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"content": "\u003cp>It’s a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny crumbs of plastic are trickling through our bodies, a parade of unwelcome houseguests ready to take up residence in some tissue or organ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wave of new studies has come out recently, and each one seems to paint an ever more vivid picture of how microplastics — and their smaller counterparts, nanoplastics — have infiltrated the \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11342020/\">deepest corners\u003c/a> of our anatomy. 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Long studied in oceans, waterways and marine life, researchers have now shifted focus to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, \u003ca href=\"https://momentummicroplastics.nl/about-us/participants/heather-leslie/\">Heather Leslie\u003c/a> could scarcely find anyone to fund her work in this area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seemed like nobody wanted to touch it,” says Leslie, a microplastics researcher in the Netherlands whose team was the \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367073/\">first to detect these particles\u003c/a> in the human bloodstream several years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the work has gained momentum, so have questions about the damage microplastics could be doing inside of us. Researchers tend to be wary about making pronouncements because the field is still in a “pioneering phase,” as Leslie put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2746\">undoubtedly concerns\u003c/a>. Some of the strongest evidence comes from lab studies using animals as well as what’s already known about the damaging effects of chemicals added to plastics. A review of the \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c09524\">data published\u003c/a> Wednesday concludes that microplastics are “suspected” to harm human reproductive, digestive and respiratory health, with a possible link to colon and lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a signal that we should be acting now,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/tracey.woodruff\">Tracey Woodruff\u003c/a>, a senior author on the study who directs the Program on Reproductive Health & the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/users/susanne-brander\">Susanne Brander\u003c/a>, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University, says it’s not helpful to “elicit a gigantic state of alarm,” but she agrees that we already know enough about the health risks to push for substantive changes, including \u003ca href=\"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-regrets-inconclusive-global-plastics-treaty-2024-12-02_en#:~:text=EU%20regrets%20lack%20of%20conclusion,failed%20to%20reach%20an%20agreement.&text=The%20EU%20regrets%20that%20the,yesterday%20in%20Busan%2C%20South%20Korea.\">a global agreement\u003c/a> to curb the rising production of plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they push to solve the puzzle of microplastics, here are six questions scientists are trying to answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019242\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scraps of plastic trash have inundated the oceans and waterways. \u003ccite>(Olivier Morin/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>1. Which microplastics are actually in our bodies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Our soil, drinking water and food supply, the air we breathe, all carry microplastics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/microplastics-research\">defined as\u003c/a> any plastic particle as small as 1 nanometer and as large as 5 millimeters. Some have built up in the environment over many years, while others arrive daily, as they shed from tires, our clothing, food packaging, personal care products and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics are probably one of the largest exposures we experience as humans and it’s been ongoing most of our lives and our parents’ lives,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sph.emory.edu/faculty/profile/index.php?FID=douglas-walker-12628\">Douglas Walker\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental health at Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These particles are endlessly varied, making them challenging to study. Their size and shape, the type of polymer and the chemical makeup can all have consequences for how they accumulate in our bodies and the potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even one microplastic represents an “analytical nightmare,” says Leslie. “So it’s really hard to make statements over such a broad range of contaminants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says scientists are still sorting out how to accurately measure microplastics in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particles that tend to be studied in lab experiments often don’t reflect the weathered debris that ends up inside us; labs use a variety of approaches, making it hard to tie together the findings from different studies; and despite advances in technology, detecting the tiniest pieces remains technically difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would imagine we’re underestimating nanoplastics across the board, including in human tissues,” says Brander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://hsc.unm.edu/directory/campen-matthew-j.html\">Matthew Campen\u003c/a>, whose team has found plastic in a variety of organs, says these can resemble “shard-like, stabby things,” which, in some cases, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ciel.org/breathing-plastic-the-health-impacts-of-invisible-plastics-in-the-air/\">are smaller than a virus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You realize, wait a minute, you could fit a lot of these inside even a single cell,” says Campen, who researches environmental health and toxicology at the University of New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can isolate microplastics, pull them out of human tissue and take pictures, but seeing where they are inside the body remains a real “struggle,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all the caveats, Campen says the new studies showing microplastics in tissue should be viewed as “linchpins” that will push the field forward. “We need an all-hands-on-deck approach,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2. Once inside of us, do they ever leave?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Imagine being transported to a plastic-free paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long do you suppose it would take for all those tiny shards to exit your system? Would they ever?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thought experiment can’t be replicated in the real world, since plastic pollution is so ubiquitous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In essence, Leslie says all of us are being “microdosed” with microplastics around the clock, so there’s no way to systematically track how much is coming and going. Even if our bodies are doing an admirable job at clearing out this debris, the constant exposure could make it look like a losing battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research finds microplastics in our stool and urine. And \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.pt/citations?user=tSX0Bi8AAAAJ&hl=en\">Joana Prata\u003c/a> says her review of animal data suggests that, in principle, most of what we ingest or inhale will leave the body during a trip to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only a small portion gets absorbed,” says Prata, an auxiliary professor at the University Institute of Health Sciences — CESPU in Portugal. “There’s still a lot of uncertainty,” because the evidence doesn’t necessarily reflect the complexities of real-world microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campen says you don’t see a correlation between age and the concentration of microplastics in human tissue. In other words, it doesn’t appear to endlessly accumulate inside us. It’s possible that our bodies may reach some sort of “equilibrium” based on how much is around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have enough data,” he says, “but [our work] suggests there’s a very rapid time to saturation — you do hit a limit and eventually you’re clearing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969723034630?via%3Dihub\">study of Zebrafish\u003c/a> (sometimes used in biomedical research) found the uptake of microplastics did plateau at a certain point and levels decreased when the animals weren’t being exposed. The problem is the saturation point went up proportionally to how much the animals were exposed to, says Campen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s basically where we are right now,” says Campen. “Our environmental exposure keeps going up because we’re doing nothing to stop it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019245\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019245\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-1536x1016.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of plastic trash found on the shore of the Thames Estuary in 2018 in Rainham, Kent. Once in the environment, plastic gradually degrades into smaller and smaller microplastics, which can find their way into the food chain and the air we breathe. \u003ccite>(Dan Kitwood/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>3. What do microplastics do once they get inside our bodies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Instead of passing through us, some particles move across the thin membrane lining our gut and eventually find their way into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Size makes a big difference here, Prata says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larger particle will be less likely to cross the biological barrier, but we cannot say that it will never cross,” she says. “You can just say it’s less probable. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brander says there’s still debate about the exact size cutoff, in part because that can also depend on the shape of the particle. For example, a long skinny microfiber might be able to sneak through the barrier in our gut more easily than other pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airborne plastics — particularly common indoors — can also be inhaled. Larger particles are expected to be filtered out to some extent, perhaps snagged in our nose or coughed up. Only the most “ultrafine” pieces will reach the deepest parts of the lungs where they can enter the circulatory system, says Leslie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once absorbed into our bloodstream, microplastics and nanoplastics tend to be quickly coated in proteins and fats, creating a corona, or crown-like appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then it’s essentially going on a trip around your body,” Leslie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their exact itinerary remains unclear. But Brander says research on animals has long shown that microplastics can move all over. The same is probably true for humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These foreign travelers seem to find a home in many organs, as well as bodily fluids like \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/13/2700\">breast milk\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38802004/\">semen\u003c/a>. They can \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10141840/\">even cross\u003c/a> the blood-brain barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that they’re actually metabolized into anything because these are solid particles,” says Walker. “So they would be difficult to break down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our immune system \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/490794220\">can’t dispatch\u003c/a> these bits of plastic as it would other foreign invaders like bacteria. Immune cells, known as macrophages, will release enzymes that do their best to attack these particles, but the “plastic doesn’t mind at all,” says Leslie. “It remains intact and becomes like a stubborn opponent for your immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether microplastics pile up in certain organs more than others remains a big unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campen and his team suspect the liver is on the “frontline,” doing its best to deal with this debris and push it back into the gut with digestive fluids. Their hypothesis is that smaller plastics like nanoplastics slip through the cracks and are repackaged with fats and circulated throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean that microplastics build up in organs with greater energy needs, such as the brain, where Campen’s \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38765967/\">lab has documented\u003c/a> higher concentrations than in other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019246\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019246\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic trash gradually degrades into tiny particles that spread around the environment and ultimately into human bodies. \u003ccite>(Alistair Berg/Digital Vision/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>4. Are they harming us?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t have definitive answers yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans encounter many pollutants over our lifetime. And given that researchers are still sorting out the best models for analyzing microplastics, many are cautious not to get ahead of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, several recent studies have raised troubling warning signs. They’ve shown associations — not a direct causal link — between the accumulation of microplastics and health problems in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One that gained attention \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2309822\">earlier this year came\u003c/a> from Italian researchers who found that people with microplastics in the plaques in their arteries were more likely to have a heart attack, stroke or to die. Some small studies have found higher levels in people with \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34935363/\">inflammatory bowel disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35835713/\">liver disease\u003c/a>. The review published this week from UCSF also included observational research linking microplastics to reproductive health and chronic sinusitis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the concern comes from lab studies involving animals or cell lines — scientists observed toxic effects of microplastics on the cellular and molecular levels. The “next puzzle piece” is now to figure out how this research translates to health outcomes for an individual or a whole population, says Leslie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brander points to evidence that microplastics \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11117644/\">lead to oxidative stress,\u003c/a> which can damage proteins and genetic materials, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665024000702\">spark inflammation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that’s happening in fish and in rodents in experiments that are being peer-reviewed and published, it’s probably happening in us too,” says Brander. “We just haven’t demonstrated it yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This body of research suggests fertility problems, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389424006332\">neurological diseases\u003c/a>, harms to metabolism and the immune system, and changes that signal increased risk of cancer, among other effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are potential effects because of the mechanisms we know about,” says Prata.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can only extrapolate so much from these studies. For example, the doses given to animals in a lab may be much larger than what humans are ingesting and may not reflect the “wild” microplastics we encounter in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the absence of clear data, Leslie says it can be tempting to make microplastics the “culprit for every disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d like to get to the truth of the matter,” she says. “I have the feeling that sometimes we might be blaming plastics for things that they shouldn’t be blamed for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the UCSF analysis, the suggested link with cancer was mostly based on animal research, but Woodruff says this is “standard” for identifying cancer risks and can still be considered high-quality evidence. “In the field of environmental health, when we have concerning signals, we should be concerned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019247\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019247\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastics and micro plastics of different shapes and colors are laid on the fine sand of the Grand Crohot beach in Lege-Cap-Ferret in New Aquitaine in France on April 29, 2019. \u003ccite>(Vincent Feuray/Hans Lucas/Hans Lucas via AFP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>5. What about the chemicals in plastics — are they hazardous?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Chemicals added to plastics represent another threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these can mess with hormones, affect reproductive health, increase the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas\">risk of some cancers\u003c/a> and cause \u003ca href=\"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/exposure-chemicals-plastic-and-other-sources-possible-causal-factor-obesity-2022-11-30_en\">metabolic problems\u003c/a> like obesity, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phthalates and bisphenol A, or BPA, are two of the most well-studied examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS, also known as “forever chemicals,” are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/04/10/1243775736/epa-pfas-forever-chemicals-drinking-water-limits\">also gaining attention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in reality, Brander says there are more than 16,000 \u003ca href=\"https://ikhapp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/SCEPT_Policy_Brief_chemicals_polymers_of_concern_en.pdf\">chemicals used or found in plastics\u003c/a>, about a quarter of which are known to be “hazardous” and many of the others are not well studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s s\u003cem>ubstantial\u003c/em> evidence that many of these chemicals cause disease,” says Brander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists worry microplastics could potentially act as “as long-term sources of plastic-related chemicals in your body,” says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the uncertainties, Brander believes there’s enough evidence to take collective action to limit our exposure to microplastics, both in our lives and on a policy level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019248\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists say we can reduce our exposure to microplastics to some extent by avoiding single-use plastic and plastic food packaging, among other measures. \u003ccite>(Peter Dazeley/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>6. How can we reduce our exposure to microplastics?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still investigating the biggest sources of microplastics in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the task of reducing your exposure shouldn’t fall entirely on the individual. But the fact is policy changes — such as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/12/03/nx-s1-5214556/more-than-150-countries-failed-to-agree-on-a-plan-to-cut-plastic-pollution\">global plastics treaty\u003c/a> — aren’t going to happen overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s how you can get started in reducing your own exposure: Eliminate single-use plastic as much as you can, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/12/01/single-use-plastics-reuse-risk/\">don’t reuse these items\u003c/a>. Cut back on foods that come in plastic packaging or cans that have plastic linings. \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-25433-7\">Aim for shorter\u003c/a> dishwasher cycles, with fewer plastic items.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never cook your food in plastic,” says Brander. “The heat will drive those particles and more of those chemicals into your food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, this applies to your to-go cup of coffee, which is often lined with polyethylene. When possible, buy cleaning products, both for your household and hygiene, that don’t come in plastic containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider investing in a \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10054062/\">filter for tap water\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our clothing can also shed a lot of microplastics, which is why Leslie tries to wear fabrics like wool and linen. When you have a choice, avoid synthetic materials in your rugs and furniture, too. Dust can carry microplastics, which you may breathe in. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026974912201171X?via%3Dihub\">Research suggests\u003c/a> vacuuming can help limit what’s in your house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concentration of these particles \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-023-00634-x\">indoors is greater\u003c/a> than outdoors, so try to keep windows open and improve ventilation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leslie’s philosophy? There’s only so much you can control, so “don’t feel guilty” about using plastics — just try to limit your use when possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just experiment with saying no to what you don’t want,” she says. “The resistance to plastic pollution is in our noncompliance. I’m going to keep on doing just that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Plastic particles are found in our organs, blood and even semen. But do they stay in us forever? What damage are they doing? Here are the questions scientists are working to answer.",
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"title": "6 Questions on Microplastics Scientists Are Trying to Answer | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It’s a disturbing thought: At this very moment, tiny crumbs of plastic are trickling through our bodies, a parade of unwelcome houseguests ready to take up residence in some tissue or organ.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wave of new studies has come out recently, and each one seems to paint an ever more vivid picture of how microplastics — and their smaller counterparts, nanoplastics — have infiltrated the \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11342020/\">deepest corners\u003c/a> of our anatomy. The \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35364151/\">lungs\u003c/a>, liver and \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acs.est.2c07179\">heart\u003c/a>, guts and \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11406405/\">brain\u003c/a>, even the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/05/22/1252831827/microplastics-testicles-humans-health\">testicles\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://hsc.unm.edu/news/2024/02/hsc-newsroom-post-microplastics.html\">placenta\u003c/a> — nothing seems to be spared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outpouring of research has brought enormous visibility to how these fragments permeate our daily lives. Long studied in oceans, waterways and marine life, researchers have now shifted focus to human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A decade ago, \u003ca href=\"https://momentummicroplastics.nl/about-us/participants/heather-leslie/\">Heather Leslie\u003c/a> could scarcely find anyone to fund her work in this area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seemed like nobody wanted to touch it,” says Leslie, a microplastics researcher in the Netherlands whose team was the \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367073/\">first to detect these particles\u003c/a> in the human bloodstream several years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the work has gained momentum, so have questions about the damage microplastics could be doing inside of us. Researchers tend to be wary about making pronouncements because the field is still in a “pioneering phase,” as Leslie put it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet there are \u003ca href=\"https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2746\">undoubtedly concerns\u003c/a>. Some of the strongest evidence comes from lab studies using animals as well as what’s already known about the damaging effects of chemicals added to plastics. A review of the \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c09524\">data published\u003c/a> Wednesday concludes that microplastics are “suspected” to harm human reproductive, digestive and respiratory health, with a possible link to colon and lung cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a signal that we should be acting now,” says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/tracey.woodruff\">Tracey Woodruff\u003c/a>, a senior author on the study who directs the Program on Reproductive Health & the Environment at the University of California, San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/users/susanne-brander\">Susanne Brander\u003c/a>, an ecotoxicologist at Oregon State University, says it’s not helpful to “elicit a gigantic state of alarm,” but she agrees that we already know enough about the health risks to push for substantive changes, including \u003ca href=\"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-regrets-inconclusive-global-plastics-treaty-2024-12-02_en#:~:text=EU%20regrets%20lack%20of%20conclusion,failed%20to%20reach%20an%20agreement.&text=The%20EU%20regrets%20that%20the,yesterday%20in%20Busan%2C%20South%20Korea.\">a global agreement\u003c/a> to curb the rising production of plastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they push to solve the puzzle of microplastics, here are six questions scientists are trying to answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019242\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_4-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scraps of plastic trash have inundated the oceans and waterways. \u003ccite>(Olivier Morin/AFP/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>1. Which microplastics are actually in our bodies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Our soil, drinking water and food supply, the air we breathe, all carry microplastics, \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/water-research/microplastics-research\">defined as\u003c/a> any plastic particle as small as 1 nanometer and as large as 5 millimeters. Some have built up in the environment over many years, while others arrive daily, as they shed from tires, our clothing, food packaging, personal care products and more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Plastics are probably one of the largest exposures we experience as humans and it’s been ongoing most of our lives and our parents’ lives,” says \u003ca href=\"https://sph.emory.edu/faculty/profile/index.php?FID=douglas-walker-12628\">Douglas Walker\u003c/a>, a professor of environmental health at Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These particles are endlessly varied, making them challenging to study. Their size and shape, the type of polymer and the chemical makeup can all have consequences for how they accumulate in our bodies and the potential health effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even one microplastic represents an “analytical nightmare,” says Leslie. “So it’s really hard to make statements over such a broad range of contaminants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walker says scientists are still sorting out how to accurately measure microplastics in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The particles that tend to be studied in lab experiments often don’t reflect the weathered debris that ends up inside us; labs use a variety of approaches, making it hard to tie together the findings from different studies; and despite advances in technology, detecting the tiniest pieces remains technically difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would imagine we’re underestimating nanoplastics across the board, including in human tissues,” says Brander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://hsc.unm.edu/directory/campen-matthew-j.html\">Matthew Campen\u003c/a>, whose team has found plastic in a variety of organs, says these can resemble “shard-like, stabby things,” which, in some cases, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ciel.org/breathing-plastic-the-health-impacts-of-invisible-plastics-in-the-air/\">are smaller than a virus\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You realize, wait a minute, you could fit a lot of these inside even a single cell,” says Campen, who researches environmental health and toxicology at the University of New Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists can isolate microplastics, pull them out of human tissue and take pictures, but seeing where they are inside the body remains a real “struggle,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite all the caveats, Campen says the new studies showing microplastics in tissue should be viewed as “linchpins” that will push the field forward. “We need an all-hands-on-deck approach,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>2. Once inside of us, do they ever leave?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Imagine being transported to a plastic-free paradise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How long do you suppose it would take for all those tiny shards to exit your system? Would they ever?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This thought experiment can’t be replicated in the real world, since plastic pollution is so ubiquitous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In essence, Leslie says all of us are being “microdosed” with microplastics around the clock, so there’s no way to systematically track how much is coming and going. Even if our bodies are doing an admirable job at clearing out this debris, the constant exposure could make it look like a losing battle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research finds microplastics in our stool and urine. And \u003ca href=\"https://scholar.google.pt/citations?user=tSX0Bi8AAAAJ&hl=en\">Joana Prata\u003c/a> says her review of animal data suggests that, in principle, most of what we ingest or inhale will leave the body during a trip to the bathroom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only a small portion gets absorbed,” says Prata, an auxiliary professor at the University Institute of Health Sciences — CESPU in Portugal. “There’s still a lot of uncertainty,” because the evidence doesn’t necessarily reflect the complexities of real-world microplastics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campen says you don’t see a correlation between age and the concentration of microplastics in human tissue. In other words, it doesn’t appear to endlessly accumulate inside us. It’s possible that our bodies may reach some sort of “equilibrium” based on how much is around us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have enough data,” he says, “but [our work] suggests there’s a very rapid time to saturation — you do hit a limit and eventually you’re clearing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969723034630?via%3Dihub\">study of Zebrafish\u003c/a> (sometimes used in biomedical research) found the uptake of microplastics did plateau at a certain point and levels decreased when the animals weren’t being exposed. The problem is the saturation point went up proportionally to how much the animals were exposed to, says Campen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s basically where we are right now,” says Campen. “Our environmental exposure keeps going up because we’re doing nothing to stop it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019245\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019245\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1058\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-800x529.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-1020x674.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_3-copy-1536x1016.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of plastic trash found on the shore of the Thames Estuary in 2018 in Rainham, Kent. Once in the environment, plastic gradually degrades into smaller and smaller microplastics, which can find their way into the food chain and the air we breathe. \u003ccite>(Dan Kitwood/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>3. What do microplastics do once they get inside our bodies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Instead of passing through us, some particles move across the thin membrane lining our gut and eventually find their way into the bloodstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Size makes a big difference here, Prata says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The larger particle will be less likely to cross the biological barrier, but we cannot say that it will never cross,” she says. “You can just say it’s less probable. ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brander says there’s still debate about the exact size cutoff, in part because that can also depend on the shape of the particle. For example, a long skinny microfiber might be able to sneak through the barrier in our gut more easily than other pieces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airborne plastics — particularly common indoors — can also be inhaled. Larger particles are expected to be filtered out to some extent, perhaps snagged in our nose or coughed up. Only the most “ultrafine” pieces will reach the deepest parts of the lungs where they can enter the circulatory system, says Leslie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once absorbed into our bloodstream, microplastics and nanoplastics tend to be quickly coated in proteins and fats, creating a corona, or crown-like appearance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then it’s essentially going on a trip around your body,” Leslie says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their exact itinerary remains unclear. But Brander says research on animals has long shown that microplastics can move all over. The same is probably true for humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These foreign travelers seem to find a home in many organs, as well as bodily fluids like \u003ca href=\"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/13/2700\">breast milk\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38802004/\">semen\u003c/a>. They can \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10141840/\">even cross\u003c/a> the blood-brain barrier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very unlikely that they’re actually metabolized into anything because these are solid particles,” says Walker. “So they would be difficult to break down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our immune system \u003ca href=\"https://vimeo.com/490794220\">can’t dispatch\u003c/a> these bits of plastic as it would other foreign invaders like bacteria. Immune cells, known as macrophages, will release enzymes that do their best to attack these particles, but the “plastic doesn’t mind at all,” says Leslie. “It remains intact and becomes like a stubborn opponent for your immune system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether microplastics pile up in certain organs more than others remains a big unknown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Campen and his team suspect the liver is on the “frontline,” doing its best to deal with this debris and push it back into the gut with digestive fluids. Their hypothesis is that smaller plastics like nanoplastics slip through the cracks and are repackaged with fats and circulated throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This \u003cem>could\u003c/em> mean that microplastics build up in organs with greater energy needs, such as the brain, where Campen’s \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38765967/\">lab has documented\u003c/a> higher concentrations than in other organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019246\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019246\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn_2-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic trash gradually degrades into tiny particles that spread around the environment and ultimately into human bodies. \u003ccite>(Alistair Berg/Digital Vision/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>4. Are they harming us?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists don’t have definitive answers yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans encounter many pollutants over our lifetime. And given that researchers are still sorting out the best models for analyzing microplastics, many are cautious not to get ahead of the data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, several recent studies have raised troubling warning signs. They’ve shown associations — not a direct causal link — between the accumulation of microplastics and health problems in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One that gained attention \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2309822\">earlier this year came\u003c/a> from Italian researchers who found that people with microplastics in the plaques in their arteries were more likely to have a heart attack, stroke or to die. Some small studies have found higher levels in people with \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34935363/\">inflammatory bowel disease\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35835713/\">liver disease\u003c/a>. The review published this week from UCSF also included observational research linking microplastics to reproductive health and chronic sinusitis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the concern comes from lab studies involving animals or cell lines — scientists observed toxic effects of microplastics on the cellular and molecular levels. The “next puzzle piece” is now to figure out how this research translates to health outcomes for an individual or a whole population, says Leslie.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brander points to evidence that microplastics \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11117644/\">lead to oxidative stress,\u003c/a> which can damage proteins and genetic materials, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405665024000702\">spark inflammation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If that’s happening in fish and in rodents in experiments that are being peer-reviewed and published, it’s probably happening in us too,” says Brander. “We just haven’t demonstrated it yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This body of research suggests fertility problems, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389424006332\">neurological diseases\u003c/a>, harms to metabolism and the immune system, and changes that signal increased risk of cancer, among other effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are potential effects because of the mechanisms we know about,” says Prata.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can only extrapolate so much from these studies. For example, the doses given to animals in a lab may be much larger than what humans are ingesting and may not reflect the “wild” microplastics we encounter in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the absence of clear data, Leslie says it can be tempting to make microplastics the “culprit for every disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d like to get to the truth of the matter,” she says. “I have the feeling that sometimes we might be blaming plastics for things that they shouldn’t be blamed for.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the UCSF analysis, the suggested link with cancer was mostly based on animal research, but Woodruff says this is “standard” for identifying cancer risks and can still be considered high-quality evidence. “In the field of environmental health, when we have concerning signals, we should be concerned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019247\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019247\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastics and micro plastics of different shapes and colors are laid on the fine sand of the Grand Crohot beach in Lege-Cap-Ferret in New Aquitaine in France on April 29, 2019. \u003ccite>(Vincent Feuray/Hans Lucas/Hans Lucas via AFP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>5. What about the chemicals in plastics — are they hazardous?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Chemicals added to plastics represent another threat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of these can mess with hormones, affect reproductive health, increase the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas\">risk of some cancers\u003c/a> and cause \u003ca href=\"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/news/exposure-chemicals-plastic-and-other-sources-possible-causal-factor-obesity-2022-11-30_en\">metabolic problems\u003c/a> like obesity, among other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phthalates and bisphenol A, or BPA, are two of the most well-studied examples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>PFAS, also known as “forever chemicals,” are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2024/04/10/1243775736/epa-pfas-forever-chemicals-drinking-water-limits\">also gaining attention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in reality, Brander says there are more than 16,000 \u003ca href=\"https://ikhapp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/SCEPT_Policy_Brief_chemicals_polymers_of_concern_en.pdf\">chemicals used or found in plastics\u003c/a>, about a quarter of which are known to be “hazardous” and many of the others are not well studied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s s\u003cem>ubstantial\u003c/em> evidence that many of these chemicals cause disease,” says Brander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists worry microplastics could potentially act as “as long-term sources of plastic-related chemicals in your body,” says Walker.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the uncertainties, Brander believes there’s enough evidence to take collective action to limit our exposure to microplastics, both in our lives and on a policy level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12019248\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12019248\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/npr.brightspotcdn-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists say we can reduce our exposure to microplastics to some extent by avoiding single-use plastic and plastic food packaging, among other measures. \u003ccite>(Peter Dazeley/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>6. How can we reduce our exposure to microplastics?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists are still investigating the biggest sources of microplastics in our daily lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ideally, the task of reducing your exposure shouldn’t fall entirely on the individual. But the fact is policy changes — such as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/12/03/nx-s1-5214556/more-than-150-countries-failed-to-agree-on-a-plan-to-cut-plastic-pollution\">global plastics treaty\u003c/a> — aren’t going to happen overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So here’s how you can get started in reducing your own exposure: Eliminate single-use plastic as much as you can, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-solutions/2024/12/01/single-use-plastics-reuse-risk/\">don’t reuse these items\u003c/a>. Cut back on foods that come in plastic packaging or cans that have plastic linings. \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-023-25433-7\">Aim for shorter\u003c/a> dishwasher cycles, with fewer plastic items.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Never cook your food in plastic,” says Brander. “The heat will drive those particles and more of those chemicals into your food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sadly, this applies to your to-go cup of coffee, which is often lined with polyethylene. When possible, buy cleaning products, both for your household and hygiene, that don’t come in plastic containers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Consider investing in a \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10054062/\">filter for tap water\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our clothing can also shed a lot of microplastics, which is why Leslie tries to wear fabrics like wool and linen. When you have a choice, avoid synthetic materials in your rugs and furniture, too. Dust can carry microplastics, which you may breathe in. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026974912201171X?via%3Dihub\">Research suggests\u003c/a> vacuuming can help limit what’s in your house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concentration of these particles \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-023-00634-x\">indoors is greater\u003c/a> than outdoors, so try to keep windows open and improve ventilation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leslie’s philosophy? There’s only so much you can control, so “don’t feel guilty” about using plastics — just try to limit your use when possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can just experiment with saying no to what you don’t want,” she says. “The resistance to plastic pollution is in our noncompliance. I’m going to keep on doing just that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What's a 'Healthy' Food? FDA Updates Nutrition Labels",
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"content": "\u003cp>At a time when more than half of the American diet comes from processed, packaged foods, the Food and Drug Administration has new rules aimed at helping people make healthy choices in the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-finalizes-updated-healthy-nutrient-content-claim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated the definition\u003c/a> of what counts as healthy. Food companies can voluntarily use a “healthy” claim on their packages if their products meet the new definition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a food product to qualify as “healthy” it must contain certain amounts of at least one of the food groups included in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dietary Guidelines for Americans.\u003c/a> This includes dairy, grains, fruits, vegetables and\u003ca href=\"https://www.myplate.gov/eat-healthy/protein-foods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> protein foods\u003c/a> such as beans, lean meats, nuts, seafood, and soy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Products must also fall below certain limits on added sugars, sodium and saturated fat to be labeled as healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been three decades since the agency updated its standards on what qualifies as healthy. Back in the 1990s there was a big focus on limiting all types of fats, but as nutrition science has evolved, there’s recognition of the benefits of healthy fats found in nuts and seeds,\u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/fish-and-omega-3-fatty-acids#:~:text=Fatty%20fish%2C%20such%20as%20anchovies,in%20omega%2D3%20fatty%20acids.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fatty-fish\u003c/a> and olive oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like salmon and eggs wouldn’t have qualified under our previous definition,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-host-webinar-discuss-proposed-changes-definition-healthy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Claudine Kavanaugh,\u003c/a> director of the office of nutrition and food labeling at the FDA. “Science has changed,” she says. The focus is more on reducing saturated fat, not total fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first rule-making that updates those claims in 30 years,” Kavanaugh says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the new rules will foster a healthy food supply.” I think the healthy claim can be a real quick signal to help empower consumers,” Kavanaugh says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it’s a “priority” for the agency to also release a healthy icon or symbol that could also appear on packages that meet the new definition of healthy. The agency continues to work on this initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the new rule, the FDA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/jim-jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jim Jones\u003c/a> pointed to the toll of poor diet in the U.S. “The FDA recognizes that diet related diseases, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, are the leading cause of disability and disease in the United States,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six out of every ten U.S. adults have at least one chronic disease, \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9921002/#:~:text=Diet%2C%20often%20considered%20as%20a,and%20perhaps%20some%20neurological%20diseases.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the CDC.\u003c/a> The diseases contribute to lower life expectancy in the U.S., compared to other high income countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes as the federal government prepares to update Dietary Guidelines. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/2025-advisory-committee-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report released earlier this month\u003c/a> from an advisory committee also points to the risks of poor nutrition at a time when 73% of adults in the U.S. have obesity or are overweight, and 38% of children, aged 12 and older have prediabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrition expert \u003ca href=\"https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/people/marion-nestle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marion Nestle\u003c/a> of New York University says the new rule may encourage food manufacturers to reformulate their foods to reduce sodium, sugars and saturated fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the new cut-off point for added sugars, she says many cereals will not be able to be labeled as healthy without changing their formulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope is that rules like this will help Americans make healthier choices, Nestle says. “Whether it will or not remains to be seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says people should focus as much as possible on the basics of healthy eating. “I think that diets that are high in fruits and vegetables, high in real foods and limiting calories are the ones that are healthiest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Heart Association says the new standards for “healthy” are a step in the right direction. “It was past time to update the requirements based on the latest nutrition science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/nancy-brown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nancy Brown, the CEO\u003c/a>. “Although the updated ‘healthy’ claim is an important update to food labeling, it is voluntary and may only appear on a small number of food and beverage packages,” Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is urging the FDA to also move forward on front-of-pack nutrition labeling, to make information more visible. They say this would help consumers quickly and easily identify healthier food and beverage options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At a time when more than half of the American diet comes from processed, packaged foods, the Food and Drug Administration has new rules aimed at helping people make healthy choices in the grocery store.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-finalizes-updated-healthy-nutrient-content-claim\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">updated the definition\u003c/a> of what counts as healthy. Food companies can voluntarily use a “healthy” claim on their packages if their products meet the new definition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a food product to qualify as “healthy” it must contain certain amounts of at least one of the food groups included in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dietary Guidelines for Americans.\u003c/a> This includes dairy, grains, fruits, vegetables and\u003ca href=\"https://www.myplate.gov/eat-healthy/protein-foods\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> protein foods\u003c/a> such as beans, lean meats, nuts, seafood, and soy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Products must also fall below certain limits on added sugars, sodium and saturated fat to be labeled as healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been three decades since the agency updated its standards on what qualifies as healthy. Back in the 1990s there was a big focus on limiting all types of fats, but as nutrition science has evolved, there’s recognition of the benefits of healthy fats found in nuts and seeds,\u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/fats/fish-and-omega-3-fatty-acids#:~:text=Fatty%20fish%2C%20such%20as%20anchovies,in%20omega%2D3%20fatty%20acids.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fatty-fish\u003c/a> and olive oil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things like salmon and eggs wouldn’t have qualified under our previous definition,” explains \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/food/hfp-constituent-updates/fda-host-webinar-discuss-proposed-changes-definition-healthy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Claudine Kavanaugh,\u003c/a> director of the office of nutrition and food labeling at the FDA. “Science has changed,” she says. The focus is more on reducing saturated fat, not total fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is the first rule-making that updates those claims in 30 years,” Kavanaugh says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope is that the new rules will foster a healthy food supply.” I think the healthy claim can be a real quick signal to help empower consumers,” Kavanaugh says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says it’s a “priority” for the agency to also release a healthy icon or symbol that could also appear on packages that meet the new definition of healthy. The agency continues to work on this initiative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In announcing the new rule, the FDA’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/fda-organization/jim-jones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jim Jones\u003c/a> pointed to the toll of poor diet in the U.S. “The FDA recognizes that diet related diseases, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, are the leading cause of disability and disease in the United States,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Six out of every ten U.S. adults have at least one chronic disease, \u003ca href=\"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9921002/#:~:text=Diet%2C%20often%20considered%20as%20a,and%20perhaps%20some%20neurological%20diseases.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">according to the CDC.\u003c/a> The diseases contribute to lower life expectancy in the U.S., compared to other high income countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new rule comes as the federal government prepares to update Dietary Guidelines. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/2025-advisory-committee-report\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report released earlier this month\u003c/a> from an advisory committee also points to the risks of poor nutrition at a time when 73% of adults in the U.S. have obesity or are overweight, and 38% of children, aged 12 and older have prediabetes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrition expert \u003ca href=\"https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/people/marion-nestle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marion Nestle\u003c/a> of New York University says the new rule may encourage food manufacturers to reformulate their foods to reduce sodium, sugars and saturated fats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given the new cut-off point for added sugars, she says many cereals will not be able to be labeled as healthy without changing their formulations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The hope is that rules like this will help Americans make healthier choices, Nestle says. “Whether it will or not remains to be seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She says people should focus as much as possible on the basics of healthy eating. “I think that diets that are high in fruits and vegetables, high in real foods and limiting calories are the ones that are healthiest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The American Heart Association says the new standards for “healthy” are a step in the right direction. “It was past time to update the requirements based on the latest nutrition science,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/nancy-brown\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nancy Brown, the CEO\u003c/a>. “Although the updated ‘healthy’ claim is an important update to food labeling, it is voluntary and may only appear on a small number of food and beverage packages,” Brown says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group is urging the FDA to also move forward on front-of-pack nutrition labeling, to make information more visible. They say this would help consumers quickly and easily identify healthier food and beverage options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "newsom-declares-bird-flu-emergency-as-u-s-sees-1st-severe-human-case",
"title": "Newsom Declares Bird Flu Emergency as US Sees 1st Severe Human Case",
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"content": "\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has declared a state of emergency in response to the ongoing spread of bird flu among dairy cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/12/18/governor-newsom-takes-proactive-action-to-strengthen-robust-state-response-to-bird-flu/\">declaration is a sign of growing concern\u003c/a> over the situation in California, which has become the epicenter of the nation’s outbreak in cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 dairy herds \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/hpai-confirmed-cases-livestock\">have tested positive\u003c/a> in the state in the last 30 days alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said that cases detected in dairy cows on farms in Southern California showed that expanded monitoring and a more coordinated statewide response is needed in response to the outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proclamation is a targeted action to ensure government agencies have the resources and flexibility they need,” Newsom said in the statement. “While the risk to the public remains low, we will continue to take all necessary steps to prevent the spread of this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California currently accounts for about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html\">half of known human infections\u003c/a> in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence of ongoing human-to-human spread in California or the rest of the country. However, scientists warn that uncontrolled spread in dairy cattle heightens the risk of spillover into humans, which could give the virus a chance to acquire dangerous mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move also comes on the heels of another troubling development — the country’s first case of severe illness detected in a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shared additional findings about that infection in a resident of Louisiana who was hospitalized after being exposed to sick and dead birds in backyard flocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic sequencing indicates the H5N1 virus responsible for the illness belongs to a genetic lineage that’s circulating in wild birds and poultry — different from what’s spreading in dairy cattle and driving the majority of infections in agricultural workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html\">60 people have been infected\u003c/a> so far, although some research \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7344a3.htm\">suggests\u003c/a> the official tally may be an undercount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The illnesses linked to dairy cattle have largely led to mild illnesses in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The version of the virus in the Louisiana case is the D1.1 genotype. It has previously popped up in poultry workers in Washington state, who \u003ca href=\"https://doh.wa.gov/newsroom/first-presumed-human-infections-avian-influenza-under-investigation-washington-state\">developed mild symptoms\u003c/a> after testing positive in October. More recently, however, a teenager in British Columbia was hospitalized after contracting this D1.1 strain of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canadian health officials were unable to figure out how that person was infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='bird-flu' label='Bird Flu Coverage']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case in southwest Louisiana was detected during routine flu surveillance and eventually sent to the CDC for confirmation. The case doesn’t change the CDC’s assessment that the risk to the general public remains low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the hospitalization is a reminder that bird flu has a well-established history of leading to severe illness and death over the past 20 years in other countries, Dr. Demetre Daskalakis with the CDC, told reporters on Wednesday during a press call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daskalakis said his agency is doing additional sequencing to look for any worrying changes in the virus that could signal it’s evolving to better infect humans or cause more severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists were concerned that the case in British Columbia exhibited certain mutations that could spell trouble, although more research was needed to understand the exact implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daskalakis referred reporters to Louisiana officials conducting the investigation into the case for further details on how the person caught the virus and their symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with the Louisiana infection, most cases have been linked back to some kind of exposure to sick animals. Dairy cattle harbor high loads of virus in their milk and that’s suspected to be causing infections in farm workers. Those working with infected poultry can also catch the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, several cases have cropped up in the U.S. that can’t be tracked back to infected farm animals, including in California and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infections without a clear source of exposure do occur; neither these cases nor the cases with known animal or animal products exposure have resulted in human-to-human transmission,” Daskalakis said.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom has declared a state of emergency in response to the ongoing spread of bird flu among dairy cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/12/18/governor-newsom-takes-proactive-action-to-strengthen-robust-state-response-to-bird-flu/\">declaration is a sign of growing concern\u003c/a> over the situation in California, which has become the epicenter of the nation’s outbreak in cattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More than 300 dairy herds \u003ca href=\"https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/hpai-confirmed-cases-livestock\">have tested positive\u003c/a> in the state in the last 30 days alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said that cases detected in dairy cows on farms in Southern California showed that expanded monitoring and a more coordinated statewide response is needed in response to the outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This proclamation is a targeted action to ensure government agencies have the resources and flexibility they need,” Newsom said in the statement. “While the risk to the public remains low, we will continue to take all necessary steps to prevent the spread of this virus.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California currently accounts for about \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html\">half of known human infections\u003c/a> in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no evidence of ongoing human-to-human spread in California or the rest of the country. However, scientists warn that uncontrolled spread in dairy cattle heightens the risk of spillover into humans, which could give the virus a chance to acquire dangerous mutations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The move also comes on the heels of another troubling development — the country’s first case of severe illness detected in a human.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday, officials with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shared additional findings about that infection in a resident of Louisiana who was hospitalized after being exposed to sick and dead birds in backyard flocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic sequencing indicates the H5N1 virus responsible for the illness belongs to a genetic lineage that’s circulating in wild birds and poultry — different from what’s spreading in dairy cattle and driving the majority of infections in agricultural workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., more than \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html\">60 people have been infected\u003c/a> so far, although some research \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7344a3.htm\">suggests\u003c/a> the official tally may be an undercount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The illnesses linked to dairy cattle have largely led to mild illnesses in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The version of the virus in the Louisiana case is the D1.1 genotype. It has previously popped up in poultry workers in Washington state, who \u003ca href=\"https://doh.wa.gov/newsroom/first-presumed-human-infections-avian-influenza-under-investigation-washington-state\">developed mild symptoms\u003c/a> after testing positive in October. More recently, however, a teenager in British Columbia was hospitalized after contracting this D1.1 strain of the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Canadian health officials were unable to figure out how that person was infected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The case in southwest Louisiana was detected during routine flu surveillance and eventually sent to the CDC for confirmation. The case doesn’t change the CDC’s assessment that the risk to the general public remains low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the hospitalization is a reminder that bird flu has a well-established history of leading to severe illness and death over the past 20 years in other countries, Dr. Demetre Daskalakis with the CDC, told reporters on Wednesday during a press call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daskalakis said his agency is doing additional sequencing to look for any worrying changes in the virus that could signal it’s evolving to better infect humans or cause more severe disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists were concerned that the case in British Columbia exhibited certain mutations that could spell trouble, although more research was needed to understand the exact implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daskalakis referred reporters to Louisiana officials conducting the investigation into the case for further details on how the person caught the virus and their symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with the Louisiana infection, most cases have been linked back to some kind of exposure to sick animals. Dairy cattle harbor high loads of virus in their milk and that’s suspected to be causing infections in farm workers. Those working with infected poultry can also catch the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, several cases have cropped up in the U.S. that can’t be tracked back to infected farm animals, including in California and Missouri.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Infections without a clear source of exposure do occur; neither these cases nor the cases with known animal or animal products exposure have resulted in human-to-human transmission,” Daskalakis said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>When someone you love loses a person \u003cem>they\u003c/em> love, it can be hard to know what to say. You want to show your friend you love and support them, but you also know there really isn’t much you can say to heal their pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this situation, the best thing to do is “name the elephant in the room,” says \u003ca href=\"https://mekelharrisphd.com/\">\u003cu>Mekel Harris\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, a psychologist and grief consultant. Although it may feel awkward, don’t be afraid to talk to your friend about their loss. “It’s not about having the perfect script. It is about acknowledging I’m thinking of you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you feel at a loss for words, Harris and \u003ca href=\"https://www.marisareneelee.com/\">Marisa Renee Lee\u003c/a>, author of \u003cem>Grief is Love\u003c/em>, share dos and don’ts to help you find the right thing to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DON’T say, “I can’t imagine what you’re going through.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, you can, Harris says. “We don’t have to stretch to understand there’s pain, grief and heartache associated with death.” So, use your imagination to be with your friend in their grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris suggests saying: “I can imagine how difficult the journey may be. I just want you to know I’m here for you in whatever way is meaningful for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO say, “I don’t have the right words.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s OK to acknowledge that you don’t know what to say, Harris says. Your friend will understand that it’s hard to get the words right. It also addresses the loss and shows you’re not trying to avoid talking about what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Avoidance is only comfortable for the person who’s avoiding,” Harris says. In other words, it may be emotionally easier for you to stay silent about your friend’s loss, but it may cause your friend pain.[aside label=\"Related Advice from NPR\" link1=\"https://www.npr.org/2020/05/12/854905033/grief-for-beginners-5-things-to-know-about-processing-loss,Grief for beginners: 5 things to know about processing loss\" link2=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/04/07/1168641456/bad-at-saying-goodbye-here-are-4-tips-for-a-fond-farewell,4 tips for saying goodbye to someone you love\" link3=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/07/24/1189865100/processing-pet-grief-with-love,Losing a pet is hard. Here's how to cope\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DON’T say anything that starts with “at least.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes “at least they’re in a better place” or “at least they are no longer suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you start with “at least,” you are minimizing your friend’s experience and, crucially, imposing a viewpoint that may not ring true. “To the person navigating loss, there is no better place but for the person to be physically here,” Harris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO say, “No need to respond.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee recommends adding this to any message you send to your grieving friend. Releasing the other person from any pressure or expectation to reply can make it easier for them to feel supported without any obligation or guilt to have to reciprocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DON’T use cliches or platitudes. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid saying phrases like, “time heals all wounds” or “everything happens for a reason.” They can sound hollow and impersonal, like you’re simply checking a box to fulfill your obligation of saying something, Lee says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phrases that are focused on healing or moving on are also not helpful to your friend, who may want to sit in their grief to process it a little longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO tell them you love them, that it’s hard and that you’re sorry. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, stick with something specific to your relationship and your connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the person who is grieving is not somebody you have a close relationship with, you can say something like, “I heard that [person who died] passed away, and I’m holding you in my thoughts,” Harris says. Leading with empathy and staying true to your relationship is the key to not overstepping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO walk down memory lane. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not want to talk about the person who has died for fear of making your friend sad. But don’t be afraid to share stories you remember about them, even months or years later. It shows you care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee lost her mom over 15 years ago. She appreciates it when friends and family share memories of her, she says. “I am never not thinking about her in some regard.” It makes her feel good to know that others are still thinking about her mom, too — and she’s not forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO keep checking in over time.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days and weeks after a loss, the grieving person is often getting texts and phone calls, Harris says. “Typically, as time goes on, the social support dwindles. To the grieving heart, that can be devastating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So keep reaching out to your friend, even months after the death. Grief is a long road, and each person grieves at their own pace and in their own way.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>We want to hear from you: What do you say to a friend when their loved one has died?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Share your beautiful messages of support and condolences. Email \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:lifekit@npr.org\">\u003cem>\u003cu>lifekit@npr.org\u003c/u>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and we may feature your response in our newsletter or on NPR.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The digital story was edited by Malaka Gharib. The visual producer is Beck Harlan.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want more Life Kit? Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and get expert advice on topics like money, relationships, health and more. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/newsletter/life-kit\">\u003cem>Click here to subscribe now\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Corrections, December 6, 2024: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>A previous audio version of this story incorrectly gave the title of Dr. Mekel Harris’ book as Relaxing Into Grief. Her book is titled Relaxing Into the Pain: My Journey Into Grief & Beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When someone you love loses a person \u003cem>they\u003c/em> love, it can be hard to know what to say. You want to show your friend you love and support them, but you also know there really isn’t much you can say to heal their pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this situation, the best thing to do is “name the elephant in the room,” says \u003ca href=\"https://mekelharrisphd.com/\">\u003cu>Mekel Harris\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, a psychologist and grief consultant. Although it may feel awkward, don’t be afraid to talk to your friend about their loss. “It’s not about having the perfect script. It is about acknowledging I’m thinking of you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you feel at a loss for words, Harris and \u003ca href=\"https://www.marisareneelee.com/\">Marisa Renee Lee\u003c/a>, author of \u003cem>Grief is Love\u003c/em>, share dos and don’ts to help you find the right thing to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DON’T say, “I can’t imagine what you’re going through.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Actually, you can, Harris says. “We don’t have to stretch to understand there’s pain, grief and heartache associated with death.” So, use your imagination to be with your friend in their grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harris suggests saying: “I can imagine how difficult the journey may be. I just want you to know I’m here for you in whatever way is meaningful for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO say, “I don’t have the right words.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s OK to acknowledge that you don’t know what to say, Harris says. Your friend will understand that it’s hard to get the words right. It also addresses the loss and shows you’re not trying to avoid talking about what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Avoidance is only comfortable for the person who’s avoiding,” Harris says. In other words, it may be emotionally easier for you to stay silent about your friend’s loss, but it may cause your friend pain.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"link1": "https://www.npr.org/2020/05/12/854905033/grief-for-beginners-5-things-to-know-about-processing-loss,Grief for beginners: 5 things to know about processing loss",
"link2": "https://www.npr.org/2023/04/07/1168641456/bad-at-saying-goodbye-here-are-4-tips-for-a-fond-farewell,4 tips for saying goodbye to someone you love",
"link3": "https://www.npr.org/2023/07/24/1189865100/processing-pet-grief-with-love,Losing a pet is hard. Here's how to cope"
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DON’T say anything that starts with “at least.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That includes “at least they’re in a better place” or “at least they are no longer suffering.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you start with “at least,” you are minimizing your friend’s experience and, crucially, imposing a viewpoint that may not ring true. “To the person navigating loss, there is no better place but for the person to be physically here,” Harris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO say, “No need to respond.” \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee recommends adding this to any message you send to your grieving friend. Releasing the other person from any pressure or expectation to reply can make it easier for them to feel supported without any obligation or guilt to have to reciprocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DON’T use cliches or platitudes. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avoid saying phrases like, “time heals all wounds” or “everything happens for a reason.” They can sound hollow and impersonal, like you’re simply checking a box to fulfill your obligation of saying something, Lee says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phrases that are focused on healing or moving on are also not helpful to your friend, who may want to sit in their grief to process it a little longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO tell them you love them, that it’s hard and that you’re sorry. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When in doubt, stick with something specific to your relationship and your connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the person who is grieving is not somebody you have a close relationship with, you can say something like, “I heard that [person who died] passed away, and I’m holding you in my thoughts,” Harris says. Leading with empathy and staying true to your relationship is the key to not overstepping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO walk down memory lane. \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may not want to talk about the person who has died for fear of making your friend sad. But don’t be afraid to share stories you remember about them, even months or years later. It shows you care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lee lost her mom over 15 years ago. She appreciates it when friends and family share memories of her, she says. “I am never not thinking about her in some regard.” It makes her feel good to know that others are still thinking about her mom, too — and she’s not forgotten.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DO keep checking in over time.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days and weeks after a loss, the grieving person is often getting texts and phone calls, Harris says. “Typically, as time goes on, the social support dwindles. To the grieving heart, that can be devastating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So keep reaching out to your friend, even months after the death. Grief is a long road, and each person grieves at their own pace and in their own way.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>We want to hear from you: What do you say to a friend when their loved one has died?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Share your beautiful messages of support and condolences. Email \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:lifekit@npr.org\">\u003cem>\u003cu>lifekit@npr.org\u003c/u>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> and we may feature your response in our newsletter or on NPR.org.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The digital story was edited by Malaka Gharib. The visual producer is Beck Harlan.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Want more Life Kit? Subscribe to our weekly newsletter and get expert advice on topics like money, relationships, health and more. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/newsletter/life-kit\">\u003cem>Click here to subscribe now\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Corrections, December 6, 2024: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>A previous audio version of this story incorrectly gave the title of Dr. Mekel Harris’ book as Relaxing Into Grief. Her book is titled Relaxing Into the Pain: My Journey Into Grief & Beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Police say UnitedHealthcare's CEO Was Likely Killed With a Ghost Gun. What Are They?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Luigi Mangione, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/12/10/nx-s1-5223302/latest-unitedhealthcare-ceo-shooting-case\">the suspect charged\u003c/a> in the murder of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, was carrying a “ghost gun” at the time of his arrest, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 26-year-old was “in possession of a ghost gun that had the capability of firing a 9 millimeter round” when he was arrested in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on Monday, New York Police Department (NYPD) Chief of Detectives Joseph Kenny said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdaqEezK2Ks\">press briefing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYPD said the gun, which is “consistent with the weapon used in the murder,” may have been made on a 3D printer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no tolerance, nor should anyone, for one man using an illegal ghost gun to murder someone because he thinks his opinion matters most,” Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/atrupar/status/1866273624711193077\">said on Monday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghost guns, also known as privately made firearms, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/12/1092063600/what-are-ghost-guns-explained\">assembled by their owners\u003c/a>, either from scratch or through weapon parts kits. They are not marked with serial numbers, making them easy for criminals to acquire and difficult, if not impossible, for law enforcement to trace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives said in 2022 that within the previous five years, it was only able to successfully trace 0.98% of suspected “ghost guns” back to their individual purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, a growing number of ghost guns have been recovered from crime scenes across the U.S., worrying many authorities. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.bradyunited.org/resources/issues/what-are-ghost-guns\">have been used\u003c/a> in homicides, domestic violence, robberies, killings of law enforcement officers, mass shootings and school shootings, including one that wounded two kindergarteners at a religious school in Oroville in Butte County \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/butte-county-california-school-shooting-1a183fcd1670d47dedeff81d9f1ce492\">last week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocacy organization Everytown for Gun Safety \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/report/ghost-guns-recoveries-and-shootings/?_gl=1*1i0s6ir*_ga*NTg3MDQzNDY4LjE3MzM4MzQwNDA.*_ga_68QYBV181T*MTczMzgzNDAzOS4xLjEuMTczMzgzNDEyOS4wLjAuMA..*_ga_1FTV9KT752*MTczMzgzNDAzOS4xLjAuMTczMzgzNDAzOS4wLjAuMA..\">has called them\u003c/a> “the fastest growing gun safety problem in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is legal in the U.S. to build a firearm for personal use, the Biden administration, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/rankings/law/ghost-guns-regulated/\">more than a dozen states\u003c/a>, have tried with varying degrees of success to regulate ghost guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How are ghost guns made?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are several main methods for assembling a ghost gun, a process that \u003ca href=\"https://www.everytown.org/arent-ghost-gun-build-kits-expensive/\">gun control advocates\u003c/a> say can take less than an hour and costs only a few hundred dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to \u003ca href=\"https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2024-september-20/\">use a 3D printer\u003c/a> — with the instruction manuals and videos easily available online — to create some or most of the parts from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People can also buy the necessary components online, either piece by piece or all together, in what are called buy-build-shoot kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Buy-build-shoot kits are weapon parts kits that are essentially pre-manufactured, [disassembled], complete firearms (a firearm in a box),” the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1493431/dl\">Department of Justice said\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was legal for retailers to sell those kits without running background checks until 2022, when the Justice Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/frame-and-receiver-rule-goes-effect\">passed a rule\u003c/a> aimed at curbing the growing use of ghost guns in crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How prevalent are ghost guns?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12017476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12017476\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost guns seized in federal law enforcement actions are displayed at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives field office in California in 2022. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ghost guns have been around in the U.S. at least since the 1990s but have proliferated over the last decade or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ATF said it received approximately 45,000 reports of suspected ghost guns recovered by law enforcement in criminal investigations between January 2016 and December 2021. Of those investigations, 692 involved homicides or attempted homicides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from the bureau shows the number of suspected ghost guns \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-new-rule-modernize-firearm-definitions\">rising steadily each year\u003c/a> over that period, from 1,758 in 2016 to 19,344 in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State- and city-specific data also sheds light on the growing prevalence of ghost guns in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ogvp-report-ghost-guns.pdf\">data released in October\u003c/a> shows that 8,340 ghost guns were recovered in the state in 2023, compared to just three in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philadelphia police recovered 575 ghost guns in 2022, reporting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/at-hearing-state-legislators-learn-ghost-gun-use-growing-on-phillys-streets/3792694/\">311% increase\u003c/a> in their use since 2019. The NYPD reported that officers seized \u003ca href=\"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/public-safety/2023/09/20/nypd-unit-combatting-the-growing-problem-of-ghost-guns\">463 ghost guns\u003c/a> in 2022, up from 263 the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are extremely dangerous, and we must do more on the federal level to clamp down on the availability of ghost guns,” New York City Mayor Eric Adams said at Monday’s briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How are ghost guns regulated?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Private U.S. citizens are allowed to build guns for personal use under the Gun Control Act of 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, some state and federal authorities are taking steps to crack down on ghost guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen states \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/rankings/law/ghost-guns-regulated/\">have passed laws\u003c/a> to regulate them, with many requiring serial numbers and background checks for component parts and others — including New York — going a step further by requiring ghost guns to be reported to authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='gun-laws' label='More Coverage' ]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2022, a Justice Department rule took effect that made weapons parts kits subject to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/frame-and-receiver-rule-goes-effect\">same regulations\u003c/a> as traditional firearms, including requiring commercial sellers to become federally licensed, mark certain parts with serial numbers and run background checks on purchasers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule also aims to regulate some of the ghost guns already in circulation by requiring federally licensed dealers and gunsmiths to put serial numbers on any guns they take into inventory that don’t already have them before selling them to another customer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you commit a crime [with a] ghost gun, not only are state and local prosecutors going to come after you, but expect federal charges and federal prosecution as well,” President \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/03/remarks-by-president-biden-at-a-gun-violence-prevention-task-force-meeting/\">Biden said\u003c/a> that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kit manufacturers and sellers challenged the rule in court, arguing the ATF exceeded its authority. The U.S. Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/16/1206245991/supreme-court-ghost-guns\">allowed the rule to remain\u003c/a> in place pending litigation and heard the case in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has not yet made a decision, though NPR’s Nina Totenberg reported that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/10/08/nx-s1-5145914/supreme-court-ghost-guns\">justices seemed inclined\u003c/a> to side with the Biden administration.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Luigi Mangione, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/12/10/nx-s1-5223302/latest-unitedhealthcare-ceo-shooting-case\">the suspect charged\u003c/a> in the murder of UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, was carrying a “ghost gun” at the time of his arrest, authorities said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 26-year-old was “in possession of a ghost gun that had the capability of firing a 9 millimeter round” when he was arrested in Altoona, Pennsylvania, on Monday, New York Police Department (NYPD) Chief of Detectives Joseph Kenny said at a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdaqEezK2Ks\">press briefing\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The NYPD said the gun, which is “consistent with the weapon used in the murder,” may have been made on a 3D printer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have no tolerance, nor should anyone, for one man using an illegal ghost gun to murder someone because he thinks his opinion matters most,” Pennsylvania Gov. Josh Shapiro \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/atrupar/status/1866273624711193077\">said on Monday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ghost guns, also known as privately made firearms, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/04/12/1092063600/what-are-ghost-guns-explained\">assembled by their owners\u003c/a>, either from scratch or through weapon parts kits. They are not marked with serial numbers, making them easy for criminals to acquire and difficult, if not impossible, for law enforcement to trace.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Justice Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives said in 2022 that within the previous five years, it was only able to successfully trace 0.98% of suspected “ghost guns” back to their individual purchaser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, a growing number of ghost guns have been recovered from crime scenes across the U.S., worrying many authorities. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.bradyunited.org/resources/issues/what-are-ghost-guns\">have been used\u003c/a> in homicides, domestic violence, robberies, killings of law enforcement officers, mass shootings and school shootings, including one that wounded two kindergarteners at a religious school in Oroville in Butte County \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/butte-county-california-school-shooting-1a183fcd1670d47dedeff81d9f1ce492\">last week\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocacy organization Everytown for Gun Safety \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/report/ghost-guns-recoveries-and-shootings/?_gl=1*1i0s6ir*_ga*NTg3MDQzNDY4LjE3MzM4MzQwNDA.*_ga_68QYBV181T*MTczMzgzNDAzOS4xLjEuMTczMzgzNDEyOS4wLjAuMA..*_ga_1FTV9KT752*MTczMzgzNDAzOS4xLjAuMTczMzgzNDAzOS4wLjAuMA..\">has called them\u003c/a> “the fastest growing gun safety problem in the country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it is legal in the U.S. to build a firearm for personal use, the Biden administration, as well as \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/rankings/law/ghost-guns-regulated/\">more than a dozen states\u003c/a>, have tried with varying degrees of success to regulate ghost guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How are ghost guns made?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There are several main methods for assembling a ghost gun, a process that \u003ca href=\"https://www.everytown.org/arent-ghost-gun-build-kits-expensive/\">gun control advocates\u003c/a> say can take less than an hour and costs only a few hundred dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to \u003ca href=\"https://thesoufancenter.org/intelbrief-2024-september-20/\">use a 3D printer\u003c/a> — with the instruction manuals and videos easily available online — to create some or most of the parts from scratch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People can also buy the necessary components online, either piece by piece or all together, in what are called buy-build-shoot kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Buy-build-shoot kits are weapon parts kits that are essentially pre-manufactured, [disassembled], complete firearms (a firearm in a box),” the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/press-release/file/1493431/dl\">Department of Justice said\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was legal for retailers to sell those kits without running background checks until 2022, when the Justice Department \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/frame-and-receiver-rule-goes-effect\">passed a rule\u003c/a> aimed at curbing the growing use of ghost guns in crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How prevalent are ghost guns?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12017476\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12017476\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/NPR2-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ghost guns seized in federal law enforcement actions are displayed at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives field office in California in 2022. \u003ccite>(Robyn Beck/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ghost guns have been around in the U.S. at least since the 1990s but have proliferated over the last decade or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ATF said it received approximately 45,000 reports of suspected ghost guns recovered by law enforcement in criminal investigations between January 2016 and December 2021. Of those investigations, 692 involved homicides or attempted homicides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data from the bureau shows the number of suspected ghost guns \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-new-rule-modernize-firearm-definitions\">rising steadily each year\u003c/a> over that period, from 1,758 in 2016 to 19,344 in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State- and city-specific data also sheds light on the growing prevalence of ghost guns in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/media/ogvp-report-ghost-guns.pdf\">data released in October\u003c/a> shows that 8,340 ghost guns were recovered in the state in 2023, compared to just three in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Philadelphia police recovered 575 ghost guns in 2022, reporting a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/at-hearing-state-legislators-learn-ghost-gun-use-growing-on-phillys-streets/3792694/\">311% increase\u003c/a> in their use since 2019. The NYPD reported that officers seized \u003ca href=\"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/public-safety/2023/09/20/nypd-unit-combatting-the-growing-problem-of-ghost-guns\">463 ghost guns\u003c/a> in 2022, up from 263 the previous year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are extremely dangerous, and we must do more on the federal level to clamp down on the availability of ghost guns,” New York City Mayor Eric Adams said at Monday’s briefing.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How are ghost guns regulated?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Private U.S. citizens are allowed to build guns for personal use under the Gun Control Act of 1968.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, some state and federal authorities are taking steps to crack down on ghost guns.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen states \u003ca href=\"https://everytownresearch.org/rankings/law/ghost-guns-regulated/\">have passed laws\u003c/a> to regulate them, with many requiring serial numbers and background checks for component parts and others — including New York — going a step further by requiring ghost guns to be reported to authorities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2022, a Justice Department rule took effect that made weapons parts kits subject to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/frame-and-receiver-rule-goes-effect\">same regulations\u003c/a> as traditional firearms, including requiring commercial sellers to become federally licensed, mark certain parts with serial numbers and run background checks on purchasers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rule also aims to regulate some of the ghost guns already in circulation by requiring federally licensed dealers and gunsmiths to put serial numbers on any guns they take into inventory that don’t already have them before selling them to another customer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you commit a crime [with a] ghost gun, not only are state and local prosecutors going to come after you, but expect federal charges and federal prosecution as well,” President \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2022/02/03/remarks-by-president-biden-at-a-gun-violence-prevention-task-force-meeting/\">Biden said\u003c/a> that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kit manufacturers and sellers challenged the rule in court, arguing the ATF exceeded its authority. The U.S. Supreme Court \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2023/10/16/1206245991/supreme-court-ghost-guns\">allowed the rule to remain\u003c/a> in place pending litigation and heard the case in October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has not yet made a decision, though NPR’s Nina Totenberg reported that the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/10/08/nx-s1-5145914/supreme-court-ghost-guns\">justices seemed inclined\u003c/a> to side with the Biden administration.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>With the holiday season upon us, it’s more than likely that you’ll be sitting down for at least one indulgent meal over the next month or so — I’m looking at you Thanksgiving!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of chilling out in front of the football game after you polish off the pumpkin pie, consider venturing out for a walk. It’s one of the easiest things you can do to boost your health after a meal and even a short stroll can yield big benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of post-meal walks has been around for centuries, notes \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/exercise-and-nutrition-sciences/loretta-dipietro\">Loretta DiPietro\u003c/a>, a professor of exercise and nutrition science at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italians have been doing it, and Europeans have been doing it forever. My grandparents did it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people used to refer to these walks as constitutionals or strolls undertaken for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TV may be one reason why the habit fell out of favor, but the idea has caught on again recently, thanks to viral TikTok videos extolling the virtues of a post-meal walk — sometimes called, ahem, “fart walks” because they can relieve gas! Experts say this is one health hack that social media gets right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sustained walking at any time of day is beneficial. You get more bang for the buck if you walk after meals,” DiPietro says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, walking or other physical activity will jumpstart digestion, so your meal goes down easier, says\u003ca href=\"https://gastro.uw.edu/people/faculty/damman-c\"> Dr. Chris Damman,\u003c/a> a gastroenterologist and professor at the University of Washington who studies the intersection of the microbiome and metabolic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually has pretty important benefits for your well-being in your belly, getting things moving, so to speak, and may be also beneficial for clearing the air, if you know what I mean,” Damman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faster digestion may help get more fiber and other undigested nutrients to the lower part of the gut, providing a feast for the microbes that live there, Damman says. And if you’re feeding them fiber-rich foods, these microbes will, in turn, produce lots of molecules that play an important role in keeping our brains, immune systems and metabolisms healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking also plays a big role in helping to regulate blood sugar levels after eating. That’s because as food is digested, it gets broken down into different parts, including the sugar glucose, one of the body’s main sources of energy. That sugar will then flood the bloodstream. A post-meal walk can blunt that spike, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons walking is beneficial is when we move our muscles — and that’s both our heart and the muscles in our legs and our arms — they become sponges for the blood glucose that our gut is absorbing into the bloodstream,” Damman says. “And so it basically just pulls all that glucose out of the blood and into the muscles, where it’s being used immediately for propelling us forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, the body produces the hormone insulin to clear glucose out of the blood and into nearby cells. But muscle contractions through walking can also accomplish this — even without the presence of insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means less stress on your pancreas because it doesn’t have to produce as much insulin after a meal. And that’s important because “over time, high loads on the pancreas can tax it and even lead to pre-diabetes or diabetes,” Damman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to walk long or intensely to see these benefits. For instance, DiPietro co-authored one study that found taking \u003ca href=\"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/36/10/3262/30770/Three-15-min-Bouts-of-Moderate-Postmeal-Walking\">a 15-minute walk at a moderate pace \u003c/a>after a meal improved blood sugar control even hours later. Other \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-022-01649-4\">research\u003c/a> has found that as little as 2 to 5 minutes of post-meal walking can help lower blood sugar, though longer is better.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_12015914,news_12015975,arts_13968610\"]DiPietro says you want to head out within about a half hour after eating when you’re digesting your meal and the glucose is hitting your bloodstream, so your muscles can use it up right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the weather isn’t conducive to an outdoor stroll — or you’re just too busy bingeing Netflix — don’t let that deter you. “Stand up and march in place and move your arms,” DiPietro advises. Even if it’s just a few minutes, those movements can help your body store glucose better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, DiPietro says walking after any meal is beneficial, but if you had to pick one, dinner would be your best bet. That’s because, for many people, the evening meal tends to be the biggest of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so you’ve got a lot of calories going in,” she says, “and all that sugar and fat is circulating in your blood. And what we then do is flop in front of the television or we go to bed,” which is a bad idea, she says, because our bodies also produce less insulin at night, especially as we age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That combination of low insulin and couch potato instincts is a recipe for high blood sugar, which you want to avoid at all times, but especially before going to bed, says \u003ca href=\"https://clinicalconnection.hopkinsmedicine.org/participant/luis-fernando-buenaver-phd\">Luis Buenaver,\u003c/a> a behavioral sleep specialist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because blood sugar spikes and crashes are linked to poor sleep quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gentle walk after dinner can not only prevent that. It can also improve circulation, he says. “And it can help promote this sense of relaxation,” which in turn can make for a better night’s sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of this is especially true after a heavy meal like Thanksgiving dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If ever there were a meal to walk after, that would be the Thanksgiving dinner, given the load of calories that one is consuming,” DiPietro says. So fight the urge to take a nap, and first go for a walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>With the holiday season upon us, it’s more than likely that you’ll be sitting down for at least one indulgent meal over the next month or so — I’m looking at you Thanksgiving!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But instead of chilling out in front of the football game after you polish off the pumpkin pie, consider venturing out for a walk. It’s one of the easiest things you can do to boost your health after a meal and even a short stroll can yield big benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The concept of post-meal walks has been around for centuries, notes \u003ca href=\"https://publichealth.gwu.edu/departments/exercise-and-nutrition-sciences/loretta-dipietro\">Loretta DiPietro\u003c/a>, a professor of exercise and nutrition science at the George Washington University Milken Institute School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Italians have been doing it, and Europeans have been doing it forever. My grandparents did it,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people used to refer to these walks as constitutionals or strolls undertaken for your health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TV may be one reason why the habit fell out of favor, but the idea has caught on again recently, thanks to viral TikTok videos extolling the virtues of a post-meal walk — sometimes called, ahem, “fart walks” because they can relieve gas! Experts say this is one health hack that social media gets right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sustained walking at any time of day is beneficial. You get more bang for the buck if you walk after meals,” DiPietro says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why? For starters, walking or other physical activity will jumpstart digestion, so your meal goes down easier, says\u003ca href=\"https://gastro.uw.edu/people/faculty/damman-c\"> Dr. Chris Damman,\u003c/a> a gastroenterologist and professor at the University of Washington who studies the intersection of the microbiome and metabolic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It actually has pretty important benefits for your well-being in your belly, getting things moving, so to speak, and may be also beneficial for clearing the air, if you know what I mean,” Damman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faster digestion may help get more fiber and other undigested nutrients to the lower part of the gut, providing a feast for the microbes that live there, Damman says. And if you’re feeding them fiber-rich foods, these microbes will, in turn, produce lots of molecules that play an important role in keeping our brains, immune systems and metabolisms healthy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking also plays a big role in helping to regulate blood sugar levels after eating. That’s because as food is digested, it gets broken down into different parts, including the sugar glucose, one of the body’s main sources of energy. That sugar will then flood the bloodstream. A post-meal walk can blunt that spike, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons walking is beneficial is when we move our muscles — and that’s both our heart and the muscles in our legs and our arms — they become sponges for the blood glucose that our gut is absorbing into the bloodstream,” Damman says. “And so it basically just pulls all that glucose out of the blood and into the muscles, where it’s being used immediately for propelling us forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally, the body produces the hormone insulin to clear glucose out of the blood and into nearby cells. But muscle contractions through walking can also accomplish this — even without the presence of insulin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means less stress on your pancreas because it doesn’t have to produce as much insulin after a meal. And that’s important because “over time, high loads on the pancreas can tax it and even lead to pre-diabetes or diabetes,” Damman says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You don’t have to walk long or intensely to see these benefits. For instance, DiPietro co-authored one study that found taking \u003ca href=\"https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/36/10/3262/30770/Three-15-min-Bouts-of-Moderate-Postmeal-Walking\">a 15-minute walk at a moderate pace \u003c/a>after a meal improved blood sugar control even hours later. Other \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40279-022-01649-4\">research\u003c/a> has found that as little as 2 to 5 minutes of post-meal walking can help lower blood sugar, though longer is better.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>DiPietro says you want to head out within about a half hour after eating when you’re digesting your meal and the glucose is hitting your bloodstream, so your muscles can use it up right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the weather isn’t conducive to an outdoor stroll — or you’re just too busy bingeing Netflix — don’t let that deter you. “Stand up and march in place and move your arms,” DiPietro advises. Even if it’s just a few minutes, those movements can help your body store glucose better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, DiPietro says walking after any meal is beneficial, but if you had to pick one, dinner would be your best bet. That’s because, for many people, the evening meal tends to be the biggest of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so you’ve got a lot of calories going in,” she says, “and all that sugar and fat is circulating in your blood. And what we then do is flop in front of the television or we go to bed,” which is a bad idea, she says, because our bodies also produce less insulin at night, especially as we age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That combination of low insulin and couch potato instincts is a recipe for high blood sugar, which you want to avoid at all times, but especially before going to bed, says \u003ca href=\"https://clinicalconnection.hopkinsmedicine.org/participant/luis-fernando-buenaver-phd\">Luis Buenaver,\u003c/a> a behavioral sleep specialist at Johns Hopkins University. That’s because blood sugar spikes and crashes are linked to poor sleep quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gentle walk after dinner can not only prevent that. It can also improve circulation, he says. “And it can help promote this sense of relaxation,” which in turn can make for a better night’s sleep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And all of this is especially true after a heavy meal like Thanksgiving dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If ever there were a meal to walk after, that would be the Thanksgiving dinner, given the load of calories that one is consuming,” DiPietro says. So fight the urge to take a nap, and first go for a walk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A lame-duck president “pardoned” a turkey on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell me there’s 2,500 people here today looking for a pardon,” President Biden joked at a White House ceremony on the South Lawn. After one of the turkeys, Peach, let out a few gobbles, Biden said, “What did you say, Peach? Peach is making a last-minute plea here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He implored the turkeys to “keep calm and gobble on,” then pardoned them. “Based on your temperament and your commitment to being productive members of society,” the president said, “I hereby pardon Peach and Blossom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden noted that the birds would live out their days at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploreminnesota.com/profile/farmamerica-minnesota-agricultural-interpretive-center/2184\">\u003cu>Farmamerica Agricultural Interpretive Center\u003c/u>\u003c/a> in Minnesota, the top-producing turkey state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hinted at this strange event’s history and did so accurately, unlike many past presidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not to be snood-y about it, but this fowl tradition has a long and oft-confused history. So, let’s dispel the myths that get stuck in our beaks that too many have clawed onto and get to the truth of the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Even presidents have gotten it wrong\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Which president was the first to pardon a turkey? This might be a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story\">\u003cu>shaggy turkey story,\u003c/u>\u003c/a> but bear with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To paraphrase a former president, this depends on what the definition of “pardon” is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tradition that dates back to the presidency of Harry Truman,” then-President George W. Bush said in \u003ca href=\"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081126-3.html\">\u003cu>2008\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eh. Sort of, but not when it comes to \u003cem>pardoning \u003c/em>turkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12015775\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1139\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1020x726.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1536x1093.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President George W. Bush pets “May” the turkey during the pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey on Nov. 20, 2007, in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, D.C. The pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey is a White House tradition dating back to the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. \u003ccite>(Mandel Ngan/AFP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So continuing a tradition begun 50 years ago by President Truman, I am going to keep at least — excuse me — one turkey off of the Thanksgiving dinner table by giving a pardon to a turkey from Ohio,” former President Bill Clinton said in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s definitely not true. And he repeated it the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Truman was the first president to pardon a turkey,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not true. It got so bad that the Truman Library had to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Library’s staff has found no documents, speeches, newspaper clippings, photographs, or other contemporary records in our holdings which refer to Truman pardoning a turkey that he received as a gift in 1947, or at any other time during his Presidency,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/trivia/did-truman-pardon-turkey\">\u003cu>it said in a statement\u003c/u>\u003c/a> in 2003. “Truman sometimes indicated to reporters that the turkeys he received were destined for the family dinner table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Truman was the first to be given a turkey by the National Turkey Federation but not the first to pardon one\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This is where the confusion comes in. The turkey lobby has been \u003cem>presenting\u003c/em> presidents with turkeys since 1947 when Truman was president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as the Truman Library notes, the post-Depression, post-World War II-era president ate his turkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was the original intent — a gift for the presidential holiday table … and for Big Turkey to get attention and remind people to eat turkey for Thanksgiving, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a story that suggests Abraham Lincoln was the first to let a turkey go because his son took a liking to it, but the White House Historical Association said that story is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/pardoning-the-thanksgiving-turkey\">\u003cu>likely apocryphal\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So maybe it was Lincoln, maybe it wasn’t. Maybe it was Kennedy?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first documented reprieve of a turkey during a turkey presentation from the Turkey Federation was in 1963.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sign hung around a turkey’s neck that read, “Good eating, Mr. President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, clearly the intent was for the president to eat it. But Kennedy, for whatever reason, said, “We’ll just let this one grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>L.A. Times\u003c/em> headlined that 1963 event as a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/presidential-turkey-pardons-not-long-history-you-might-think-f2D11663410\">\u003cu>presidential pardon\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it certainly wasn’t official.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When was the word ‘pardon’ first used by a president in relation to a turkey?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Following Kennedy, Nixon and Carter sent their turkeys to petting zoos. However, the word “pardon” wasn’t used until Reagan in 1987, when he presented that year’s White House turkey, “Charlie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during the Iran-Contra crisis, and ABC News correspondent Sam Donaldson yelled a question about whether Reagan would pardon Oliver North and John Poindexter, who were involved in the arms swap. Reagan deflected, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/informal-exchange-reporters-3\">\u003cu>saying\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, “If they’d given me a different answer on Charlie and his future, I would have pardoned him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The turkey pardon became an officially sanctioned White House event by George H.W. Bush\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The elder former President Bush, Reagan’s vice president, formalized the event in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[L]et me assure you and this fine tom turkey,” he said, “that he will not end up on anyone’s dinner table, not this guy — he’s presented a presidential pardon as of right now — and allow him to live out his days on a children’s farm not far from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a White House tradition was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The long, oft-confused and pun-packed history of a fowl tradition as we dispel the myths that get stuck in our beaks and that too many have clawed onto. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A lame-duck president “pardoned” a turkey on Monday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tell me there’s 2,500 people here today looking for a pardon,” President Biden joked at a White House ceremony on the South Lawn. After one of the turkeys, Peach, let out a few gobbles, Biden said, “What did you say, Peach? Peach is making a last-minute plea here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He implored the turkeys to “keep calm and gobble on,” then pardoned them. “Based on your temperament and your commitment to being productive members of society,” the president said, “I hereby pardon Peach and Blossom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biden noted that the birds would live out their days at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.exploreminnesota.com/profile/farmamerica-minnesota-agricultural-interpretive-center/2184\">\u003cu>Farmamerica Agricultural Interpretive Center\u003c/u>\u003c/a> in Minnesota, the top-producing turkey state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hinted at this strange event’s history and did so accurately, unlike many past presidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not to be snood-y about it, but this fowl tradition has a long and oft-confused history. So, let’s dispel the myths that get stuck in our beaks that too many have clawed onto and get to the truth of the matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Even presidents have gotten it wrong\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Which president was the first to pardon a turkey? This might be a \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaggy_dog_story\">\u003cu>shaggy turkey story,\u003c/u>\u003c/a> but bear with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To paraphrase a former president, this depends on what the definition of “pardon” is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a tradition that dates back to the presidency of Harry Truman,” then-President George W. Bush said in \u003ca href=\"https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081126-3.html\">\u003cu>2008\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eh. Sort of, but not when it comes to \u003cem>pardoning \u003c/em>turkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015775\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12015775\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1139\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-800x570.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1020x726.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/npr.brightspotcdn-1-copy-1536x1093.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President George W. Bush pets “May” the turkey during the pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey on Nov. 20, 2007, in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, D.C. The pardoning of the Thanksgiving turkey is a White House tradition dating back to the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. \u003ccite>(Mandel Ngan/AFP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“So continuing a tradition begun 50 years ago by President Truman, I am going to keep at least — excuse me — one turkey off of the Thanksgiving dinner table by giving a pardon to a turkey from Ohio,” former President Bill Clinton said in 1996.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s definitely not true. And he repeated it the next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“President Truman was the first president to pardon a turkey,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still not true. It got so bad that the Truman Library had to weigh in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Library’s staff has found no documents, speeches, newspaper clippings, photographs, or other contemporary records in our holdings which refer to Truman pardoning a turkey that he received as a gift in 1947, or at any other time during his Presidency,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/trivia/did-truman-pardon-turkey\">\u003cu>it said in a statement\u003c/u>\u003c/a> in 2003. “Truman sometimes indicated to reporters that the turkeys he received were destined for the family dinner table.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Truman was the first to be given a turkey by the National Turkey Federation but not the first to pardon one\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This is where the confusion comes in. The turkey lobby has been \u003cem>presenting\u003c/em> presidents with turkeys since 1947 when Truman was president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as the Truman Library notes, the post-Depression, post-World War II-era president ate his turkeys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that was the original intent — a gift for the presidential holiday table … and for Big Turkey to get attention and remind people to eat turkey for Thanksgiving, of course.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a story that suggests Abraham Lincoln was the first to let a turkey go because his son took a liking to it, but the White House Historical Association said that story is “\u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/pardoning-the-thanksgiving-turkey\">\u003cu>likely apocryphal\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So maybe it was Lincoln, maybe it wasn’t. Maybe it was Kennedy?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The first documented reprieve of a turkey during a turkey presentation from the Turkey Federation was in 1963.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A sign hung around a turkey’s neck that read, “Good eating, Mr. President.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, clearly the intent was for the president to eat it. But Kennedy, for whatever reason, said, “We’ll just let this one grow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>L.A. Times\u003c/em> headlined that 1963 event as a “\u003ca href=\"http://www.nbcnews.com/news/other/presidential-turkey-pardons-not-long-history-you-might-think-f2D11663410\">\u003cu>presidential pardon\u003c/u>\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it certainly wasn’t official.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>When was the word ‘pardon’ first used by a president in relation to a turkey?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Following Kennedy, Nixon and Carter sent their turkeys to petting zoos. However, the word “pardon” wasn’t used until Reagan in 1987, when he presented that year’s White House turkey, “Charlie.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was during the Iran-Contra crisis, and ABC News correspondent Sam Donaldson yelled a question about whether Reagan would pardon Oliver North and John Poindexter, who were involved in the arms swap. Reagan deflected, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/informal-exchange-reporters-3\">\u003cu>saying\u003c/u>\u003c/a>, “If they’d given me a different answer on Charlie and his future, I would have pardoned him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The turkey pardon became an officially sanctioned White House event by George H.W. Bush\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The elder former President Bush, Reagan’s vice president, formalized the event in 1989.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[L]et me assure you and this fine tom turkey,” he said, “that he will not end up on anyone’s dinner table, not this guy — he’s presented a presidential pardon as of right now — and allow him to live out his days on a children’s farm not far from here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And a White House tradition was born.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "following-abortion-playbook-trump-likely-to-limit-federal-funding-for-trans-health-care",
"title": "Following Abortion Playbook, Trump Likely to Limit Federal Funding for Trans Health Care",
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"content": "\u003cp>Ringing in voters’ ears in the final weeks of the presidential campaign was the tagline: “Kamala is for they/them. Trump is for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the success of that part of its closing argument, the new Trump administration is likely to turn to policy affecting transgender people early in its tenure. The issue is mentioned twice in President-elect Donald Trump’s 20-point \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/platform\">“Agenda 47” platform\u003c/a>: #16 Cut funding to schools that teach “radical gender ideology”; and #17 “Keep men out of women’s sports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about health care for transgender people? The Trump campaign and conservative think tanks offer several indications of how policy could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal ban on gender-affirming care for minors is likely, says Jon Schweppe, policy director at the American Principles Project, a conservative political advocacy group that has advocated against transgender policy for years. “With adults, I think the American people are much less enthusiastic about a full ban [on gender affirming care], but with kids, they’re all about it,” Schweppe asserts. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/dashboard/gender-affirming-care-policy-tracker/\">About half of states\u003c/a> have enacted such a ban, although polls vary on how much or little the broader public supports these efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also plans to curb access to gender transition by limiting insurance coverage. To do this, Republicans could take a page from the anti-abortion rights playbook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely one of our goals is to create a Hyde Amendment for so-called gender-affirming care,” says Schweppe. The Hyde Amendment is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/the-hyde-amendment-and-coverage-for-abortion-services-under-medicaid-in-the-post-roe-era/#:~:text=Starting%20in%201977%2C%20the%20Hyde,result%20from%20rape%20or%20incest.\">1977 policy\u003c/a> that prohibits federal dollars from paying for abortion with limited exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t believe taxpayer funding should go towards that for minors or for adults. We’ve poll tested that, and we’re pretty confident that the American people agree,” Schweppe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hyde Amendment largely is responsible for how abortion came to operate outside of the usual health insurance system. Patients often pay in cash, either because they don’t have coverage for abortion, or because they don’t want an abortion on their medical record. In response, abortion funds were created to allow people who don’t have insurance coverage or the means to afford an abortion on their own to have access.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Investment in ‘a political winner’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the presidential race alone, Republicans spent more than $46 million on the “Kamala is for they/them” message, according to a report by AdImpact shared with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has shown itself to be a political winner,” says Schweppe. Overall, the party spent $222 million on anti-trans and LGBTQ ads during the 2024 campaign. Democrats, in contrast, spent just under $29 million on LGBTQ ads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some congressional Republicans are signaling their eagerness to turn anti-trans campaign messaging into lawmaking. Weeks before the new session begins, proposed laws and policies about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/19/nx-s1-5196116/capitol-transgender-bathroom-ban-nancy-mace-sarah-mcbride\">bathroom access\u003c/a> have been crafted to take aim at incoming Rep. Sarah McBride D-Del., who will be the first transgender lawmaker in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12012863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12012863\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Democratic congressional candidate from Delaware Sarah McBride chats with State Sen. Dave Sokola (left) following a press conference on the steps of Delaware Legislative Hall on March 4, 2024, in Dover, Delaware. \u003ccite>(Kent Nishimura/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Other promises and policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2023, the Trump campaign \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/agenda47/president-trumps-plan-to-protect-children-from-left-wing-gender-insanity\">released a video\u003c/a> and outline of some policy steps Republicans would take “to protect children from left-wing gender insanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, Trump promised to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Ban gender-affirming care for youth nationally.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ban Medicare and Medicaid insurance coverage for gender-affirming care for patients of all ages and withhold federal funds from hospitals that provide the care.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Enact consequences for schools and teachers that affirm transgender youth.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Trump also wants a Justice Department investigation into how drug companies and hospitals are providing gender-affirming care, and he will seek to pass a federal law saying Title 9 prohibits transgender women and girls from participating in women’s sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Matt Sharp of the Christian conservative legal group Alliance Defending Freedom says he’s hopeful that the Trump administration will enact policies establishing that “differences between men and women matter, and that states and schools and other places will be allowed to go back to common sense and to recognize those differences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even supporters of access to gender-affirming care agree that restrictions are likely coming when Trump takes office. “It’s very clear that they have a coherent, anti-trans agenda that they’re going to pursue, so we’re preparing along multiple fronts,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/bio/harper-seldin\">Harper Seldin\u003c/a>, a staff attorney at the ACLU’s LGBTQ & HIV Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trans people saw all those ads, too, Seldin says. “Without in any way speculating on what that did or did not do to the ultimate result [of the election], I do think it creates a climate of fear for trans people,” he says. “I think it also creates a lot of permission for a climate of hate for people who are opposed to trans people. It really positions transgender people as the enemy of the regular American polity — and trans people are people, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11943966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11943966\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A family with two adults and achild on one of the adults' shoulders see from behind, holding a sign that reads "Protect Trans Kids"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People outside the Capitol in St. Paul, Minnesota, on March 6, 2022, protesting attacks against transgender kids. \u003ccite>(Michael Siluk/UCG/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Transgender young people in the spotlight\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although Trump’s policy goals when it comes to trans people would affect adults in some ways, the focus of a lot of conservative activism on this issue has centered on kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major American medical groups, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, and the Endocrine Society support access to gender-affirming care for youth, which can range from using a child’s preferred pronouns to using puberty blocking medications and sex hormones. (Surgery is very rare for minors.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/su/su7304a9.htm?s_cid=su7304a9_w\">recent report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3% of high school students describe themselves as transgender, although not all of them necessarily want medical interventions related to that identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC found trans students “experienced a higher prevalence of violence, poor mental health, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and unstable housing.” The report goes on to note that “having supportive families and peers, feeling connected to family and school, having affirmed name and pronouns used consistently by others, and having a sense of pride of identity are protective factors for transgender students that buffer the effects of minority stressors and promote better mental health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trevor Project, which runs a 24/7 crisis line for LGBTQ youth and answers calls from the 988 crisis line for this population, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/09/25/nx-s1-5127347/more-trans-teens-attempted-suicide-after-states-passed-anti-trans-laws-a-study-shows\">published an analysis\u003c/a> finding that transgender youth were more likely to attempt suicide after their home state passed a ban on gender affirming care for youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the election, there was a 700% increase in calls to the crisis line, which marked the largest surge in daily contact ever, the Trevor Project wrote to NPR in a statement. Even though the volume has done down since Nov 6, “volume remains higher than normal as LGBTQ+ young people continue to reach out, overwhelmingly, to discuss concerns about the 2024 election results,” the statement reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schweppe, of the American Principles Project, dismisses that data point, claiming research on suicide risk in this population is exaggerated. “We are diametrically opposed to what their goals are,” he says of the Trevor Project, whose work he described as indoctrination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if children may be suffering from gender dysphoria, he says, “we should be trying to help them identify with their with their biological sex, try to feel help them feel comfortable with their bodies, not tell them that their bodies are wrong, that the way God made them is wrong,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the American Academy of Pediatrics notes in \u003ca href=\"https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/4/e20182162/37381/Ensuring-Comprehensive-Care-and-Support-for?autologincheck=redirected\">a policy statement\u003c/a> that conversion or reparative therapies “have been proven to be not only unsuccessful but also deleterious and are considered outside the mainstream of traditional medical practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The shifting legal landscape\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Dec. 4, before the next Trump presidential term begins in January, the Supreme Court will hear arguments on whether Tennessee’s ban on gender-affirming care for transgender youth is constitutional, and by extension, the bans in 25 other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharp of the Alliance Defending Freedom says he hopes that the high court will decide on the substance of the case. “Ultimately, we hope that it will rule in favor of these state laws and allow them to go into effect,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seldin of the ACLU, which represents the Tennessee transgender kids and families who brought the case, says it’s hard to predict what will happen after oral arguments, but that they’re prepared to “be flexible with what we need to do to meet the moment.” He says LGBTQ advocates are equally determined to keep fighting for the rights of transgender people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the justices do hold that the bans are unconstitutional, conservative advocacy groups like the American Principles Project plan to “pursue other avenues to effectively shut down these gender clinics,” Schweppe says. That’s the overall goal, he adds. “I think we’ve been very transparent about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s not worried about the difficulties of passing laws on transgender issues with narrow Republican majorities in the House and Senate. He points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/06/nyregion/democrats-house-ny.html\">several Democrats\u003c/a> who argued in recent weeks that support for transgender people cost the party electoral wins, and who might cross party lines to support a bill on women’s sports, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The case that groups like ours are making to Republican leadership is that, not only is this the right thing to do and these are the right laws to pass, but they’re also of great political benefit,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Following Abortion Playbook, Trump Likely to Limit Federal Funding for Trans Health Care | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ringing in voters’ ears in the final weeks of the presidential campaign was the tagline: “Kamala is for they/them. Trump is for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the success of that part of its closing argument, the new Trump administration is likely to turn to policy affecting transgender people early in its tenure. The issue is mentioned twice in President-elect Donald Trump’s 20-point \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/platform\">“Agenda 47” platform\u003c/a>: #16 Cut funding to schools that teach “radical gender ideology”; and #17 “Keep men out of women’s sports.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what about health care for transgender people? The Trump campaign and conservative think tanks offer several indications of how policy could change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal ban on gender-affirming care for minors is likely, says Jon Schweppe, policy director at the American Principles Project, a conservative political advocacy group that has advocated against transgender policy for years. “With adults, I think the American people are much less enthusiastic about a full ban [on gender affirming care], but with kids, they’re all about it,” Schweppe asserts. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/other/dashboard/gender-affirming-care-policy-tracker/\">About half of states\u003c/a> have enacted such a ban, although polls vary on how much or little the broader public supports these efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are also plans to curb access to gender transition by limiting insurance coverage. To do this, Republicans could take a page from the anti-abortion rights playbook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Definitely one of our goals is to create a Hyde Amendment for so-called gender-affirming care,” says Schweppe. The Hyde Amendment is a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/issue-brief/the-hyde-amendment-and-coverage-for-abortion-services-under-medicaid-in-the-post-roe-era/#:~:text=Starting%20in%201977%2C%20the%20Hyde,result%20from%20rape%20or%20incest.\">1977 policy\u003c/a> that prohibits federal dollars from paying for abortion with limited exceptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t believe taxpayer funding should go towards that for minors or for adults. We’ve poll tested that, and we’re pretty confident that the American people agree,” Schweppe says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hyde Amendment largely is responsible for how abortion came to operate outside of the usual health insurance system. Patients often pay in cash, either because they don’t have coverage for abortion, or because they don’t want an abortion on their medical record. In response, abortion funds were created to allow people who don’t have insurance coverage or the means to afford an abortion on their own to have access.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Investment in ‘a political winner’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the presidential race alone, Republicans spent more than $46 million on the “Kamala is for they/them” message, according to a report by AdImpact shared with NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This has shown itself to be a political winner,” says Schweppe. Overall, the party spent $222 million on anti-trans and LGBTQ ads during the 2024 campaign. Democrats, in contrast, spent just under $29 million on LGBTQ ads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some congressional Republicans are signaling their eagerness to turn anti-trans campaign messaging into lawmaking. Weeks before the new session begins, proposed laws and policies about \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/19/nx-s1-5196116/capitol-transgender-bathroom-ban-nancy-mace-sarah-mcbride\">bathroom access\u003c/a> have been crafted to take aim at incoming Rep. Sarah McBride D-Del., who will be the first transgender lawmaker in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12012863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12012863\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-scaled.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-scaled.jpeg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-800x533.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-1020x680.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/gettyimages-2051568476-1920x1280.jpeg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Democratic congressional candidate from Delaware Sarah McBride chats with State Sen. Dave Sokola (left) following a press conference on the steps of Delaware Legislative Hall on March 4, 2024, in Dover, Delaware. \u003ccite>(Kent Nishimura/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Other promises and policies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2023, the Trump campaign \u003ca href=\"https://www.donaldjtrump.com/agenda47/president-trumps-plan-to-protect-children-from-left-wing-gender-insanity\">released a video\u003c/a> and outline of some policy steps Republicans would take “to protect children from left-wing gender insanity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, Trump promised to:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Ban gender-affirming care for youth nationally.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Ban Medicare and Medicaid insurance coverage for gender-affirming care for patients of all ages and withhold federal funds from hospitals that provide the care.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Enact consequences for schools and teachers that affirm transgender youth.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Trump also wants a Justice Department investigation into how drug companies and hospitals are providing gender-affirming care, and he will seek to pass a federal law saying Title 9 prohibits transgender women and girls from participating in women’s sports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overall, Matt Sharp of the Christian conservative legal group Alliance Defending Freedom says he’s hopeful that the Trump administration will enact policies establishing that “differences between men and women matter, and that states and schools and other places will be allowed to go back to common sense and to recognize those differences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even supporters of access to gender-affirming care agree that restrictions are likely coming when Trump takes office. “It’s very clear that they have a coherent, anti-trans agenda that they’re going to pursue, so we’re preparing along multiple fronts,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/bio/harper-seldin\">Harper Seldin\u003c/a>, a staff attorney at the ACLU’s LGBTQ & HIV Project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trans people saw all those ads, too, Seldin says. “Without in any way speculating on what that did or did not do to the ultimate result [of the election], I do think it creates a climate of fear for trans people,” he says. “I think it also creates a lot of permission for a climate of hate for people who are opposed to trans people. It really positions transgender people as the enemy of the regular American polity — and trans people are people, too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11943966\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11943966\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut.jpg\" alt=\"A family with two adults and achild on one of the adults' shoulders see from behind, holding a sign that reads "Protect Trans Kids"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/03/RS54556_GettyImages-1385208037-qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People outside the Capitol in St. Paul, Minnesota, on March 6, 2022, protesting attacks against transgender kids. \u003ccite>(Michael Siluk/UCG/Universal Images Group via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Transgender young people in the spotlight\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Although Trump’s policy goals when it comes to trans people would affect adults in some ways, the focus of a lot of conservative activism on this issue has centered on kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Major American medical groups, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, and the Endocrine Society support access to gender-affirming care for youth, which can range from using a child’s preferred pronouns to using puberty blocking medications and sex hormones. (Surgery is very rare for minors.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/su/su7304a9.htm?s_cid=su7304a9_w\">recent report\u003c/a> from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3% of high school students describe themselves as transgender, although not all of them necessarily want medical interventions related to that identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CDC found trans students “experienced a higher prevalence of violence, poor mental health, suicidal thoughts and behaviors, and unstable housing.” The report goes on to note that “having supportive families and peers, feeling connected to family and school, having affirmed name and pronouns used consistently by others, and having a sense of pride of identity are protective factors for transgender students that buffer the effects of minority stressors and promote better mental health.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trevor Project, which runs a 24/7 crisis line for LGBTQ youth and answers calls from the 988 crisis line for this population, recently \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2024/09/25/nx-s1-5127347/more-trans-teens-attempted-suicide-after-states-passed-anti-trans-laws-a-study-shows\">published an analysis\u003c/a> finding that transgender youth were more likely to attempt suicide after their home state passed a ban on gender affirming care for youth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the election, there was a 700% increase in calls to the crisis line, which marked the largest surge in daily contact ever, the Trevor Project wrote to NPR in a statement. Even though the volume has done down since Nov 6, “volume remains higher than normal as LGBTQ+ young people continue to reach out, overwhelmingly, to discuss concerns about the 2024 election results,” the statement reads.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schweppe, of the American Principles Project, dismisses that data point, claiming research on suicide risk in this population is exaggerated. “We are diametrically opposed to what their goals are,” he says of the Trevor Project, whose work he described as indoctrination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if children may be suffering from gender dysphoria, he says, “we should be trying to help them identify with their with their biological sex, try to feel help them feel comfortable with their bodies, not tell them that their bodies are wrong, that the way God made them is wrong,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Importantly, the American Academy of Pediatrics notes in \u003ca href=\"https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/4/e20182162/37381/Ensuring-Comprehensive-Care-and-Support-for?autologincheck=redirected\">a policy statement\u003c/a> that conversion or reparative therapies “have been proven to be not only unsuccessful but also deleterious and are considered outside the mainstream of traditional medical practice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The shifting legal landscape\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>On Dec. 4, before the next Trump presidential term begins in January, the Supreme Court will hear arguments on whether Tennessee’s ban on gender-affirming care for transgender youth is constitutional, and by extension, the bans in 25 other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharp of the Alliance Defending Freedom says he hopes that the high court will decide on the substance of the case. “Ultimately, we hope that it will rule in favor of these state laws and allow them to go into effect,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seldin of the ACLU, which represents the Tennessee transgender kids and families who brought the case, says it’s hard to predict what will happen after oral arguments, but that they’re prepared to “be flexible with what we need to do to meet the moment.” He says LGBTQ advocates are equally determined to keep fighting for the rights of transgender people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the justices do hold that the bans are unconstitutional, conservative advocacy groups like the American Principles Project plan to “pursue other avenues to effectively shut down these gender clinics,” Schweppe says. That’s the overall goal, he adds. “I think we’ve been very transparent about that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s not worried about the difficulties of passing laws on transgender issues with narrow Republican majorities in the House and Senate. He points to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/06/nyregion/democrats-house-ny.html\">several Democrats\u003c/a> who argued in recent weeks that support for transgender people cost the party electoral wins, and who might cross party lines to support a bill on women’s sports, for instance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "California Largely Shifted to the Right in the 2024 Presidential Election",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/election-2024-shifts-map-v2-20241111/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"850\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country largely shifted to the right in this presidential election from where it was four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, President Biden won six of the seven most closely watched states, but this year, they all shifted toward President-elect Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, Trump is on track to win the popular vote this time, when Biden won it by 7 million in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trump won the suburbs\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The suburbs have become increasingly diverse and populous. More than half of voters in 2024 were in suburban areas, according to exit polls. They have become swing areas, home to some of the most closely targeted House seats, and a good barometer of who will win the presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner in the suburbs has won 11 of the last 12 presidential elections, dating back to 1980. And this year, that was Trump, 51%–47%, according to exit polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice President Harris hoped she could turn out women in the suburbs in key swing states to get her across the finish line. But that didn’t happen. Trump, for example, won white suburban women by 7 points, as well as white suburban men — by 27. So there were some split kitchen tables, but not enough to help Harris win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In multiple swing states, there were significant shifts in Trump’s direction in the suburbs, based on nearly final vote totals. That includes a net swing of almost 60,000 votes in the four counties that make up the Philadelphia suburbs and the two major ones north of Detroit, more than 10,000 in the “WOW” counties around Milwaukee (Waukesha, Ozaukee and Washington), and in the counties touching Fulton County, Georgia, where Atlanta is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some of those Atlanta metro counties, though, Harris did better than Biden and her losses weren’t as bad in the Charlotte metro area as in the former Blue Wall states. That’s one reason Democrats have been more optimistic about the future in the Sun Belt than the industrial Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Rural areas went even more for Trump\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump has done extremely well in rural areas, and in 2024, he won by a record margin. Since 1980, no candidate has done better. Trump won 64% of voters in rural areas this year, according to exit polls. The previous best was 61% — set by Trump in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helped him in all of the swing states but also in red states, like Texas, which boosted his total in the popular vote. He gained, for example, a net of more than 900,000 votes in Texas compared to 2020; and more than 1 million in Florida, a longtime competitive state that saw a dramatic swing in Trump’s direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His improvement in those states also reflects the major shifts in his direction with Latino voters in South Florida and South Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harris also underperformed in urban areas\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A lot of Democratic base voters live in big cities, and those urban areas are often key to a Democrat winning in the swing states. However, Harris got just 59% of voters in urban areas, lower than Biden, former President Barack Obama or Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That underperformance is a large part of why she lost in key states. For example, in Maricopa County, Arizona, home to Phoenix, Harris got roughly 61,000 fewer votes than Biden in 2020. Trump, on the other hand, gained about 56,000, for a 117,000-vote shift in just one county.\u003cbr>\n[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='election-2024']\u003cbr>\nIn Wayne County, Michigan (Detroit), Harris saw a decline of more than 60,000 votes, while Trump gained about 24,000. Black voters are key in Wayne County, but so are Arab Americans. About 100,000 Arab Americans, the largest population of Arab Americans in the country, live in Dearborn, and many were upset over the Biden administration’s policies toward the war in Gaza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a similar story in other key urban areas in the swing states, from Las Vegas to Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Harris saw declines in blue states, too, declining in New York, for example, by more than 800,000 from Biden’s total four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https://apps.npr.org/dailygraphics/graphics/election-2024-shifts-map-v2-20241111/\" width=\"1000\" height=\"850\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country largely shifted to the right in this presidential election from where it was four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, President Biden won six of the seven most closely watched states, but this year, they all shifted toward President-elect Donald Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s more, Trump is on track to win the popular vote this time, when Biden won it by 7 million in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Trump won the suburbs\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The suburbs have become increasingly diverse and populous. More than half of voters in 2024 were in suburban areas, according to exit polls. They have become swing areas, home to some of the most closely targeted House seats, and a good barometer of who will win the presidential election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The winner in the suburbs has won 11 of the last 12 presidential elections, dating back to 1980. And this year, that was Trump, 51%–47%, according to exit polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vice President Harris hoped she could turn out women in the suburbs in key swing states to get her across the finish line. But that didn’t happen. Trump, for example, won white suburban women by 7 points, as well as white suburban men — by 27. So there were some split kitchen tables, but not enough to help Harris win.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In multiple swing states, there were significant shifts in Trump’s direction in the suburbs, based on nearly final vote totals. That includes a net swing of almost 60,000 votes in the four counties that make up the Philadelphia suburbs and the two major ones north of Detroit, more than 10,000 in the “WOW” counties around Milwaukee (Waukesha, Ozaukee and Washington), and in the counties touching Fulton County, Georgia, where Atlanta is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some of those Atlanta metro counties, though, Harris did better than Biden and her losses weren’t as bad in the Charlotte metro area as in the former Blue Wall states. That’s one reason Democrats have been more optimistic about the future in the Sun Belt than the industrial Midwest.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Rural areas went even more for Trump\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump has done extremely well in rural areas, and in 2024, he won by a record margin. Since 1980, no candidate has done better. Trump won 64% of voters in rural areas this year, according to exit polls. The previous best was 61% — set by Trump in 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That helped him in all of the swing states but also in red states, like Texas, which boosted his total in the popular vote. He gained, for example, a net of more than 900,000 votes in Texas compared to 2020; and more than 1 million in Florida, a longtime competitive state that saw a dramatic swing in Trump’s direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His improvement in those states also reflects the major shifts in his direction with Latino voters in South Florida and South Texas.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Harris also underperformed in urban areas\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A lot of Democratic base voters live in big cities, and those urban areas are often key to a Democrat winning in the swing states. However, Harris got just 59% of voters in urban areas, lower than Biden, former President Barack Obama or Hillary Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That underperformance is a large part of why she lost in key states. For example, in Maricopa County, Arizona, home to Phoenix, Harris got roughly 61,000 fewer votes than Biden in 2020. Trump, on the other hand, gained about 56,000, for a 117,000-vote shift in just one county.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nIn Wayne County, Michigan (Detroit), Harris saw a decline of more than 60,000 votes, while Trump gained about 24,000. Black voters are key in Wayne County, but so are Arab Americans. About 100,000 Arab Americans, the largest population of Arab Americans in the country, live in Dearborn, and many were upset over the Biden administration’s policies toward the war in Gaza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a similar story in other key urban areas in the swing states, from Las Vegas to Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Harris saw declines in blue states, too, declining in New York, for example, by more than 800,000 from Biden’s total four years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Trump announced Sunday night that Tom Homan, his former acting head of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), will join his second administration to oversee border control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his role as “border czar” — which does not require Senate confirmation — Homan will be in charge of the southern and northern U.S. borders, as well as “all Maritime and Aviation Security,” Trump said in his \u003ca href=\"https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113462412414821782\">post on Truth Social\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Likewise, Tom Homan will be in charge of all Deportation of Illegal Aliens back to their Country of Origin,” Trump wrote, adding that “there is nobody better at policing and controlling our Borders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear what role Homan will take, since managing immigration requires coordination between several agencies under the Department of Homeland Security.[aside postID=news_12011983 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/241031-BORDER-CROSSINGS-ZM-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg']Homan, a former police officer and Border Patrol agent, has worked under six presidents during his three decades in law enforcement. He was executive associate director of enforcement and removal operations for Immigration and Customs Enforcement under President Obama. During that administration, ICE carried out a record number of deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honan repeatedly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">praised Trump\u003c/a> for being the one who did the most to secure the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s announcement was largely expected, as Trump had said \u003ca href=\"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2024/07/15/rnc-chair-whatley-trump-project-2025\">over the summer\u003c/a> that he would tap Homan to help oversee immigration policies in his potential second term. Speaking at the National Conservatism Conference in July, Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/14/nx-s1-5037992/trump-immigrants-border-mass-deportation-presidential-race-migrants\">told undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> to “wait till 2025,” adding, “If you’re here illegally, you better be looking over your shoulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump comes back in January,” Homan said. “I’ll be on his heels coming back. And I will run the biggest deportation operation this country’s ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan was behind Trump’s controversial family separation policy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan was the face of the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration during his tenure as acting director of ICE from January 2017 to June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that time, he often appeared at White House press briefings to defend his agents’ arrests of undocumented immigrants and call for stronger enforcement, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/10/politics/tom-homan-border-czar-ice-donald-trump/index.html\">according to CNN\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">applauded Trump\u003c/a> for “taking the shackles off” ICE by allowing agents to make a broader range of arrests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, Homan was one of the architects behind its controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/\">family separation policy\u003c/a>. More than 5,500 children of immigrants were separated from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border in 2018 under the administration’s short-lived “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/10/1116738450/how-the-family-separation-policy-came-to-be\">Zero Tolerance\u003c/a>” policy. According to the Department of Homeland Security, as of April, there were still 1,401 children \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/24_0422_sec_frtf-interim-progress-report-final-508.pdf\">without confirmed reunification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order stopping family separations in June 2018 after much condemnation from lawmakers and the public, and the Biden administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/27/961048895/justice-department-rescinds-trumps-zero-tolerance-immigration-policy\">officially rescinded it\u003c/a> days after President Biden took office in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan retired in frustration in 2018 when the White House failed to move his nomination toward Senate confirmation, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">\u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>He became a Fox News contributor, joined the conservative Heritage Foundation as a visiting fellow and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/22/us/politics/project-2025-trump-heritage-foundation.html\">contributed to Project 2025\u003c/a>, its controversial blueprint for reshaping the federal government\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump had sought to distance himself from Project 2025 during his campaign, even though it \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/05/g-s1-32720/what-is-project-2025-trump-election\">overlaps with his own agenda\u003c/a>. Trump made immigration a major part of his campaign and has vowed to deport millions of immigrants who are in the country without authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan has warned undocumented immigrants to ‘start packing’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan spoke about how such deportations would work in an interview on Fox \u003cem>Sunday Morning Futures \u003c/em>hours before his appointment was announced, saying it would be a “well-targeted, planned operation, conducted … by the men of ICE.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we go out there we’re gonna know who we’re looking for, we most likely know where they’re going to be and it’s gonna be done in a humane manner,” Homan said, adding that it will focus on the “public safety threats and the national security threats first.”[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_12013409,news_12013693,news_12013535\"]But those groups won’t be the only targets, Homan told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-mass-deportation-plan-cost-consequences-60-minutes-transcript/\">CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last month. He said he would restart workplace enforcement after the Biden administration moved away from the controversial practice of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/12/politics/ice-workplace-raids/index.html\">mass worksite immigration raids\u003c/a> in favor of pursuing “exploitative employers.” He also said in that interview that “families can be deported together,” suggesting children who are U.S. citizens but with undocumented parents would have to go with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months earlier, speaking onstage at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">Republican National Convention\u003c/a>, Homan said Trump would designate Mexican cartels a “terrorist organization” for their role in getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/09/30/nx-s1-5124997/fentanyl-overdose-opioid-btmps-drug-cartel-xylazine-tranq-mexico-china\">fentanyl over the border\u003c/a>, warning, “He’s gonna wipe you off the face of the Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-header \">\n\u003cp>He also addressed undocumented immigrants at large, whom he said Biden released into the country against federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You better start packing now,” he said, as attendees waving pro-deportation signs cheered. “‘Cause you’re going home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric and policy proposals, while clearly a winning issue with voters, aren’t being met without pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days since Trump’s election, immigrants rights groups have said they stand \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5182279/immigrant-rights-border-trump-election-migration-immigration\">ready to challenge his anti-migrant policies\u003c/a> through protests, local legislation and lawsuits. And analysts from the Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute and the Niskanen Center project that lower — potentially even negative — net migration to the U.S. would hurt the country’s economy, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5181327/trump-election-economy-tariffs-deportations\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan is not the only appointee that Trump has named for his upcoming term. He announced last week that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5183242/trump-chief-of-staff-susie-wiles\">Susie Wiles\u003c/a> will be his chief of staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump offered Rep. Elise Stefanik, the New York Republican who chairs the House Republican Conference, to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. The role requires Senate confirmation, which is all but guaranteed in the soon-to-be Republican-controlled chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sergio Martínez-Beltrán contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Trump announced Sunday night that Tom Homan, his former acting head of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), will join his second administration to oversee border control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his role as “border czar” — which does not require Senate confirmation — Homan will be in charge of the southern and northern U.S. borders, as well as “all Maritime and Aviation Security,” Trump said in his \u003ca href=\"https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113462412414821782\">post on Truth Social\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Likewise, Tom Homan will be in charge of all Deportation of Illegal Aliens back to their Country of Origin,” Trump wrote, adding that “there is nobody better at policing and controlling our Borders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear what role Homan will take, since managing immigration requires coordination between several agencies under the Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Homan, a former police officer and Border Patrol agent, has worked under six presidents during his three decades in law enforcement. He was executive associate director of enforcement and removal operations for Immigration and Customs Enforcement under President Obama. During that administration, ICE carried out a record number of deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honan repeatedly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">praised Trump\u003c/a> for being the one who did the most to secure the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s announcement was largely expected, as Trump had said \u003ca href=\"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2024/07/15/rnc-chair-whatley-trump-project-2025\">over the summer\u003c/a> that he would tap Homan to help oversee immigration policies in his potential second term. Speaking at the National Conservatism Conference in July, Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/14/nx-s1-5037992/trump-immigrants-border-mass-deportation-presidential-race-migrants\">told undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> to “wait till 2025,” adding, “If you’re here illegally, you better be looking over your shoulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump comes back in January,” Homan said. “I’ll be on his heels coming back. And I will run the biggest deportation operation this country’s ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan was behind Trump’s controversial family separation policy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan was the face of the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration during his tenure as acting director of ICE from January 2017 to June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that time, he often appeared at White House press briefings to defend his agents’ arrests of undocumented immigrants and call for stronger enforcement, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/10/politics/tom-homan-border-czar-ice-donald-trump/index.html\">according to CNN\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">applauded Trump\u003c/a> for “taking the shackles off” ICE by allowing agents to make a broader range of arrests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, Homan was one of the architects behind its controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/\">family separation policy\u003c/a>. More than 5,500 children of immigrants were separated from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border in 2018 under the administration’s short-lived “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/10/1116738450/how-the-family-separation-policy-came-to-be\">Zero Tolerance\u003c/a>” policy. According to the Department of Homeland Security, as of April, there were still 1,401 children \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/24_0422_sec_frtf-interim-progress-report-final-508.pdf\">without confirmed reunification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order stopping family separations in June 2018 after much condemnation from lawmakers and the public, and the Biden administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/27/961048895/justice-department-rescinds-trumps-zero-tolerance-immigration-policy\">officially rescinded it\u003c/a> days after President Biden took office in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan retired in frustration in 2018 when the White House failed to move his nomination toward Senate confirmation, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">\u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>He became a Fox News contributor, joined the conservative Heritage Foundation as a visiting fellow and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/22/us/politics/project-2025-trump-heritage-foundation.html\">contributed to Project 2025\u003c/a>, its controversial blueprint for reshaping the federal government\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump had sought to distance himself from Project 2025 during his campaign, even though it \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/05/g-s1-32720/what-is-project-2025-trump-election\">overlaps with his own agenda\u003c/a>. Trump made immigration a major part of his campaign and has vowed to deport millions of immigrants who are in the country without authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan has warned undocumented immigrants to ‘start packing’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan spoke about how such deportations would work in an interview on Fox \u003cem>Sunday Morning Futures \u003c/em>hours before his appointment was announced, saying it would be a “well-targeted, planned operation, conducted … by the men of ICE.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we go out there we’re gonna know who we’re looking for, we most likely know where they’re going to be and it’s gonna be done in a humane manner,” Homan said, adding that it will focus on the “public safety threats and the national security threats first.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But those groups won’t be the only targets, Homan told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-mass-deportation-plan-cost-consequences-60-minutes-transcript/\">CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last month. He said he would restart workplace enforcement after the Biden administration moved away from the controversial practice of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/12/politics/ice-workplace-raids/index.html\">mass worksite immigration raids\u003c/a> in favor of pursuing “exploitative employers.” He also said in that interview that “families can be deported together,” suggesting children who are U.S. citizens but with undocumented parents would have to go with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months earlier, speaking onstage at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">Republican National Convention\u003c/a>, Homan said Trump would designate Mexican cartels a “terrorist organization” for their role in getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/09/30/nx-s1-5124997/fentanyl-overdose-opioid-btmps-drug-cartel-xylazine-tranq-mexico-china\">fentanyl over the border\u003c/a>, warning, “He’s gonna wipe you off the face of the Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-header \">\n\u003cp>He also addressed undocumented immigrants at large, whom he said Biden released into the country against federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You better start packing now,” he said, as attendees waving pro-deportation signs cheered. “‘Cause you’re going home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric and policy proposals, while clearly a winning issue with voters, aren’t being met without pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days since Trump’s election, immigrants rights groups have said they stand \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5182279/immigrant-rights-border-trump-election-migration-immigration\">ready to challenge his anti-migrant policies\u003c/a> through protests, local legislation and lawsuits. And analysts from the Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute and the Niskanen Center project that lower — potentially even negative — net migration to the U.S. would hurt the country’s economy, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5181327/trump-election-economy-tariffs-deportations\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan is not the only appointee that Trump has named for his upcoming term. He announced last week that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5183242/trump-chief-of-staff-susie-wiles\">Susie Wiles\u003c/a> will be his chief of staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump offered Rep. Elise Stefanik, the New York Republican who chairs the House Republican Conference, to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. The role requires Senate confirmation, which is all but guaranteed in the soon-to-be Republican-controlled chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sergio Martínez-Beltrán contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Former President Donald Trump’s election victory and coming return to the White House will likely bring changes that scale back the nation’s public health insurance programs — potentially increasing the uninsured rate, while imposing new barriers to abortion and other reproductive care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reverberations will be felt far beyond Washington, D.C., and could include an erosion of the Affordable Care Act’s consumer protections, the imposition of work requirements in Medicaid and funding cuts to the safety net insurance, and challenges to federal agencies that safeguard public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abortion restrictions may tighten nationwide with a possible effort to restrict the mailing of abortion medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the elevation of vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to Trump’s inner circle of advisers, public health interventions with rigorous scientific backing — whether fluoridating public water supplies or inoculating children — could come under fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s victory will give a far broader platform to skeptics and critics of federal health programs and actions. Public health authorities worry that in a worst case, the U.S. could see increases in preventable illnesses; a weakening of public confidence in established science; and debunked notions — such as a link between vaccines and autism — adopted as policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump said in \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-banning-vaccines-president-rfk-fluoride-rcna178570\">an NBC News interview\u003c/a> on Nov. 3 that he would “make a decision” about banning some vaccines, saying he would consult with Kennedy and calling him “a very talented guy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what’s known about how the Trump administration might do on several major issues in health care:\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Changes to Obamacare\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While Trump has said he will not try again to repeal the Affordable Care Act, his administration will face an immediate decision next year on whether to back an extension of enhanced premium subsidies for Obamacare insurance plans. Without the enhanced subsidies, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/issue-brief/inflation-reduction-act-health-insurance-subsidies-what-is-their-impact-and-what-would-happen-if-they-expire/\">steep premium increases\u003c/a> causing lower enrollment are projected. The current uninsured rate, \u003ca href=\"https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ee0475e44e27daef00155e95a24fd023/nhis-q1-2024-datapoint.pdf\">about 8%\u003c/a>, could rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Policy specifics have not moved far beyond the “concepts of a plan” Trump said he had during his debate with Harris, though Vice President-elect JD Vance later said the administration would seek to inject more competition into ACA marketplaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Republicans claimed a Senate majority, in addition to the White House, while control of the House is not yet resolved as of Wednesday afternoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Live 2024 Election Results\" link1='https://www.kqed.org/elections/results,Follow results for every Bay Area race in the 2024 general election.' hero=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/80/2024/10/Aside-Results-California-2024-General-Election-1200x1200-1.png]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls show the ACA has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/poll-finding/5-charts-about-public-opinion-on-the-affordable-care-act/\">gained support among the public\u003c/a>, including provisions such as preexisting condition protections and allowing young people to stay on family health plans until they are 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump supporters and others who have worked in his administration say the former president wants to improve the law in ways that will lower costs. They say he has already shown he will be forceful when it comes to lowering high health care prices, pointing to efforts during his presidency to pioneer price transparency in medical costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On affordability, I’d see him building on the first term,” said Brian Blase, who served as a Trump health adviser from 2017 to 2019. Relative to a Democratic administration, he said, there will be “much more focus” on “minimizing fraud and waste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to weaken the ACA could include slashing funds for enrollment outreach, enabling consumers to purchase more health plans that don’t comply with ACA consumer protections, and allowing insurers to charge sicker people higher premiums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats say they expect the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know what their agenda is,” said Leslie Dach, executive chair of Protect Our Care, a health care policy and advocacy organization in Washington, D.C. He worked in the Obama administration helping to implement the ACA. “They’re going to raise costs for millions of Americans and rip coverage away from millions and, meanwhile, they will give tax breaks to rich people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theo Merkel, director of the Private Health Reform Initiative at the right-leaning Paragon Health Institute, which Blase leads, said the enhanced ACA subsidies extended by the Inflation Reduction Act in 2022 do nothing to improve plans or lower premiums. He said they paper over the plans’ low value with larger government subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Drug price negotiation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Other Trump supporters say the president-elect may support preserving Medicare’s authority to negotiate drug prices, another provision of the IRA. Trump has championed reducing drug prices, and in 2020 advanced a test model that would have tied the prices of some drugs in Medicare to lower costs overseas, said Merkel, who worked in Trump’s first White House. The drug industry successfully sued to block the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Leadership of health agencies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Within Trump’s circles, some names have already been floated as possible leaders for the Department of Health and Human Services. They include former Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal and Seema Verma, who ran the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services during the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kennedy, who suspended his independent presidential run and endorsed Trump, has told his supporters that Trump promised him control of HHS. Trump said publicly before Election Day that he would give Kennedy a big role in his administration, but he may have difficulty winning Senate confirmation for a Cabinet position.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cuts or restrictions on Medicaid\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While Trump has vowed to protect Medicare and said he supports funding home care benefits, he’s been less specific about his intentions for Medicaid, which provides coverage to lower-income and disabled people. Some health analysts expect the program will be especially vulnerable to spending cuts, which could help finance the extension of tax breaks that expire at the end of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='More Election Coverage' tag='election-2024']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible changes include the imposition of work requirements on beneficiaries in some states. The administration and Republicans in Congress could also try to revamp the way Medicaid is funded. Now, the federal government pays states a variable percentage of program costs. Conservatives have long sought to cap the federal allotments to states, which critics say would lead to draconian cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medicaid will be a big target in a Trump administration,” said Larry Levitt, executive vice president for health policy at KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes KFF Health News.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reproductive health\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Less clear is the potential future of reproductive health rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has said decisions about abortion restrictions should be left to the states. Thirteen states ban abortion with few exceptions, while 28 others restrict the procedure based on gestational duration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/state-policies-abortion-bans#:~:text=shortly%20after%20birth.-,Highlights,bans%20based%20on%20gestational%20duration.\">according to the Guttmacher Institute\u003c/a>, a research and policy organization focused on advancing reproductive rights. Trump said before the election that he would not sign a national abortion ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State ballot measures to protect abortion rights were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/g-s1-32962/abortion-rights-amendments-2024-election\">adopted in seven states\u003c/a>, including Missouri, which Trump won by about 18 points, according to preliminary AP reports. Abortion rights measures were rejected by voters in Florida and South Dakota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump could move to restrict access to abortion medications, used in more than half of abortions, either by withdrawing the FDA’s authorization for the drugs or by enforcing a 19th-century law, the Comstock Act, that abortion opponents say bans their shipment. Trump has said he generally would not use the law to ban mail delivery of the drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://kffhealthnews.org/about-us\">\u003cem>KFF Health News\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Former President Donald Trump’s election victory and coming return to the White House will likely bring changes that scale back the nation’s public health insurance programs — potentially increasing the uninsured rate, while imposing new barriers to abortion and other reproductive care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reverberations will be felt far beyond Washington, D.C., and could include an erosion of the Affordable Care Act’s consumer protections, the imposition of work requirements in Medicaid and funding cuts to the safety net insurance, and challenges to federal agencies that safeguard public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Abortion restrictions may tighten nationwide with a possible effort to restrict the mailing of abortion medications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with the elevation of vaccine skeptic Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to Trump’s inner circle of advisers, public health interventions with rigorous scientific backing — whether fluoridating public water supplies or inoculating children — could come under fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s victory will give a far broader platform to skeptics and critics of federal health programs and actions. Public health authorities worry that in a worst case, the U.S. could see increases in preventable illnesses; a weakening of public confidence in established science; and debunked notions — such as a link between vaccines and autism — adopted as policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Polls show the ACA has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/poll-finding/5-charts-about-public-opinion-on-the-affordable-care-act/\">gained support among the public\u003c/a>, including provisions such as preexisting condition protections and allowing young people to stay on family health plans until they are 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump supporters and others who have worked in his administration say the former president wants to improve the law in ways that will lower costs. They say he has already shown he will be forceful when it comes to lowering high health care prices, pointing to efforts during his presidency to pioneer price transparency in medical costs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On affordability, I’d see him building on the first term,” said Brian Blase, who served as a Trump health adviser from 2017 to 2019. Relative to a Democratic administration, he said, there will be “much more focus” on “minimizing fraud and waste.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts to weaken the ACA could include slashing funds for enrollment outreach, enabling consumers to purchase more health plans that don’t comply with ACA consumer protections, and allowing insurers to charge sicker people higher premiums.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Democrats say they expect the worst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know what their agenda is,” said Leslie Dach, executive chair of Protect Our Care, a health care policy and advocacy organization in Washington, D.C. He worked in the Obama administration helping to implement the ACA. “They’re going to raise costs for millions of Americans and rip coverage away from millions and, meanwhile, they will give tax breaks to rich people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Theo Merkel, director of the Private Health Reform Initiative at the right-leaning Paragon Health Institute, which Blase leads, said the enhanced ACA subsidies extended by the Inflation Reduction Act in 2022 do nothing to improve plans or lower premiums. He said they paper over the plans’ low value with larger government subsidies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Drug price negotiation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Other Trump supporters say the president-elect may support preserving Medicare’s authority to negotiate drug prices, another provision of the IRA. Trump has championed reducing drug prices, and in 2020 advanced a test model that would have tied the prices of some drugs in Medicare to lower costs overseas, said Merkel, who worked in Trump’s first White House. The drug industry successfully sued to block the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Leadership of health agencies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Within Trump’s circles, some names have already been floated as possible leaders for the Department of Health and Human Services. They include former Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal and Seema Verma, who ran the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services during the Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kennedy, who suspended his independent presidential run and endorsed Trump, has told his supporters that Trump promised him control of HHS. Trump said publicly before Election Day that he would give Kennedy a big role in his administration, but he may have difficulty winning Senate confirmation for a Cabinet position.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cuts or restrictions on Medicaid\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>While Trump has vowed to protect Medicare and said he supports funding home care benefits, he’s been less specific about his intentions for Medicaid, which provides coverage to lower-income and disabled people. Some health analysts expect the program will be especially vulnerable to spending cuts, which could help finance the extension of tax breaks that expire at the end of next year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Possible changes include the imposition of work requirements on beneficiaries in some states. The administration and Republicans in Congress could also try to revamp the way Medicaid is funded. Now, the federal government pays states a variable percentage of program costs. Conservatives have long sought to cap the federal allotments to states, which critics say would lead to draconian cuts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Medicaid will be a big target in a Trump administration,” said Larry Levitt, executive vice president for health policy at KFF, a health information nonprofit that includes KFF Health News.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reproductive health\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Less clear is the potential future of reproductive health rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has said decisions about abortion restrictions should be left to the states. Thirteen states ban abortion with few exceptions, while 28 others restrict the procedure based on gestational duration, \u003ca href=\"https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/state-policies-abortion-bans#:~:text=shortly%20after%20birth.-,Highlights,bans%20based%20on%20gestational%20duration.\">according to the Guttmacher Institute\u003c/a>, a research and policy organization focused on advancing reproductive rights. Trump said before the election that he would not sign a national abortion ban.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State ballot measures to protect abortion rights were \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/g-s1-32962/abortion-rights-amendments-2024-election\">adopted in seven states\u003c/a>, including Missouri, which Trump won by about 18 points, according to preliminary AP reports. Abortion rights measures were rejected by voters in Florida and South Dakota.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump could move to restrict access to abortion medications, used in more than half of abortions, either by withdrawing the FDA’s authorization for the drugs or by enforcing a 19th-century law, the Comstock Act, that abortion opponents say bans their shipment. Trump has said he generally would not use the law to ban mail delivery of the drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>ST. LOUIS — Missourians voted to legalize abortion up until fetal viability and override the state’s current ban on nearly all abortions, according to a call by the Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal challenges are expected from anti-abortion groups but if the Tuesday vote stands it will enshrine abortion rights into the constitution over the objections of the heavily Republican state leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri was the first state to ban abortion — even in cases of rape and only with an exception for medical emergencies — after the fall of Roe v. Wade in 2022. Then abortion rights proponents \u003ca href=\"https://www.nprillinois.org/illinois/2024-09-10/missouri-supreme-court-orders-abortion-legalization-back-on-the-ballot\">gathered hundreds of thousands of signatures\u003c/a> for a vote on the amendment to legalize abortion up to fetal viability, which is around 24 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Missouri has become a much more Republican state in the past decade, passage of the amendment wasn’t a surprise. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nprillinois.org/2024-10-18/a-proposed-abortion-rights-amendment-in-missouri-is-gaining-support\">It was in part a reaction to the state’s current law\u003c/a>. A campaign committee backing the amendment raised tens of millions of dollars — and signed up thousands of volunteers to knock doors and make phone calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri is one of 10 states voting on abortion rights this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Support for the measure was especially strong in suburban parts of the state. St. Louis County resident Cindy Clark, interviewed in the run-up to the vote, said the amendment eclipsed the presidential race in driving her to the polls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up in a more conservative household, which is where my Republican views came from, but we’re always told that Republicans are the party of limited government,” Clark said. “Well, why are they now invading our doctors offices, invading our classrooms, invading all these nuances in our life? That’s not limited government. To me, that’s government control.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Opponents of Amendment 3 contended that it would be better for the legislature to make changes to Missouri’s strict abortion laws. They also argued the lengthy amendment would allow transgender care for minors, which legal experts and proponents contended was a scare tactic misrepresenting what the proposal actually does.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Jason Rosenbaum \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.stlpr.org/people/jason-rosenbaum\">\u003cem>\u003cu>covers politics\u003c/u>\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for St. Louis Public Radio.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>ST. LOUIS — Missourians voted to legalize abortion up until fetal viability and override the state’s current ban on nearly all abortions, according to a call by the Associated Press.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal challenges are expected from anti-abortion groups but if the Tuesday vote stands it will enshrine abortion rights into the constitution over the objections of the heavily Republican state leadership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri was the first state to ban abortion — even in cases of rape and only with an exception for medical emergencies — after the fall of Roe v. Wade in 2022. Then abortion rights proponents \u003ca href=\"https://www.nprillinois.org/illinois/2024-09-10/missouri-supreme-court-orders-abortion-legalization-back-on-the-ballot\">gathered hundreds of thousands of signatures\u003c/a> for a vote on the amendment to legalize abortion up to fetal viability, which is around 24 weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Missouri has become a much more Republican state in the past decade, passage of the amendment wasn’t a surprise. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nprillinois.org/2024-10-18/a-proposed-abortion-rights-amendment-in-missouri-is-gaining-support\">It was in part a reaction to the state’s current law\u003c/a>. A campaign committee backing the amendment raised tens of millions of dollars — and signed up thousands of volunteers to knock doors and make phone calls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Missouri is one of 10 states voting on abortion rights this election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
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"order": 1
},
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
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"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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