.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/10/business/location-data-privacy-apps.html\">A report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The New York Times \u003c/em>this week showed how detailed — and lucrative — location tracking can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Doug Collins, R-Ga., zoomed in on the scale of data gathering by Google, as one of the tech giants whose business model relies on the sale of advertising using the vast knowledge about people who use their platforms or devices. He quizzed Pichai on a few specific data points:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Collins:\u003c/strong> Do you or do you not collect identifiers like name, age or address? Yes or no.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Google’s Pichai:\u003c/strong> If you’re creating an account, yes — and using an account, yes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> Specific search histories when a person types something into a search bar.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> If you have search history turned on, yes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> Device identifiers like IP address or IMEI.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> Depending on the situation, we could be collecting it, yes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> GPS signals, Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth beacons.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai: \u003c/strong>Would depend on the specifics, but there may be situations, yes.\u003cbr>\n[…]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> Contents of emails and Google documents.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> We store the data, but we don’t read or look at …\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> But you have access to them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> As a company we have access to them, yes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Pichai also faced many questions by lawmakers from both parties about the company’s project — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/27/671123903/we-re-taking-a-stand-google-workers-protest-plans-for-censored-search-in-china\">code-named Dragonfly\u003c/a> — to build a search engine adjusted to China’s censorship demands, blocking certain websites and search terms as determined by the Chinese government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, there are no plans for us to launch a search product in China,” Pichai said repeatedly. The response indicated that the plan might change in the future, though Pichai said the company would be transparent with Congress about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pichai confirmed that the project was underway for a while and at one point involved more than 100 people. “We explored what a search could look like if it were to be launched in a country like China,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would have marked a return of a censored version of Google to China, which the company exited in 2010 after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122540813\">tensions with Beijing\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5206175\">backlash in the United States\u003c/a>. The company has been facing an outcry over the work on a censored search product since it was first revealed by the website The Intercept \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/\">in August\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers did not ask Pichai about Google’s recent decision to not renew its so-called Project Maven contract with the Pentagon, following protests from employees concerned that the company’s artificial intelligence could be used for drone strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google had also decided not to bid for a $10 billion cloud-computing contract with the Defense Department, saying that Google didn’t qualify for part of the work and that the company “couldn’t be assured” that the project would align with its corporate values for artificial-intelligence work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Google’s parent company, Alphabet, decided to not send an executive to a big hearing with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/05/644607908/facebook-twitter-heavies-set-to-appear-at-senate-hearing-google-may-be-mia\">other tech companies\u003c/a> about disinformation. Incensed by Google’s absence at the time, lawmakers had left an empty seat marked with the company’s name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Google+CEO+Says+He+Leads+%27Without+Political+Bias%27+In+Congressional+Testimony&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 3:19 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google CEO Sundar Pichai made his public debut before Congress on Tuesday, spending much of his testimony countering Republicans’ allegations of anti-conservative bias in the company’s search results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also faced scrutiny of how much data Google collects on users and on the company’s work on a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/27/671123903/we-re-taking-a-stand-google-workers-protest-plans-for-censored-search-in-china\">censored search tool\u003c/a> for China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time and again, Republican lawmakers pressed Pichai on allegations of political bias in search results on Google and its video subsidiary YouTube. In a few instances, they suggested that some Google engineers might be manipulating the results to sideline views that are conservative or supportive of President Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google has long denied this, and Pichai did so repeatedly over \u003ca href=\"https://judiciary.house.gov/hearing/transparency-accountability-examining-google-and-its-data-collection-use-and-filtering-practices/\">almost four hours\u003c/a> in front of the House Judiciary Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We use a robust methodology to reflect what is being said about any given topic at any particular time,” he said. “It is in our interest to make sure we reflect what’s happening out there in the best objective manner possible. I can commit to you and I can assure you, we do it without regards to political ideology. Our algorithms do it with no notion of political sentiment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google’s appearance on Capitol Hill comes at a time of high scrutiny for Silicon Valley. Alphabet (Google’s parent company), Facebook, Twitter and other companies are facing a downturn of public opinion as they struggle to strike a balance between serving up content that will engage users and reeling back the spread of misinformation and conspiracy theories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Democrats have decried the anti-conservative accusations as political theater without evidence, this intense political focus on tech companies has opened a door to serious conversations about regulation. In September, a Justice Department meeting originally meant to address tech’s political bias instead \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/25/651472693/attorneys-general-zoom-in-on-tech-privacy-and-power\">united state attorneys general\u003c/a> in an effort to rein in the industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, Pichai faced pointed questions about just how much data Google collects on users, especially about their location. The AP \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/ef95c6a91eeb4d8e9dda9cad887bf211\">reported\u003c/a> earlier this year that “several Google apps and websites store user location even if users have turned off Location History.” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/12/10/business/location-data-privacy-apps.html\">A report\u003c/a> in \u003cem>The New York Times \u003c/em>this week showed how detailed — and lucrative — location tracking can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Doug Collins, R-Ga., zoomed in on the scale of data gathering by Google, as one of the tech giants whose business model relies on the sale of advertising using the vast knowledge about people who use their platforms or devices. He quizzed Pichai on a few specific data points:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rep. Collins:\u003c/strong> Do you or do you not collect identifiers like name, age or address? Yes or no.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Google’s Pichai:\u003c/strong> If you’re creating an account, yes — and using an account, yes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> Specific search histories when a person types something into a search bar.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> If you have search history turned on, yes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> Device identifiers like IP address or IMEI.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> Depending on the situation, we could be collecting it, yes.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> GPS signals, Wi-Fi signals, Bluetooth beacons.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai: \u003c/strong>Would depend on the specifics, but there may be situations, yes.\u003cbr>\n[…]\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> Contents of emails and Google documents.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> We store the data, but we don’t read or look at …\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Collins:\u003c/strong> But you have access to them.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Pichai:\u003c/strong> As a company we have access to them, yes.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Pichai also faced many questions by lawmakers from both parties about the company’s project — \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/27/671123903/we-re-taking-a-stand-google-workers-protest-plans-for-censored-search-in-china\">code-named Dragonfly\u003c/a> — to build a search engine adjusted to China’s censorship demands, blocking certain websites and search terms as determined by the Chinese government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, there are no plans for us to launch a search product in China,” Pichai said repeatedly. The response indicated that the plan might change in the future, though Pichai said the company would be transparent with Congress about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pichai confirmed that the project was underway for a while and at one point involved more than 100 people. “We explored what a search could look like if it were to be launched in a country like China,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This would have marked a return of a censored version of Google to China, which the company exited in 2010 after \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122540813\">tensions with Beijing\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5206175\">backlash in the United States\u003c/a>. The company has been facing an outcry over the work on a censored search product since it was first revealed by the website The Intercept \u003ca href=\"https://theintercept.com/2018/08/01/google-china-search-engine-censorship/\">in August\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers did not ask Pichai about Google’s recent decision to not renew its so-called Project Maven contract with the Pentagon, following protests from employees concerned that the company’s artificial intelligence could be used for drone strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google had also decided not to bid for a $10 billion cloud-computing contract with the Defense Department, saying that Google didn’t qualify for part of the work and that the company “couldn’t be assured” that the project would align with its corporate values for artificial-intelligence work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, Google’s parent company, Alphabet, decided to not send an executive to a big hearing with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/05/644607908/facebook-twitter-heavies-set-to-appear-at-senate-hearing-google-may-be-mia\">other tech companies\u003c/a> about disinformation. Incensed by Google’s absence at the time, lawmakers had left an empty seat marked with the company’s name.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Google+CEO+Says+He+Leads+%27Without+Political+Bias%27+In+Congressional+Testimony&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:37 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testy Oval Office exchange with the two top congressional Democrats, Rep. Nancy Pelosi and Sen. Chuck Schumer, President Trump made clear he would be “proud” to shut down the government in less than two weeks if he doesn’t get funding for his border wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll be the one to shut it down. I will take the mantle. And I will shut it down for border security,” Trump told House and Senate Democratic leaders as Vice President Pence sat by stoically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement from Trump came in an extraordinary show before the cameras and the press, with minutes of tense back-and-forth with both Pelosi, the likely incoming House speaker, and Schumer, the Senate minority leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic leaders have made it clear they don’t intend to give the president a victory on funding for his signature border wall, and afterward released a statement reiterating that “We gave the president two options that would keep the government open. It’s his choice to accept one of those options or shut the government down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi told reporters on Capitol Hill at a holiday reception later Tuesday she and Trump had spoken on the phone but there was no response to the earlier offer from her and Schumer. According to an aide, the call was around 4 p.m. and lasted about a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking immediately afterthe meeting, both Schumer and Pelosi thought they had emerged with the upper hand after seemingly baiting Trump into taking the blame if there’s a partial shutdown just days before Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Trump shutdown, this temper tantrum he seems to want to throw, will not get him his wall,” the Senate minority leader told reporters outside the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the meeting, Trump kept insisting that much of the wall has already been built (numerous fact checkers earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://www.factcheck.org/2018/04/has-the-border-wall-begun/\">determined it hasn’t\u003c/a>, which Schumer pointed out) and he’s also said that the military can build the rest. In a statement provided to NPR Tuesday evening, a spokesperson for the Department of Defense said “to date, there is no plan to build sections of the wall.” But, “Congress has provided options under [existing law] that could permit the Department of Defense to fund border barrier projects, such as in support of counter drug operations or national emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 campaign, Trump also kept claiming that Mexico would pay to build the wall, but he has since dropped that talking point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi insisted during the meeting that the cameras should leave, saying afterward she made such a request because “we didn’t want to contradict the president when he was putting forth figures that have no basis in fact. … I didn’t want to say in front of those people, ‘You have no idea what you’re talking about.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except by making that comment just after leaving the Oval Office, Pelosi was saying just that. She also kept trying to explain to Trump that there wasn’t enough support even in the GOP-controlled House for his border wall, urging him to accept a continuous funding resolution at the current spending levels, or $1.3 billion for a year. But Trump kept interjecting to shift blame, saying a House vote wouldn’t matter since he needs to get to 60 votes in the Senate anyway and that would require help from Democrats — a frequent complaint of his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Capitol Hill, Pelosi told fellow Democratic lawmakers in private that she was “trying to be the mom” in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t explain it to you. It was so wild. It goes to show you: You get into a tinkle contest with a skunk, you get tinkle all over you,'” Pelosi said, according to an aide in the room. “You can’t let him take you down that path. But the fact is we did get him to say, to fully own that the shutdown was his. That was an accomplishment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another comment sure to irk the president, Pelosi went even further, saying that Trump’s obsession with the border wall is “like a manhood thing for him. As if manhood could ever be associated with him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tense exchanges underscored the challenges in the coming two years of divided government. Trump diverted from discussing Democrats’ takeover of the House, choosing to focus on GOP gains in the Senate — thanks, in large part, to a very Republican-friendly map in the 2018 midterms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the president brags that he won North Dakota and Indiana, he’s in real trouble,” Schumer jabbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, I did,” Trump retorted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House tried to paint a very different picture of the meeting after the fact, with press secretary Sarah Sanders saying in a statement, “President Trump had a constructive dialogue with Democrat Leaders Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi,” although “Major disagreement remains on the issue of border security and transparency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump himself told reporters later on Tuesday that “believe it or not, I think it was a very friendly meeting….I’ve actually liked [Schumer and Pelosi] for a long period of time, and I respect them both” and that “when the press left, we had a fairly long meeting and we really discussed a lot of great subjects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the president showed no regrets for having said he would own a shutdown if it comes to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we close down the country I will take it, because we’re closing it down for border security, and I think I win that every single time,” Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking on Capitol Hill, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., acknowledged it had been a “spirited meeting” at the White House, but that “I’d still like to have a smooth ending here” and avoid a government shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of hoping for a Christmas miracle here that we’ll have a level of cooperation that we don’t normally have in getting bills across the Senate floor,” McConnell said, pointing to not just the government funding bill, but the farm bill and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675596651/senate-to-vote-on-criminal-justice-bill-after-push-from-boosters-white-house\">criminal justice overhaul\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic resistance to funding the wall may have prompted President Trump’s pre-meeting tweetstorm, which over a series of five long tweets seemed to simultaneously \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072471575956504576\">concede defeat\u003c/a> and declare victory on wall funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">…..I look forward to my meeting with Chuck Schumer & Nancy Pelosi. In 2006, Democrats voted for a Wall, and they were right to do so. Today, they no longer want Border Security. They will fight it at all cost, and Nancy must get votes for Speaker. But the Wall will get built…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072468779974713345?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">….People do not yet realize how much of the Wall, including really effective renovation, has already been built. If the Democrats do not give us the votes to secure our Country, the Military will build the remaining sections of the Wall. They know how important it is!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072471575956504576?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Troops have been stationed along the southern border with Mexico since just before the midterm elections, and while some are being extended through the end of January, other units have been sent home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s talking about reprogramming/transferring funds from other [Department of Defense] programs,” said Stan Collender, a federal budget expert, when asked if he could explain the Trump tweets. “That would indeed take away resources from other activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collender said he wasn’t sure how much discretion Trump would actually have to do this and said it will “get the new Democratic House very angry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the Tuesday morning tweetstorm, in recent days Trump had been far less specific about his demands for border-wall funding than he has been in past rounds of budget talks. Sometimes he leaves out specific dollar amounts (though the standing ask is $5 billion). \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1070879369432850433\">And his use of the phrase “border security”\u003c/a> indicates more than just funding to build the wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Arizona, together with our Military and Border Patrol, is bracing for a massive surge at a NON-WALLED area. WE WILL NOT LET THEM THROUGH. Big danger. Nancy and Chuck must approve Boarder Security and the Wall!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1070879369432850433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 7, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Congress must fully fund border security in the year-ending funding bill,” Trump said Friday in a speech at a law enforcement conference. “We have to — we have to get this done. They’re playing games. They’re playing political games. I actually think the politics of what they’re doing is very bad for them, but we’re going to very soon find out. Maybe I’m not right, but usually I’m right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats, looking at public opinion, may feel they have some leverage in the talks. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675334306/poll-americans-want-trump-to-compromise-on-border-wall-amid-possible-shutdown\">new NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll \u003c/a>out Tuesday shows that 57 percent of Americans, including 63 percent of independents, want the president to compromise on the border wall to prevent gridlock and not risk a government shutdown. Two-thirds of Republicans, however, want the president to stand his ground. And President Trump is often laser focused on his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A history of failed meetings with “Chuck and Nancy”\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The days of high expectations for White House summits leading to bipartisan breakthroughs were well in the past even before Tuesday’s Oval Office throw down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more than a year ago, Trump had a couple of meetings with Schumer and Pelosi. He said he’d worked out a deal on immigration with “Chuck and Nancy,” as he called them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think something can happen,” Trump told reporters. “We’ll see what happens. But something will happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing happened. The deal blew up without even an agreement on what the deal was.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Can Trump work with a Democratic House next year?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The sparring between Trump, Pelosi and Schumer may well be a preview of the next two years of divided government. Both Trump and Pelosi, who is expected to once again become speaker when Democrats take control of the House, have talked about the potential for bipartisan compromise on things like infrastructure and prescription drug prices. But they’ve also both foreshadowed conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi and Democrats are promising robust investigations of Trump and his administration, and Trump has said that would lead to a “warlike posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then at the end of two years, nothing is done,” Trump predicted. “Now what’s bad for them is being in the majority, I’m just going to blame them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This leaves many questions: Are Democrats willing or able to compromise with Trump? Is Trump willing to deal? If he is, will congressional Republicans go along? And, given the way Trump has changed his mind in the midst of past negotiations, will anyone trust him?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, allies of the president and Pelosi interviewed for this story say some limited compromise is possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s several positions the president has that frankly line up more traditionally with Democrats,” said Marc Short, former director of legislative affairs for the Trump administration. “The question I think that is yet to be determined is whether or not Democrats will give their leadership the flexibility to negotiate with the president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one way of pinning blame back on the other party when big things fail to get done. Short also questioned whether Democrats would be willing to give Trump a win as he begins his re-election campaign in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Lawrence, a former chief of staff to Pelosi, countered that Democrats are likely open and looking to cut some deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Pelosi] is going to be, and I think Democrats in the House are going to be, concerned with proving that they can be trusted that they can govern,” Lawrence said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short and Lawrence both see incentives for their respective parties to get something done, while questioning whether those incentives exist for the other side. But first they have to make it to next year. And the budget fight brewing as 2018 closes out could well affect the relationship going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR congressional correspondents Scott Detrow and Kelsey Snell contributed. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Fight+With+%27Chuck+And+Nancy%2C%27+Trump+Says+He%27d+Be+%27Proud%27+To+Shut+Down+Government&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 5:37 p.m. ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a testy Oval Office exchange with the two top congressional Democrats, Rep. Nancy Pelosi and Sen. Chuck Schumer, President Trump made clear he would be “proud” to shut down the government in less than two weeks if he doesn’t get funding for his border wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ll be the one to shut it down. I will take the mantle. And I will shut it down for border security,” Trump told House and Senate Democratic leaders as Vice President Pence sat by stoically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The statement from Trump came in an extraordinary show before the cameras and the press, with minutes of tense back-and-forth with both Pelosi, the likely incoming House speaker, and Schumer, the Senate minority leader.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic leaders have made it clear they don’t intend to give the president a victory on funding for his signature border wall, and afterward released a statement reiterating that “We gave the president two options that would keep the government open. It’s his choice to accept one of those options or shut the government down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi told reporters on Capitol Hill at a holiday reception later Tuesday she and Trump had spoken on the phone but there was no response to the earlier offer from her and Schumer. According to an aide, the call was around 4 p.m. and lasted about a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking immediately afterthe meeting, both Schumer and Pelosi thought they had emerged with the upper hand after seemingly baiting Trump into taking the blame if there’s a partial shutdown just days before Christmas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This Trump shutdown, this temper tantrum he seems to want to throw, will not get him his wall,” the Senate minority leader told reporters outside the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout the meeting, Trump kept insisting that much of the wall has already been built (numerous fact checkers earlier this year \u003ca href=\"https://www.factcheck.org/2018/04/has-the-border-wall-begun/\">determined it hasn’t\u003c/a>, which Schumer pointed out) and he’s also said that the military can build the rest. In a statement provided to NPR Tuesday evening, a spokesperson for the Department of Defense said “to date, there is no plan to build sections of the wall.” But, “Congress has provided options under [existing law] that could permit the Department of Defense to fund border barrier projects, such as in support of counter drug operations or national emergencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the 2016 campaign, Trump also kept claiming that Mexico would pay to build the wall, but he has since dropped that talking point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi insisted during the meeting that the cameras should leave, saying afterward she made such a request because “we didn’t want to contradict the president when he was putting forth figures that have no basis in fact. … I didn’t want to say in front of those people, ‘You have no idea what you’re talking about.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Except by making that comment just after leaving the Oval Office, Pelosi was saying just that. She also kept trying to explain to Trump that there wasn’t enough support even in the GOP-controlled House for his border wall, urging him to accept a continuous funding resolution at the current spending levels, or $1.3 billion for a year. But Trump kept interjecting to shift blame, saying a House vote wouldn’t matter since he needs to get to 60 votes in the Senate anyway and that would require help from Democrats — a frequent complaint of his.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back on Capitol Hill, Pelosi told fellow Democratic lawmakers in private that she was “trying to be the mom” in the room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I can’t explain it to you. It was so wild. It goes to show you: You get into a tinkle contest with a skunk, you get tinkle all over you,'” Pelosi said, according to an aide in the room. “You can’t let him take you down that path. But the fact is we did get him to say, to fully own that the shutdown was his. That was an accomplishment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another comment sure to irk the president, Pelosi went even further, saying that Trump’s obsession with the border wall is “like a manhood thing for him. As if manhood could ever be associated with him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tense exchanges underscored the challenges in the coming two years of divided government. Trump diverted from discussing Democrats’ takeover of the House, choosing to focus on GOP gains in the Senate — thanks, in large part, to a very Republican-friendly map in the 2018 midterms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the president brags that he won North Dakota and Indiana, he’s in real trouble,” Schumer jabbed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Well, I did,” Trump retorted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House tried to paint a very different picture of the meeting after the fact, with press secretary Sarah Sanders saying in a statement, “President Trump had a constructive dialogue with Democrat Leaders Chuck Schumer and Nancy Pelosi,” although “Major disagreement remains on the issue of border security and transparency.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump himself told reporters later on Tuesday that “believe it or not, I think it was a very friendly meeting….I’ve actually liked [Schumer and Pelosi] for a long period of time, and I respect them both” and that “when the press left, we had a fairly long meeting and we really discussed a lot of great subjects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the president showed no regrets for having said he would own a shutdown if it comes to that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we close down the country I will take it, because we’re closing it down for border security, and I think I win that every single time,” Trump said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking on Capitol Hill, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Ky., acknowledged it had been a “spirited meeting” at the White House, but that “I’d still like to have a smooth ending here” and avoid a government shutdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sort of hoping for a Christmas miracle here that we’ll have a level of cooperation that we don’t normally have in getting bills across the Senate floor,” McConnell said, pointing to not just the government funding bill, but the farm bill and a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675596651/senate-to-vote-on-criminal-justice-bill-after-push-from-boosters-white-house\">criminal justice overhaul\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democratic resistance to funding the wall may have prompted President Trump’s pre-meeting tweetstorm, which over a series of five long tweets seemed to simultaneously \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072471575956504576\">concede defeat\u003c/a> and declare victory on wall funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">…..I look forward to my meeting with Chuck Schumer & Nancy Pelosi. In 2006, Democrats voted for a Wall, and they were right to do so. Today, they no longer want Border Security. They will fight it at all cost, and Nancy must get votes for Speaker. But the Wall will get built…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072468779974713345?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">….People do not yet realize how much of the Wall, including really effective renovation, has already been built. If the Democrats do not give us the votes to secure our Country, the Military will build the remaining sections of the Wall. They know how important it is!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1072471575956504576?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 11, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Troops have been stationed along the southern border with Mexico since just before the midterm elections, and while some are being extended through the end of January, other units have been sent home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s talking about reprogramming/transferring funds from other [Department of Defense] programs,” said Stan Collender, a federal budget expert, when asked if he could explain the Trump tweets. “That would indeed take away resources from other activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Collender said he wasn’t sure how much discretion Trump would actually have to do this and said it will “get the new Democratic House very angry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even before the Tuesday morning tweetstorm, in recent days Trump had been far less specific about his demands for border-wall funding than he has been in past rounds of budget talks. Sometimes he leaves out specific dollar amounts (though the standing ask is $5 billion). \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1070879369432850433\">And his use of the phrase “border security”\u003c/a> indicates more than just funding to build the wall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n\u003cp dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">Arizona, together with our Military and Border Patrol, is bracing for a massive surge at a NON-WALLED area. WE WILL NOT LET THEM THROUGH. Big danger. Nancy and Chuck must approve Boarder Security and the Wall!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1070879369432850433?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">December 7, 2018\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“Congress must fully fund border security in the year-ending funding bill,” Trump said Friday in a speech at a law enforcement conference. “We have to — we have to get this done. They’re playing games. They’re playing political games. I actually think the politics of what they’re doing is very bad for them, but we’re going to very soon find out. Maybe I’m not right, but usually I’m right.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats, looking at public opinion, may feel they have some leverage in the talks. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/12/11/675334306/poll-americans-want-trump-to-compromise-on-border-wall-amid-possible-shutdown\">new NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll \u003c/a>out Tuesday shows that 57 percent of Americans, including 63 percent of independents, want the president to compromise on the border wall to prevent gridlock and not risk a government shutdown. Two-thirds of Republicans, however, want the president to stand his ground. And President Trump is often laser focused on his base.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>A history of failed meetings with “Chuck and Nancy”\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The days of high expectations for White House summits leading to bipartisan breakthroughs were well in the past even before Tuesday’s Oval Office throw down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A little more than a year ago, Trump had a couple of meetings with Schumer and Pelosi. He said he’d worked out a deal on immigration with “Chuck and Nancy,” as he called them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think something can happen,” Trump told reporters. “We’ll see what happens. But something will happen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nothing happened. The deal blew up without even an agreement on what the deal was.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>Can Trump work with a Democratic House next year?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The sparring between Trump, Pelosi and Schumer may well be a preview of the next two years of divided government. Both Trump and Pelosi, who is expected to once again become speaker when Democrats take control of the House, have talked about the potential for bipartisan compromise on things like infrastructure and prescription drug prices. But they’ve also both foreshadowed conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi and Democrats are promising robust investigations of Trump and his administration, and Trump has said that would lead to a “warlike posture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then at the end of two years, nothing is done,” Trump predicted. “Now what’s bad for them is being in the majority, I’m just going to blame them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This leaves many questions: Are Democrats willing or able to compromise with Trump? Is Trump willing to deal? If he is, will congressional Republicans go along? And, given the way Trump has changed his mind in the midst of past negotiations, will anyone trust him?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, allies of the president and Pelosi interviewed for this story say some limited compromise is possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think there’s several positions the president has that frankly line up more traditionally with Democrats,” said Marc Short, former director of legislative affairs for the Trump administration. “The question I think that is yet to be determined is whether or not Democrats will give their leadership the flexibility to negotiate with the president.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one way of pinning blame back on the other party when big things fail to get done. Short also questioned whether Democrats would be willing to give Trump a win as he begins his re-election campaign in earnest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Lawrence, a former chief of staff to Pelosi, countered that Democrats are likely open and looking to cut some deals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Pelosi] is going to be, and I think Democrats in the House are going to be, concerned with proving that they can be trusted that they can govern,” Lawrence said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Short and Lawrence both see incentives for their respective parties to get something done, while questioning whether those incentives exist for the other side. But first they have to make it to next year. And the budget fight brewing as 2018 closes out could well affect the relationship going forward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR congressional correspondents Scott Detrow and Kelsey Snell contributed. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=In+Fight+With+%27Chuck+And+Nancy%2C%27+Trump+Says+He%27d+Be+%27Proud%27+To+Shut+Down+Government&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "retreat-is-not-an-option-as-a-california-beach-town-plans-for-rising-seas",
"title": "'Retreat' Is Not an Option as a California Beach Town Plans for Rising Seas",
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"headTitle": "‘Retreat’ Is Not an Option as a California Beach Town Plans for Rising Seas | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>About 150 steps from John Imperato’s Southern California home, pavement gives way to an ever-shrinking stretch of soft sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperato lives in Del Mar, a small, affluent town just north of San Diego. He spent his life savings to live here. He wanted to raise his son like he grew up, within walking distance of the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar is a picturesque place; its name means “of the sea,” in Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s becoming increasingly true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar is one of countless coastal communities in California and across the U.S. that is seeing the impacts of climate change and preparing for worse to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The feel-good here is gone. I thought they were going to bury me here, but if someone offered [to buy my house], I’d take it. I’d walk away.’\u003ccite>John Imperato, Del Mar resident\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By midcentury, tens of millions of U.S. homes and billions of dollars of property are likely to be destroyed or made unusable by increased flooding from rising seas and storms, according to \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/25/\">a recent climate report \u003c/a>by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise and storm surge could completely erode two-thirds of southern California beaches by 2100,” the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves residents of seaside towns like Del Mar with an alarming choice: stay and fight those impacts, or turn and leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar has been having that discussion for years. The city is a national leader in that regard. But it also provides a good example of just how difficult and precarious even planning for sea level rise can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The feel-good here is gone,” Imperato says, standing outside of his home. “I thought they were going to bury me here, but if someone offered [to buy my house], I’d take it. I’d walk away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘When the sea walls go, we go’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Del Mar created a committee, consisting primarily of residents, to help identify the city’s biggest vulnerabilities to increased flooding and to come up with a plan on how best to address them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They got grants from the state’s coastal commission and worked with paid consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar’s walkable beach — a huge draw for the town’s 3 million annual visitors — could disappear by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea levels here are projected to rise 1 to 2 feet by 2050, and as much as 5½ feet by 2100, \u003ca href=\"http://www.delmar.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/3321/Chapter-1-2017-11-21-CLEAN?bidId=\">according to scientific projections used by the city\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homes in Imperato’s low-lying neighborhood faced a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beach erosion and sea-level rise are likely to increase flooding during high-tide events and storms, threatening to overwhelm a long line of private seawalls that line the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When those sea walls go, we go,” says Imperato, who served on the committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11709961\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11709961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Del Mar’s affluent Beach Colony neighborhood, under the green on left, would be nearly inundated under extreme projections of sea-level rise, according to the city’s planning documents. \u003ccite>(City of Del Mar)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Increased precipitation from storm events,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\"> another expected result of climate change\u003c/a>, may also bring more river flooding. The mouth of the San Dieguito River sits just north of Imperato’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the risks, a few years ago, the city moved into the next phase of planning: how to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/assets/slr/guidance/2018/7_Ch7_2018AdoptedSLRGuidanceUpdate.pdf\">three broad adaptation strategies\u003c/a> communities should look at, according to guidance policies provided by the California Coastal Commission, a state agency tasked with oversight of California’s coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is protection — the creation of seawalls or other armoring to defend coastal developments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is accommodation — modifying buildings or developments to accommodate increased flooding. That includes changing zoning or elevating structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final option is the one nobody wants — an option that homeowners like Imperato describe as “the kiss of death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Not feasible here in Del Mar’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retreating from sea-level rise can take different forms. It can mean changing zoning to limit construction in flood-prone areas. It can also mean removing or relocating development from vulnerable areas, using buyout programs or transferring property rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities in California are embracing the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Del Mar was looking at it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blowback, though, was almost immediate. Realtors’ groups spoke out against the plan. Homeowners were hysterical.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932139/in-poor-neighborhoods-add-rising-seas-to-list-of-housing-woes\">In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932139/in-poor-neighborhoods-add-rising-seas-to-list-of-housing-woes\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel4-1180x787.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we learned from our community is that even the mere discussion of managed retreat, in the minds of some, completely devalues their property,” says Amanda Lee, Del Mar’s senior city planner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern was that if the city formalized a plan that included retreat, it would be harder for property owners to get loans or sell their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing those concerns, “we started crossing out managed retreat and replacing it with other words like ‘not feasible here in Del Mar,’ ” says Terry Gaasterland, who chaired the city’s Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The City Council even went as far as to pass a resolution banning future city councils from planning for retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were practical reasons for the decision, Gaasterland says. The median home value in Del Mar is about $2.5 million, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.zillow.com/del-mar-ca/home-values/\">real estate market app Zillow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oceanfront house in Imperato’s neighborhood is listed for sale for $24 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Del Mar, market value of all the properties in the managed retreat zone is estimated at $1.5 billion,” Gaasterland says. “Who’s going to pay for that? Certainly not the city of Del Mar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem is the topography of the area. There are bluffs to the north and south of Del Mar, making relocation of residents nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the town approved a plan that included strategies like sand replenishment for its beaches and dredging of the San Dieguito River to lessen the chance of flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That plan was sent to the state’s coastal commission, where it’s waiting for review.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11709956\">MAP: See Whether Your Home Is at Risk From Rising Seas\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca>\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission, for its part, isn’t penalizing cities that don’t embrace the idea of managed retreat. Madeline Cavalieri, a manager with the commission, says there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for dealing with sea-level rise; different cities need to consider a combination of different strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, though, is to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past however many years, people have thought, ‘Well I’m purchasing a home, I’m buying a property, this property is going to be here forever.’ We now understand with sea-level rise that there are going to be locations where we can no longer count on the fact that house is going to be there in perpetuity,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>End of the line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners like Imperato are not denying that sea-level rise is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others in Del Mar will tell you that they’ve seen the beach shrink and the high tide creep ever higher. But for many, the more devastating effects still seem far away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not worried about the actual hazard because you can accept Mother Nature, and that may happen 100 years from now,” Imperato says, “What we’re afraid of is the regulations that are going to affect us today or tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperato, like many homeowners in Del Mar, was happy that the city said no to managed retreat, but he’s still frustrated that it was considered in the first place. He believes damage to property values has already been done and says he has told a real estate agent to “pocket list” his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\">Like It Or Not, the Water Is Coming: Will the Bay Area Defend Against Rising Seas, or Embrace Them?\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/38628863865_434d8ddc2b_o-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pocket listing is you want to sell your house, but you don’t want to put a sign up with everyone else because then it’s a race to the bottom,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dwight Worden, a city councilman who serves as Del Mar’s mayor, is sympathetic to those concerns but says the city needed to consider managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you pretend that you did a scientific study of risks and options in your community, but you didn’t study retreat, your study has no credibility,” he says. “It needs to be studied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worden agrees that in Del Mar, managed retreat does not make sense. He doesn’t believe it’s feasible. But he’s also realistic about the challenge sea-level rise presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At some point you’re left with two options. You either organize a retreat, or you do what’s called evacuation and you call FEMA because you’re flooded out,” he says. “We realize that’s the end of the line. But we want to try Plan A. And if Plan A doesn’t work, we think there may be a Plan B. We want to do everything else we can first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, he says, the city would rather hold off the water as long as it can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org.\">https://www.npr.org.\u003c/a>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Retreat%27+Is+Not+An+Option+As+A+California+Beach+Town+Plans+For+Rising+Seas&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Tens of millions of U.S. homes are threatened by rising seas. Communities across the country are planning for that future, but there are challenges to even having the discussion.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>About 150 steps from John Imperato’s Southern California home, pavement gives way to an ever-shrinking stretch of soft sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperato lives in Del Mar, a small, affluent town just north of San Diego. He spent his life savings to live here. He wanted to raise his son like he grew up, within walking distance of the sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar is a picturesque place; its name means “of the sea,” in Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s becoming increasingly true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar is one of countless coastal communities in California and across the U.S. that is seeing the impacts of climate change and preparing for worse to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The feel-good here is gone. I thought they were going to bury me here, but if someone offered [to buy my house], I’d take it. I’d walk away.’\u003ccite>John Imperato, Del Mar resident\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By midcentury, tens of millions of U.S. homes and billions of dollars of property are likely to be destroyed or made unusable by increased flooding from rising seas and storms, according to \u003ca href=\"https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/25/\">a recent climate report \u003c/a>by the U.S. government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sea level rise and storm surge could completely erode two-thirds of southern California beaches by 2100,” the report warns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves residents of seaside towns like Del Mar with an alarming choice: stay and fight those impacts, or turn and leave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar has been having that discussion for years. The city is a national leader in that regard. But it also provides a good example of just how difficult and precarious even planning for sea level rise can be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The feel-good here is gone,” Imperato says, standing outside of his home. “I thought they were going to bury me here, but if someone offered [to buy my house], I’d take it. I’d walk away.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘When the sea walls go, we go’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, Del Mar created a committee, consisting primarily of residents, to help identify the city’s biggest vulnerabilities to increased flooding and to come up with a plan on how best to address them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They got grants from the state’s coastal commission and worked with paid consultants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings were grim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Del Mar’s walkable beach — a huge draw for the town’s 3 million annual visitors — could disappear by 2050.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sea levels here are projected to rise 1 to 2 feet by 2050, and as much as 5½ feet by 2100, \u003ca href=\"http://www.delmar.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/3321/Chapter-1-2017-11-21-CLEAN?bidId=\">according to scientific projections used by the city\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The homes in Imperato’s low-lying neighborhood faced a double whammy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beach erosion and sea-level rise are likely to increase flooding during high-tide events and storms, threatening to overwhelm a long line of private seawalls that line the beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When those sea walls go, we go,” says Imperato, who served on the committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11709961\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11709961\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Del_Mar_Planning_Map-b38de181625515e64b1c96327b4453d1fb85982b-s800-c85-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Del Mar’s affluent Beach Colony neighborhood, under the green on left, would be nearly inundated under extreme projections of sea-level rise, according to the city’s planning documents. \u003ccite>(City of Del Mar)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Increased precipitation from storm events,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0140-y\"> another expected result of climate change\u003c/a>, may also bring more river flooding. The mouth of the San Dieguito River sits just north of Imperato’s neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Knowing the risks, a few years ago, the city moved into the next phase of planning: how to adapt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are \u003ca href=\"https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/assets/slr/guidance/2018/7_Ch7_2018AdoptedSLRGuidanceUpdate.pdf\">three broad adaptation strategies\u003c/a> communities should look at, according to guidance policies provided by the California Coastal Commission, a state agency tasked with oversight of California’s coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first is protection — the creation of seawalls or other armoring to defend coastal developments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second is accommodation — modifying buildings or developments to accommodate increased flooding. That includes changing zoning or elevating structures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final option is the one nobody wants — an option that homeowners like Imperato describe as “the kiss of death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Not feasible here in Del Mar’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retreating from sea-level rise can take different forms. It can mean changing zoning to limit construction in flood-prone areas. It can also mean removing or relocating development from vulnerable areas, using buyout programs or transferring property rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some communities in California are embracing the idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, Del Mar was looking at it, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The blowback, though, was almost immediate. Realtors’ groups spoke out against the plan. Homeowners were hysterical.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932139/in-poor-neighborhoods-add-rising-seas-to-list-of-housing-woes\">In Poor Neighborhoods, Add Rising Seas to List of Housing Woes\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1932139/in-poor-neighborhoods-add-rising-seas-to-list-of-housing-woes\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/10/sealevel4-1180x787.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we learned from our community is that even the mere discussion of managed retreat, in the minds of some, completely devalues their property,” says Amanda Lee, Del Mar’s senior city planner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern was that if the city formalized a plan that included retreat, it would be harder for property owners to get loans or sell their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing those concerns, “we started crossing out managed retreat and replacing it with other words like ‘not feasible here in Del Mar,’ ” says Terry Gaasterland, who chaired the city’s Sea Level Rise Advisory Committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The City Council even went as far as to pass a resolution banning future city councils from planning for retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were practical reasons for the decision, Gaasterland says. The median home value in Del Mar is about $2.5 million, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.zillow.com/del-mar-ca/home-values/\">real estate market app Zillow\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One oceanfront house in Imperato’s neighborhood is listed for sale for $24 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In Del Mar, market value of all the properties in the managed retreat zone is estimated at $1.5 billion,” Gaasterland says. “Who’s going to pay for that? Certainly not the city of Del Mar.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another problem is the topography of the area. There are bluffs to the north and south of Del Mar, making relocation of residents nearly impossible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, the town approved a plan that included strategies like sand replenishment for its beaches and dredging of the San Dieguito River to lessen the chance of flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That plan was sent to the state’s coastal commission, where it’s waiting for review.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11709956\">MAP: See Whether Your Home Is at Risk From Rising Seas\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca>\u003cimg alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The California Coastal Commission, for its part, isn’t penalizing cities that don’t embrace the idea of managed retreat. Madeline Cavalieri, a manager with the commission, says there’s no one-size-fits-all solution for dealing with sea-level rise; different cities need to consider a combination of different strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea, though, is to prepare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Over the past however many years, people have thought, ‘Well I’m purchasing a home, I’m buying a property, this property is going to be here forever.’ We now understand with sea-level rise that there are going to be locations where we can no longer count on the fact that house is going to be there in perpetuity,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>End of the line\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homeowners like Imperato are not denying that sea-level rise is happening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and others in Del Mar will tell you that they’ve seen the beach shrink and the high tide creep ever higher. But for many, the more devastating effects still seem far away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not worried about the actual hazard because you can accept Mother Nature, and that may happen 100 years from now,” Imperato says, “What we’re afraid of is the regulations that are going to affect us today or tomorrow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imperato, like many homeowners in Del Mar, was happy that the city said no to managed retreat, but he’s still frustrated that it was considered in the first place. He believes damage to property values has already been done and says he has told a real estate agent to “pocket list” his house.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\">Like It Or Not, the Water Is Coming: Will the Bay Area Defend Against Rising Seas, or Embrace Them?\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1924579/like-it-or-not-the-water-is-coming-will-the-bay-area-defend-against-rising-seas-or-embrace-them\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/38628863865_434d8ddc2b_o-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pocket listing is you want to sell your house, but you don’t want to put a sign up with everyone else because then it’s a race to the bottom,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dwight Worden, a city councilman who serves as Del Mar’s mayor, is sympathetic to those concerns but says the city needed to consider managed retreat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you pretend that you did a scientific study of risks and options in your community, but you didn’t study retreat, your study has no credibility,” he says. “It needs to be studied.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worden agrees that in Del Mar, managed retreat does not make sense. He doesn’t believe it’s feasible. But he’s also realistic about the challenge sea-level rise presents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At some point you’re left with two options. You either organize a retreat, or you do what’s called evacuation and you call FEMA because you’re flooded out,” he says. “We realize that’s the end of the line. But we want to try Plan A. And if Plan A doesn’t work, we think there may be a Plan B. We want to do everything else we can first.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, he says, the city would rather hold off the water as long as it can.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org.\">https://www.npr.org.\u003c/a>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=%27Retreat%27+Is+Not+An+Option+As+A+California+Beach+Town+Plans+For+Rising+Seas&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Democrats Pick Nancy Pelosi as House Speaker, Despite Earlier Internal Opposition",
"title": "Democrats Pick Nancy Pelosi as House Speaker, Despite Earlier Internal Opposition",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>House Democrats nominated Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi to serve as the next speaker of the House. If approved by the full House, Pelosi would again wield the gavel in January — a dozen years after she became the first female speaker in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote was 203 voting for Pelosi, 32 opposing her and three members leaving their ballot blank. One member was absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a year of party angst about needing fresh and younger faces in leadership, House Democrats will almost certainly emerge from their internal caucus election with the same three people in its top three posts: Nancy Pelosi, Steny Hoyer and James Clyburn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret Democratic ballot is the first of two key elections Pelosi needs to win to officially become the first House speaker since Sam Rayburn to hold the post, then go into the minority and then win the job again. Pelosi was speaker from 2007 to 2011, the last time the Democrats held the chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full House of Representatives will formally vote on its next speaker on Jan. 3, the first day of Congress' next session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters as the votes were being counted down the hall, Pelosi said it was \"so inspiring to hear my colleagues place my name in nomination once again for speaker of the House.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the internal vote, Pelosi had faced the most serious challenge of her leadership tenure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixteen House Democrats had signed a letter vowing to oppose her in January's floor vote for House speaker. While it was not enough to block Pelosi from being selected on Wednesday, the figure was just shy of the threshold of votes needed to keep Pelosi from winning the needed 218 votes on the House floor in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things have happened since the anti-Pelosi letter emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Democrats continued to win House races that had been too close to call on election night, slowly building their majority to what could ultimately be a 40-seat gain. Every additional Democrat-held seat gives Pelosi more space to win the speakership, even with several Democrats voting against her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, Pelosi successfully defused the letter's threat by winning support from Ohio Rep. Marcia Fudge, the one Democrat who had considered challenging Pelosi for the speakership. Pelosi cut a deal with Fudge, creating a new House subcommittee on elections and naming Fudge as the chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi took a similar approach with several other House Democrats who had either promised to vote against her or had refused to say which way they would cast their ballots. She got New York Rep. Brian Higgins to go from signing the letter to endorsing her speaker bid by promising to work with Higgins on two of his priorities: lowering the age for Medicare eligibility and improving infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to selecting their nominee for speaker, Democrats are choosing their majority leader, majority whip and several other leadership positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one small surprise, 48-year-old Rep. Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., was elected as caucus chair, defeating Rep. Barbara Lee of California for the fourth-ranking leadership position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Democrats+Pick+Nancy+Pelosi+As+House+Speaker%2C+Despite+Earlier+Internal+Opposition&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The caucus vote is just the first of two key elections Pelosi needs to win. The full House formally votes on its next speaker on Jan. 3, the first day of Congress' next session. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>House Democrats nominated Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi to serve as the next speaker of the House. If approved by the full House, Pelosi would again wield the gavel in January — a dozen years after she became the first female speaker in 2007.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vote was 203 voting for Pelosi, 32 opposing her and three members leaving their ballot blank. One member was absent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After more than a year of party angst about needing fresh and younger faces in leadership, House Democrats will almost certainly emerge from their internal caucus election with the same three people in its top three posts: Nancy Pelosi, Steny Hoyer and James Clyburn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The secret Democratic ballot is the first of two key elections Pelosi needs to win to officially become the first House speaker since Sam Rayburn to hold the post, then go into the minority and then win the job again. Pelosi was speaker from 2007 to 2011, the last time the Democrats held the chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The full House of Representatives will formally vote on its next speaker on Jan. 3, the first day of Congress' next session.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Speaking to reporters as the votes were being counted down the hall, Pelosi said it was \"so inspiring to hear my colleagues place my name in nomination once again for speaker of the House.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heading into the internal vote, Pelosi had faced the most serious challenge of her leadership tenure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixteen House Democrats had signed a letter vowing to oppose her in January's floor vote for House speaker. While it was not enough to block Pelosi from being selected on Wednesday, the figure was just shy of the threshold of votes needed to keep Pelosi from winning the needed 218 votes on the House floor in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two things have happened since the anti-Pelosi letter emerged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, Democrats continued to win House races that had been too close to call on election night, slowly building their majority to what could ultimately be a 40-seat gain. Every additional Democrat-held seat gives Pelosi more space to win the speakership, even with several Democrats voting against her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, Pelosi successfully defused the letter's threat by winning support from Ohio Rep. Marcia Fudge, the one Democrat who had considered challenging Pelosi for the speakership. Pelosi cut a deal with Fudge, creating a new House subcommittee on elections and naming Fudge as the chair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelosi took a similar approach with several other House Democrats who had either promised to vote against her or had refused to say which way they would cast their ballots. She got New York Rep. Brian Higgins to go from signing the letter to endorsing her speaker bid by promising to work with Higgins on two of his priorities: lowering the age for Medicare eligibility and improving infrastructure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to selecting their nominee for speaker, Democrats are choosing their majority leader, majority whip and several other leadership positions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In one small surprise, 48-year-old Rep. Hakeem Jeffries, D-N.Y., was elected as caucus chair, defeating Rep. Barbara Lee of California for the fourth-ranking leadership position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Democrats+Pick+Nancy+Pelosi+As+House+Speaker%2C+Despite+Earlier+Internal+Opposition&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "FACT CHECK: What's Happening on the U.S.-Mexico Border?",
"title": "FACT CHECK: What's Happening on the U.S.-Mexico Border?",
"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Have a question about the migrant caravan for KQED? Ask it \u003ca href=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/2414/share\">here\u003c/a> -- and we may look into it. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation at the San Ysidro Land Port of Entry has been chaotic and confusing in recent days. And reactions from the American public suggest that photos and footage from the scene serve as a sort of Rorschach test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, for instance, U.S. agents closed a major border crossing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708082/u-s-agents-spray-tear-gas-at-migrants-briefly-close-tijuana-border-entry\">fired tear gas at migrants\u003c/a> attempting to cross into the U.S. from Tijuana, Mexico. The migrants, many of whom had been part of a caravan of Central American asylum-seekers, were protesting the slow pace with which the U.S. has been processing asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708219/tear-gassing-asylum-seekers\">Tear-Gassing Asylum-Seekers\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708219/tear-gassing-asylum-seekers\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/running_112618_final-1180x758.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For supporters of President Trump who advocate a crackdown on immigration, the events of Sunday showed migrants storming a protected border, confirming fears of an \"invasion\" of migrants defying U.S. laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Trump's critics and pro-immigration activists, the scene showed American patrol agents firing tear gas at an unarmed crowd, including children, reinforcing horror over the way the U.S. is treating immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what we know about what's happening on the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the U.S.-Mexico border currently closed? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. The border has not been shut down. One port of entry was closed for a few hours on Sunday but has since reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The port of entry in question — San Ysidro — is a big one. It's the busiest land border crossing in the Western Hemisphere. An average of 90,000 people pass north through the crossing each day, 70,000 in cars and 20,000 by foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11708501\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11708501 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1198\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-1200x799.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line to enter a city sports facility that has been converted into a temporary shelter for people from a migrant caravan of mostly Hondurans who are arriving in Tijuana on Nov. 20, 2018. \u003ccite>(David Maung/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could President Trump seal the border if he wished? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. It is difficult to completely secure a border more than 1,900 miles long, but ports of entry could be shut down, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/18/trump-threatens-seal-southern-border-over-migrant-caravan-can-he/1684534002/\">as USA Today explains. \u003c/a>There is some precedent for such an action, although it's extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1428513/what-happens-if-trump-closes-the-us-mexico-border/\">Quartz notes\u003c/a>, that would only delay — not eliminate — the United States' legal responsibility to hear asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How many people are waiting in Mexico, hoping to cross into the U.S.? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11707927/long-waits-in-tijuana-for-migrants-seeking-u-s-refuge\">Caravan Members Face Long Waits in Tijuana, Alongside Other Migrants Seeking U.S. Refuge\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11707927/long-waits-in-tijuana-for-migrants-seeking-u-s-refuge\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34068_chaparral-FINAL-01-qut-1180x785.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More than 5,000 migrants from Central America have reached the border town of Tijuana, as part of the caravan that traveled some 3,000 miles. Most are from Honduras, where gang violence is widespread and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/02/12/146758628/who-rules-in-honduras-a-coups-lasting-impact\">a 2009 coup\u003c/a> triggered an ongoing political crisis. The U.S. has long played a key role in Honduran politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, more than 7,000 migrants with the caravan have reached the state of Baja California, where Tijuana is located, according to the Mexican government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there were other migrants waiting in Tijuana even before the caravan members began to arrive, reporter James Fredrick notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several hundred migrants were involved in the confrontation on Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why were the migrants protesting over the weekend?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the migrants say they want to seek asylum in the U.S., which is not illegal — in fact, the right to seek asylum is protected by both U.S. and international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, authorities at legal border crossings have been limiting the number of people who can request asylum. Only 40 to 100 people are allowed each day, Fredrick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People in the caravan who want to request asylum, they're looking at months to even be heard first by U.S. authorities, and then for that claim to be processed can take months or even years,\" Fredrick tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705361/trumps-move-to-limit-asylum-is-challenged-in-court\">Trump's Move to Limit Asylum is Challenged in Court\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705361/trumps-move-to-limit-asylum-is-challenged-in-court\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS32045_IMG_1721-qut-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Migrants were protesting that delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for CBP told NPR's Joel Rose that San Ysidro is limited by its facilities, which can hold up to 300 people, and that the port of entry can process about 100 people per day under ideal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is aware that asylum-seekers face a backlog. A report from the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-10/OIG-18-84-Sep18.pdf\">published in September\u003c/a> described the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government has encouraged all asylum-seekers to go to ports of entry, rather than along the rest of the border. At the same time, authorities are limiting the volume of asylum-seekers allowed at ports of entry. The \"competing directives\" have created a backlog, OIG found, likely causing more migrants to enter the country illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/09/666038481/trump-administration-aims-to-deny-asylum-to-migrants-who-enter-u-s-illegally\">announced new measures\u003c/a> aimed at denying asylum to migrants who enter the country illegally. A federal court later \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/20/669471110/federal-court-blocks-trump-administrations-asylum-ban\">blocked\u003c/a> that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happened on Sunday? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a peaceful protest at first, says Fredrick, who witnessed the events in Tijuana. Mexican federal police attempted to contain the crowd, but some migrants were able to pass the Mexican police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They went down into this kind of riverbank, where there is not that giant steel fence that divides the U.S. and Mexico,\" he says. \"It's a chain-link fence and barbed wire. A group of them started pushing up against that fence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, U.S. agents began firing tear gas into the crowd for the first time. Tear gas was used again several times.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708306/bay-area-lawmakers-criticize-border-patrols-use-of-tear-gas-on-migrants\">Bay Area Lawmakers Criticize Border Agents' Use of Tear Gas on Migrants\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708306/bay-area-lawmakers-criticize-border-patrols-use-of-tear-gas-on-migrants\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/TearGas1920.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was a windy day, and the tear gas drifted at least half a mile, Fredrick \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/25/670695100/u-s-closes-major-san-diego-port-of-entry-as-migrants-converge-at-border\">reported Sunday\u003c/a>. Families with children, including some far from the altercation at the fence, felt its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-eight migrants were arrested by Mexican authorities south of the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Scott, chief patrol agent of the San Diego Sector Border Patrol, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NewDay/status/1067046163881189382\">told CNN on Monday\u003c/a> that about 42 people were arrested on the U.S. side of the border, including eight women and \"a few children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the migrants threw rocks, and Border Patrol agents \"deployed tear gas to protect themselves and to protect the border,\" Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said several agents were struck by rocks but were not injured because they were wearing tactical gear, including helmets and bulletproof vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11708519\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11708519 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1310\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-1200x819.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Border Patrol agents stand watch on the U.S. side of the U.S.-Mexico border fence at dusk on Nov. 26, 2018, in Tijuana, Mexico. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the role of the military along the border? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has sent nearly 6,000 U.S. troops, including military engineers and military police, to the U.S.-Mexico border to support Customs and Border Protection. The military police are not supposed to carry out law enforcement duties, but they can protect CBP officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While local police and CBP agents have firepower, military leaders and spokesmen have repeatedly said that the military police at the border are unarmed. Secretary of Defense James Mattis said Wednesday that military police would carry shields and batons, not firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705958/u-s-hardens-border-at-tijuana-to-prepare-for-migrant-caravan\">U.S. Hardens Border at Tijuana to Prepare for Migrant Caravan\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705958/u-s-hardens-border-at-tijuana-to-prepare-for-migrant-caravan\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1061160044-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Armed Border Patrol tactical units are deployed at the border to protect Border Patrol agents. Backing up these tactical units are unarmed military police with protective shields and batons. The military police are not supposed to engage migrants but are there in a support role to back up the Border Patrol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total of 1,800 troops are in California as of Monday, an increase compared with recent weeks. Some of the military police — it's not clear how many — participated in the border action over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Northern Command said the military provided nonlethal assistance, did not have contact with migrants and were not involved in deploying tear gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not yet clear what their role was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the military have authorization to use lethal force?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has said that he's \"given the OK\" for U.S. forces to \"use lethal force\" against the migrant caravan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to a White House memo from last week, which was acquired by multiple media outlets, the decision to use lethal force is limited to protecting federal agents — and at the discretion of the secretary of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Mattis, in a briefing last week, said that the Department of Homeland Security has issued no call for lethal force. On Monday, CBP \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/moving-people-and-materials-cbp-and-dod-unite-tackle-logistics-operation-secure\">described\u003c/a> the military's role as helping put up barriers along the border — with no mention of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo expanding the military's powers was signed by White House Chief of Staff John Kelly, which is unusual. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/22/kelly-nielsen-debate-border-troops-1012547\">reportedly\u003c/a> opposed by both Mattis and Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. troops have always had the right to act in their own self-defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11708492\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11708492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Mexican border city of Tijuana, thousands of Central American migrants traveling together in an exodus known as the \"Caravan\" continued arriving in the city Nov. 15, 2018. Here, migrants rest in the temporary shelter operated by the Mexican government at the Unidad Deportiva Benito Juárez sports center. \u003ccite>(Erin Siegal McIntyre/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are the number of border crossings increasing or at a historic high? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/02/663532238/fact-check-migrants-are-not-overwhelming-the-southwest-border\">Joel Rose reported this month,\u003c/a> the total number of migrants apprehended at the border last year is actually down slightly, to about 521,000, and remains far below the numbers that were routine in the 1990s and 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference, according to the Trump administration, is the kind of migrants turning up at the border. In the past, migrants were largely single adults who could be deported quickly. Today's migrants are more likely from Central America and part of family units. That means they have greater protections under U.S. law, and it may take months or years to deport them. In the meantime, hundreds of thousands have been released into this country, awaiting their day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has the U.S. made a deal with Mexico that would keep asylum-seekers south of the border as their claims are processed? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appears that the initial reports of a deal between the U.S. and Mexico to keep asylum-seekers in Mexico were premature, but not inaccurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> first \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/deal-with-mexico-paves-way-for-asylum-overhaul-at-us-border/2018/11/24/87b9570a-ef74-11e8-9236-bb94154151d2_story.html?utm_term=.013e07e46a26\">reported\u003c/a> on Saturday that a tentative deal with Mexico had been reached, adding that \"no formal agreement has been signed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Post\u003c/em> offered these details:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"According to outlines of the plan, known as Remain in Mexico, asylum applicants at the border will have to stay in Mexico while their cases are processed, potentially ending the system, which Trump decries as 'catch and release,'\" that has generally allowed those seeking refuge to wait on safer U.S. soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For now, we have agreed to this policy of Remain in Mexico,\" said Olga Sánchez Cordero, Mexico's incoming interior minister, the top domestic policy official for López Obrador, who takes office Dec. 1. In an interview with The Washington Post, she called it a 'short-term solution.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The medium- and long-term solution is that people don't migrate,\" Sánchez Cordero said. 'Mexico has open arms and everything, but imagine one caravan after another after another. That would also be a problem for us.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Within hours, the incoming Mexican government appeared to pull back from the deal. In a \u003ca href=\"https://lopezobrador.org.mx/2018/11/24/respuesta-de-olga-sanchez-cordero-a-the-washington-post/\">statement\u003c/a>, Sánchez Cordero declared that \"there is no agreement of any kind\" between the U.S. and Mexican governments, \"since the next president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, will take office on December 1.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the statement doesn't really deny that there have been some negotiations between the two countries on how to handle the migrant caravan. It also implies that López Obrador's incoming government cannot yet announce any deal, if there is one, because he has not taken authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706843/tijuana-struggles-to-shelter-migrants-combat-hostility-of-some-local-residents\">Tijuana Struggles to Shelter Migrants, Combat Hostility of Some Local Residents\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706843/tijuana-struggles-to-shelter-migrants-combat-hostility-of-some-local-residents\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/Peluqueria_005-e1542403507849.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The statement does say that Mexico won't become a \"safe third country\" for the asylum-seekers. That refers to a specific arrangement sought by American officials under which the Central American migrants would be required to seek asylum in Mexico rather than in the U.S. As \u003cem>The Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-and-mexico-discussing-a-deal-that-could-slash-migration-at-the-border/2018/07/10/34e68f72-7ef2-11e8-a63f-7b5d2aba7ac5_story.html?utm_term=.97ef1ac4a905\">reported\u003c/a> in July, the Mexican government never warmed up to that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \"Remain in Mexico\" policy, \u003cem>The Post \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-plan-would-force-asylum-seekers-to-wait-in-mexico-as-cases-are-processed-a-major-break-with-current-policy/2018/11/21/5ad47e82-ede8-11e8-9236-bb94154151d2_story.html?utm_term=.93fbff154c3a\">reports\u003c/a> asylum-seekers would be screened in interviews allowing them to claim a \"credible fear\" of persecution in their homeland if they return there. They also would have to establish a \"reasonable fear\" of persecution in Mexico if they remain there. Only those determined to have a \"reasonable fear\" of staying in Mexico would be allowed into the U.S. to await an asylum hearing. All others would have to wait in Mexico to apply for asylum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrant advocates say they are monitoring the reports of negotiations between the two governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are going to wait to see precisely what the president proposes,\" said Lee Gelernt, an attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in an interview with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But one thing we know right off the bat is that it cannot be legal unless they can assure all the asylum-seekers who will be stranded in Mexico ... will be safe — not only from persecution by state actors in Mexico, but by criminal gangs. And from what we know about what's going on, we see no likelihood that that is going to be true. And so because that's part of the legal analysis, whether the asylum-seekers will be safe in Mexico, we can't imagine any proposal will be legal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FACT+CHECK%3A+What%27s+Happening+On+The+U.S.-Mexico+Border%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "On Sunday, U.S. agents fired tear gas at migrants trying to cross into San Diego from Tijuana, Mexico. The migrants were protesting the slow pace with which the U.S. has been processing asylum claims.",
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"description": "On Sunday, U.S. agents fired tear gas at migrants trying to cross into San Diego from Tijuana, Mexico. The migrants were protesting the slow pace with which the U.S. has been processing asylum claims.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Have a question about the migrant caravan for KQED? Ask it \u003ca href=\"https://modules.wearehearken.com/kqed/embed/2414/share\">here\u003c/a> -- and we may look into it. \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation at the San Ysidro Land Port of Entry has been chaotic and confusing in recent days. And reactions from the American public suggest that photos and footage from the scene serve as a sort of Rorschach test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sunday, for instance, U.S. agents closed a major border crossing and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708082/u-s-agents-spray-tear-gas-at-migrants-briefly-close-tijuana-border-entry\">fired tear gas at migrants\u003c/a> attempting to cross into the U.S. from Tijuana, Mexico. The migrants, many of whom had been part of a caravan of Central American asylum-seekers, were protesting the slow pace with which the U.S. has been processing asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708219/tear-gassing-asylum-seekers\">Tear-Gassing Asylum-Seekers\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708219/tear-gassing-asylum-seekers\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/running_112618_final-1180x758.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For supporters of President Trump who advocate a crackdown on immigration, the events of Sunday showed migrants storming a protected border, confirming fears of an \"invasion\" of migrants defying U.S. laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Trump's critics and pro-immigration activists, the scene showed American patrol agents firing tear gas at an unarmed crowd, including children, reinforcing horror over the way the U.S. is treating immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what we know about what's happening on the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is the U.S.-Mexico border currently closed? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. The border has not been shut down. One port of entry was closed for a few hours on Sunday but has since reopened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The port of entry in question — San Ysidro — is a big one. It's the busiest land border crossing in the Western Hemisphere. An average of 90,000 people pass north through the crossing each day, 70,000 in cars and 20,000 by foot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11708501\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11708501 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1800\" height=\"1198\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut.jpg 1800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-160x106.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-800x532.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34148_migrant-caravan-shelter-FINAL-03-qut-1200x799.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1800px) 100vw, 1800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait in line to enter a city sports facility that has been converted into a temporary shelter for people from a migrant caravan of mostly Hondurans who are arriving in Tijuana on Nov. 20, 2018. \u003ccite>(David Maung/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could President Trump seal the border if he wished? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes. It is difficult to completely secure a border more than 1,900 miles long, but ports of entry could be shut down, \u003ca href=\"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/18/trump-threatens-seal-southern-border-over-migrant-caravan-can-he/1684534002/\">as USA Today explains. \u003c/a>There is some precedent for such an action, although it's extreme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And as \u003ca href=\"https://qz.com/1428513/what-happens-if-trump-closes-the-us-mexico-border/\">Quartz notes\u003c/a>, that would only delay — not eliminate — the United States' legal responsibility to hear asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How many people are waiting in Mexico, hoping to cross into the U.S.? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11707927/long-waits-in-tijuana-for-migrants-seeking-u-s-refuge\">Caravan Members Face Long Waits in Tijuana, Alongside Other Migrants Seeking U.S. Refuge\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11707927/long-waits-in-tijuana-for-migrants-seeking-u-s-refuge\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34068_chaparral-FINAL-01-qut-1180x785.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>More than 5,000 migrants from Central America have reached the border town of Tijuana, as part of the caravan that traveled some 3,000 miles. Most are from Honduras, where gang violence is widespread and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2012/02/12/146758628/who-rules-in-honduras-a-coups-lasting-impact\">a 2009 coup\u003c/a> triggered an ongoing political crisis. The U.S. has long played a key role in Honduran politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All told, more than 7,000 migrants with the caravan have reached the state of Baja California, where Tijuana is located, according to the Mexican government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there were other migrants waiting in Tijuana even before the caravan members began to arrive, reporter James Fredrick notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several hundred migrants were involved in the confrontation on Sunday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why were the migrants protesting over the weekend?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the migrants say they want to seek asylum in the U.S., which is not illegal — in fact, the right to seek asylum is protected by both U.S. and international law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, authorities at legal border crossings have been limiting the number of people who can request asylum. Only 40 to 100 people are allowed each day, Fredrick says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People in the caravan who want to request asylum, they're looking at months to even be heard first by U.S. authorities, and then for that claim to be processed can take months or even years,\" Fredrick tells NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705361/trumps-move-to-limit-asylum-is-challenged-in-court\">Trump's Move to Limit Asylum is Challenged in Court\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705361/trumps-move-to-limit-asylum-is-challenged-in-court\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS32045_IMG_1721-qut-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Migrants were protesting that delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A spokesman for CBP told NPR's Joel Rose that San Ysidro is limited by its facilities, which can hold up to 300 people, and that the port of entry can process about 100 people per day under ideal conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government is aware that asylum-seekers face a backlog. A report from the Department of Homeland Security's Office of Inspector General \u003ca href=\"https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-10/OIG-18-84-Sep18.pdf\">published in September\u003c/a> described the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. government has encouraged all asylum-seekers to go to ports of entry, rather than along the rest of the border. At the same time, authorities are limiting the volume of asylum-seekers allowed at ports of entry. The \"competing directives\" have created a backlog, OIG found, likely causing more migrants to enter the country illegally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/09/666038481/trump-administration-aims-to-deny-asylum-to-migrants-who-enter-u-s-illegally\">announced new measures\u003c/a> aimed at denying asylum to migrants who enter the country illegally. A federal court later \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/20/669471110/federal-court-blocks-trump-administrations-asylum-ban\">blocked\u003c/a> that effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What happened on Sunday? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a peaceful protest at first, says Fredrick, who witnessed the events in Tijuana. Mexican federal police attempted to contain the crowd, but some migrants were able to pass the Mexican police.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They went down into this kind of riverbank, where there is not that giant steel fence that divides the U.S. and Mexico,\" he says. \"It's a chain-link fence and barbed wire. A group of them started pushing up against that fence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, U.S. agents began firing tear gas into the crowd for the first time. Tear gas was used again several times.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708306/bay-area-lawmakers-criticize-border-patrols-use-of-tear-gas-on-migrants\">Bay Area Lawmakers Criticize Border Agents' Use of Tear Gas on Migrants\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11708306/bay-area-lawmakers-criticize-border-patrols-use-of-tear-gas-on-migrants\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/TearGas1920.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>It was a windy day, and the tear gas drifted at least half a mile, Fredrick \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/25/670695100/u-s-closes-major-san-diego-port-of-entry-as-migrants-converge-at-border\">reported Sunday\u003c/a>. Families with children, including some far from the altercation at the fence, felt its effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ninety-eight migrants were arrested by Mexican authorities south of the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rodney Scott, chief patrol agent of the San Diego Sector Border Patrol, \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/NewDay/status/1067046163881189382\">told CNN on Monday\u003c/a> that about 42 people were arrested on the U.S. side of the border, including eight women and \"a few children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the migrants threw rocks, and Border Patrol agents \"deployed tear gas to protect themselves and to protect the border,\" Scott said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said several agents were struck by rocks but were not injured because they were wearing tactical gear, including helmets and bulletproof vests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11708519\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11708519 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1310\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-160x109.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-800x546.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-1020x696.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1072797630-e1543359019799-1200x819.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Border Patrol agents stand watch on the U.S. side of the U.S.-Mexico border fence at dusk on Nov. 26, 2018, in Tijuana, Mexico. \u003ccite>(Mario Tama/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the role of the military along the border? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has sent nearly 6,000 U.S. troops, including military engineers and military police, to the U.S.-Mexico border to support Customs and Border Protection. The military police are not supposed to carry out law enforcement duties, but they can protect CBP officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While local police and CBP agents have firepower, military leaders and spokesmen have repeatedly said that the military police at the border are unarmed. Secretary of Defense James Mattis said Wednesday that military police would carry shields and batons, not firearms.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705958/u-s-hardens-border-at-tijuana-to-prepare-for-migrant-caravan\">U.S. Hardens Border at Tijuana to Prepare for Migrant Caravan\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11705958/u-s-hardens-border-at-tijuana-to-prepare-for-migrant-caravan\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/GettyImages-1061160044-1180x787.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Armed Border Patrol tactical units are deployed at the border to protect Border Patrol agents. Backing up these tactical units are unarmed military police with protective shields and batons. The military police are not supposed to engage migrants but are there in a support role to back up the Border Patrol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A total of 1,800 troops are in California as of Monday, an increase compared with recent weeks. Some of the military police — it's not clear how many — participated in the border action over the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Northern Command said the military provided nonlethal assistance, did not have contact with migrants and were not involved in deploying tear gas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not yet clear what their role was.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Does the military have authorization to use lethal force?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Trump has said that he's \"given the OK\" for U.S. forces to \"use lethal force\" against the migrant caravan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But according to a White House memo from last week, which was acquired by multiple media outlets, the decision to use lethal force is limited to protecting federal agents — and at the discretion of the secretary of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Mattis, in a briefing last week, said that the Department of Homeland Security has issued no call for lethal force. On Monday, CBP \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/spotlights/moving-people-and-materials-cbp-and-dod-unite-tackle-logistics-operation-secure\">described\u003c/a> the military's role as helping put up barriers along the border — with no mention of force.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memo expanding the military's powers was signed by White House Chief of Staff John Kelly, which is unusual. It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/22/kelly-nielsen-debate-border-troops-1012547\">reportedly\u003c/a> opposed by both Mattis and Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. troops have always had the right to act in their own self-defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11708492\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11708492\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/RS34171_Caravana_11152018_006-qut-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Mexican border city of Tijuana, thousands of Central American migrants traveling together in an exodus known as the \"Caravan\" continued arriving in the city Nov. 15, 2018. Here, migrants rest in the temporary shelter operated by the Mexican government at the Unidad Deportiva Benito Juárez sports center. \u003ccite>(Erin Siegal McIntyre/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Are the number of border crossings increasing or at a historic high? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No. As \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/11/02/663532238/fact-check-migrants-are-not-overwhelming-the-southwest-border\">Joel Rose reported this month,\u003c/a> the total number of migrants apprehended at the border last year is actually down slightly, to about 521,000, and remains far below the numbers that were routine in the 1990s and 2000s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference, according to the Trump administration, is the kind of migrants turning up at the border. In the past, migrants were largely single adults who could be deported quickly. Today's migrants are more likely from Central America and part of family units. That means they have greater protections under U.S. law, and it may take months or years to deport them. In the meantime, hundreds of thousands have been released into this country, awaiting their day in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Has the U.S. made a deal with Mexico that would keep asylum-seekers south of the border as their claims are processed? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It appears that the initial reports of a deal between the U.S. and Mexico to keep asylum-seekers in Mexico were premature, but not inaccurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> first \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/deal-with-mexico-paves-way-for-asylum-overhaul-at-us-border/2018/11/24/87b9570a-ef74-11e8-9236-bb94154151d2_story.html?utm_term=.013e07e46a26\">reported\u003c/a> on Saturday that a tentative deal with Mexico had been reached, adding that \"no formal agreement has been signed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Post\u003c/em> offered these details:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"According to outlines of the plan, known as Remain in Mexico, asylum applicants at the border will have to stay in Mexico while their cases are processed, potentially ending the system, which Trump decries as 'catch and release,'\" that has generally allowed those seeking refuge to wait on safer U.S. soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For now, we have agreed to this policy of Remain in Mexico,\" said Olga Sánchez Cordero, Mexico's incoming interior minister, the top domestic policy official for López Obrador, who takes office Dec. 1. In an interview with The Washington Post, she called it a 'short-term solution.'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The medium- and long-term solution is that people don't migrate,\" Sánchez Cordero said. 'Mexico has open arms and everything, but imagine one caravan after another after another. That would also be a problem for us.'\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Within hours, the incoming Mexican government appeared to pull back from the deal. In a \u003ca href=\"https://lopezobrador.org.mx/2018/11/24/respuesta-de-olga-sanchez-cordero-a-the-washington-post/\">statement\u003c/a>, Sánchez Cordero declared that \"there is no agreement of any kind\" between the U.S. and Mexican governments, \"since the next president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, will take office on December 1.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the statement doesn't really deny that there have been some negotiations between the two countries on how to handle the migrant caravan. It also implies that López Obrador's incoming government cannot yet announce any deal, if there is one, because he has not taken authority.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706843/tijuana-struggles-to-shelter-migrants-combat-hostility-of-some-local-residents\">Tijuana Struggles to Shelter Migrants, Combat Hostility of Some Local Residents\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11706843/tijuana-struggles-to-shelter-migrants-combat-hostility-of-some-local-residents\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/11/Peluqueria_005-e1542403507849.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The statement does say that Mexico won't become a \"safe third country\" for the asylum-seekers. That refers to a specific arrangement sought by American officials under which the Central American migrants would be required to seek asylum in Mexico rather than in the U.S. As \u003cem>The Post\u003c/em> \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-and-mexico-discussing-a-deal-that-could-slash-migration-at-the-border/2018/07/10/34e68f72-7ef2-11e8-a63f-7b5d2aba7ac5_story.html?utm_term=.97ef1ac4a905\">reported\u003c/a> in July, the Mexican government never warmed up to that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \"Remain in Mexico\" policy, \u003cem>The Post \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/trump-plan-would-force-asylum-seekers-to-wait-in-mexico-as-cases-are-processed-a-major-break-with-current-policy/2018/11/21/5ad47e82-ede8-11e8-9236-bb94154151d2_story.html?utm_term=.93fbff154c3a\">reports\u003c/a> asylum-seekers would be screened in interviews allowing them to claim a \"credible fear\" of persecution in their homeland if they return there. They also would have to establish a \"reasonable fear\" of persecution in Mexico if they remain there. Only those determined to have a \"reasonable fear\" of staying in Mexico would be allowed into the U.S. to await an asylum hearing. All others would have to wait in Mexico to apply for asylum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrant advocates say they are monitoring the reports of negotiations between the two governments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are going to wait to see precisely what the president proposes,\" said Lee Gelernt, an attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in an interview with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But one thing we know right off the bat is that it cannot be legal unless they can assure all the asylum-seekers who will be stranded in Mexico ... will be safe — not only from persecution by state actors in Mexico, but by criminal gangs. And from what we know about what's going on, we see no likelihood that that is going to be true. And so because that's part of the legal analysis, whether the asylum-seekers will be safe in Mexico, we can't imagine any proposal will be legal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">https://www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FACT+CHECK%3A+What%27s+Happening+On+The+U.S.-Mexico+Border%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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},
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"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
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"order": 10
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "WNYC"
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
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