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"content": "\u003cp>When federal health officials recommended the next round of COVID-19 boosters for anyone 6 months old or older, doses were supposed to be \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/09/13/1198803134/covid-boosters-updated-vaccines-fda-cdc\">available right away at pharmacies\u003c/a>. But two weeks later consumers are reporting problems. Some people are finding some stores just don’t have doses yet, or insurance coverage is not straightforward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The rollout has hit some snags,” says Jennifer Kates, senior vice president and director of the Global Health & HIV Policy Program at the Kaiser Family Foundation or KFF. “On the one hand, some of this was anticipated, but it has seemed to be a little bit more chaotic than expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kates herself was looking to get vaccinated at her pharmacy this week but her appointment got canceled. She tried going in, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"John Beckner, senior director of strategic initiatives, National Community Pharmacists Association\"]‘I don’t think the health insurance plans did a good job of updating their system in anticipation of the vaccine rollout.’[/pullquote]“The very nice pharmacist said, ‘Yeah, we just don’t have the supply. We’re not getting enough in and we’re still letting people schedule appointments,'” Kates says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of demand for the shots. Around half of all U.S. adults intend to get the new COVID vaccine this fall, according to\u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/poll-finding/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-september-2023/\"> a survey out Wednesday\u003c/a> from KFF, including two-thirds of seniors. That’s much higher than the uptake for last year’s bivalent boosters — \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#vaccinations_vacc-people-booster-percent-pop5\">about 17% of Americans\u003c/a> got those.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the vaccine manufacturers say they’ve got sufficient doses available — the problem seems to be with distribution, Kates explains. Unlike year’s past when the federal government purchased the vaccines and made them free to consumers, this year pharmacies had to buy the vaccines from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first time that the vaccines are being commercialized. They’re being largely procured, supplied, paid for in the private sector. So it’s sort of our health care system as we know it,” Kates says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problems include issues with insurance coverage. Since the government is no longer giving the shots away for free most people need to use their health insurance to pay for them. (The federal government is only making the vaccines free for the uninsured, via a temporary \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/programs/bridge/index.html\">program called Bridge Access.\u003c/a>)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For those with insurance, whether you have private insurance through your job, or you’re on government sponsored insurance like Medicare, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/infographic/insurance-coverage-of-updated-covid-19-vaccines-a-cheat-sheet/\">it should be free to you, without copays or charges.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Kates at KFF says insurers seem to have missed that memo, “or have been slow to get their systems ready to make that an easy process for consumers.” For instance, a colleague of hers tried to get the shot at a pharmacy that was out of network on her plan, and her insurer refused to cover it, “which is actually against federal law and regulations,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If no pharmacy in your plan’s network has the vaccine, insurers are supposed to cover it even if it’s out of network, Kates says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation is causing pharmacies headaches, too, says John Beckner, who is senior director of strategic initiatives for the National Community Pharmacists Association which represents independent drug stores around the country, including many in rural and urban underserved areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beckner says some pharmacies are running into problems with insurers not reimbursing them for the vaccine. This is probably because many insurance systems haven’t updated their systems to reflect new rules around the vaccine, now that the public health emergency is over, and the federal government is no longer paying for it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance plans were used to only having to reimburse pharmacies for the administration of the vaccine, not the vaccine product itself. “I don’t think the health insurance plans did a good job of updating their system in anticipation of the vaccine rollout,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pharmacies will often give the vaccine to consumers even though these issues haven’t been worked out, says Beckner. “Pharmacies are on the hook for that money until it becomes rectified.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ahip.org/\">America’s Health Insurance Plans\u003c/a>, the trade association for health insurance plans, said in a statement to NPR that insurers are covering the new COVID vaccine, and they say they’re working with pharmacies and government and others to ensure that consumers don’t face any costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pien Huang contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=This+year%27s+COVID+vaccine+rollout+is+off+to+a+bumpy+start%2C+despite+high+demand&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>The White House on Wednesday unveiled a new climate jobs training program that it says could put 20,000 people to work in its first year on projects like restoring land, improving communities’ resilience to natural disasters and deploying clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Climate Corps is modeled after a program that put millions to work during the Great Depression. President Biden’s climate policy adviser Ali Zaidi told reporters that the program has broader goals beyond addressing the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re opening up pathways to good-paying careers, lifetimes of being involved in the work of making our communities more fair, more sustainable, more resilient,” Zaidi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/climatecorps\">will pay\u003c/a> participants, and most positions will not require previous experience. The administration is also proposing new regulations aimed at making it easier for participants to enter the federal public service after the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The announcement has been in the works for some time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Biden first called for the government to find a way to establish a “civilian climate corps” in \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/\">an executive order\u003c/a> during his first week in office. The president said that he hoped the corps would “mobilize the next generation of conservation and resilience workers and maximize the creation of accessible training opportunities and good jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=science_1975362,science_1974354]The idea of a climate corps began with progressive environmental activist groups, including the youth-led Sunrise Movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need millions of people, especially young people, employed to do the essential work of averting climate catastrophe and building a fair and equitable new economy,” said Varshini Prakash, the group’s executive director, who has advised the White House on climate issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am thrilled to say that the White House has been responsive to our generation’s demand for a Climate Corps and that President Biden acknowledges that this is just the beginning of building the climate workforce of the future,” Prakash told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Biden has been criticized by young climate activists\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When he took office, Biden named tackling climate change as one of his top four priorities, and announced a goal of slashing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions to half of 2005 levels by the end of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=science_1977314 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/10/RS52222_20053211553_b881fb31f1_5k-qut-1020x679.jpg']His 2022 Inflation Reduction Act — some $369 billion in climate incentives and spending — is expected to get the country close to that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Biden has faced intense criticism from some factions of the environmental movement, particularly after he approved a large-scale drilling project known as Willow in northern Alaska. That decision directly contradicted a campaign pledge to bar all new drilling on federal lands, and polling showed a decline in his approval ratings on climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, Biden barred federal drilling on millions of acres of federal property, a measure aimed at wooing back the young, climate-conscious voters who played an important role in his electoral coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Climate Corps is more modest than some had hoped\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers including Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., and Sen. Ed Markey, D-Mass., had pushed for more funding for the climate corps program, but that did not transpire, meaning the program is likely to be smaller in scope than \u003ca href=\"https://www.bennet.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/1/e/1e00cd03-22fc-4e98-a85b-06149fa4dcf1/02C7F1CDCECB0A2A2CACBFFA162AEF3B.ccc-letter---final-signed-004-.pdf\">early proposals (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also much smaller than its predecessor: the Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal-era program that ran for ten years and employed millions restoring public lands and building infrastructure for the country’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is another key difference, too. While the Conservation Corps primarily employed young, white men, the White House says that the American Climate Corps is designed to attract participants from disadvantaged communities disproportionately impacted by the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org.\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The White House on Wednesday unveiled a new climate jobs training program that it says could put 20,000 people to work in its first year on projects like restoring land, improving communities’ resilience to natural disasters and deploying clean energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Climate Corps is modeled after a program that put millions to work during the Great Depression. President Biden’s climate policy adviser Ali Zaidi told reporters that the program has broader goals beyond addressing the climate crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re opening up pathways to good-paying careers, lifetimes of being involved in the work of making our communities more fair, more sustainable, more resilient,” Zaidi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/climatecorps\">will pay\u003c/a> participants, and most positions will not require previous experience. The administration is also proposing new regulations aimed at making it easier for participants to enter the federal public service after the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The announcement has been in the works for some time\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Biden first called for the government to find a way to establish a “civilian climate corps” in \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad/\">an executive order\u003c/a> during his first week in office. The president said that he hoped the corps would “mobilize the next generation of conservation and resilience workers and maximize the creation of accessible training opportunities and good jobs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The idea of a climate corps began with progressive environmental activist groups, including the youth-led Sunrise Movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need millions of people, especially young people, employed to do the essential work of averting climate catastrophe and building a fair and equitable new economy,” said Varshini Prakash, the group’s executive director, who has advised the White House on climate issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am thrilled to say that the White House has been responsive to our generation’s demand for a Climate Corps and that President Biden acknowledges that this is just the beginning of building the climate workforce of the future,” Prakash told reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Biden has been criticized by young climate activists\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When he took office, Biden named tackling climate change as one of his top four priorities, and announced a goal of slashing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions to half of 2005 levels by the end of the decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>His 2022 Inflation Reduction Act — some $369 billion in climate incentives and spending — is expected to get the country close to that goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Biden has faced intense criticism from some factions of the environmental movement, particularly after he approved a large-scale drilling project known as Willow in northern Alaska. That decision directly contradicted a campaign pledge to bar all new drilling on federal lands, and polling showed a decline in his approval ratings on climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, Biden barred federal drilling on millions of acres of federal property, a measure aimed at wooing back the young, climate-conscious voters who played an important role in his electoral coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Climate Corps is more modest than some had hoped\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Democratic lawmakers including Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, D-N.Y., and Sen. Ed Markey, D-Mass., had pushed for more funding for the climate corps program, but that did not transpire, meaning the program is likely to be smaller in scope than \u003ca href=\"https://www.bennet.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/1/e/1e00cd03-22fc-4e98-a85b-06149fa4dcf1/02C7F1CDCECB0A2A2CACBFFA162AEF3B.ccc-letter---final-signed-004-.pdf\">early proposals (PDF)\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also much smaller than its predecessor: the Civilian Conservation Corps, a New Deal-era program that ran for ten years and employed millions restoring public lands and building infrastructure for the country’s national parks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is another key difference, too. While the Conservation Corps primarily employed young, white men, the White House says that the American Climate Corps is designed to attract participants from disadvantaged communities disproportionately impacted by the changing climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org.\">www.npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Oak Fire, which burned roughly 20,000 acres west of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/a> last summer, was devastating to the area’s Indigenous tribes — including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southernsierramiwuknation.org/\">Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation\u003c/a>. The tribe is headquartered in Mariposa, California, a small town in the Sierra Nevada foothills close to the national park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really hit our community hard,” said Tara Fouch-Moore, a member of the Southern Sierra Miwuk’s tribal council. “We lost 127 households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oak Fire destroyed much more than property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These super fires, they burn so hot,” said Jazzmyn Gegere Brochini, the tribe’s cultural resource preservation manager. “The Oak Fire disintegrated absolutely everything in its path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change brought on by the burning of fossil fuels has exacerbated, in part, the frequency and intensity of wildfires. Such catastrophic fires have decimated culturally significant sites and treasures, raising questions about how to best protect them for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something the Southern Sierra Miwuk have had to grapple with. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Jazzmyn Gegere Brochini, cultural resource preservation manager, Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation\"]‘These super fires, they burn so hot. The Oak Fire disintegrated absolutely everything in its path.’[/pullquote] Gegere Brochini and Fouch-Moore said traditional plants like elderberry, deergrass and sedge used in native cooking, medicine and basket-making were destroyed by the Oak Fire — along with more permanent physical structures, such as the many milling stations carved into the bedrock by ancestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Miwuk people have used these indentations in the rocks to grind traditional medicines and foods like acorns for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And to think that something that has withstood the test of time for millennia can be destroyed by one fire sweeping through, is a sign that something is changing, and something devastating is happening,” said Fouch-Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cultural heritage and climate change closely intertwined\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Indigenous communities have long understood cultural heritage encompasses more than historic buildings and museum artifacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s also the knowledge of how to find food and how to survive or make art,” said Fouch-Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s how we coexist with the land and manage it,” said Anthony Lerma, the Southern Sierra Miwuk’s stewardship coordinator. “It’s the native way of life.” [aside postID=news_11957413 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/TribalBuyBack01-1020x680.jpg'] The tribe’s firsthand experience of the impact of climate change on cultural traditions has been compounded by displacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yosemite Valley used to be populated by Indigenous peoples, including the Southern Sierra Miwuk. “In the middle of the 1800s, as Yosemite started to be ‘discovered’ by settlers, they began to push the Indigenous tribes out,” said Cicely Muldoon, the superintendent of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government designated the area as a national park in 1890 to protect its \u003cem>natural\u003c/em> treasures. But the \u003cem>cultural\u003c/em> ones didn’t fare so well: Muldoon said the few remaining Indigenous homes were razed in 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the last permanent occupation by the first people of Yosemite still living in their ancestral homelands,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Loss of place, loss of culture\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With the loss of their homelands came the loss of their cultural heritage, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/21/904600242/managing-wildfire-through-cultural-burning\">long tradition of managing forest fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the first things the government outlawed was cultural burning,” said the Southern Sierra Miwuk’s Lerma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11961890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11961890 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A forest is left barren with charred tree trunks amid a gray clouded sky and burned earth.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1708\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A forest is left decimated by the Oak Fire near Mariposa, on July 24, 2022. More than 2,000 firefighters backed by 17 helicopters were deployed against the wildfire. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State officials made this tribal practice of igniting small fires illegal in 1850. The years of fire suppression that followed have made wildfires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Smokey the Bear’ all over the place,” said Fouch-Moore. “And now our forests are overgrown and in bad health. And they’re like, ‘Oh wait, maybe we should let the Indians do their thing.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the National Park Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) have started to collaborate with Indigenous communities to return \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/902073784/california-teaming-up-with-native-american-tribes-to-prevent-wildfires\">traditional burning\u003c/a> to the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of local tribes have helped to set prescribed burns in Yosemite National Park, among other wooded areas. The process involves rubbing pieces of wood together to generate sparks instead of using modern drip torches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/8F5UgpE5szA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tribal representatives help us identify and protect important cultural sites during a wildfire,” said Gregg Bratcher, deputy chief of CAL FIRE’s prescribed fire program. The agency worked with the Southern Sierra Miwuk and other tribes on the cleanup effort after last year’s Oak Fire. “We work with them to ensure these sites are not damaged by fire-fighting or other equipment,” he said. [aside postID=news_11958011 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/CalMattersDelta01-1020x680.jpg'] Bratcher said his agency is trying to build trust with tribal communities. Gegere Brochini with the Miwuk Nation said she is glad the state’s fire department and other agencies are now actively engaging Indigenous people to clean up after wildfires burn through. She was involved in the cleanup effort after the Oak Fire. “I did a cultural resource spot check to make sure the remains of ancient village sites were protected from the dozers,” said Gegere Brochini. “Otherwise they doze everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tara Fouch-Moore said the removal of Indigenous peoples from their lands makes it hard for traditions like cultural burning to thrive because out of context, these practices lose their meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, we can share our songs despite climate change, and yes, we can learn how to process acorn,” she said. “But it needs to be whole and within the landscape to really, truly understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation has been working for years with the National Park Service to rebuild \u003ca href=\"https://www.southernsierramiwuknation.org/wahhoga\">Wahhoga\u003c/a>, a village tribal ancestors once occupied in the Yosemite Valley. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Tara Fouch-Moore, member, Southern Sierra Miwuk tribal council\"]‘That’s how you preserve cultural heritage. By making sure people are still living it.’[/pullquote] “We’re building our umachas, which are the bark houses. We are building our roundhouse and we’re going to have that area to do our ceremonies and our cultural events,” said Fouch-Moore. She expects the project to be completed within the next few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fouch-Moore said Wahhoga will enable her people to tell their own stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how you preserve cultural heritage,” she said. “By making sure people are still living it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Oak Fire, which burned roughly 20,000 acres west of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/yose/index.htm\">Yosemite National Park\u003c/a> last summer, was devastating to the area’s Indigenous tribes — including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.southernsierramiwuknation.org/\">Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation\u003c/a>. The tribe is headquartered in Mariposa, California, a small town in the Sierra Nevada foothills close to the national park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really hit our community hard,” said Tara Fouch-Moore, a member of the Southern Sierra Miwuk’s tribal council. “We lost 127 households.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Oak Fire destroyed much more than property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These super fires, they burn so hot,” said Jazzmyn Gegere Brochini, the tribe’s cultural resource preservation manager. “The Oak Fire disintegrated absolutely everything in its path.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change brought on by the burning of fossil fuels has exacerbated, in part, the frequency and intensity of wildfires. Such catastrophic fires have decimated culturally significant sites and treasures, raising questions about how to best protect them for the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s something the Southern Sierra Miwuk have had to grapple with. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Gegere Brochini and Fouch-Moore said traditional plants like elderberry, deergrass and sedge used in native cooking, medicine and basket-making were destroyed by the Oak Fire — along with more permanent physical structures, such as the many milling stations carved into the bedrock by ancestors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Miwuk people have used these indentations in the rocks to grind traditional medicines and foods like acorns for thousands of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And to think that something that has withstood the test of time for millennia can be destroyed by one fire sweeping through, is a sign that something is changing, and something devastating is happening,” said Fouch-Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cultural heritage and climate change closely intertwined\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Indigenous communities have long understood cultural heritage encompasses more than historic buildings and museum artifacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s also the knowledge of how to find food and how to survive or make art,” said Fouch-Moore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s how we coexist with the land and manage it,” said Anthony Lerma, the Southern Sierra Miwuk’s stewardship coordinator. “It’s the native way of life.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> The tribe’s firsthand experience of the impact of climate change on cultural traditions has been compounded by displacement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Yosemite Valley used to be populated by Indigenous peoples, including the Southern Sierra Miwuk. “In the middle of the 1800s, as Yosemite started to be ‘discovered’ by settlers, they began to push the Indigenous tribes out,” said Cicely Muldoon, the superintendent of Yosemite National Park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The federal government designated the area as a national park in 1890 to protect its \u003cem>natural\u003c/em> treasures. But the \u003cem>cultural\u003c/em> ones didn’t fare so well: Muldoon said the few remaining Indigenous homes were razed in 1969.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was the last permanent occupation by the first people of Yosemite still living in their ancestral homelands,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Loss of place, loss of culture\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>With the loss of their homelands came the loss of their cultural heritage, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/21/904600242/managing-wildfire-through-cultural-burning\">long tradition of managing forest fires\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the first things the government outlawed was cultural burning,” said the Southern Sierra Miwuk’s Lerma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11961890\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11961890 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A forest is left barren with charred tree trunks amid a gray clouded sky and burned earth.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1708\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-1536x1025.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/09/GettyImages-1242099861-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A forest is left decimated by the Oak Fire near Mariposa, on July 24, 2022. More than 2,000 firefighters backed by 17 helicopters were deployed against the wildfire. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State officials made this tribal practice of igniting small fires illegal in 1850. The years of fire suppression that followed have made wildfires worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“‘Smokey the Bear’ all over the place,” said Fouch-Moore. “And now our forests are overgrown and in bad health. And they’re like, ‘Oh wait, maybe we should let the Indians do their thing.'”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, the National Park Service and the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) have started to collaborate with Indigenous communities to return \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/08/13/902073784/california-teaming-up-with-native-american-tribes-to-prevent-wildfires\">traditional burning\u003c/a> to the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of local tribes have helped to set prescribed burns in Yosemite National Park, among other wooded areas. The process involves rubbing pieces of wood together to generate sparks instead of using modern drip torches.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/8F5UgpE5szA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/8F5UgpE5szA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“Tribal representatives help us identify and protect important cultural sites during a wildfire,” said Gregg Bratcher, deputy chief of CAL FIRE’s prescribed fire program. The agency worked with the Southern Sierra Miwuk and other tribes on the cleanup effort after last year’s Oak Fire. “We work with them to ensure these sites are not damaged by fire-fighting or other equipment,” he said. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> Bratcher said his agency is trying to build trust with tribal communities. Gegere Brochini with the Miwuk Nation said she is glad the state’s fire department and other agencies are now actively engaging Indigenous people to clean up after wildfires burn through. She was involved in the cleanup effort after the Oak Fire. “I did a cultural resource spot check to make sure the remains of ancient village sites were protected from the dozers,” said Gegere Brochini. “Otherwise they doze everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Tara Fouch-Moore said the removal of Indigenous peoples from their lands makes it hard for traditions like cultural burning to thrive because out of context, these practices lose their meaning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, we can share our songs despite climate change, and yes, we can learn how to process acorn,” she said. “But it needs to be whole and within the landscape to really, truly understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation has been working for years with the National Park Service to rebuild \u003ca href=\"https://www.southernsierramiwuknation.org/wahhoga\">Wahhoga\u003c/a>, a village tribal ancestors once occupied in the Yosemite Valley. \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘That’s how you preserve cultural heritage. By making sure people are still living it.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> “We’re building our umachas, which are the bark houses. We are building our roundhouse and we’re going to have that area to do our ceremonies and our cultural events,” said Fouch-Moore. She expects the project to be completed within the next few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fouch-Moore said Wahhoga will enable her people to tell their own stories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how you preserve cultural heritage,” she said. “By making sure people are still living it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Some women and nonbinary drivers for Lyft can now match up with women and nonbinary riders, using a new feature launched by the rideshare service earlier this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The in-app option, called Women+ Connect, was added to Lyft’s services in a move to improve safety after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11773435/lyft-announces-new-safety-features-following-sexual-assault-lawsuit\">a raft of lawsuits\u003c/a> in recent years accused the company of failing to protect passengers and drivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also designed to boost the number of women and nonbinary drivers working for the San Francisco-based company. Currently they make up just 23% of the drivers on the platform, according to Lyft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This highly requested feature offers more control over the driving experience for women and nonbinary people, allowing them to feel that much more confident. And with fewer barriers to driving, more women can access flexible earning opportunities,” Lyft said in a \u003ca href=\"https://www.lyft.com/blog/posts/women-plus-connect\">statement\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drivers can choose to turn on a preference in the Lyft app to prioritize matches with other nearby women and nonbinary riders. It’s the same opt-in type of deal for riders. But it’s not a guarantee. If no riders or drivers matching the descriptions are nearby, they will still be paired up with men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The added service is only being rolled out in San Francisco, San José, San Diego, Phoenix and Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft and its primary rival, Uber, have come under increasing scrutiny over safety issues, especially sexual assaults, since launching more than a decade ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last September, Lyft was hit with \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/09/01/1120391757/lyft-lawsuits-assault-allegations'\">17 lawsuits \u003c/a>brought by users, claiming the company failed to protect passengers and drivers from physical and sexual assault. In 2019, it faced another similar \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11772148/14-women-allegedly-assaulted-by-lyft-drivers-sue-the-company\">wave of lawsuits\u003c/a> from women riders who accused the company of knowing about alleged attacks by predatory drivers for years but doing nothing to address the issue.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=news_11789891,news_11789655,news_11688338,news_11772148]It was this series of legal filings that prompted Lyft to \u003ca href=\"https://blog.lyft.com/posts/reinforcing-lyfts-commitment-to-safety\">announce added safety measures\u003c/a>, including an emergency call button on its app, new training for drivers and a “smart trip check in” that aims to sense when a trip has “unexplained delays” and pings a rider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in June 2022, Lyft reached a $25 million settlement to resolve a shareholder class-action lawsuit that claimed the company concealed safety problems, including sexual assaults by drivers, prior to its 2019 initial public offering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft did not respond to NPR’s request for comment or updated data on driver and user safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://assets.ctfassets.net/q8mvene1wzq4/4t8IQ1XZ3dhEzYRKOzUMid/e1d2a6094ac15e4c2fd7a2462675850b/Community_Safety_Report_Appendix.pdf\">2021 community safety report (PDF)\u003c/a> issued by the company, revealed that more than 4,000 people were assaulted during Lyft rides from 2017–2019. Of those, 320 were attacks of “attempted non-consensual sexual penetration” and 360 were assaults involving “non-consensual sexual penetration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report included 10 fatal assaults from 2017 through 2019, “involving an individual using the Lyft platform.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the company said that while grim, statistically the numbers are minuscule given the millions of rides offered each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more recent \u003ca href=\"https://uber.app.box.com/s/vkx4zgwy6sxx2t2618520xt35rix022h?uclick_id=caa301b1-9f51-4a99-ac42-585420161ed5\">analysis \u003c/a>from Uber showed that company received 3,824 reports of sexual assault and misconduct from 2019 to 2020. According to Uber, riders were the accused party in 43% of the incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human Rights Campaign chief of staff, Jay Brown called the new feature an inclusive product that’s coming “at a time when so many companies are shying away from explicit inclusion of transgender and non-binary people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown added: “When rideshare is better for these folks, it’s better for everyone, and we at HRC stand behind that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>It was this series of legal filings that prompted Lyft to \u003ca href=\"https://blog.lyft.com/posts/reinforcing-lyfts-commitment-to-safety\">announce added safety measures\u003c/a>, including an emergency call button on its app, new training for drivers and a “smart trip check in” that aims to sense when a trip has “unexplained delays” and pings a rider.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in June 2022, Lyft reached a $25 million settlement to resolve a shareholder class-action lawsuit that claimed the company concealed safety problems, including sexual assaults by drivers, prior to its 2019 initial public offering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lyft did not respond to NPR’s request for comment or updated data on driver and user safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://assets.ctfassets.net/q8mvene1wzq4/4t8IQ1XZ3dhEzYRKOzUMid/e1d2a6094ac15e4c2fd7a2462675850b/Community_Safety_Report_Appendix.pdf\">2021 community safety report (PDF)\u003c/a> issued by the company, revealed that more than 4,000 people were assaulted during Lyft rides from 2017–2019. Of those, 320 were attacks of “attempted non-consensual sexual penetration” and 360 were assaults involving “non-consensual sexual penetration.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report included 10 fatal assaults from 2017 through 2019, “involving an individual using the Lyft platform.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the company said that while grim, statistically the numbers are minuscule given the millions of rides offered each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A more recent \u003ca href=\"https://uber.app.box.com/s/vkx4zgwy6sxx2t2618520xt35rix022h?uclick_id=caa301b1-9f51-4a99-ac42-585420161ed5\">analysis \u003c/a>from Uber showed that company received 3,824 reports of sexual assault and misconduct from 2019 to 2020. According to Uber, riders were the accused party in 43% of the incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Human Rights Campaign chief of staff, Jay Brown called the new feature an inclusive product that’s coming “at a time when so many companies are shying away from explicit inclusion of transgender and non-binary people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brown added: “When rideshare is better for these folks, it’s better for everyone, and we at HRC stand behind that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "San Francisco Considers Lifting Ferry Building 7 Feet in Bid to Save Waterfront From the Sea",
"headTitle": "San Francisco Considers Lifting Ferry Building 7 Feet in Bid to Save Waterfront From the Sea | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco’s waterfront is on the\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/node/6543\"> National Register of Historic Places\u003c/a> for good reason. Its picturesque old landmarks, like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge, have been featured in many vintage books, TV shows and movies — from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series \u003cem>The Streets of San Francisco\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of San Francisco’s waterfront, however, isn’t secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s urban shoreline on its list of the\u003ca href=\"https://savingplaces.org/press-center/media-resources/san-franciscos-embarcadero-historic-district-named-to-national-trusts-2016-11-most-endangered-list\"> U.S.’s most endangered historic places\u003c/a>, in part because of the threat of sea level rise. Now, San Francisco is considering drastic measures to save its historic shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Sanaz Tahernia, digital health care professional\"]‘The Ferry Building, if you wanna raise it seven feet, that’s gonna save the Ferry Building. But what’s gonna happen to the rest of the city?’[/pullquote]The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change. St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growing magnitude and frequency of the climate-related threats, the high costs and effort involved in saving heritage sites, and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t, can make it hard for cities to know where their priorities lie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects right at the waterfront,” said Elaine Forbes, executive director of the Port of San Francisco. The agency manages a 7.5-mile stretch of the city’s Bay-facing waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she watched the ferries come and go on a sunny afternoon near her office at one of the city’s recently renovated historic piers, Forbes said sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years. The state estimates the water could rise roughly up to two and a half feet above its current level by 2060, and potentially up to seven feet by the turn of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say it’s clear by mid-century we need to have had intervention,” Forbes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is figuring out how to strengthen its sea wall, sections of which are 140 years old. It also plans to physically move some of the waterfront’s historic structures out of harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most prominent of these is the Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for sea level rise, which is coming, we may need to lift this building up to seven feet,” Forbes said, gazing up at the heavily-touristed landmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferry Building sits in the middle of the waterfront. It’s been a beacon to incoming ferry riders since the late 1890s. The high end boutiques and gourmet eateries inside attract droves of visitors. It’s hard to imagine what it will take to physically raise the enormous white structure with its soaring clock-tower up that high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard loud and clear everywhere: It’s to be saved,” Forbes said, adding that this will happen — no matter the cost or effort involved. The specifics of the project have yet to be released.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘What’s gonna happen to the rest of the city?’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Since 2017, the city has conducted extensive studies and outreach to help determine how to make its shoreline more resilient. Last year, it sought feedback on a set of proposed strategies through public meetings, focus groups and shoreline walks. A\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/files/2023-02/WRP%20-%20Draft%20Waterfront%20Adaptation%20Strategies%20Community%20Engagement%20Summary%20-%202.1.23_0.pdf\"> recent report (PDF)\u003c/a> states “preserving the historic nature of the Embarcadero” — that’s the part of the waterfront where the Ferry Building sits — as one of the public’s priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone NPR spoke with necessarily feels the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Ferry Building, if you wanna raise it seven feet, that’s gonna save the Ferry Building. But what’s gonna happen to the rest of the city?” said Sanaz Tahernia, a digital health care professional who lives in one of San Francisco’s shoreline neighborhoods. “The community is what makes San Francisco. Not these buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tahernia is one of several people NPR chatted with on the waterfront recently about what’s top of mind when it comes to protecting San Francisco landmarks from sea level rise. They all had differing viewpoints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would just be something to see the change, if it goes good or if it’s bad,” said Raymond Tillery, a student and skateboarder who grew up in one of the city’s waterfront areas. “Like if it’s for the people or if it’s for profit or something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a shame for all these old buildings to be destroyed,” said Mary Mulcrone, a visitor from Ireland with family in the San Francisco Bay Area. “But I think all over the world with global warming, we’re going to see whole countries underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t wanna see any part of the city affected if we can do anything about it, honestly,” said Dakari Tillery, a security guard at the Ferry Building and San Francisco native.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Saving the city’s shoreline\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Preserving historic buildings is just a small piece of San Francisco’s overall\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/wrp\"> Waterfront Resilience Program\u003c/a>. Other priorities include beefing up emergency response systems and protecting natural habitats.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"science_1982800,science_1979603,science_1982875\"]The Port of San Francisco estimates the project could cost billions of dollars. Forbes said there are tough decisions to make around safeguarding the future of the city’s waterfront cultural heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to NPR, San Francisco’s Port Authority said ongoing community feedback is helping to inform its draft plan for saving the city’s shoreline. That plan is expected to be released early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where heritage is often most vital is where it is lived and used,” said Marcy Rockman, a Washington, D.C.-based consultant and researcher focused on the impact of human-caused climate change on cultural heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockman said all neighborhoods have heritage, not just ones with plaques on the buildings. She said she hopes San Francisco’s approach will balance care for less visible yet deeply valuable aspects of the city, with prominent heritage places like the Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot hold back the sea. But we can carry forward some of what’s important about this place,” Rockman said. “What would you like that to be?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=San+Francisco+considers+lifting+the+Ferry+Building+by+7+feet+to+save+it+from+the+sea&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco’s waterfront is on the\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/node/6543\"> National Register of Historic Places\u003c/a> for good reason. Its picturesque old landmarks, like the Ferry Building and the Bay Bridge, have been featured in many vintage books, TV shows and movies — from the stories and novels of Jack London to the 1970s TV series \u003cem>The Streets of San Francisco\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The future of San Francisco’s waterfront, however, isn’t secure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, the National Trust for Historic Preservation put part of the city’s urban shoreline on its list of the\u003ca href=\"https://savingplaces.org/press-center/media-resources/san-franciscos-embarcadero-historic-district-named-to-national-trusts-2016-11-most-endangered-list\"> U.S.’s most endangered historic places\u003c/a>, in part because of the threat of sea level rise. Now, San Francisco is considering drastic measures to save its historic shoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The waterfront landmarks of many cities are under increasing threat from floods and rising sea levels brought on by human-driven climate change. St. Mark’s Basilica in Venice, Italy and the Venice Beach boardwalk in Los Angeles face similar challenges to San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the growing magnitude and frequency of the climate-related threats, the high costs and effort involved in saving heritage sites, and competing ideas about what’s worth saving and what isn’t, can make it hard for cities to know where their priorities lie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole issue of climate change and historic preservation intersects right at the waterfront,” said Elaine Forbes, executive director of the Port of San Francisco. The agency manages a 7.5-mile stretch of the city’s Bay-facing waterfront.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As she watched the ferries come and go on a sunny afternoon near her office at one of the city’s recently renovated historic piers, Forbes said sea level rise hasn’t historically been as much of a threat to San Francisco as major earthquakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the main road that runs along the waterfront have flooded from heavy rains in recent years. The state estimates the water could rise roughly up to two and a half feet above its current level by 2060, and potentially up to seven feet by the turn of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would say it’s clear by mid-century we need to have had intervention,” Forbes said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city is figuring out how to strengthen its sea wall, sections of which are 140 years old. It also plans to physically move some of the waterfront’s historic structures out of harm’s way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most prominent of these is the Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To prepare for sea level rise, which is coming, we may need to lift this building up to seven feet,” Forbes said, gazing up at the heavily-touristed landmark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ferry Building sits in the middle of the waterfront. It’s been a beacon to incoming ferry riders since the late 1890s. The high end boutiques and gourmet eateries inside attract droves of visitors. It’s hard to imagine what it will take to physically raise the enormous white structure with its soaring clock-tower up that high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve heard loud and clear everywhere: It’s to be saved,” Forbes said, adding that this will happen — no matter the cost or effort involved. The specifics of the project have yet to be released.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘What’s gonna happen to the rest of the city?’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Since 2017, the city has conducted extensive studies and outreach to help determine how to make its shoreline more resilient. Last year, it sought feedback on a set of proposed strategies through public meetings, focus groups and shoreline walks. A\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/files/2023-02/WRP%20-%20Draft%20Waterfront%20Adaptation%20Strategies%20Community%20Engagement%20Summary%20-%202.1.23_0.pdf\"> recent report (PDF)\u003c/a> states “preserving the historic nature of the Embarcadero” — that’s the part of the waterfront where the Ferry Building sits — as one of the public’s priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone NPR spoke with necessarily feels the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Ferry Building, if you wanna raise it seven feet, that’s gonna save the Ferry Building. But what’s gonna happen to the rest of the city?” said Sanaz Tahernia, a digital health care professional who lives in one of San Francisco’s shoreline neighborhoods. “The community is what makes San Francisco. Not these buildings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tahernia is one of several people NPR chatted with on the waterfront recently about what’s top of mind when it comes to protecting San Francisco landmarks from sea level rise. They all had differing viewpoints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would just be something to see the change, if it goes good or if it’s bad,” said Raymond Tillery, a student and skateboarder who grew up in one of the city’s waterfront areas. “Like if it’s for the people or if it’s for profit or something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be a shame for all these old buildings to be destroyed,” said Mary Mulcrone, a visitor from Ireland with family in the San Francisco Bay Area. “But I think all over the world with global warming, we’re going to see whole countries underwater.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t wanna see any part of the city affected if we can do anything about it, honestly,” said Dakari Tillery, a security guard at the Ferry Building and San Francisco native.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Saving the city’s shoreline\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Preserving historic buildings is just a small piece of San Francisco’s overall\u003ca href=\"https://sfport.com/wrp\"> Waterfront Resilience Program\u003c/a>. Other priorities include beefing up emergency response systems and protecting natural habitats.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The Port of San Francisco estimates the project could cost billions of dollars. Forbes said there are tough decisions to make around safeguarding the future of the city’s waterfront cultural heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement to NPR, San Francisco’s Port Authority said ongoing community feedback is helping to inform its draft plan for saving the city’s shoreline. That plan is expected to be released early next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Where heritage is often most vital is where it is lived and used,” said Marcy Rockman, a Washington, D.C.-based consultant and researcher focused on the impact of human-caused climate change on cultural heritage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rockman said all neighborhoods have heritage, not just ones with plaques on the buildings. She said she hopes San Francisco’s approach will balance care for less visible yet deeply valuable aspects of the city, with prominent heritage places like the Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot hold back the sea. But we can carry forward some of what’s important about this place,” Rockman said. “What would you like that to be?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=San+Francisco+considers+lifting+the+Ferry+Building+by+7+feet+to+save+it+from+the+sea&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "US Takes On Google in Biggest Tech Monopoly Trial of 21st Century",
"headTitle": "US Takes On Google in Biggest Tech Monopoly Trial of 21st Century | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The United States government is taking on one of the world’s most powerful companies: Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A court battle kicks off on Tuesday in which the U.S. Justice Department will argue that Google abused its power as a monopoly to dominate the search engine business. It’s the government’s first major monopoly case to make it to trial in decades and the first in the age of the modern internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/d9/press-releases/attachments/2020/10/20/google_complaint_filed_0.pdf\">case (PDF)\u003c/a> hinges on claims that Google \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925736276/google-abuses-its-monopoly-power-over-search-justice-department-says-in-lawsuit\">illegally orchestrated its business dealings\u003c/a>, so that it’s the first search engine people see when they turn on their phones and web browsers. The government says Google’s goal was to stomp out competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"US Justice Department\"]‘Two decades ago, Google became the darling of Silicon Valley as a scrappy start-up with an innovative way to search the emerging internet. That Google is long gone.’[/pullquote]“This lawsuit strikes at the heart of Google’s grip over the internet for millions of American consumers, advertisers, small businesses and entrepreneurs beholden to an unlawful monopolist,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws\">said former Attorney General William Barr\u003c/a> when the case was first filed in October 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now nearly three years later, with millions of pages of documents produced and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/technology/modern-internet-first-monopoly-trial-us-google-dominance.html\">depositions from more than 150 people\u003c/a>, the case is going to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How the internet is run is at stake\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The government’s case challenges how tech companies are able to amass power and control the products people now use daily in their lives. The outcome of the case could change how tech giants are able to do business and, in effect, how the internet is run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google, which is worth $1.7 trillion, controls around \u003ca href=\"https://www.similarweb.com/engines/\">90% of the U.S. search engine market\u003c/a>. It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/technology/google-antitrust-lawyer-kent-walker.html\">put together a massive legal team\u003c/a> and brought on outside law firms to help fight its case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says its search product is superior to competitors and that is why it dominates the industry. Google says if people don’t want to use its search engine, they can just switch to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t use Google because they have to — they use it because they want to,” Kent Walker, one of Google’s top lawyers and its president of global affairs, wrote in an emailed statement. “It’s easy to switch your default search engine — we’re long past the era of dial-up internet and CD-ROMs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Echoes of the Microsoft case, which the government won\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The last antitrust case of this magnitude took place in 1998, when the \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/atr/us-v-microsoft-courts-findings-fact\">Justice Department sued Microsoft\u003c/a>. That trial centered around claims that Microsoft illegally grouped its various products together in a way that both stifled competition and compelled people to use its products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ruled in favor of the Justice Department in that case, saying \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/04/business/us-vs-microsoft-overview-us-judge-says-microsoft-violated-antitrust-laws-with.html\">Microsoft violated antitrust laws\u003c/a> and held “an oppressive thumb on the scale of competitive fortune.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department’s case against Google is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895717/antitrust-lawsuits-google-2020-vs-microsoft-1998\">strikingly similar\u003c/a> and its lawyers are angling for the same outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That case was about a monopolist tech platform and the government won,” says Rebecca Haw Allensworth, a professor at Vanderbilt Law School who specializes in antitrust law. “And so, everybody has viewed that as a kind of blueprint for how we might enforce the laws against the current tech giants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a real test of whether or not that theory works,” Allensworth added.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Google’s exclusive deals with Apple & Samsung\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The case against Google focuses on the company paying billions of dollars each year for exclusive agreements with phone makers, like Apple and Samsung, and web browsers, like Mozilla, which runs Firefox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those agreements let Google be the default search engine on most devices. The Justice Department says that by securing this position, Google has been able to box out smaller rivals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DuckDuckGo is one of those smaller rivals. It has centered its search business around privacy and ensuring users aren’t tracked — unlike Google, which has long tracked users for targeted advertising. Kamyl Bazbaz, DuckDuckGo’s vice president of public affairs, says she’s glad this case is headed to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Google has used its monopoly power to block meaningful competition in the search market by putting a stranglehold on major distribution points for more than a decade,” Bazbaz wrote in an email. “So even though DuckDuckGo provides something extremely valuable that people want and Google won’t provide — real privacy — Google makes it unduly difficult to use DuckDuckGo by default.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A 3-month trial without a jury and the judge will rule\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the Justice Department filed its case against Google in 2020, a group of 35 states, along with Guam, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/17/947607397/google-hit-with-another-lawsuit-challenging-its-dominance\">filed a near identical suit against Google\u003c/a>. That suit will be tried with the Justice Department’s claims and also be heard at the trial kicking off on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the Justice Department are expected to cover the history of Google and how it became one of the most powerful companies on earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two decades ago, Google became the darling of Silicon Valley as a scrappy start-up with an innovative way to search the emerging internet,” the Justice Department wrote in its initial complaint. “That Google is long gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witness lists haven’t yet been released but it’s expected that Google CEO Sundar Pichai will testify. Top executives from other tech companies are also expected, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/apple-execs-lose-bid-block-testimony-google-antitrust-trial-2023-09-05/\">including Apple’s Eddie Cue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Amit Mehta will preside over the trial; he was appointed by President Barack Obama in 2014. It’s a bench trial, so there’s no jury and Mehta will give the final ruling. The trial is slated to last about three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Judge Mehta rules in favor of the Justice Department, it’s still unclear how he’d sanction Google. It could be anything from fines to a restructuring of the company, which could ultimately affect how people experience the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Editor’s note:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem> Apple and DuckDuckGo are among NPR’s financial supporters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=United+States+takes+on+Google+in+biggest+tech+monopoly+trial+of+21st+century&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The United States government is taking on one of the world’s most powerful companies: Google.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A court battle kicks off on Tuesday in which the U.S. Justice Department will argue that Google abused its power as a monopoly to dominate the search engine business. It’s the government’s first major monopoly case to make it to trial in decades and the first in the age of the modern internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/d9/press-releases/attachments/2020/10/20/google_complaint_filed_0.pdf\">case (PDF)\u003c/a> hinges on claims that Google \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925736276/google-abuses-its-monopoly-power-over-search-justice-department-says-in-lawsuit\">illegally orchestrated its business dealings\u003c/a>, so that it’s the first search engine people see when they turn on their phones and web browsers. The government says Google’s goal was to stomp out competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“This lawsuit strikes at the heart of Google’s grip over the internet for millions of American consumers, advertisers, small businesses and entrepreneurs beholden to an unlawful monopolist,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-sues-monopolist-google-violating-antitrust-laws\">said former Attorney General William Barr\u003c/a> when the case was first filed in October 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now nearly three years later, with millions of pages of documents produced and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/technology/modern-internet-first-monopoly-trial-us-google-dominance.html\">depositions from more than 150 people\u003c/a>, the case is going to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How the internet is run is at stake\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The government’s case challenges how tech companies are able to amass power and control the products people now use daily in their lives. The outcome of the case could change how tech giants are able to do business and, in effect, how the internet is run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Google, which is worth $1.7 trillion, controls around \u003ca href=\"https://www.similarweb.com/engines/\">90% of the U.S. search engine market\u003c/a>. It’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/06/technology/google-antitrust-lawyer-kent-walker.html\">put together a massive legal team\u003c/a> and brought on outside law firms to help fight its case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company says its search product is superior to competitors and that is why it dominates the industry. Google says if people don’t want to use its search engine, they can just switch to another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t use Google because they have to — they use it because they want to,” Kent Walker, one of Google’s top lawyers and its president of global affairs, wrote in an emailed statement. “It’s easy to switch your default search engine — we’re long past the era of dial-up internet and CD-ROMs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Echoes of the Microsoft case, which the government won\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The last antitrust case of this magnitude took place in 1998, when the \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/atr/us-v-microsoft-courts-findings-fact\">Justice Department sued Microsoft\u003c/a>. That trial centered around claims that Microsoft illegally grouped its various products together in a way that both stifled competition and compelled people to use its products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge ruled in favor of the Justice Department in that case, saying \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/04/business/us-vs-microsoft-overview-us-judge-says-microsoft-violated-antitrust-laws-with.html\">Microsoft violated antitrust laws\u003c/a> and held “an oppressive thumb on the scale of competitive fortune.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Justice Department’s case against Google is \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/10/20/925895717/antitrust-lawsuits-google-2020-vs-microsoft-1998\">strikingly similar\u003c/a> and its lawyers are angling for the same outcome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That case was about a monopolist tech platform and the government won,” says Rebecca Haw Allensworth, a professor at Vanderbilt Law School who specializes in antitrust law. “And so, everybody has viewed that as a kind of blueprint for how we might enforce the laws against the current tech giants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a real test of whether or not that theory works,” Allensworth added.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Google’s exclusive deals with Apple & Samsung\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The case against Google focuses on the company paying billions of dollars each year for exclusive agreements with phone makers, like Apple and Samsung, and web browsers, like Mozilla, which runs Firefox.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those agreements let Google be the default search engine on most devices. The Justice Department says that by securing this position, Google has been able to box out smaller rivals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DuckDuckGo is one of those smaller rivals. It has centered its search business around privacy and ensuring users aren’t tracked — unlike Google, which has long tracked users for targeted advertising. Kamyl Bazbaz, DuckDuckGo’s vice president of public affairs, says she’s glad this case is headed to trial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Google has used its monopoly power to block meaningful competition in the search market by putting a stranglehold on major distribution points for more than a decade,” Bazbaz wrote in an email. “So even though DuckDuckGo provides something extremely valuable that people want and Google won’t provide — real privacy — Google makes it unduly difficult to use DuckDuckGo by default.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A 3-month trial without a jury and the judge will rule\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the Justice Department filed its case against Google in 2020, a group of 35 states, along with Guam, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/17/947607397/google-hit-with-another-lawsuit-challenging-its-dominance\">filed a near identical suit against Google\u003c/a>. That suit will be tried with the Justice Department’s claims and also be heard at the trial kicking off on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers for the Justice Department are expected to cover the history of Google and how it became one of the most powerful companies on earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Two decades ago, Google became the darling of Silicon Valley as a scrappy start-up with an innovative way to search the emerging internet,” the Justice Department wrote in its initial complaint. “That Google is long gone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Witness lists haven’t yet been released but it’s expected that Google CEO Sundar Pichai will testify. Top executives from other tech companies are also expected, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/apple-execs-lose-bid-block-testimony-google-antitrust-trial-2023-09-05/\">including Apple’s Eddie Cue\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Amit Mehta will preside over the trial; he was appointed by President Barack Obama in 2014. It’s a bench trial, so there’s no jury and Mehta will give the final ruling. The trial is slated to last about three months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Judge Mehta rules in favor of the Justice Department, it’s still unclear how he’d sanction Google. It could be anything from fines to a restructuring of the company, which could ultimately affect how people experience the internet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Editor’s note:\u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem> Apple and DuckDuckGo are among NPR’s financial supporters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=United+States+takes+on+Google+in+biggest+tech+monopoly+trial+of+21st+century&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Scientists have produced the first data indicating that a variant that has raised alarm is unlikely to pose a big new COVID-19 threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four preliminary laboratory studies released over the weekend found that antibodies from previous infections and vaccinations appear capable of neutralizing the variant, known as BA.2.86.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is reassuring,” says Dr. Dan Barouch, who conducted \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BarouchLab/status/1698850719959544271?s=20\">one of the studies \u003c/a>at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was first spotted, BA.2.86 set off alarm bells. It contains more than 30 mutations on the spike protein the virus uses to infect cells. That’s a level of mutation on par with the original Omicron variant, which caused a massive surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern was that BA.2.86, while still rare, could sneak around the immunity people had built up and cause another huge, deadly wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something heavily mutated comes out of nowhere … there’s this risk that it’s dramatically different and that it changes the nature of the pandemic,” says Benjamin Murrell, who conducted \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556033v1\">one of the other studies \u003c/a>at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden.[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Benjamin Murrell, researcher, Karolinska Institute\"]‘When something heavily mutated comes out of nowhere … there’s this risk that it’s dramatically different and that it changes the nature of the pandemic.’[/pullquote]But Murrell and Barouch’s experiments, along with \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/yunlong_cao\">similar studies\u003c/a> conducted by Yunlong Richard Cao at Peking University in China and by Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://microbiology.columbia.edu/faculty-david-ho\">David Ho \u003c/a>at Columbia University in New York, indicate that BA.2.86, is unlikely to be another game-changer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For BA.2.86 the initial antibody neutralization results suggest that history is not repeating itself here,” Murrell says. “Its degree of antibody evasion is quite similar to recently circulating variants. It seems unlikely that this will be a seismic shift for the pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies indicate that BA.2.86 doesn’t look like it’s any better than any of the other variants at evading the immune system. It appears to be even less adept at escaping from antibodies than other variants. And may also be less efficient at infecting cells.[aside label='More on COVID Variants' tag='covid']“BA.2.86 actually poses either similar or less of an immune escape risk compared with currently circulating variants, not more,” Barouch says. “So that is good news. It does bode well for the vaccine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is expected to approve new vaccines soon that target a more recent omicron subvariant than the original shots. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would then recommend who should get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that subvariant, XBB.1.5, has already been replaced by others, it’s a close enough match for the new shots to protect people, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish the booster was already out,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/peter-hotez-23229\">Peter Hotez \u003c/a>of the Baylor College of Medicine, noting that \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home\">yet another wave \u003c/a>of infections has already begun increasing the number of people catching the virus and getting so sick that they’re ending up in the hospital and dying. “We need it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists have produced the first data indicating that a variant that has raised alarm is unlikely to pose a big new COVID-19 threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four preliminary laboratory studies released over the weekend found that antibodies from previous infections and vaccinations appear capable of neutralizing the variant, known as BA.2.86.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is reassuring,” says Dr. Dan Barouch, who conducted \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/BarouchLab/status/1698850719959544271?s=20\">one of the studies \u003c/a>at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When it was first spotted, BA.2.86 set off alarm bells. It contains more than 30 mutations on the spike protein the virus uses to infect cells. That’s a level of mutation on par with the original Omicron variant, which caused a massive surge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concern was that BA.2.86, while still rare, could sneak around the immunity people had built up and cause another huge, deadly wave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When something heavily mutated comes out of nowhere … there’s this risk that it’s dramatically different and that it changes the nature of the pandemic,” says Benjamin Murrell, who conducted \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.09.02.556033v1\">one of the other studies \u003c/a>at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But Murrell and Barouch’s experiments, along with \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/yunlong_cao\">similar studies\u003c/a> conducted by Yunlong Richard Cao at Peking University in China and by Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://microbiology.columbia.edu/faculty-david-ho\">David Ho \u003c/a>at Columbia University in New York, indicate that BA.2.86, is unlikely to be another game-changer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For BA.2.86 the initial antibody neutralization results suggest that history is not repeating itself here,” Murrell says. “Its degree of antibody evasion is quite similar to recently circulating variants. It seems unlikely that this will be a seismic shift for the pandemic.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The studies indicate that BA.2.86 doesn’t look like it’s any better than any of the other variants at evading the immune system. It appears to be even less adept at escaping from antibodies than other variants. And may also be less efficient at infecting cells.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“BA.2.86 actually poses either similar or less of an immune escape risk compared with currently circulating variants, not more,” Barouch says. “So that is good news. It does bode well for the vaccine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is expected to approve new vaccines soon that target a more recent omicron subvariant than the original shots. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention would then recommend who should get them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While that subvariant, XBB.1.5, has already been replaced by others, it’s a close enough match for the new shots to protect people, scientists say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I wish the booster was already out,” says Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/peter-hotez-23229\">Peter Hotez \u003c/a>of the Baylor College of Medicine, noting that \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home\">yet another wave \u003c/a>of infections has already begun increasing the number of people catching the virus and getting so sick that they’re ending up in the hospital and dying. “We need it now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The federal judge overseeing a criminal case against former President Donald Trump for interfering with the 2020 presidential election has set a trial date of March 4, 2024, brushing aside Trump’s arguments for a two-year delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Tanya Chutkan said she spoke “briefly” with a judge in New York who had been set to oversee a separate, hush-money case against Trump later in March 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg had previously said he would be flexible on that case, as long as the judges agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial in Washington, D.C., at a courthouse only steps from the U.S. Capitol where rioters ran amok on Jan. 6, 2021, falls deep into the 2024 election season — and just before Super Tuesday. It adds to a hectic legal schedule for Trump, who also faces charges in New York, Florida and Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has pleaded not guilty to charges that include conspiracy to defraud the U.S., conspiracy to obstruct Congress, and conspiracy against rights for allegedly trying to disenfranchise millions of American voters by attempting to overturn the 2020 election and disrupt the peaceful transfer of power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Setting a trial date does not depend and should not depend on a defendant’s personal obligations,” the judge said. She said setting a trial date while considering a professional athlete’s schedule would be “inappropriate” and the same would be true in a case involving a former president running to return to the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take seriously the defense’s request that Mr. Trump be treated like any other defendant appearing before this court, and I intend to do so,” said the judge, a longtime former public defender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Special counsel prosecutor Molly Gaston said the Justice Department had already turned over 12.8 million pages of discovery to the defense, including another group of materials overnight. She said the special counsel had created and shared a nearly 300-page annotated version of the four-count indictment, pointing out their evidentiary basis for each allegation in the charging document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, discovery is now substantially complete,” Gaston said.[aside postID=\"news_11957092,news_11951113,news_11918319\" label=\"Related Coverage\"]Much of that material consists of duplicate papers or pages the Trump legal team has already seen coming from his political action committee, the National Archives, the Secret Service and the work of the House Select Committee investigating the Jan. 6 riot, the judge pointed out. Many of the potential 250 witnesses in the case worked closely with Trump, who spent months trying without success to prevent some of his attorneys, top aides and former Vice President Mike Pence from providing grand jury testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an overwhelming task,” Trump attorney John Lauro said. “This man’s liberty and life is at stake. He deserves an adequate representation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauro said the trial date is “inconsistent” with Trump’s right to due process and the judge said she would note that objection for the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauro, who was hired about six weeks ago, said he had a “solemn obligation” to protect Trump’s rights, raising his voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge twice cautioned him to “take the temperature down here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy when you have the entire government amassed against you,” Lauro replied. “President Trump stands before you as an innocent man right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauro argued the case would be a complex one as he foreshadowed a number of motions he will file in the coming weeks, including an argument that the former president should be immune from prosecution because he has been indicted for “being President Trump.” Lauro said he’s preparing a motion to dismiss the indictment based on selective prosecution, because “it provides an advantage to these prosecutors’ boss who’s running a campaign against President Trump.” He said they plan to assert Trump was exercising his First Amendment rights, not violating federal conspiracy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutor Gaston said the trial should happen as soon as the defense can reasonably be ready, given Trump’s disparaging remarks about prosecutors, witnesses, the judge, and residents of Washington, D.C., which could taint the jury pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Monday, Trump called special counsel Jack Smith “deranged” and accused Biden White House officials of being “fascist thugs.” Smith attended the hearing in Washington on Monday morning, but he didn’t make any comments in or outside the courtroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The federal judge overseeing a criminal case against former President Donald Trump for interfering with the 2020 presidential election has set a trial date of March 4, 2024, brushing aside Trump’s arguments for a two-year delay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judge Tanya Chutkan said she spoke “briefly” with a judge in New York who had been set to oversee a separate, hush-money case against Trump later in March 2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg had previously said he would be flexible on that case, as long as the judges agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial in Washington, D.C., at a courthouse only steps from the U.S. Capitol where rioters ran amok on Jan. 6, 2021, falls deep into the 2024 election season — and just before Super Tuesday. It adds to a hectic legal schedule for Trump, who also faces charges in New York, Florida and Georgia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has pleaded not guilty to charges that include conspiracy to defraud the U.S., conspiracy to obstruct Congress, and conspiracy against rights for allegedly trying to disenfranchise millions of American voters by attempting to overturn the 2020 election and disrupt the peaceful transfer of power.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Setting a trial date does not depend and should not depend on a defendant’s personal obligations,” the judge said. She said setting a trial date while considering a professional athlete’s schedule would be “inappropriate” and the same would be true in a case involving a former president running to return to the White House.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take seriously the defense’s request that Mr. Trump be treated like any other defendant appearing before this court, and I intend to do so,” said the judge, a longtime former public defender.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Special counsel prosecutor Molly Gaston said the Justice Department had already turned over 12.8 million pages of discovery to the defense, including another group of materials overnight. She said the special counsel had created and shared a nearly 300-page annotated version of the four-count indictment, pointing out their evidentiary basis for each allegation in the charging document.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, discovery is now substantially complete,” Gaston said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Much of that material consists of duplicate papers or pages the Trump legal team has already seen coming from his political action committee, the National Archives, the Secret Service and the work of the House Select Committee investigating the Jan. 6 riot, the judge pointed out. Many of the potential 250 witnesses in the case worked closely with Trump, who spent months trying without success to prevent some of his attorneys, top aides and former Vice President Mike Pence from providing grand jury testimony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is an overwhelming task,” Trump attorney John Lauro said. “This man’s liberty and life is at stake. He deserves an adequate representation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauro said the trial date is “inconsistent” with Trump’s right to due process and the judge said she would note that objection for the record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauro, who was hired about six weeks ago, said he had a “solemn obligation” to protect Trump’s rights, raising his voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge twice cautioned him to “take the temperature down here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not easy when you have the entire government amassed against you,” Lauro replied. “President Trump stands before you as an innocent man right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lauro argued the case would be a complex one as he foreshadowed a number of motions he will file in the coming weeks, including an argument that the former president should be immune from prosecution because he has been indicted for “being President Trump.” Lauro said he’s preparing a motion to dismiss the indictment based on selective prosecution, because “it provides an advantage to these prosecutors’ boss who’s running a campaign against President Trump.” He said they plan to assert Trump was exercising his First Amendment rights, not violating federal conspiracy laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prosecutor Gaston said the trial should happen as soon as the defense can reasonably be ready, given Trump’s disparaging remarks about prosecutors, witnesses, the judge, and residents of Washington, D.C., which could taint the jury pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier Monday, Trump called special counsel Jack Smith “deranged” and accused Biden White House officials of being “fascist thugs.” Smith attended the hearing in Washington on Monday morning, but he didn’t make any comments in or outside the courtroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Another COVID Variant? What to Know About BA.2.86, Your Immunity and Boosters",
"headTitle": "Another COVID Variant? What to Know About BA.2.86, Your Immunity and Boosters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I’ve heard there is yet another new variant of SARS-CoV-2. Say it ain’t so!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is so. Viruses mutate, new variants emerge. That’s happened a number of times with SARS-CoV-2 since the start of the pandemic in 2020. And it’s happening again. In mid-August, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced: “A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 called BA.2.86 was detected in samples from people in Denmark and Israel. At least two cases have been identified in the United States. This variant is notable because it has multiple genetic differences from previous versions of SARS-CoV-2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact there are 35 mutations on the spike protein compared to currently circulating variants. That’s as big of a difference as there was between the original virus and the omicron variant identified in November 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spike protein is what the virus uses to enter our cells. Those mutations could potentially help the virus evade the protection provided by COVID vaccinations and prior infections, says \u003ca href=\"https://yourlocalepidemiologist.substack.com/about\">Katelyn Jetelina,\u003c/a> an epidemiologist and scientific consultant to the CDC, who writes the “Your Local Epidemiologist” blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC and the World Health Organization are taking a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not yet enough data to assess the potential of this variant to cause a wave. But the CDC said on Wednesday that, “based on what [it] knows now, existing tests used to detect and medications used to treat COVID-19 appear to be effective” for the variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also believes that BA.2.86 may be more capable of causing infection in people who have previously had COVID-19 or who have received COVID-19 vaccines because the mutations on the spike protein could allow it to evade our immune systems despite prior vaccinations and having had COVID-19. Scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of the new booster expected to be approved by mid September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And companies that make antigen tests, vaccines and treatments are testing them to see if they are effective on the variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the conclusion is that this variant poses a significant risk of triggering waves of cases due to its mutations, it will get it own name. That name, next in the Greek alphabet for COVID variants, would be pi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I have a 66-year-old friend who’s never stopped wearing a mask and still refuses to go to restaurants, movies or even socialize indoors. He has had the latest booster. Are these extreme precautions still warranted at this stage? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.mountsinai.org/waleed-javaid\">Dr. Waleed Javaid,\u003c/a> epidemiologist and director of Infection Prevention and Control at Mount Sinai Downtown in New York City. “Some people refused to mask, and others refuse to unmask. Part of it is knowing your risks, like if you are traveling in a crowded space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Javaid says we need to to be empathetic to the needs of others. “We don’t know other peoples’ risks. Some people may have serious illnesses, immunocompromising conditions, cancers, or transplants — and not share this information with their friends or loved ones.”[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation=\"Dr. Waleed Javaid, director, Infection Prevention and Control at Mount Sinai Downtown in New York City\"]‘We don’t know other peoples’ risks. Some people may have serious illnesses, immunocompromising conditions, cancers, or transplants — and not share this information with their friends or loved ones.’[/pullquote]\u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/1972/andrew-stanley-pekosz\">Andrew Pekosz,\u003c/a> a professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health, says “it’s still very, very clear” that the hospitalizations and deaths from COVID — \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#hospitalizations-landing\">currently on the rise\u003c/a> — are being driven by certain portions of the population: those over the age of 65, those with underlying medical conditions, individuals on cancer treatment, solid organ transplant recipients and people who are immunocompromised. “In my opinion, if you are in those groups that should more than justify taking a few extra precautions if you want to minimize your risk,” he says. “And I think we as a society needs to be a little bit more accepting of those individuals who feel the need to take those steps to protect themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for case counts, the end of the public health emergency for COVID means many data points on cases are no longer collected. But in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_weeklyhospitaladmissions_7dayeddiagnosed_00\">emergency room visits\u003c/a> are still tallied and are rising. U.S. hospitalizations are still reported as well and have been increasing steadily since July, based on CDC data. For the week ending Aug. 12, there were 12,613 new hospitalizations for the virus, up from 10,370 the previous week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will it take for the new booster, coming in the fall, to confer protection? A week? Ten days? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, news alert: A meeting of the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/08/25/2023-18288/advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices\">has been set for Sept. 12\u003c/a> to discuss the updated COVID-19 booster, likely to be followed by the CDC director adopting their recommendation very soon after and making recommendations on who should get the updated shot. Pharmacies and doctors offices are already gearing up to give the shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now back to the immunity you can expect. “It takes up to two weeks for you to have the best protection [from a vaccine],” says Dr. Javaid. Andrew Pekosz says for COVID the vaccines may even work a bit faster because of prior immunity people have from vaccines and from \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/burden.html#est-infections\">having had the virus.\u003c/a> “Within ten days you would detect increases in your immunity and by two weeks you should be at pretty good levels that would be protecting you from a COVID-19 infection and particularly severe COVID-19,” Pekosz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When does protection of COVID vaccines and boosters wane? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have that long-term data available yet,” says Dr. Javaid. “There are multiple factors involved. There are patient factors, illnesses, immunocompromising conditions and the ability to mount immune response depending on medications — like steroids — that suppress the immune system. There are also viral factors, like if the virus mutates enough to evade our immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, says Javaid, being vaccinated will provide some degree of protection against infection that can last for months or even years because of the body’s immune memory. This means vaccinated individuals will likely have milder symptoms than unvaccinated. And so far, Javaid says, the vaccines have held up well against severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are three vaccines this fall — the flu vaccine, the expected fall COVID booster and the RSV vaccine. Can I get them all at once?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get the flu shot and fall booster together without any interference of the effectiveness of either, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/profiles/Frieman-Matthew/\">Matthew Frieman,\u003c/a> research professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. “In fact,” says Frieman, “vaccines that would combine the two are in clinical trials.”[aside postID=news_11954507,news_11957790,news_11948759 label='COVID resources']Dr. Javaid points out that children get vaccines that combine protection — like one for mumps, measles and rubella (German measles) with no problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/coadministration.htm\">The CDC gives the thumbs up to getting the flu and COVID vaccines together as well\u003c/a> and says you can even get them in the same arm, though getting each in a different arm can help reduce short-term pain that can come with getting a vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for timing … The new boosters aren’t here yet. October is considered the best month to get a flu shot since protection can wane over the flu season, which ends in May or June. So assuming that the new booster is out by then, you could go for a two-fer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are new vaccines, just recently approved, for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/index.html\">respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)\u003c/a>, which is also a fall virus and which is most dangerous for very young kids and older adults. A vaccine is recommended for people 60+ and is available now, and another was just approved\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/08/21/1194677541/pfizers-rsv-vaccine-to-protect-babies-gets-greenlight-from-fda\"> for pregnant women\u003c/a> to provide protection for their babies from RSV right from birth. There’s also a treatment for infants that works like a vaccine to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there isn’t yet data available on whether people over 60 can take the RSV vaccine simultaneously with the COVID and flu vaccines. You may want to consult with your doctor about timing for the RSV vaccine if you are in a risk group, suggests the immunologist Pekosz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I’m over 65. Does that impact immunity from the booster? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In older adults the body may not be as aggressive in making antibodies as it in younger years, says Dr. Javaid. “This is why it’s a good idea to ask your doctor if the CDC recommends more frequent boosting for your age or for individuals in certain risk groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pekosz adds that for your average over-65er, “the immune response from the vaccine should last from four to six months in terms of protecting from severe disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And everyone should be considering the updated booster when it’s available, says Pekosz, “because the variants that are circulating now are very different from what was in the last vaccine for COVID-19.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/isolation.html\">\u003cstrong>The CDC advises\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> that people exposed to someone who has tested positive for COVID wear a mask for at least 10 days and people who test positive themselves wear a mask for at least five days. A reader asks if five days is enough for someone who is infected? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Javaid says that if you are exposed to COVID-19 and don’t develop symptoms right away, it’s good to stay masked for the CDC’s recommended time because if you do develop the virus in the days ahead, your infectiousness is highest in the first few days, and you can’t be sure when that might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s news on home tests as well. On this week’s reporter’s call, the CDC said there is some funding to send tests to libraries and public health departments so check to see if free tests are available. And also check prices since online and retail stores may sometimes discount home tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/coronavirus-resources-and-explainers\">all KQED COVID resources and explainers\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fran Kritz is a health policy reporter based in Washington, D.C., and a regular contributor to NPR. She also reports for the \u003c/em>Washington Post\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Verywell Health\u003cem>. Find her on Twitter: @fkritz\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I’ve heard there is yet another new variant of SARS-CoV-2. Say it ain’t so!\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, it is so. Viruses mutate, new variants emerge. That’s happened a number of times with SARS-CoV-2 since the start of the pandemic in 2020. And it’s happening again. In mid-August, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced: “A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 called BA.2.86 was detected in samples from people in Denmark and Israel. At least two cases have been identified in the United States. This variant is notable because it has multiple genetic differences from previous versions of SARS-CoV-2.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact there are 35 mutations on the spike protein compared to currently circulating variants. That’s as big of a difference as there was between the original virus and the omicron variant identified in November 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The spike protein is what the virus uses to enter our cells. Those mutations could potentially help the virus evade the protection provided by COVID vaccinations and prior infections, says \u003ca href=\"https://yourlocalepidemiologist.substack.com/about\">Katelyn Jetelina,\u003c/a> an epidemiologist and scientific consultant to the CDC, who writes the “Your Local Epidemiologist” blog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC and the World Health Organization are taking a closer look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s not yet enough data to assess the potential of this variant to cause a wave. But the CDC said on Wednesday that, “based on what [it] knows now, existing tests used to detect and medications used to treat COVID-19 appear to be effective” for the variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC also believes that BA.2.86 may be more capable of causing infection in people who have previously had COVID-19 or who have received COVID-19 vaccines because the mutations on the spike protein could allow it to evade our immune systems despite prior vaccinations and having had COVID-19. Scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of the new booster expected to be approved by mid September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And companies that make antigen tests, vaccines and treatments are testing them to see if they are effective on the variant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the conclusion is that this variant poses a significant risk of triggering waves of cases due to its mutations, it will get it own name. That name, next in the Greek alphabet for COVID variants, would be pi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I have a 66-year-old friend who’s never stopped wearing a mask and still refuses to go to restaurants, movies or even socialize indoors. He has had the latest booster. Are these extreme precautions still warranted at this stage? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s complicated,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.mountsinai.org/waleed-javaid\">Dr. Waleed Javaid,\u003c/a> epidemiologist and director of Infection Prevention and Control at Mount Sinai Downtown in New York City. “Some people refused to mask, and others refuse to unmask. Part of it is knowing your risks, like if you are traveling in a crowded space.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Javaid says we need to to be empathetic to the needs of others. “We don’t know other peoples’ risks. Some people may have serious illnesses, immunocompromising conditions, cancers, or transplants — and not share this information with their friends or loved ones.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.jhu.edu/faculty/1972/andrew-stanley-pekosz\">Andrew Pekosz,\u003c/a> a professor of molecular microbiology and immunology at the Johns Hopkins Center for Global Health, says “it’s still very, very clear” that the hospitalizations and deaths from COVID — \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#hospitalizations-landing\">currently on the rise\u003c/a> — are being driven by certain portions of the population: those over the age of 65, those with underlying medical conditions, individuals on cancer treatment, solid organ transplant recipients and people who are immunocompromised. “In my opinion, if you are in those groups that should more than justify taking a few extra precautions if you want to minimize your risk,” he says. “And I think we as a society needs to be a little bit more accepting of those individuals who feel the need to take those steps to protect themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for case counts, the end of the public health emergency for COVID means many data points on cases are no longer collected. But in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#trends_weeklyhospitaladmissions_7dayeddiagnosed_00\">emergency room visits\u003c/a> are still tallied and are rising. U.S. hospitalizations are still reported as well and have been increasing steadily since July, based on CDC data. For the week ending Aug. 12, there were 12,613 new hospitalizations for the virus, up from 10,370 the previous week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How long will it take for the new booster, coming in the fall, to confer protection? A week? Ten days? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, news alert: A meeting of the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/08/25/2023-18288/advisory-committee-on-immunization-practices\">has been set for Sept. 12\u003c/a> to discuss the updated COVID-19 booster, likely to be followed by the CDC director adopting their recommendation very soon after and making recommendations on who should get the updated shot. Pharmacies and doctors offices are already gearing up to give the shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now back to the immunity you can expect. “It takes up to two weeks for you to have the best protection [from a vaccine],” says Dr. Javaid. Andrew Pekosz says for COVID the vaccines may even work a bit faster because of prior immunity people have from vaccines and from \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/burden.html#est-infections\">having had the virus.\u003c/a> “Within ten days you would detect increases in your immunity and by two weeks you should be at pretty good levels that would be protecting you from a COVID-19 infection and particularly severe COVID-19,” Pekosz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When does protection of COVID vaccines and boosters wane? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have that long-term data available yet,” says Dr. Javaid. “There are multiple factors involved. There are patient factors, illnesses, immunocompromising conditions and the ability to mount immune response depending on medications — like steroids — that suppress the immune system. There are also viral factors, like if the virus mutates enough to evade our immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, says Javaid, being vaccinated will provide some degree of protection against infection that can last for months or even years because of the body’s immune memory. This means vaccinated individuals will likely have milder symptoms than unvaccinated. And so far, Javaid says, the vaccines have held up well against severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>There are three vaccines this fall — the flu vaccine, the expected fall COVID booster and the RSV vaccine. Can I get them all at once?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can get the flu shot and fall booster together without any interference of the effectiveness of either, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/profiles/Frieman-Matthew/\">Matthew Frieman,\u003c/a> research professor of microbiology and immunology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. “In fact,” says Frieman, “vaccines that would combine the two are in clinical trials.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Dr. Javaid points out that children get vaccines that combine protection — like one for mumps, measles and rubella (German measles) with no problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/coadministration.htm\">The CDC gives the thumbs up to getting the flu and COVID vaccines together as well\u003c/a> and says you can even get them in the same arm, though getting each in a different arm can help reduce short-term pain that can come with getting a vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for timing … The new boosters aren’t here yet. October is considered the best month to get a flu shot since protection can wane over the flu season, which ends in May or June. So assuming that the new booster is out by then, you could go for a two-fer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there are new vaccines, just recently approved, for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/index.html\">respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)\u003c/a>, which is also a fall virus and which is most dangerous for very young kids and older adults. A vaccine is recommended for people 60+ and is available now, and another was just approved\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/08/21/1194677541/pfizers-rsv-vaccine-to-protect-babies-gets-greenlight-from-fda\"> for pregnant women\u003c/a> to provide protection for their babies from RSV right from birth. There’s also a treatment for infants that works like a vaccine to protect them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there isn’t yet data available on whether people over 60 can take the RSV vaccine simultaneously with the COVID and flu vaccines. You may want to consult with your doctor about timing for the RSV vaccine if you are in a risk group, suggests the immunologist Pekosz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I’m over 65. Does that impact immunity from the booster? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In older adults the body may not be as aggressive in making antibodies as it in younger years, says Dr. Javaid. “This is why it’s a good idea to ask your doctor if the CDC recommends more frequent boosting for your age or for individuals in certain risk groups.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pekosz adds that for your average over-65er, “the immune response from the vaccine should last from four to six months in terms of protecting from severe disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And everyone should be considering the updated booster when it’s available, says Pekosz, “because the variants that are circulating now are very different from what was in the last vaccine for COVID-19.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/your-health/isolation.html\">\u003cstrong>The CDC advises\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong> that people exposed to someone who has tested positive for COVID wear a mask for at least 10 days and people who test positive themselves wear a mask for at least five days. A reader asks if five days is enough for someone who is infected? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Javaid says that if you are exposed to COVID-19 and don’t develop symptoms right away, it’s good to stay masked for the CDC’s recommended time because if you do develop the virus in the days ahead, your infectiousness is highest in the first few days, and you can’t be sure when that might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s news on home tests as well. On this week’s reporter’s call, the CDC said there is some funding to send tests to libraries and public health departments so check to see if free tests are available. And also check prices since online and retail stores may sometimes discount home tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/coronavirus-resources-and-explainers\">all KQED COVID resources and explainers\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Fran Kritz is a health policy reporter based in Washington, D.C., and a regular contributor to NPR. She also reports for the \u003c/em>Washington Post\u003cem> and \u003c/em>Verywell Health\u003cem>. Find her on Twitter: @fkritz\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org\">npr.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Two people dressed in dark colors and wearing masks dart into a busy street on a hill in San Francisco. One of them hauls a big orange traffic cone. They sprint toward a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1193272085/san-francisco-has-lots-of-self-driving-cars-theyre-driving-first-responders-nuts\">driverless car \u003c/a>and quickly set the cone on the hood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vehicle’s side lights burst on and start flashing orange. And then, it sits there immobile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All right, looks good,” one of them says after making sure no one is inside. “Let’s get out of here.” They hop on e-bikes and pedal off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All it takes to render the technology-packed self-driving car inoperable is a traffic cone. If all goes according to plan, it will stay there, frozen, until someone comes and removes it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anonymous activist group called Safe Street Rebel is responsible for this so-called coning incident and dozens of others over the past few months. The group’s goal is to incapacitate the driverless cars roaming San Francisco’s streets as a protest against the city being used \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957833/are-you-ready-for-more-driverless-taxis-cpuc-votes-on-whether-to-let-cruise-waymo-expand-in-sf\">as a testing ground for this emerging technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past couple of years, driverless cars have become ubiquitous throughout San Francisco. It began with human safety drivers on board, who were there to make sure everything ran smoothly. And then, many cars started operating with no humans at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re mostly run by Cruise, which is owned by GM, and Waymo, which is owned by Google parent company Alphabet. Both companies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/americas-most-tech-forward-city-has-doubts-about-self-driving-cars-d6b098e0\">poured billions of dollars\u003c/a> into developing these autonomous vehicles. Neither Cruise nor Waymo responded to questions about why the cars can be disabled by traffic cones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waymo says it has a permit for 250 cars and it deploys about 100 at any given time. Cruise says it runs 100 in San Francisco during the day and 300 at night. The Department of Motor Vehicles made Cruise \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11958630/cruise-robotaxi-fleet-will-be-halved-after-2-crashes-in-san-francisco\">cut that number in half\u003c/a> after one of its cars collided with a firetruck last week. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Street theater protests are nothing new in San Francisco\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, the California Public Utilities Commission voted 3-1 to let the two companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957833/are-you-ready-for-more-driverless-taxis-cpuc-votes-on-whether-to-let-cruise-waymo-expand-in-sf\">run their vehicles at all hours of the day\u003c/a> picking up passengers like taxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead-up to the commission’s vote prompted the Safe Street Rebel group to start “coning,” as they call it. Members have long used street theater shenanigans to gain attention in their fight against cars and to promote public transportation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coning driverless cars fits in line with a long history of protests against the impact of the tech industry on San Francisco. Throughout the years, activists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2013/12/17/251960183/in-a-divided-san-francisco-private-tech-buses-drive-tension\">blockaded Google’s private commuter buses\u003c/a> from picking up employees in the city. And when scooter companies flooded the sidewalks with electric scooters, people \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/culture/the-mad-tale-of-the-electric-scooter-craze-with-bird-lime-and-spin-in-san-francisco/\">threw them into San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then there was the burning of Lime scooters in front of a Google bus,” says Manissa Maharawal, an assistant professor at American University who has \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anti.12744\">studied these protests\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She points out that when tech companies test their products in the city, residents don’t have much say in those decisions: “There’s been various iterations of this where it’s like, ‘Oh, yep, let’s try that out in San Francisco again,’ with very little input from anyone who lives here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That gets to the crux of Safe Street Rebel’s protest. The group only agreed to speak to NPR if they could remain anonymous because it’s unclear if what they’re doing is legal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought that putting cones on these [driverless cars] was a funny image that could captivate people,” says one organizer. “One of these self-driving cars with billions of dollars of venture capital investment money and R&D, just being disabled by a common traffic cone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>First responders aren’t happy with driverless cars\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safe Street Rebel has \u003ca href=\"https://www.safestreetrebel.com/conesf/\">cataloged hundreds of near misses and blunders\u003c/a> with Cruise and Waymo vehicles over the past few months — even without traffic cones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars have \u003ca href=\"https://sfstandard.com/2023/07/12/watch-san-francisco-cruise-robotaxi-appears-to-almost-get-hit-by-bus/\">run red lights\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/file/cruise_032323-pdf/\">rear-ended a bus\u003c/a> and blocked crosswalks and bike paths. In one incident, dozens of confused cars \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/dead-end-sf-street-plagued-with-confused-waymo-cars-trying-to-turn-around-every-5-minutes/\">congregated in a residential cul-de-sac\u003c/a>, clogging the street. In another, a Waymo \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/06/a-waymo-self-driving-car-killed-a-dog-in-unavoidable-accident/\">ran over and killed a dog\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t really need traffic cones to show how vulnerable they are,” says the Safe Street Rebel organizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Cruise and Waymo say their vehicles are far safer than human drivers and compared to humans they’ve had relatively\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>few incidents. They say they’ve driven millions of driverless miles without any human fatalities or life-threatening injuries. An Uber self-driving car, operating in full autonomous mode and with a safety driver in the vehicle, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/uber-self-driving-car-fatal-crash/\">killed a pedestrian in Arizona\u003c/a> in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safe Street Rebel isn’t the only group that’s had issues with the autonomous vehicles. San Francisco’s police and fire departments have also said the cars \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1193272085/san-francisco-has-lots-of-self-driving-cars-theyre-driving-first-responders-nuts\">aren’t yet ready for public roads\u003c/a>. They’ve \u003ca href=\"https://missionlocal.org/2023/08/cruise-waymo-autonomous-vehicle-robot-taxi-driverless-car-reports-san-francisco/\">tallied 55 incidents where self-driving cars have gotten in the way of rescue operations\u003c/a> in just the past six months. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those incidents include driving through yellow emergency tape, blocking firehouse driveways, \u003ca href=\"https://missionlocal.org/2023/05/waymo-cruise-fire-department-police-san-francisco/\">running over fire hoses\u003c/a> and refusing to move for first responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Autonomous vehicles are programmed to be overly conservative\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ziwen Wan, a Ph.D. candidate in computer science at University of California, Irvine, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/autonomous-vehicles-can-be-tricked-dangerous-driving-behavior\">studied why driverless cars may be acting this way\u003c/a>. He used open source data for his research, so his findings aren’t based specifically on Cruise and Waymo. Wan found that ordinary objects on the road can lead to dangerous driving behavior. Part of this, he says, is because the cars are programmed to be overly conservative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The software can make the autonomous vehicle behave as conservatively as possible because a safety violation would be very serious,” Wan says. “But this may lead to concerns on the other side, like in some cases, even though it’s safe it will fail to drive normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That abnormal driving includes abrupt halts, swerves, erratic behavior or just stopping in the middle of the road. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traffic cone protest is an example of how things in the real world can really confound machines, even ones as sophisticated and finely tuned as this,” says Margaret O’Mara, a history professor at the University of Washington who \u003ca href=\"https://www.margaretomara.com/\">studies the tech industry\u003c/a>. “It’s a reminder that in this very high-tech world, the most low-tech things can literally put a wrench in the machine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the bumps in the road, both Waymo and Cruise are rapidly expanding their robo-taxi programs throughout the U.S. Waymo is already giving rides in Phoenix and is testing with human safety drivers in Los Angeles and Austin. And Cruise is offering rides in Phoenix and Austin and testing in Dallas, Houston, Miami, Nashville and Charlotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in San Francisco, members of Safe Street Rebel continue to go out at night and stalk the vehicles one cone at a time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Armed+with+traffic+cones%2C+protesters+are+immobilizing+driverless+cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Self-driving cars have flooded San Francisco's streets, and not everyone is happy. Street activists have been using a low-tech solution to incapacitate the vehicles.",
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"title": "SF Activists Protest, Immobilize Driverless Cars With Traffic Cones | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two people dressed in dark colors and wearing masks dart into a busy street on a hill in San Francisco. One of them hauls a big orange traffic cone. They sprint toward a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1193272085/san-francisco-has-lots-of-self-driving-cars-theyre-driving-first-responders-nuts\">driverless car \u003c/a>and quickly set the cone on the hood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The vehicle’s side lights burst on and start flashing orange. And then, it sits there immobile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All right, looks good,” one of them says after making sure no one is inside. “Let’s get out of here.” They hop on e-bikes and pedal off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All it takes to render the technology-packed self-driving car inoperable is a traffic cone. If all goes according to plan, it will stay there, frozen, until someone comes and removes it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An anonymous activist group called Safe Street Rebel is responsible for this so-called coning incident and dozens of others over the past few months. The group’s goal is to incapacitate the driverless cars roaming San Francisco’s streets as a protest against the city being used \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957833/are-you-ready-for-more-driverless-taxis-cpuc-votes-on-whether-to-let-cruise-waymo-expand-in-sf\">as a testing ground for this emerging technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past couple of years, driverless cars have become ubiquitous throughout San Francisco. It began with human safety drivers on board, who were there to make sure everything ran smoothly. And then, many cars started operating with no humans at all. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re mostly run by Cruise, which is owned by GM, and Waymo, which is owned by Google parent company Alphabet. Both companies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/americas-most-tech-forward-city-has-doubts-about-self-driving-cars-d6b098e0\">poured billions of dollars\u003c/a> into developing these autonomous vehicles. Neither Cruise nor Waymo responded to questions about why the cars can be disabled by traffic cones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waymo says it has a permit for 250 cars and it deploys about 100 at any given time. Cruise says it runs 100 in San Francisco during the day and 300 at night. The Department of Motor Vehicles made Cruise \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11958630/cruise-robotaxi-fleet-will-be-halved-after-2-crashes-in-san-francisco\">cut that number in half\u003c/a> after one of its cars collided with a firetruck last week. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Street theater protests are nothing new in San Francisco\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, the California Public Utilities Commission voted 3-1 to let the two companies \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957833/are-you-ready-for-more-driverless-taxis-cpuc-votes-on-whether-to-let-cruise-waymo-expand-in-sf\">run their vehicles at all hours of the day\u003c/a> picking up passengers like taxis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lead-up to the commission’s vote prompted the Safe Street Rebel group to start “coning,” as they call it. Members have long used street theater shenanigans to gain attention in their fight against cars and to promote public transportation. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Coning driverless cars fits in line with a long history of protests against the impact of the tech industry on San Francisco. Throughout the years, activists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2013/12/17/251960183/in-a-divided-san-francisco-private-tech-buses-drive-tension\">blockaded Google’s private commuter buses\u003c/a> from picking up employees in the city. And when scooter companies flooded the sidewalks with electric scooters, people \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/culture/the-mad-tale-of-the-electric-scooter-craze-with-bird-lime-and-spin-in-san-francisco/\">threw them into San Francisco Bay\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Then there was the burning of Lime scooters in front of a Google bus,” says Manissa Maharawal, an assistant professor at American University who has \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anti.12744\">studied these protests\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She points out that when tech companies test their products in the city, residents don’t have much say in those decisions: “There’s been various iterations of this where it’s like, ‘Oh, yep, let’s try that out in San Francisco again,’ with very little input from anyone who lives here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That gets to the crux of Safe Street Rebel’s protest. The group only agreed to speak to NPR if they could remain anonymous because it’s unclear if what they’re doing is legal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We thought that putting cones on these [driverless cars] was a funny image that could captivate people,” says one organizer. “One of these self-driving cars with billions of dollars of venture capital investment money and R&D, just being disabled by a common traffic cone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>First responders aren’t happy with driverless cars\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Safe Street Rebel has \u003ca href=\"https://www.safestreetrebel.com/conesf/\">cataloged hundreds of near misses and blunders\u003c/a> with Cruise and Waymo vehicles over the past few months — even without traffic cones. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cars have \u003ca href=\"https://sfstandard.com/2023/07/12/watch-san-francisco-cruise-robotaxi-appears-to-almost-get-hit-by-bus/\">run red lights\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/file/cruise_032323-pdf/\">rear-ended a bus\u003c/a> and blocked crosswalks and bike paths. In one incident, dozens of confused cars \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/dead-end-sf-street-plagued-with-confused-waymo-cars-trying-to-turn-around-every-5-minutes/\">congregated in a residential cul-de-sac\u003c/a>, clogging the street. In another, a Waymo \u003ca href=\"https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/06/a-waymo-self-driving-car-killed-a-dog-in-unavoidable-accident/\">ran over and killed a dog\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t really need traffic cones to show how vulnerable they are,” says the Safe Street Rebel organizer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Cruise and Waymo say their vehicles are far safer than human drivers and compared to humans they’ve had relatively\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>few incidents. They say they’ve driven millions of driverless miles without any human fatalities or life-threatening injuries. An Uber self-driving car, operating in full autonomous mode and with a safety driver in the vehicle, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/story/uber-self-driving-car-fatal-crash/\">killed a pedestrian in Arizona\u003c/a> in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Safe Street Rebel isn’t the only group that’s had issues with the autonomous vehicles. San Francisco’s police and fire departments have also said the cars \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1193272085/san-francisco-has-lots-of-self-driving-cars-theyre-driving-first-responders-nuts\">aren’t yet ready for public roads\u003c/a>. They’ve \u003ca href=\"https://missionlocal.org/2023/08/cruise-waymo-autonomous-vehicle-robot-taxi-driverless-car-reports-san-francisco/\">tallied 55 incidents where self-driving cars have gotten in the way of rescue operations\u003c/a> in just the past six months. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those incidents include driving through yellow emergency tape, blocking firehouse driveways, \u003ca href=\"https://missionlocal.org/2023/05/waymo-cruise-fire-department-police-san-francisco/\">running over fire hoses\u003c/a> and refusing to move for first responders. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Autonomous vehicles are programmed to be overly conservative\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ziwen Wan, a Ph.D. candidate in computer science at University of California, Irvine, has \u003ca href=\"https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/autonomous-vehicles-can-be-tricked-dangerous-driving-behavior\">studied why driverless cars may be acting this way\u003c/a>. He used open source data for his research, so his findings aren’t based specifically on Cruise and Waymo. Wan found that ordinary objects on the road can lead to dangerous driving behavior. Part of this, he says, is because the cars are programmed to be overly conservative. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The software can make the autonomous vehicle behave as conservatively as possible because a safety violation would be very serious,” Wan says. “But this may lead to concerns on the other side, like in some cases, even though it’s safe it will fail to drive normally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That abnormal driving includes abrupt halts, swerves, erratic behavior or just stopping in the middle of the road. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The traffic cone protest is an example of how things in the real world can really confound machines, even ones as sophisticated and finely tuned as this,” says Margaret O’Mara, a history professor at the University of Washington who \u003ca href=\"https://www.margaretomara.com/\">studies the tech industry\u003c/a>. “It’s a reminder that in this very high-tech world, the most low-tech things can literally put a wrench in the machine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the bumps in the road, both Waymo and Cruise are rapidly expanding their robo-taxi programs throughout the U.S. Waymo is already giving rides in Phoenix and is testing with human safety drivers in Los Angeles and Austin. And Cruise is offering rides in Phoenix and Austin and testing in Dallas, Houston, Miami, Nashville and Charlotte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, in San Francisco, members of Safe Street Rebel continue to go out at night and stalk the vehicles one cone at a time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Armed+with+traffic+cones%2C+protesters+are+immobilizing+driverless+cars&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "biden-proposes-vast-new-marine-sanctuary-in-partnership-with-california-tribe",
"title": "Biden Proposes Vast New Marine Sanctuary in Partnership With California Tribe",
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"headTitle": "Biden Proposes Vast New Marine Sanctuary in Partnership With California Tribe | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Biden administration is one step away from designating the first national marine sanctuary nominated by a tribe. The Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary would protect 5,600 square miles of ocean off the central California coast, an area known for its kelp forests, sea otters and migratory whales. Tribal members of the Chumash, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1192122040/chumash-tribe-california-marine-sanctuary\">who have lobbied for its creation for more than a decade\u003c/a>, would be involved in managing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of the Biden administration’s push to give Native American tribes a say over lands and waters that were forcibly taken from them. Under the proposal, the area would be protected from energy development.[aside postID=news_11940494 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/02/RS62630_rock2018-qut-1020x728.jpg']“Sanctuaries uplift local participation in ocean management, and this sanctuary will put Indigenous communities in partnership with NOAA,” says Violet Sage Walker, Northern Chumash Tribal Council chairwoman and a nominator of the sanctuary. “The collective knowledge of the Central Coast’s First Peoples, as well as other local stakeholders, scientists, and policymakers, will create a strong foundation to have a thriving coast for generations to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s father proposed the sanctuary in 2015 and the application sat idle for years. It would be located off a stretch of coastline that’s home to many Chumash sacred sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coastal waters of central California are rich with precious marine life, contain critical ocean ecosystems, and are connected to the past, present, and future of the Chumash people,” Vice President Kamala Harris said in a statement about the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association put the proposal together in consultation with the Chumash. If the sanctuary moves forward, federally recognized tribes would advise decision-making as part of a collaborative group known as an Intergovernmental Policy Council, modeled after one \u003ca href=\"https://olympiccoast.noaa.gov/management/intergovernmentalpolicy.html\">pioneered with tribes for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only one band of Chumash, the Santa Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians, is federally recognized. Other bands, like many tribes in California, are not. In the mid-1800s, Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/prologue/2013/fall-winter/treaties.pdf\"> rejected treaties made with some California tribes (PDF)\u003c/a> — a move that was kept secret for decades. Other bands of Chumash would be able to join the sanctuary’s advisory council, which also provides feedback for decisions and priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11959142\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?attachment_id=11959142\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11959142\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11959142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM.png\" alt=\"a map showing the waters off California \" width=\"1600\" height=\"1198\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM.png 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-800x599.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-1020x764.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-1536x1150.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Credit: Connie Hanzhang Jin/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new boundary of the sanctuary is smaller than the originally proposed 7,600 square miles. It now would exclude an area that is likely to be used for undersea transmission cables from future wind turbines. California’s coast has been the focus of new attention in recent years, as the wind industry looks for places to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/30/1146141123/california-offshore-wind-promises-a-new-gold-rush-while-slashing-emissions\">install the state’s first offshore wind farms\u003c/a>. The state has an ambitious goal to get 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A marine sanctuary designation would prevent wind turbines from being installed within its boundaries, as well as offshore oil platforms. Commercial fishing would be permitted in the sanctuary, as it is in most marine sanctuaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA will take public comments until Oct. 23 before a final decision is made in mid-2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s network of 15 other marine sanctuaries are monitored for their ecological health, which marine experts say helps spot possible impacts and the effects of climate change. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1192122040/chumash-tribe-california-marine-sanctuary\">Chumash tribal members are already teaming up with scientists\u003c/a> to start a monitoring program where the new sanctuary would be designated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary would make history as the first marine sanctuary to be managed with a tribe from the outset. ",
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"title": "Biden Proposes Vast New Marine Sanctuary in Partnership With California Tribe | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Biden administration is one step away from designating the first national marine sanctuary nominated by a tribe. The Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary would protect 5,600 square miles of ocean off the central California coast, an area known for its kelp forests, sea otters and migratory whales. Tribal members of the Chumash, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1192122040/chumash-tribe-california-marine-sanctuary\">who have lobbied for its creation for more than a decade\u003c/a>, would be involved in managing it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The decision is part of the Biden administration’s push to give Native American tribes a say over lands and waters that were forcibly taken from them. Under the proposal, the area would be protected from energy development.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Sanctuaries uplift local participation in ocean management, and this sanctuary will put Indigenous communities in partnership with NOAA,” says Violet Sage Walker, Northern Chumash Tribal Council chairwoman and a nominator of the sanctuary. “The collective knowledge of the Central Coast’s First Peoples, as well as other local stakeholders, scientists, and policymakers, will create a strong foundation to have a thriving coast for generations to come.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker’s father proposed the sanctuary in 2015 and the application sat idle for years. It would be located off a stretch of coastline that’s home to many Chumash sacred sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The coastal waters of central California are rich with precious marine life, contain critical ocean ecosystems, and are connected to the past, present, and future of the Chumash people,” Vice President Kamala Harris said in a statement about the announcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association put the proposal together in consultation with the Chumash. If the sanctuary moves forward, federally recognized tribes would advise decision-making as part of a collaborative group known as an Intergovernmental Policy Council, modeled after one \u003ca href=\"https://olympiccoast.noaa.gov/management/intergovernmentalpolicy.html\">pioneered with tribes for the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary\u003c/a> in Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only one band of Chumash, the Santa Santa Ynez Band of Chumash Indians, is federally recognized. Other bands, like many tribes in California, are not. In the mid-1800s, Congress\u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/files/publications/prologue/2013/fall-winter/treaties.pdf\"> rejected treaties made with some California tribes (PDF)\u003c/a> — a move that was kept secret for decades. Other bands of Chumash would be able to join the sanctuary’s advisory council, which also provides feedback for decisions and priorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11959142\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/?attachment_id=11959142\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11959142\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11959142\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM.png\" alt=\"a map showing the waters off California \" width=\"1600\" height=\"1198\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM.png 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-800x599.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-1020x764.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Screen-Shot-2023-08-24-at-5.12.42-PM-1536x1150.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The proposed Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary. \u003ccite>(Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Credit: Connie Hanzhang Jin/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new boundary of the sanctuary is smaller than the originally proposed 7,600 square miles. It now would exclude an area that is likely to be used for undersea transmission cables from future wind turbines. California’s coast has been the focus of new attention in recent years, as the wind industry looks for places to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/12/30/1146141123/california-offshore-wind-promises-a-new-gold-rush-while-slashing-emissions\">install the state’s first offshore wind farms\u003c/a>. The state has an ambitious goal to get 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2045.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A marine sanctuary designation would prevent wind turbines from being installed within its boundaries, as well as offshore oil platforms. Commercial fishing would be permitted in the sanctuary, as it is in most marine sanctuaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA will take public comments until Oct. 23 before a final decision is made in mid-2024.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country’s network of 15 other marine sanctuaries are monitored for their ecological health, which marine experts say helps spot possible impacts and the effects of climate change. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/08/10/1192122040/chumash-tribe-california-marine-sanctuary\">Chumash tribal members are already teaming up with scientists\u003c/a> to start a monitoring program where the new sanctuary would be designated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Why California's Ocean Has the World's Largest 'Octopus Garden'",
"headTitle": "Why California’s Ocean Has the World’s Largest ‘Octopus Garden’ | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Off the coast of California is an unusual “octopus garden” — the largest congregation of deep-sea octopuses ever discovered on Earth, where over 6,000 huddle around an extinct underwater volcano in the black, cold ocean depths, almost two miles below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most are brooding females that spend their days doing nothing but guarding nests full of eggs, a tedious task which can take nearly two years. It would take even longer if not for the warm water seeping from the seafloor that speeds up the growth of their babies, according to new \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg3247\">research\u003c/a> that suggests this natural incubator is why octopuses gather there in such huge numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11958992/warm-below-the-storm-worlds-largest-known-octopus-garden-discovered-off-california-coast\">The discovery\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em> on Wednesday, highlights how low-key hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor can create isolated patches of cozy warmth, hidden in the darkness, that could play an outsized role in supporting deep-sea life. Thousands of such spots could be dotted up and down coastlines, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely a special site for these animals. It’s a breeding site for this octopus. It has effects for the entire community nearby that then has spillover effects beyond that,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/person/james-barry/\">Jim Barry\u003c/a> of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in California, the lead researcher for this work. “So it’s regionally important and we still know very little about it. How many more of these are there?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A surprise in shimmering water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists found this site about five years ago, when a submersible vehicle got sent to explore some underwater hills around Davidson Seamount, a submerged mountain off the coast of central California that once was a volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the seamount was well-studied, the surrounding areas were not, and researchers were shocked when the vehicle’s headlamps suddenly revealed large groups of purple octopuses, \u003cem>Muusoctopus robustus\u003c/em>, that were crouched over nests of eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11959038\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2023/08/24/why-californias-ocean-has-the-worlds-largest-octopus-garden/octopus_garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11959038\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11959038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-1020x1020.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-1020x1020.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-800x800.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-160x160.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davidson Seamount is an extinct volcano located 80 miles southwest of Monterey. The octopus garden is located 10,500 feet below the ocean’s surface on a small hill near the base of the seamount. \u003ccite>(Madeline Go/MBARI, basemap created via ArcGIS Online, sources: Esri, USGS | Esri, GEBCO, DeLorme, NaturalVue | California State Parks, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, FAO, METI/NASA, USGS, Bureau of Land Management, EPA, NPS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Octopuses generally are antisocial loners that would rather fight another octopus than live in close quarters. And yet biologists had stumbled onto an enormous octopus garden, a trippy scene straight out of a Beatles song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They thought, ‘Well, let’s get a really close look.’ And as they zoomed into these octopus, then they saw this shimmering water and they realized this is a thermal spring, this is warm water coming out. And that was somewhat of a surprise because this is an inactive volcano,” explains Barry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time scientists ever \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg3247\">observed\u003c/a> a bunch of deep-sea octopuses gathering together was about a decade ago, in another place where warm water seeped out of the seafloor, off Costa Rica. But researchers studying that rocky outcrop didn’t see any viable eggs and thought that perhaps the higher temperatures there had harmed their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this summer, however, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/scientists-discover-new-deep-sea-octopus-nurseries-in-costa-rica/\">another expedition\u003c/a> revisited that outcrop and saw that it was actually an active, successful nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really kind of blew my mind because it is so drastically different and they’re taking observations in the exact same places that we had been looking at,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ccom.unh.edu/user/ahartwell\">Anne Hartwell\u003c/a>, with the Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center at the University of New Hampshire, who visited the Costa Rica site in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartwell is part of the team that recently spent months doing robotic work to study the octopus garden near California, to figure out what role warm water might play in drawing octopuses together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The robots we use are so advanced and they have such great technology and cameras and dexterity with their mechanical arms,” says Hartwell. “They enable us to not quite be down there in person, but get a lot done as if we were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers mapped an area the size of a few football fields in detail, installed a time-lapse camera that watched octopuses continuously, and visited individual octopus nests again and again while monitoring water temperatures with probes.[aside postID=news_11958992 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/MBARI_OctopusGarden_octopus_nests_D1427_01_logo-1-1-1020x678.jpg']“We found 6,000 animals in just a small area, and that was just a portion of where the octopuses are distributed. So we’re estimating, I don’t know, up to 20,000 animals may be there,” explains Barry. He adds that the female octopuses are so focused on tending their nests that they mostly ignored the investigators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can drive up to within eight inches of them and hold a camera right there. They don’t do a thing,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The allure of rare warmth in the deep\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The ocean water at this depth is normally about 35 degrees Fahrenheit, but the spa-like waters seeping out of cracks and crevices got up to about 51 degrees Fahrenheit — and that’s where the octopuses wanted to brood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The females only nest in warm sites. As far as we can tell, we could find none in cold waters,” says Barry. “There are plenty of nesting sites available, but they don’t nest on just any bare rock. They only choose those sites where there’s a nice warm pool. And in fact, if one female leaves, we found that another one will jump in there within a couple of weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, he says, the octopus eggs matured much more quickly than one would expect, based on what’s known about other octopuses that live in the cold ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11959031\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1909px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2023/08/24/why-californias-ocean-has-the-worlds-largest-octopus-garden/researchers-at-the-monterey-bay-aquarium-research-institute-studied-female-octopuses-that-nest-together-off-central-california-at-a-depth-of-about-3200-meters/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11959031\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11959031\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54.jpg\" alt=\"a collection of small octopus gathered on the sea floor\" width=\"1909\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54.jpg 1909w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-1536x865.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1909px) 100vw, 1909px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute studied female octopuses that nest together off Central California at a depth of about 10,500 feet. \u003ccite>(MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brood times for nesting females there seemed to be about 1.8 years, while previous \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/news/deep-sea-octopus-broods-eggs-for-over-four-years-longer-than-any-known-animal/\">observations\u003c/a> of a deep-sea octopus in cold water showed that it took 4.5 years for its eggs to hatch, a length of time longer than any other animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists know from prior research that warming generally speeds the pace of octopus embryo development. Barry says that having a shorter brooding period should give the offspring a greater chance of survival, since the female octopuses and their developing embryos would spend less time in an immobile, vulnerable state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing that they are getting a brooding time of 1.8 years is awesome. It shows that there’s an advantage to these octopus breeding their eggs in the warmer water,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bigelow.org/about/people/borcutt.html\">Beth Orcutt\u003c/a> of the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine, who has studied the octopus populations off Costa Rica. “That’s the first time we’ve been able to look at that with this kind of data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/staff/profile/janet-voight\">Janet Voight\u003c/a>, an expert on deep-sea octopuses at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, says it’s astonishing to her that the California site has “a concentration of predators that exceeds any reasonable expectation. It’s like, whoa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these female octopuses have given up their predatory life to reproduce and, instead, they themselves are being eaten when they die. The octopus garden seems to support a teeming variety of other life such as crustaceans, anemones and snails. “These are all parts of an ecosystem that’s sustained by the octopus being there and dying in there,” Voight says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the richness of this ecosystem, it could easily have been missed by explorers, because the ocean bottom is so vast and dark, illuminated only for brief moments by the lights of slow-moving exploration vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think of the deep sea, it’s kind of muddy and flat and nothing too much conspicuous around,” says Voight. “Then you stumble upon something like this and it’s like a bonanza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Over 6,000 octopuses have been found huddling around an extinct volcano deep in the Pacific Ocean, and researchers now think they understand why the octopuses find it so cozy. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Off the coast of California is an unusual “octopus garden” — the largest congregation of deep-sea octopuses ever discovered on Earth, where over 6,000 huddle around an extinct underwater volcano in the black, cold ocean depths, almost two miles below the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most are brooding females that spend their days doing nothing but guarding nests full of eggs, a tedious task which can take nearly two years. It would take even longer if not for the warm water seeping from the seafloor that speeds up the growth of their babies, according to new \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg3247\">research\u003c/a> that suggests this natural incubator is why octopuses gather there in such huge numbers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11958992/warm-below-the-storm-worlds-largest-known-octopus-garden-discovered-off-california-coast\">The discovery\u003c/a>, published in the journal \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em> on Wednesday, highlights how low-key hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor can create isolated patches of cozy warmth, hidden in the darkness, that could play an outsized role in supporting deep-sea life. Thousands of such spots could be dotted up and down coastlines, researchers say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s definitely a special site for these animals. It’s a breeding site for this octopus. It has effects for the entire community nearby that then has spillover effects beyond that,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/person/james-barry/\">Jim Barry\u003c/a> of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in California, the lead researcher for this work. “So it’s regionally important and we still know very little about it. How many more of these are there?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A surprise in shimmering water\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists found this site about five years ago, when a submersible vehicle got sent to explore some underwater hills around Davidson Seamount, a submerged mountain off the coast of central California that once was a volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the seamount was well-studied, the surrounding areas were not, and researchers were shocked when the vehicle’s headlamps suddenly revealed large groups of purple octopuses, \u003cem>Muusoctopus robustus\u003c/em>, that were crouched over nests of eggs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11959038\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2023/08/24/why-californias-ocean-has-the-worlds-largest-octopus-garden/octopus_garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11959038\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-11959038\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-1020x1020.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-1020x1020.jpeg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-800x800.jpeg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1-160x160.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/Octopus_Garden_map_labeled_1080-1024x1024-1.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Davidson Seamount is an extinct volcano located 80 miles southwest of Monterey. The octopus garden is located 10,500 feet below the ocean’s surface on a small hill near the base of the seamount. \u003ccite>(Madeline Go/MBARI, basemap created via ArcGIS Online, sources: Esri, USGS | Esri, GEBCO, DeLorme, NaturalVue | California State Parks, Esri, HERE, Garmin, SafeGraph, FAO, METI/NASA, USGS, Bureau of Land Management, EPA, NPS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Octopuses generally are antisocial loners that would rather fight another octopus than live in close quarters. And yet biologists had stumbled onto an enormous octopus garden, a trippy scene straight out of a Beatles song.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They thought, ‘Well, let’s get a really close look.’ And as they zoomed into these octopus, then they saw this shimmering water and they realized this is a thermal spring, this is warm water coming out. And that was somewhat of a surprise because this is an inactive volcano,” explains Barry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first time scientists ever \u003ca href=\"http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adg3247\">observed\u003c/a> a bunch of deep-sea octopuses gathering together was about a decade ago, in another place where warm water seeped out of the seafloor, off Costa Rica. But researchers studying that rocky outcrop didn’t see any viable eggs and thought that perhaps the higher temperatures there had harmed their development.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just this summer, however, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/scientists-discover-new-deep-sea-octopus-nurseries-in-costa-rica/\">another expedition\u003c/a> revisited that outcrop and saw that it was actually an active, successful nursery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really kind of blew my mind because it is so drastically different and they’re taking observations in the exact same places that we had been looking at,” says \u003ca href=\"https://ccom.unh.edu/user/ahartwell\">Anne Hartwell\u003c/a>, with the Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping/Joint Hydrographic Center at the University of New Hampshire, who visited the Costa Rica site in 2014.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hartwell is part of the team that recently spent months doing robotic work to study the octopus garden near California, to figure out what role warm water might play in drawing octopuses together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The robots we use are so advanced and they have such great technology and cameras and dexterity with their mechanical arms,” says Hartwell. “They enable us to not quite be down there in person, but get a lot done as if we were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers mapped an area the size of a few football fields in detail, installed a time-lapse camera that watched octopuses continuously, and visited individual octopus nests again and again while monitoring water temperatures with probes.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We found 6,000 animals in just a small area, and that was just a portion of where the octopuses are distributed. So we’re estimating, I don’t know, up to 20,000 animals may be there,” explains Barry. He adds that the female octopuses are so focused on tending their nests that they mostly ignored the investigators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can drive up to within eight inches of them and hold a camera right there. They don’t do a thing,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The allure of rare warmth in the deep\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The ocean water at this depth is normally about 35 degrees Fahrenheit, but the spa-like waters seeping out of cracks and crevices got up to about 51 degrees Fahrenheit — and that’s where the octopuses wanted to brood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The females only nest in warm sites. As far as we can tell, we could find none in cold waters,” says Barry. “There are plenty of nesting sites available, but they don’t nest on just any bare rock. They only choose those sites where there’s a nice warm pool. And in fact, if one female leaves, we found that another one will jump in there within a couple of weeks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, he says, the octopus eggs matured much more quickly than one would expect, based on what’s known about other octopuses that live in the cold ocean depths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11959031\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1909px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2023/08/24/why-californias-ocean-has-the-worlds-largest-octopus-garden/researchers-at-the-monterey-bay-aquarium-research-institute-studied-female-octopuses-that-nest-together-off-central-california-at-a-depth-of-about-3200-meters/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11959031\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11959031\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54.jpg\" alt=\"a collection of small octopus gathered on the sea floor\" width=\"1909\" height=\"1075\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54.jpg 1909w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/08/mbari_octopusgarden_octopus_nests_d1234_01_custom-1ab07c32e2a99aa4a9f7370a2432fc803ce9cf54-1536x865.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1909px) 100vw, 1909px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute studied female octopuses that nest together off Central California at a depth of about 10,500 feet. \u003ccite>(MBARI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Brood times for nesting females there seemed to be about 1.8 years, while previous \u003ca href=\"https://www.mbari.org/news/deep-sea-octopus-broods-eggs-for-over-four-years-longer-than-any-known-animal/\">observations\u003c/a> of a deep-sea octopus in cold water showed that it took 4.5 years for its eggs to hatch, a length of time longer than any other animal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists know from prior research that warming generally speeds the pace of octopus embryo development. Barry says that having a shorter brooding period should give the offspring a greater chance of survival, since the female octopuses and their developing embryos would spend less time in an immobile, vulnerable state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seeing that they are getting a brooding time of 1.8 years is awesome. It shows that there’s an advantage to these octopus breeding their eggs in the warmer water,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bigelow.org/about/people/borcutt.html\">Beth Orcutt\u003c/a> of the Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine, who has studied the octopus populations off Costa Rica. “That’s the first time we’ve been able to look at that with this kind of data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fieldmuseum.org/about/staff/profile/janet-voight\">Janet Voight\u003c/a>, an expert on deep-sea octopuses at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, says it’s astonishing to her that the California site has “a concentration of predators that exceeds any reasonable expectation. It’s like, whoa.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But these female octopuses have given up their predatory life to reproduce and, instead, they themselves are being eaten when they die. The octopus garden seems to support a teeming variety of other life such as crustaceans, anemones and snails. “These are all parts of an ecosystem that’s sustained by the octopus being there and dying in there,” Voight says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the richness of this ecosystem, it could easily have been missed by explorers, because the ocean bottom is so vast and dark, illuminated only for brief moments by the lights of slow-moving exploration vehicles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you think of the deep sea, it’s kind of muddy and flat and nothing too much conspicuous around,” says Voight. “Then you stumble upon something like this and it’s like a bonanza.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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