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"content": "\u003cp>There's new evidence that a woman's levels of female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, can influence her risk of Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia.[contextly_sidebar id=\"rPJOdHYPkIXQXRx2JEsrHPZVgzMtEJk7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women are less likely to develop dementia later in life if they begin to menstruate earlier, go through menopause later, and have more than one child, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/pressroom.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association International Conference\u003c/a> in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recent studies offer hints that \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormonereplacementtherapy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hormone replacement therapy\u003c/a>, which fell out of favor more than a decade ago, might offer a way to protect a woman's brain if it is given at the right time, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings could help explain why women make up nearly two-thirds of people in the U.S. with Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Research/NeuroForum/Member%20Profiles/Maria%20Carrillo.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Carrillo\u003c/a>, the association's chief scientific officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It isn't just that women are living longer,\" Carrillo says. \"There is some biological underpinning. And because of the large numbers of women that are affected, it is important to find out [what it is].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play a role in Alzheimer's. And two studies on dementia and what occurs during a women's reproductive years support that idea.[contextly_sidebar id=\"Wwp2fmV71pvuOzg04oa6uZxzPex1NtQ3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the studies looked at nearly 15,000 women in California. And it found an association between a woman's reproductive history and her risk of memory problems later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk of dementia for women who had three or more children was 12 percent lower than the risk for women who had one child, according to \u003ca href=\"https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/researchers/gilsanz-paola\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paola Gilsanz\u003c/a> of Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, and \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/rachel.whitmer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Whitmer\u003c/a> of the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, women who began to menstruate earlier and went through menopause later were less likely to develop dementia. Menopause at age 45 or younger seemed to increase the risk by 28 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study of 133 elderly women in the U.K. found that the more months of pregnancy they experienced during their lives, the lower their risk of developing Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings all suggest that female sex hormones — which rise at puberty and during pregnancy, then fall at menopause — are somehow affecting a woman's risk of developing Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia. The results also suggest that greater exposure to these hormones, through more pregnancies or more reproductive years, can reduce a woman's risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's still not clear whether the mere presence of female sex hormones is a reason that the frequency of Alzheimer's is greater in women than in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's not female sex hormones on their own, but rapid changes in their levels that are a problem, says \u003ca href=\"https://crwg.uic.edu/crwg-home/crwg-staff/pauline-maki-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pauline Maki\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who presented research at the Alzheimer's conference.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YEYwp8N3sM3v9aN2dUZdqE3yWweQzhJS\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women experience these very dramatic hormonal transitions that in the long run can give rise to Alzheimer's disease,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way for women to minimize the dramatic hormonal changes that occur at menopause is to use hormone replacement therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach fell out of favor more than a decade ago when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large study\u003c/a> found that women who took estrogen plus progestin after menopause were actually more likely to get some form of dementia. They also appeared to have a higher risk of heart disease and breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Maki says more recent studies suggest that hormone therapy — especially estrogen alone — really can be helpful if women get it at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The effects of hormone therapy depend on the timing of use,\" Maki says. \"Use later in life is detrimental, whereas use early in the menopausal transition could be beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis presented at the Alzheimer's conference supports that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that in two recent studies, women who started taking estrogen after age 65 were more likely to have trouble with thinking and memory. But women who started taking estrogen between 50 and 54 were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And estrogen may benefit the mental function of younger women because it reduces the hot flashes associated with menopause, Maki says.[contextly_sidebar id=\"v9bruUJ5zucWs4sZPfqccXVqvwa2qouD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more hot flashes a woman has, the worse her memory performance,\" Maki says, citing her own research. \"And when we intervene to address those hot flashes, her memory performance bounces back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings like that are renewing interest in the idea that someday, it may be possible to use hormones around the time of menopause to prevent Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia later on, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, there's evidence that hormonal differences between men and women may affect their brains in ways that affect doctors' ability to accurately diagnose Alzheimer's, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Alzheimer's conference, she presented research showing that women tend to have higher verbal memory skills than men, even when they are in the early stages of Alzheimer's. As a result, women are likely to be diagnosed with the disease later than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether male hormones, such as testosterone, affect a man's risk of Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hormone+Levels+Likely+Influence+A+Woman%27s+Risk+Of+Alzheimer%27s.+But+Exactly+How%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's new evidence that a woman's levels of female sex hormones, including estrogen and progesterone, can influence her risk of Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women are less likely to develop dementia later in life if they begin to menstruate earlier, go through menopause later, and have more than one child, researchers \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/pressroom.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> Monday at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association International Conference\u003c/a> in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And recent studies offer hints that \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/hormonereplacementtherapy.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hormone replacement therapy\u003c/a>, which fell out of favor more than a decade ago, might offer a way to protect a woman's brain if it is given at the right time, the researchers said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings could help explain why women make up nearly two-thirds of people in the U.S. with Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Activities/Research/NeuroForum/Member%20Profiles/Maria%20Carrillo.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maria Carrillo\u003c/a>, the association's chief scientific officer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It isn't just that women are living longer,\" Carrillo says. \"There is some biological underpinning. And because of the large numbers of women that are affected, it is important to find out [what it is].\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone play a role in Alzheimer's. And two studies on dementia and what occurs during a women's reproductive years support that idea.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the studies looked at nearly 15,000 women in California. And it found an association between a woman's reproductive history and her risk of memory problems later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The risk of dementia for women who had three or more children was 12 percent lower than the risk for women who had one child, according to \u003ca href=\"https://divisionofresearch.kaiserpermanente.org/researchers/gilsanz-paola\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paola Gilsanz\u003c/a> of Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, and \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.ucsf.edu/rachel.whitmer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rachel Whitmer\u003c/a> of the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, women who began to menstruate earlier and went through menopause later were less likely to develop dementia. Menopause at age 45 or younger seemed to increase the risk by 28 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another study of 133 elderly women in the U.K. found that the more months of pregnancy they experienced during their lives, the lower their risk of developing Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings all suggest that female sex hormones — which rise at puberty and during pregnancy, then fall at menopause — are somehow affecting a woman's risk of developing Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia. The results also suggest that greater exposure to these hormones, through more pregnancies or more reproductive years, can reduce a woman's risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's still not clear whether the mere presence of female sex hormones is a reason that the frequency of Alzheimer's is greater in women than in men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One possibility is that it's not female sex hormones on their own, but rapid changes in their levels that are a problem, says \u003ca href=\"https://crwg.uic.edu/crwg-home/crwg-staff/pauline-maki-phd/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pauline Maki\u003c/a>, a professor of psychiatry and psychology at the University of Illinois at Chicago, who presented research at the Alzheimer's conference.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Women experience these very dramatic hormonal transitions that in the long run can give rise to Alzheimer's disease,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way for women to minimize the dramatic hormonal changes that occur at menopause is to use hormone replacement therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That approach fell out of favor more than a decade ago when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771112\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">large study\u003c/a> found that women who took estrogen plus progestin after menopause were actually more likely to get some form of dementia. They also appeared to have a higher risk of heart disease and breast cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Maki says more recent studies suggest that hormone therapy — especially estrogen alone — really can be helpful if women get it at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The effects of hormone therapy depend on the timing of use,\" Maki says. \"Use later in life is detrimental, whereas use early in the menopausal transition could be beneficial.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis presented at the Alzheimer's conference supports that idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It found that in two recent studies, women who started taking estrogen after age 65 were more likely to have trouble with thinking and memory. But women who started taking estrogen between 50 and 54 were not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And estrogen may benefit the mental function of younger women because it reduces the hot flashes associated with menopause, Maki says.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more hot flashes a woman has, the worse her memory performance,\" Maki says, citing her own research. \"And when we intervene to address those hot flashes, her memory performance bounces back.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Findings like that are renewing interest in the idea that someday, it may be possible to use hormones around the time of menopause to prevent Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia later on, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, there's evidence that hormonal differences between men and women may affect their brains in ways that affect doctors' ability to accurately diagnose Alzheimer's, Maki says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the Alzheimer's conference, she presented research showing that women tend to have higher verbal memory skills than men, even when they are in the early stages of Alzheimer's. As a result, women are likely to be diagnosed with the disease later than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's unclear whether male hormones, such as testosterone, affect a man's risk of Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Hormone+Levels+Likely+Influence+A+Woman%27s+Risk+Of+Alzheimer%27s.+But+Exactly+How%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Spike In Liver Disease Deaths Among Young Adults Fueled By Alcohol",
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"content": "\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Tapper has treated a lot of patients, but this one stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His whole body was yellow,\" Tapper remembers. \"He could hardly move. It was difficult for him to breathe, and he wasn't eating anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was suffering from chronic liver disease. After years of alcohol use, his liver had stopped filtering his blood. Bilirubin, a yellowish waste compound, was building up in his body and changing his skin color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disturbing to Tapper, the man was only in his mid-30s – much younger than most liver disease patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper, a liver specialist and assistant professor of medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, tried to get the patient to stop drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had long, tearful conversations,\" Tapper says, \"but he continued to struggle with alcohol addiction.\" Since then, the young man's condition has continued to deteriorate and Tapper is not optimistic about his chances of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's patient stories like this one that led Tapper to research liver disease in young people. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> by Tapper and a colleague, fatal liver disease has risen, and young people have been hit the hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study examined the number of deaths resulting from cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver, as well as liver cancer. Data came from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and covered the period from 1999 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis revealed that deaths from liver-related illnesses have increased dramatically, and mortality in young people rose the fastest. Although these illnesses can be caused by several things including obesity and hepatitis C infection, the rise among young Americans was caused by alcohol consumption. The number of 25- to 34-year-olds who died annually from alcohol-related liver disease nearly tripled between 1999 and 2016, from 259 in 1999 to 767 in 2016, an average annual increase of around 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happening with young people is dismaying to say the least,\" says Tapper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain ethnic groups, like whites and Native Americans, also saw large increases in liver-related deaths in all age groups, while Asian-Americans saw decreases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise in alcohol-related deaths overlaps with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25905846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rising rates of binge drinking\u003c/a> from 2002 to 2012 observed across much of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted a sharp spike in mortality starting in 2009. The reason for the spike is unclear, but Dr. Neehar Parikh, a liver specialist at the University of Michigan Medical School and Tapper's co-author, has a theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It correlates with the global financial crisis,\" Parikh says. \"We hypothesize that there may be a loss of opportunity, and the psychological burden that comes with that may have driven some of those patients to abusive drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase among younger Americans is particularly troubling, because it kills people in the prime of their life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Each young patient that dies is a tragedy,\" says Parikh. \"It's years of life lost.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the latest to confirm that liver-related illnesses are becoming increasingly prevalent. A report \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db314.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> by the CDC shows that the age-adjusted death rate from liver cancer has increased 43 percent since 2000. And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26255044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study of veterans\u003c/a> found that cirrhosis cases nearly doubled between 2001 and 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/shah-vijay-m-d/bio-00083665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Vijay Shah\u003c/a>, who heads the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Mayo Clinic and was not involved with this research, says that the study's emphasis on young Americans is new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis used to be considered a disease that would happen after 30 years of heavy alcohol consumption,\" Shah says. \"But this study is showing that these problems are actually occurring in individuals in their 20s and 30s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been a shift in the kind of patient we're seeing,\" agrees Dr. Sumeet Asrani, a liver specialist practicing in Dallas who did not contribute to the study. \"It fits with what we see in practice. We're seeing younger and younger patients with alcoholic liver disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the recent increase, cirrhosis remains a relatively minor cause of death for young Americans, accounting for only 1.4 percent of total deaths in the 25-34 age range. But it's much more significant for young Native Americans, accounting for 6.3 percent of deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper thinks the problem is only going to get worse. Some conditions that cause liver trouble, like hepatitis C, have been falling. But other risk factors, including obesity, are on the rise. Alcohol consumption and obesity could interact to worsen liver disease, Tapper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper says he thinks that policy could play a role in addressing the problem. For instance, strategic taxation of alcoholic beverages could deter consumption, just as raising the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/10/501589893/cigarette-smoking-in-the-u-s-continues-to-fall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taxes on cigarettes has been shown to reduce smoking\u003c/a>. He cites the example of Scotland, which recently set minimum prices for units of alcohol to deter binge drinking. He also points to public health interventions, such as counseling, that help people quit drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that liver disease is often reversible. Many patients can recover if they stop drinking soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've had patients who came to me in a wheelchair,\" Tapper says. \"Three months later, they're shoveling snow and their lab tests are normal. It's always because they made that choice to stop drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paul Chisholm is an intern with NPR's Science desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Spike+In+Liver+Disease+Deaths+Among+Young+Adults+Fueled+By+Alcohol+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Elliot Tapper has treated a lot of patients, but this one stood out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"His whole body was yellow,\" Tapper remembers. \"He could hardly move. It was difficult for him to breathe, and he wasn't eating anything.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was suffering from chronic liver disease. After years of alcohol use, his liver had stopped filtering his blood. Bilirubin, a yellowish waste compound, was building up in his body and changing his skin color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Disturbing to Tapper, the man was only in his mid-30s – much younger than most liver disease patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper, a liver specialist and assistant professor of medicine at the University of Michigan Medical School, tried to get the patient to stop drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had long, tearful conversations,\" Tapper says, \"but he continued to struggle with alcohol addiction.\" Since then, the young man's condition has continued to deteriorate and Tapper is not optimistic about his chances of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's patient stories like this one that led Tapper to research liver disease in young people. According to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study published Wednesday\u003c/a> in \u003cem>BMJ\u003c/em> by Tapper and a colleague, fatal liver disease has risen, and young people have been hit the hardest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study examined the number of deaths resulting from cirrhosis, or scarring of the liver, as well as liver cancer. Data came from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and covered the period from 1999 to 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The analysis revealed that deaths from liver-related illnesses have increased dramatically, and mortality in young people rose the fastest. Although these illnesses can be caused by several things including obesity and hepatitis C infection, the rise among young Americans was caused by alcohol consumption. The number of 25- to 34-year-olds who died annually from alcohol-related liver disease nearly tripled between 1999 and 2016, from 259 in 1999 to 767 in 2016, an average annual increase of around 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What's happening with young people is dismaying to say the least,\" says Tapper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Certain ethnic groups, like whites and Native Americans, also saw large increases in liver-related deaths in all age groups, while Asian-Americans saw decreases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise in alcohol-related deaths overlaps with \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25905846\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rising rates of binge drinking\u003c/a> from 2002 to 2012 observed across much of the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors noted a sharp spike in mortality starting in 2009. The reason for the spike is unclear, but Dr. Neehar Parikh, a liver specialist at the University of Michigan Medical School and Tapper's co-author, has a theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It correlates with the global financial crisis,\" Parikh says. \"We hypothesize that there may be a loss of opportunity, and the psychological burden that comes with that may have driven some of those patients to abusive drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The increase among younger Americans is particularly troubling, because it kills people in the prime of their life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Each young patient that dies is a tragedy,\" says Parikh. \"It's years of life lost.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study is the latest to confirm that liver-related illnesses are becoming increasingly prevalent. A report \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db314.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published Tuesday\u003c/a> by the CDC shows that the age-adjusted death rate from liver cancer has increased 43 percent since 2000. And a \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26255044\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study of veterans\u003c/a> found that cirrhosis cases nearly doubled between 2001 and 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayo.edu/research/faculty/shah-vijay-m-d/bio-00083665\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Vijay Shah\u003c/a>, who heads the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Mayo Clinic and was not involved with this research, says that the study's emphasis on young Americans is new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Alcohol-related liver cirrhosis used to be considered a disease that would happen after 30 years of heavy alcohol consumption,\" Shah says. \"But this study is showing that these problems are actually occurring in individuals in their 20s and 30s.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There has been a shift in the kind of patient we're seeing,\" agrees Dr. Sumeet Asrani, a liver specialist practicing in Dallas who did not contribute to the study. \"It fits with what we see in practice. We're seeing younger and younger patients with alcoholic liver disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the recent increase, cirrhosis remains a relatively minor cause of death for young Americans, accounting for only 1.4 percent of total deaths in the 25-34 age range. But it's much more significant for young Native Americans, accounting for 6.3 percent of deaths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper thinks the problem is only going to get worse. Some conditions that cause liver trouble, like hepatitis C, have been falling. But other risk factors, including obesity, are on the rise. Alcohol consumption and obesity could interact to worsen liver disease, Tapper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapper says he thinks that policy could play a role in addressing the problem. For instance, strategic taxation of alcoholic beverages could deter consumption, just as raising the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/11/10/501589893/cigarette-smoking-in-the-u-s-continues-to-fall\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">taxes on cigarettes has been shown to reduce smoking\u003c/a>. He cites the example of Scotland, which recently set minimum prices for units of alcohol to deter binge drinking. He also points to public health interventions, such as counseling, that help people quit drinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The good news is that liver disease is often reversible. Many patients can recover if they stop drinking soon enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've had patients who came to me in a wheelchair,\" Tapper says. \"Three months later, they're shoveling snow and their lab tests are normal. It's always because they made that choice to stop drinking.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Paul Chisholm is an intern with NPR's Science desk.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Spike+In+Liver+Disease+Deaths+Among+Young+Adults+Fueled+By+Alcohol+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every day, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Who-We-Are/Directors-Corner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Walter Koroshetz\u003c/a>, 65, takes a pill as part of his effort to help keep his brain healthy and sharp.[contextly_sidebar id=\"4qBhSsrstKRvTKQK6tvUcmCtY4bzQNtv\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pill is his blood pressure medication. And Koroshetz, who directs the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, says controlling high blood pressure helps him reduce his risk of dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also keeps his blood pressure down by exercising and paying attention to his weight and diet. \"I'm a believer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is urging other people with high blood pressure to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is responsible for the institute's public health campaign called \u003ca href=\"https://mindyourrisks.nih.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mind Your Risks\u003c/a>. Its goal is to let people know that there is a link between high blood pressure, stroke and dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When blood pressure rises, it strains the tiny blood vessels that keep brain cells alive, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With every pulse of your heart, you are pushing blood into these very small blood vessels in the brain,\" he says. And when the heart pushes too hard, as it does when blood pressure is elevated, it can cause damage that can lead to a stroke.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8eq71K4GS69glebb5gMvhBNDaKzdVXhl\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two large studies have revealed an alarming trend among stroke patients, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you had a stroke, even a small stroke, your risk of dementia within the next two years was greatly magnified,\" he says. \"So there's something about having a stroke that drives a lot of the processes that give rise to dementia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is clearest for a type of dementia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vascular dementia\u003c/a>. It occurs when something blocks or reduces the flow of blood to brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high blood pressure also appears to increase a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people knew about the link between dementia and high blood pressure, they might be more inclined to do something about it, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only about 50 percent of people who have hypertension are actually treated,\" he says. \"So I think there's a lot to be said for trying to get high blood pressure under control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz's campaign is getting some help from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group will present new research on blood pressure and Alzheimer's at its annual scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/chicago.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a> in Chicago, which starts July 22. And the group is encouraging people to control high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that we can control blood pressure now,\" says Maria Carrillo, the group's chief science officer. \"We can do that with exercise, with lifestyle, with healthy eating and also with medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is using all of these approaches. And he says other people with high blood pressure should follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get to be my age, you're going to be very grateful that you controlled your blood pressure and exercised,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Worried+About+Dementia%3F+You+Might+Want+to+Check+Your+Blood+Pressure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every day, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/About-NINDS/Who-We-Are/Directors-Corner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Walter Koroshetz\u003c/a>, 65, takes a pill as part of his effort to help keep his brain healthy and sharp.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The pill is his blood pressure medication. And Koroshetz, who directs the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, says controlling high blood pressure helps him reduce his risk of dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He also keeps his blood pressure down by exercising and paying attention to his weight and diet. \"I'm a believer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is urging other people with high blood pressure to follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He is responsible for the institute's public health campaign called \u003ca href=\"https://mindyourrisks.nih.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mind Your Risks\u003c/a>. Its goal is to let people know that there is a link between high blood pressure, stroke and dementia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When blood pressure rises, it strains the tiny blood vessels that keep brain cells alive, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"With every pulse of your heart, you are pushing blood into these very small blood vessels in the brain,\" he says. And when the heart pushes too hard, as it does when blood pressure is elevated, it can cause damage that can lead to a stroke.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At least two large studies have revealed an alarming trend among stroke patients, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you had a stroke, even a small stroke, your risk of dementia within the next two years was greatly magnified,\" he says. \"So there's something about having a stroke that drives a lot of the processes that give rise to dementia.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evidence is clearest for a type of dementia called \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vascular dementia\u003c/a>. It occurs when something blocks or reduces the flow of blood to brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But high blood pressure also appears to increase a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, which is associated with the accumulation of plaques and tangles in the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If people knew about the link between dementia and high blood pressure, they might be more inclined to do something about it, Koroshetz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Only about 50 percent of people who have hypertension are actually treated,\" he says. \"So I think there's a lot to be said for trying to get high blood pressure under control.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz's campaign is getting some help from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/what-is-dementia/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alzheimer's Association\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group will present new research on blood pressure and Alzheimer's at its annual scientific \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/aaic/about/chicago.asp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meeting\u003c/a> in Chicago, which starts July 22. And the group is encouraging people to control high blood pressure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The good news is that we can control blood pressure now,\" says Maria Carrillo, the group's chief science officer. \"We can do that with exercise, with lifestyle, with healthy eating and also with medications.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Koroshetz is using all of these approaches. And he says other people with high blood pressure should follow his lead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you get to be my age, you're going to be very grateful that you controlled your blood pressure and exercised,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Worried+About+Dementia%3F+You+Might+Want+to+Check+Your+Blood+Pressure&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Where Does the U.S. Stand on Breastfeeding?",
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"content": "\u003cp>Breastfeeding remains the gold standard for infant nutrition across the world. And while the United States lags behind many developed nations, most U.S. states have significantly improved breastfeeding rates over the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Talking About This?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 8, The New York Times reported the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/health/world-health-breastfeeding-ecuador-trump.html\">Trump administration opposed a breastfeeding policy\u003c/a> Ecuador planned to introduce during the World Health Assembly. Under pressure from the infant formula industry, U.S. officials threatened retaliatory trade and military measures if Ecuador moved forward, according to the Times. Ultimately, Russia introduced the policy, which the United Nations-affiliated body then passed largely intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1016367395294908421\">tweet\u003c/a> Monday, President Donald Trump criticized the Times’ coverage of the story. He suggested the reporting was false, but then said: “The U.S. strongly supports breastfeeding but we don’t believe women should be denied access to formula. Many women need this option because of malnutrition and poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reports shocked physicians and public health advocates in the United States and around the world and stood in stark contrast to decades of infant and maternal research and guidelines. In war zones and during humanitarian crises, infant formula makes sense, said Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, an author and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/opinions/global-breastfeeding-policies-opinion-lemmon/index.html?\">in this piece\u003c/a>. In those extreme cases, access to formula should be provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research has long shown that breastfeeding is the best way to \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm\">nourish an infant\u003c/a>, boost their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892025\">immune system\u003c/a>, prevent them from being sick or becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693959\">overweight or obese\u003c/a> and forge \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52687/\">bonding between mother and child\u003c/a>. It can also help maternal health. And, experts said after the president’s remarks, low-income and impoverished areas are where breastfeeding can make the biggest improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does the U.S. Stand?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite having one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm\">lowest breastfeeding initiation rates among industrialized countries\u003c/a> — it ranked 26th, according to the latest available data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development — breastfeeding rates in the U.S. improved nationwide and in nearly every state between 2007 and 2016, according to the latest available CDC data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, nearly 74 percent of U.S. women said they had ever breastfed, according to results from the CDC’s National Immunization Survey. A decade later, that number rose to 81 percent of American women. And the rate of women who said they continued breastfeeding at six months, consistent with recommendations from the WHO, rose from 42 percent to 52 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states revealed increases of 10-percentage points or more among women who said they had ever breastfed during the same time period. Utah reported the highest breastfeeding rate — 94 percent — while just over half of Mississippi mothers said they had tried to breastfeed their children. Three states — Vermont, Washington and Tennessee — slipped slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it Matters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Breastfeeding is one of the most cost-effective interventions for improving maternal and child health,” said Georges Benjamin, executive director for the American Public Health Association, in a released statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6627a3.htm\">disparities in race, income and geography\u003c/a> underscore the work that’s left to do to support U.S. mothers who want to give their infants breastmilk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the World Health Organization challenged the global community to raise by 2025 the number of babies who were \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149022/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng.pdf;jsessionid=46F03474C750F2F4847BA40C1F94BD52?sequence=1\">exclusively breastfed during their first six months\u003c/a> by 50 percent. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recognizes breast milk “as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/resources/us-breastfeeding-rates.html\">best source of nutrition for most infants\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places in the U.S. have spearheaded their own efforts to improve breastfeeding rates. The Make The Breast Pump Not Suck Hackathon at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology is an annual event that gives grants to projects that would improve access to breast feeding, from designing better breast pumps to improving social policies. In 2016, San Francisco took steps to ensure \u003ca href=\"http://www.populationsciences.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/SF%20Paid%20Parental%20Leave%20-%20UC%20Berkeley%20issue%20brief%201.pdf\">paid parental leave\u003c/a>, something advocates suggest could further improve breastfeeding rates. The United States remains the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf\">only developed nation without mandated paid maternity leave\u003c/a>, according to the OECD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine D’Ignazio, who founded the hackathon event in 2014, said the reality is that many people still “don’t have access to making that choice” to breastfeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn aligncenter\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/07/breastfeed-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1031\" height=\"4685\">\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Breastfeeding remains the gold standard for infant nutrition across the world. And while the United States lags behind many developed nations, most U.S. states have significantly improved breastfeeding rates over the past decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why Are We Talking About This?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On July 8, The New York Times reported the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/health/world-health-breastfeeding-ecuador-trump.html\">Trump administration opposed a breastfeeding policy\u003c/a> Ecuador planned to introduce during the World Health Assembly. Under pressure from the infant formula industry, U.S. officials threatened retaliatory trade and military measures if Ecuador moved forward, according to the Times. Ultimately, Russia introduced the policy, which the United Nations-affiliated body then passed largely intact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1016367395294908421\">tweet\u003c/a> Monday, President Donald Trump criticized the Times’ coverage of the story. He suggested the reporting was false, but then said: “The U.S. strongly supports breastfeeding but we don’t believe women should be denied access to formula. Many women need this option because of malnutrition and poverty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These reports shocked physicians and public health advocates in the United States and around the world and stood in stark contrast to decades of infant and maternal research and guidelines. In war zones and during humanitarian crises, infant formula makes sense, said Gayle Tzemach Lemmon, an author and senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/12/opinions/global-breastfeeding-policies-opinion-lemmon/index.html?\">in this piece\u003c/a>. In those extreme cases, access to formula should be provided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But research has long shown that breastfeeding is the best way to \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000803.htm\">nourish an infant\u003c/a>, boost their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9892025\">immune system\u003c/a>, prevent them from being sick or becoming \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19693959\">overweight or obese\u003c/a> and forge \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52687/\">bonding between mother and child\u003c/a>. It can also help maternal health. And, experts said after the president’s remarks, low-income and impoverished areas are where breastfeeding can make the biggest improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where Does the U.S. Stand?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite having one of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm\">lowest breastfeeding initiation rates among industrialized countries\u003c/a> — it ranked 26th, according to the latest available data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development — breastfeeding rates in the U.S. improved nationwide and in nearly every state between 2007 and 2016, according to the latest available CDC data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2007, nearly 74 percent of U.S. women said they had ever breastfed, according to results from the CDC’s National Immunization Survey. A decade later, that number rose to 81 percent of American women. And the rate of women who said they continued breastfeeding at six months, consistent with recommendations from the WHO, rose from 42 percent to 52 percent by 2016.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most states revealed increases of 10-percentage points or more among women who said they had ever breastfed during the same time period. Utah reported the highest breastfeeding rate — 94 percent — while just over half of Mississippi mothers said they had tried to breastfeed their children. Three states — Vermont, Washington and Tennessee — slipped slightly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why it Matters?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Breastfeeding is one of the most cost-effective interventions for improving maternal and child health,” said Georges Benjamin, executive director for the American Public Health Association, in a released statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in the U.S., \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6627a3.htm\">disparities in race, income and geography\u003c/a> underscore the work that’s left to do to support U.S. mothers who want to give their infants breastmilk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2014, the World Health Organization challenged the global community to raise by 2025 the number of babies who were \u003ca href=\"http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/149022/WHO_NMH_NHD_14.7_eng.pdf;jsessionid=46F03474C750F2F4847BA40C1F94BD52?sequence=1\">exclusively breastfed during their first six months\u003c/a> by 50 percent. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also recognizes breast milk “as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/resources/us-breastfeeding-rates.html\">best source of nutrition for most infants\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places in the U.S. have spearheaded their own efforts to improve breastfeeding rates. The Make The Breast Pump Not Suck Hackathon at the Massachusetts Institute for Technology is an annual event that gives grants to projects that would improve access to breast feeding, from designing better breast pumps to improving social policies. In 2016, San Francisco took steps to ensure \u003ca href=\"http://www.populationsciences.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/SF%20Paid%20Parental%20Leave%20-%20UC%20Berkeley%20issue%20brief%201.pdf\">paid parental leave\u003c/a>, something advocates suggest could further improve breastfeeding rates. The United States remains the \u003ca href=\"https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/PF2_1_Parental_leave_systems.pdf\">only developed nation without mandated paid maternity leave\u003c/a>, according to the OECD.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Catherine D’Ignazio, who founded the hackathon event in 2014, said the reality is that many people still “don’t have access to making that choice” to breastfeed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn aligncenter\" src=\"https://d3i6fh83elv35t.cloudfront.net/static/2018/07/breastfeed-graphic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1031\" height=\"4685\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "To Repel Ticks, Try Spraying Your Clothes With A Pesticide That Mimics Mums",
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"content": "\u003cp>There's new evidence to support a decades-old strategy for preventing the tick bites that lead to all sorts of nasty diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remedy involves spraying your clothing with \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permethrin\u003c/a> — a pesticide that's chemically similar to extracts of the flowering chrysanthemum plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, the U.S. military conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3735345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> on a synthetic version of the plant-derived pesticide. When it was shown to be effective in preventing the bites of insects and ticks, the military began to purchase uniforms for soldiers that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/110610/army_launches_website_about_permethrin_treated_acus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">factory-treated with permethrin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many outdoor enthusiasts are converts, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love being outside — whether it's hiking, biking or climbing,\" says Danny Quinteros, who lives in Washington, D.C., and works at REI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinteros is planning a hike of the Appalachian Trail, which cuts through many tick-infested areas. And because of the rise in tick-borne diseases, permethrin has become part of his protection routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes a can and sprays it on a T-shirt. \"You want to stay back about 6 to 8 inches away from the clothing,\" he says. He applies an even coat, then flips the T-shirt over to spray the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating his clothes with permethrin, Quinteros wears a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet\">DEET-based\u003c/a> repellent to cover his exposed skin when he's outdoors. Together, he says, these two strategies are very effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's scientific evidence to back up Quinteros' observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are several studies that provide pretty compelling evidence that wearing permethrin-treated clothing has the potential to reduce tick bites,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wcsu.edu/sigma-xi/neeta-connally/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neeta Connally\u003c/a>, a medical entomologist who oversees the Tickborne Disease Prevention Lab at Western Connecticut State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy062/4999656\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, published in May in the \u003cem>Journal of Medical Entomology,\u003c/em> comes from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers purchased 10 different types of permethrin-treated clothing, including T-shirts, socks and pants from \u003ca href=\"https://www.insectshield.com/?mkwid=s1nqM9s0h&pcrid=278970168178&pmt=p&pkw=insect%20shield&pdv=c&slid=&product=&gclid=CjwKCAjwg_fZBRAoEiwAppvp-QZ8hfNLPVdP5uLKhbz9cznj2xFsO6HFT8tuFOEdo9pnQgSudOnGIBoCK_oQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insect Shield\u003c/a>, a purveyor of pretreated clothing. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.orvis.com/s/insect-repellent-clothing-by-bugsaway-from-orvis/3741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bugsaway\u003c/a> is another brand of permethrin-treated clothing, and Cabela's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cabelas.com/product/cabela-s-men-s-insect-defense-over-the-calf-socks/2194854.uts?Ntk=AllProducts&searchPath=%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%2F%3FN%3D5100830%26Ne%3D5100830%26Ntk%3DAllProducts%26Ntt%3Dinsect%26Ntx%3Dmode%252Bmatchallpartial%26WT.srch%3D1%26WT.tsrc%3DPPC%26rid%3D20%26WT.mc_id%3DGOOGLE%257Cmec_insect%252Bdefense%252Bclothing_permethrin%257CUSA%26WT.z_mc_id1%3D43700004953223579%26ds_rl%3D1256283%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjwpvzZBRCbARIsACe8vyJMjXM43KEVQge7fUu5cjDJtSMWKuOtBUrolmga-OkYJOhvp9lI49caAhLiEALw_wcB%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&Ntt=insect&slotId=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sells socks\u003c/a> treated with the insecticide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists let loose different species of ticks on a bit of treated cloth from each sample — a piece of cloth the size of a playing card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to see how long [the ticks would] have to be in contact with the clothing to be incapacitated and die,\" says Lars Eisen, a research entomologist for the CDC in Fort Collins, Colo., and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ticks quickly become irritated after being exposed to the pesticide, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They essentially start flipping backwards and start rolling off the treated clothing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black-legged tick — also known as the deer tick — which can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, was one of the species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When black-legged nymphs (young ticks that are no bigger than a poppy seed) came into contact with the treated clothing, it took them \"less than a minute\" to receive a dose of permethrin that killed them, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the ticks don't die instantly, the permethrin quickly incapacitates them so they're unable to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if permethrin-treated clothing is so effective, why don't more people use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in one Lyme \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peridomestic+Lyme+Disease+Prevention+Connally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevention study\u003c/a> published in 2009 that Connally and her team conducted in Connecticut, less than 1 percent of study participants said they ever wear treated clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though awareness is growing, she says, a more recent survey \"found that many respondents were uncertain about the effectiveness and safety of treated clothing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin has been registered with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> since 1979, and the EPA periodically re-evaluates it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an EPA-registered product, \"which means it must be studied for safety,\" Connally says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing#safety%20of%20permethrin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the EPA website\u003c/a>, \"All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.\" Using permethrin spray according to directions to treat your own clothes should also pose little risk, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Pesticide Information Center \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\">notes\u003c/a> that some people who inadvertently get the insecticide spray on their skin may experience temporary tingling, redness or irritation at that site, but not serious symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin lotions and creams are also routinely used to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head lice and scabies\u003c/a> in people 2 months of age and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely wear permethrin-treated clothing,\" say Connally, who has no financial ties to makers of permethrin or the treated clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she says many of the researchers in her lab wear treated overalls to protect themselves while doing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I think of the potentially serious illnesses that my family members or I could get from a single tick bite, I feel very comfortable wearing treated clothing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Repel+Ticks%2C+Try+Spraying+Your+Clothes+With+A+Pesticide+That+Mimics+Mums&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's new evidence to support a decades-old strategy for preventing the tick bites that lead to all sorts of nasty diseases, including Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remedy involves spraying your clothing with \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">permethrin\u003c/a> — a pesticide that's chemically similar to extracts of the flowering chrysanthemum plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in the 1980s, the U.S. military conducted several \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3735345\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">tests\u003c/a> on a synthetic version of the plant-derived pesticide. When it was shown to be effective in preventing the bites of insects and ticks, the military began to purchase uniforms for soldiers that are \u003ca href=\"https://www.army.mil/article/110610/army_launches_website_about_permethrin_treated_acus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">factory-treated with permethrin\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, many outdoor enthusiasts are converts, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love being outside — whether it's hiking, biking or climbing,\" says Danny Quinteros, who lives in Washington, D.C., and works at REI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quinteros is planning a hike of the Appalachian Trail, which cuts through many tick-infested areas. And because of the rise in tick-borne diseases, permethrin has become part of his protection routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He takes a can and sprays it on a T-shirt. \"You want to stay back about 6 to 8 inches away from the clothing,\" he says. He applies an even coat, then flips the T-shirt over to spray the back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to treating his clothes with permethrin, Quinteros wears a \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet\">DEET-based\u003c/a> repellent to cover his exposed skin when he's outdoors. Together, he says, these two strategies are very effective.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's scientific evidence to back up Quinteros' observations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are several studies that provide pretty compelling evidence that wearing permethrin-treated clothing has the potential to reduce tick bites,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://wcsu.edu/sigma-xi/neeta-connally/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neeta Connally\u003c/a>, a medical entomologist who oversees the Tickborne Disease Prevention Lab at Western Connecticut State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jme/tjy062/4999656\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent study\u003c/a>, published in May in the \u003cem>Journal of Medical Entomology,\u003c/em> comes from researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers purchased 10 different types of permethrin-treated clothing, including T-shirts, socks and pants from \u003ca href=\"https://www.insectshield.com/?mkwid=s1nqM9s0h&pcrid=278970168178&pmt=p&pkw=insect%20shield&pdv=c&slid=&product=&gclid=CjwKCAjwg_fZBRAoEiwAppvp-QZ8hfNLPVdP5uLKhbz9cznj2xFsO6HFT8tuFOEdo9pnQgSudOnGIBoCK_oQAvD_BwE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Insect Shield\u003c/a>, a purveyor of pretreated clothing. (\u003ca href=\"http://www.orvis.com/s/insect-repellent-clothing-by-bugsaway-from-orvis/3741\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bugsaway\u003c/a> is another brand of permethrin-treated clothing, and Cabela's \u003ca href=\"https://www.cabelas.com/product/cabela-s-men-s-insect-defense-over-the-calf-socks/2194854.uts?Ntk=AllProducts&searchPath=%2Fcatalog%2Fsearch%2F%3FN%3D5100830%26Ne%3D5100830%26Ntk%3DAllProducts%26Ntt%3Dinsect%26Ntx%3Dmode%252Bmatchallpartial%26WT.srch%3D1%26WT.tsrc%3DPPC%26rid%3D20%26WT.mc_id%3DGOOGLE%257Cmec_insect%252Bdefense%252Bclothing_permethrin%257CUSA%26WT.z_mc_id1%3D43700004953223579%26ds_rl%3D1256283%26gclid%3DCj0KCQjwpvzZBRCbARIsACe8vyJMjXM43KEVQge7fUu5cjDJtSMWKuOtBUrolmga-OkYJOhvp9lI49caAhLiEALw_wcB%26gclsrc%3Daw.ds&Ntt=insect&slotId=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sells socks\u003c/a> treated with the insecticide.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists let loose different species of ticks on a bit of treated cloth from each sample — a piece of cloth the size of a playing card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to see how long [the ticks would] have to be in contact with the clothing to be incapacitated and die,\" says Lars Eisen, a research entomologist for the CDC in Fort Collins, Colo., and one of the study's authors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ticks quickly become irritated after being exposed to the pesticide, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They essentially start flipping backwards and start rolling off the treated clothing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The black-legged tick — also known as the deer tick — which can transmit the bacteria that cause Lyme disease, was one of the species tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When black-legged nymphs (young ticks that are no bigger than a poppy seed) came into contact with the treated clothing, it took them \"less than a minute\" to receive a dose of permethrin that killed them, Eisen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though the ticks don't die instantly, the permethrin quickly incapacitates them so they're unable to bite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, if permethrin-treated clothing is so effective, why don't more people use it?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in one Lyme \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Peridomestic+Lyme+Disease+Prevention+Connally\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevention study\u003c/a> published in 2009 that Connally and her team conducted in Connecticut, less than 1 percent of study participants said they ever wear treated clothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even though awareness is growing, she says, a more recent survey \"found that many respondents were uncertain about the effectiveness and safety of treated clothing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin has been registered with the \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> since 1979, and the EPA periodically re-evaluates it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an EPA-registered product, \"which means it must be studied for safety,\" Connally says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/repellent-treated-clothing#safety%20of%20permethrin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the EPA website\u003c/a>, \"All exposure scenarios showed that permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant immediate or long-term hazard to people wearing the clothing.\" Using permethrin spray according to directions to treat your own clothes should also pose little risk, the agency says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Pesticide Information Center \u003ca href=\"http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PermGen.html\">notes\u003c/a> that some people who inadvertently get the insecticide spray on their skin may experience temporary tingling, redness or irritation at that site, but not serious symptoms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Permethrin lotions and creams are also routinely used to treat \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a698037.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">head lice and scabies\u003c/a> in people 2 months of age and older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I absolutely wear permethrin-treated clothing,\" say Connally, who has no financial ties to makers of permethrin or the treated clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she says many of the researchers in her lab wear treated overalls to protect themselves while doing research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When I think of the potentially serious illnesses that my family members or I could get from a single tick bite, I feel very comfortable wearing treated clothing,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=To+Repel+Ticks%2C+Try+Spraying+Your+Clothes+With+A+Pesticide+That+Mimics+Mums&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Family Caregivers Exchange Tips, Share Stories To Ease Alzheimer's Losses",
"title": "Family Caregivers Exchange Tips, Share Stories To Ease Alzheimer's Losses",
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"content": "\u003cp>Vicki Bartholomew started a support group for wives who are caring for a husband with Alzheimer's disease because she needed that sort of group herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They meet every month in a conference room at a new memory care facility in Nashville, Tenn., called \u003ca href=\"http://nashvillepublicradio.org/post/nashville-dementia-ward-aims-become-hub-memory-care-research#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abe's Garden\u003c/a>, where Bartholomew's husband was one of the first residents — a Vietnam veteran and prominent attorney in Nashville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My husband's still living, and now I'm in an even more difficult situation — I'm married, but I'm a widow,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women draw the shades and open up to each other in ways they can't with their lifelong friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're still wonderful friends, but they didn't know how to handle this. It was hard for them, and as you all know, your friends don't come around as much as they used to,\" Bartholomew says. \"I was in bad shape. I didn't think I was — I did have health problems, and [now] I know I was depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the numbers of Americans afflicted with Alzheimer's disease continue to swell to an estimated 5.7 million, so do the legions of loved ones caring for friends and family members. The toll on Bartholomew's own mental health is one of the reasons the Alzheimer's Foundation of America focuses on the nation's estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/facts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 million unpaid caregivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With no cure on the horizon, the foundation has been highlighting the necessity of better support for those caregivers through a \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/afa-educating-america-tour/\">national tour\u003c/a>. It stopped in Nashville earlier this spring, was in Tempe, Ariz., in June and heads to Fairfax, Va., in September; the tour includes at least six more cities in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the live events, Alzheimer's researchers and clinicians offer guidance on a number of topics, including how to ensure safety for patients at home, care planning and even how to \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/event/afa-educating-america-tour-tempe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entertain someone\u003c/a> with memory loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization promotes in-person and \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/alzheimers-foundation-americas-national-toll-free-helpline-expanding-seven-days-week/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telephone support groups\u003c/a>, since being a caregiver is often a barrier to getting out of the house alone. But even virtual support systems have shown some effectiveness at reducing loneliness, stress and depression \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668714/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a small 2014 study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to do everything we can to educate a caregiver, to provide them with the best practices on caring for somebody,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/team_member/charles-j-fuschillo-jr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles J. Fuschillo Jr.,\u003c/a> the Alzheimer's Foundation of America's CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the AFA \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/caregiving-resources/fact-sheets-information/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends\u003c/a> that family members:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Feed Alzheimer's patients one food at a time. \"A busy plate can be confusing,\" the group says.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mark rooms in the house with signs to avoid unnecessary confusion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Remind a person with Alzheimer's to use the toilet; don't wait for them to ask.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When traveling, stick with familiar destinations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch for a cough while eating; it can signal a swallowing disorder in people with dementia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Schedule overnight stays at a memory-care facility so the caregiver gets some respite.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Just as important, Fuschillo says, \"We want to do everything we can to avoid caregiver burnout.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breaking point sneaks up on even the most committed caregiver, say Alzheimer's advocates, especially as the nights grow more sleepless. Alzheimer's patients can tend to pace, or wake up their partner every few minutes. They can even become violent. Or, perhaps worse, they can leave the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I've had some issues at night that I had to take care of alone,\" says Pam Hawkins, whose husband has Alzheimer's. \"But I'm not ready to have anyone there at night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, she says, her husband usually sleeps all night. And if there's a problem, her son-in-law is 15 minutes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's had to hire caregivers during the day. Knowing how to find and hire the right person is a shared concern by Alzheimer's family members that has inspired an entire\u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/national/documents/topicsheet_homehealth.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> checklist\u003c/a> for navigating the process. The tips include these: Interview the aide in the home. Over-share information about the patient. Ask what kind of quality control a supervisor will provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins is adamant about keeping her husband at home, whatever the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's not going anywhere,\" she says. \"He's staying at our home until he moves to heaven. We made that decision a long time ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many caregivers have no choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>April Simpkins says tending to her husband became all consuming, and she's young enough that she still needs to keep her job; she works at a local university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was not possible for us to keep Joe at home,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins found she'd often have to call her husband's siblings to settle him down over the phone. One night, she had to dial 911 when he kept yelling in the hallways of their condo building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet she felt some societal pressure that she wasn't doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot of ... glory given to the whole idea of someone being long-suffering and staying at home and giving up their life, basically, to care for their loved one,\" Simpkins says. \"It makes it harder for people who can't do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone around the table nods in agreement. Whatever stage of illness their loved one is experiencing, these caregivers understand the complicated existence that many have dubbed \"the long goodbye.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with sharing the sorrow, they find a way to share in the humor of it all — one woman says her husband wears a laundry-basket's-worth of shirts and pants because he forgets he's already gotten dressed. Even tips on how to reduce the odor from incontinence are offered with a loving laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The support group ends with hugs. Some women head for the parking lot. Others buzz through the locked doors to see their husbands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins sits down for lunch with Joe, who is a former state employee and a youthful-looking 66 years old. She drapes an arm around his slumping shoulders and assists him as he spears a cold strawberry with his fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, there are some days,\" she says, interrupted by a random reflection from Joe. \"Yeah, some days are clearer than others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins tries to stop by to see her husband every day. But it's a wicked kind of blessing, she says, that when she misses a visit, Joe no longer notices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with Nashville Public Radio and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Nashville Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpln.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nashville Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Family+Caregivers+Exchange+Tips%2C+Share+Stories+To+Ease+Alzheimer%27s+Losses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Vicki Bartholomew started a support group for wives who are caring for a husband with Alzheimer's disease because she needed that sort of group herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They meet every month in a conference room at a new memory care facility in Nashville, Tenn., called \u003ca href=\"http://nashvillepublicradio.org/post/nashville-dementia-ward-aims-become-hub-memory-care-research#stream/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abe's Garden\u003c/a>, where Bartholomew's husband was one of the first residents — a Vietnam veteran and prominent attorney in Nashville.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My husband's still living, and now I'm in an even more difficult situation — I'm married, but I'm a widow,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These women draw the shades and open up to each other in ways they can't with their lifelong friends.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They're still wonderful friends, but they didn't know how to handle this. It was hard for them, and as you all know, your friends don't come around as much as they used to,\" Bartholomew says. \"I was in bad shape. I didn't think I was — I did have health problems, and [now] I know I was depressed.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the numbers of Americans afflicted with Alzheimer's disease continue to swell to an estimated 5.7 million, so do the legions of loved ones caring for friends and family members. The toll on Bartholomew's own mental health is one of the reasons the Alzheimer's Foundation of America focuses on the nation's estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/facts/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">16 million unpaid caregivers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With no cure on the horizon, the foundation has been highlighting the necessity of better support for those caregivers through a \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/afa-educating-america-tour/\">national tour\u003c/a>. It stopped in Nashville earlier this spring, was in Tempe, Ariz., in June and heads to Fairfax, Va., in September; the tour includes at least six more cities in the fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the live events, Alzheimer's researchers and clinicians offer guidance on a number of topics, including how to ensure safety for patients at home, care planning and even how to \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/event/afa-educating-america-tour-tempe/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">entertain someone\u003c/a> with memory loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The organization promotes in-person and \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/alzheimers-foundation-americas-national-toll-free-helpline-expanding-seven-days-week/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">telephone support groups\u003c/a>, since being a caregiver is often a barrier to getting out of the house alone. But even virtual support systems have shown some effectiveness at reducing loneliness, stress and depression \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4668714/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">in a small 2014 study.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have to do everything we can to educate a caregiver, to provide them with the best practices on caring for somebody,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/team_member/charles-j-fuschillo-jr/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charles J. Fuschillo Jr.,\u003c/a> the Alzheimer's Foundation of America's CEO.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the AFA \u003ca href=\"https://alzfdn.org/caregiving-resources/fact-sheets-information/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommends\u003c/a> that family members:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Feed Alzheimer's patients one food at a time. \"A busy plate can be confusing,\" the group says.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mark rooms in the house with signs to avoid unnecessary confusion.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Remind a person with Alzheimer's to use the toilet; don't wait for them to ask.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>When traveling, stick with familiar destinations.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch for a cough while eating; it can signal a swallowing disorder in people with dementia.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Schedule overnight stays at a memory-care facility so the caregiver gets some respite.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Just as important, Fuschillo says, \"We want to do everything we can to avoid caregiver burnout.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breaking point sneaks up on even the most committed caregiver, say Alzheimer's advocates, especially as the nights grow more sleepless. Alzheimer's patients can tend to pace, or wake up their partner every few minutes. They can even become violent. Or, perhaps worse, they can leave the house.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And I've had some issues at night that I had to take care of alone,\" says Pam Hawkins, whose husband has Alzheimer's. \"But I'm not ready to have anyone there at night.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For now, she says, her husband usually sleeps all night. And if there's a problem, her son-in-law is 15 minutes away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's had to hire caregivers during the day. Knowing how to find and hire the right person is a shared concern by Alzheimer's family members that has inspired an entire\u003ca href=\"https://www.alz.org/national/documents/topicsheet_homehealth.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> checklist\u003c/a> for navigating the process. The tips include these: Interview the aide in the home. Over-share information about the patient. Ask what kind of quality control a supervisor will provide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hawkins is adamant about keeping her husband at home, whatever the cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He's not going anywhere,\" she says. \"He's staying at our home until he moves to heaven. We made that decision a long time ago.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But many caregivers have no choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>April Simpkins says tending to her husband became all consuming, and she's young enough that she still needs to keep her job; she works at a local university.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was not possible for us to keep Joe at home,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins found she'd often have to call her husband's siblings to settle him down over the phone. One night, she had to dial 911 when he kept yelling in the hallways of their condo building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet she felt some societal pressure that she wasn't doing enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot of ... glory given to the whole idea of someone being long-suffering and staying at home and giving up their life, basically, to care for their loved one,\" Simpkins says. \"It makes it harder for people who can't do that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everyone around the table nods in agreement. Whatever stage of illness their loved one is experiencing, these caregivers understand the complicated existence that many have dubbed \"the long goodbye.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with sharing the sorrow, they find a way to share in the humor of it all — one woman says her husband wears a laundry-basket's-worth of shirts and pants because he forgets he's already gotten dressed. Even tips on how to reduce the odor from incontinence are offered with a loving laugh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The support group ends with hugs. Some women head for the parking lot. Others buzz through the locked doors to see their husbands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins sits down for lunch with Joe, who is a former state employee and a youthful-looking 66 years old. She drapes an arm around his slumping shoulders and assists him as he spears a cold strawberry with his fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, there are some days,\" she says, interrupted by a random reflection from Joe. \"Yeah, some days are clearer than others.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpkins tries to stop by to see her husband every day. But it's a wicked kind of blessing, she says, that when she misses a visit, Joe no longer notices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of NPR's reporting partnership with Nashville Public Radio and Kaiser Health News.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Nashville Public Radio. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wpln.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nashville Public Radio\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Family+Caregivers+Exchange+Tips%2C+Share+Stories+To+Ease+Alzheimer%27s+Losses&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "For Women Over 30, There May Be A Better Choice Than The Pap Smear",
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"headTitle": "Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>For most women under 65, a visit to the gynecologist often includes an unpleasant necessity: a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test involves letting a doctor or nurse scrape cells from the back of the cervix, which are visually inspected for signs of abnormality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another way to screen for cervical cancer risk, by directly testing for the human papillomavirus, or HPV, which causes 99 percent of cervical cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.7464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> A study published in JAMA\u003c/a> Tuesday suggests that method might be preferable for women age 30 and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA in 2014 approved the first HPV test, which tests cervical cells for the presence of HPV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HPV testing also can be done on samples of vaginal and cervical secretions that clinicians or women themselves gather with a swab — a less invasive process than the Pap. That process was shown to be accurate in multiple studies but is not yet used in clinical practice in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study, called the HPV FOCAL trial, compared the HPV test with traditional Pap smear screening among 19,000 Canadian women over four years. It adds to a body of research suggesting that HPV testing might be more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In our world this study is going to be a pretty big deal, in a good way,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/kathleen_schmeler.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Kathleen Schmeler\u003c/a>, a gynecologic oncologist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmeler says that in the U.S., it has been hard to justify replacing the Pap smear with the HPV test because there has not been a head-to-head comparison until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is not resolved. Some are still skeptical of relying on HPV testing alone, and co-testing, or using both the HPV test and a Pap smear, is still the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cervical cancer screening is essential because nearly \u003ca href=\"https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13,000 women in the U.S. are diagnosed with cervical cancer\u003c/a> annually. More than 4,000 women die from it, even with screening and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current screening guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend women ages 30 to 65 have a Pap smear every three years, or every five years if an HPV test is done at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/cervical-cancer-screening2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft recommendations issued last fall by USPSTF\u003c/a> recommended just one or the other — a Pap smear or an HPV test — instead of co-testing for women 30 and up. The organization has yet to issue final guidelines. This new study could prove important in deciding practice guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of the HPV FOCAL trial, some women received HPV testing and some had a Pap smear; those in the Pap smear group who tested negative had a second Pap after two years. Both groups were tested again using both methods after four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither method was foolproof. The final round of co-testing found additional abnormal cells in some women who originally tested negative in both groups. Women who originally had the Pap smear were more than twice as likely to have abnormal cells. Of the women who tested negative on the HPV test only 22 women showed abnormal cells (grade 3 or worse), while from the Pap smear group, 52 women ended up with abnormal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What our study shows is that by using HPV testing, we detect precancerous lesions earlier,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.spph.ubc.ca/person/gina-ogilvie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead author Dr. Gina Ogilvie\u003c/a>. \"If women have a negative HPV test, they are significantly less likely to have a precancerous lesion four years later, meaning we can extend screening time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ogilvie, a professor of medicine at the University of British Columbia, says this study shows that the real value of co-testing actually comes from the HPV test, not the Pap smear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like this one could lead to a change in guidelines, according to Dr. Chris Zahn, the vice president of practice for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study adds evidence to those that evaluated use of HPV as a primary screening modality, and the findings support the use of HPV only as a primary screen,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if guidelines do change for women over 30, the Pap smear is still important for women ages 21-29. They can't rely on HPV testing, Schmeler says, because almost everyone in that age group will contract HPV, and in many cases it goes away on its own. If the virus persists until their 30s, that's where problems come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you tested everyone for HPV in their 20s, they are almost all going to be positive, but there's going to be all of this intervention that's not needed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving away from co-testing may not be a good idea, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.colposcopycenter.com/MeetDrMarkSpitzer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Spitzer\u003c/a>, an OB-GYN and past president of American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. He wrote in an email that this new study actually shows the small but significant benefit of co-testing. He cites the small group of women who had abnormal cells discovered through a Pap smear at the end of the study period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the U.S., co-testing is currently the recommended gold standard, and neither doctors nor their patients should be willing to give up the added benefit you get from screening with a Pap test and HPV test together,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/diane-m-harper-md-mph-ms\">Dr. Diane Harper,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine who researches HPV at the University of Michigan, argues that the study was \"extraordinarily well done\" and moving away from co-testing could result in a decrease of false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The whole reason for [co-testing] is that you get a slight improvement in sensitivity,\" Harper says. \"But your false positive rate blows up. It's up to 30 percent of people [who] are falsely positive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who have a positive Pap smear generally get a colposcopy, which is an even closer \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/colposcopy/about/pac-20385036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva \u003c/a>for signs of disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A false positive could mean going through a biopsy during a colposcopy. Biopsies come with risks like bleeding, infection and pelvic pain, according to the Mayo Clinic. Harper says false positives bring unnecessary costs and fears to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's a lot of women that are unnecessarily worried,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women can get a clear result from a simple HPV test and those who receive a negative result will be able to trust those results for several years, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really amazing — there's no other test that gives us this level of reassurance for that period of time for a cancer,\" Harper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pap smears rely on the human eye to get results, she says, and it's far preferable to detect problems on a molecular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One caution about the study findings, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/carol-mangione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Carol Mangione\u003c/a>, a USPSTF task force member and UCLA professor of medicine, is that screening — either kind — is what saves lives. She says the method of testing comes second to being sure that all women, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/11/556895389/could-making-cancer-screening-simpler-increase-womens-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">especially high-prevalence groups like black and Hispanic women\u003c/a>, are able to get the testing they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Most cases of cervical cancer happen in women who have not been regularly screened, or who have been screened, but don't have access to appropriate treatment,\" she says. \"When we think about cervical cancer screening, we want to think about it in the framework of how do we get this test in the hands of all women?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=For+Women+Over+30%2C+There+May+Be+A+Better+Choice+Than+The+Pap+Smear&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For most women under 65, a visit to the gynecologist often includes an unpleasant necessity: a Pap smear to check for cervical cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The test involves letting a doctor or nurse scrape cells from the back of the cervix, which are visually inspected for signs of abnormality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's another way to screen for cervical cancer risk, by directly testing for the human papillomavirus, or HPV, which causes 99 percent of cervical cancer. \u003ca href=\"http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2018.7464\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> A study published in JAMA\u003c/a> Tuesday suggests that method might be preferable for women age 30 and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA in 2014 approved the first HPV test, which tests cervical cells for the presence of HPV.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HPV testing also can be done on samples of vaginal and cervical secretions that clinicians or women themselves gather with a swab — a less invasive process than the Pap. That process was shown to be accurate in multiple studies but is not yet used in clinical practice in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new study, called the HPV FOCAL trial, compared the HPV test with traditional Pap smear screening among 19,000 Canadian women over four years. It adds to a body of research suggesting that HPV testing might be more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In our world this study is going to be a pretty big deal, in a good way,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/kathleen_schmeler.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Kathleen Schmeler\u003c/a>, a gynecologic oncologist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schmeler says that in the U.S., it has been hard to justify replacing the Pap smear with the HPV test because there has not been a head-to-head comparison until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is not resolved. Some are still skeptical of relying on HPV testing alone, and co-testing, or using both the HPV test and a Pap smear, is still the standard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cervical cancer screening is essential because nearly \u003ca href=\"https://gis.cdc.gov/Cancer/USCS/DataViz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">13,000 women in the U.S. are diagnosed with cervical cancer\u003c/a> annually. More than 4,000 women die from it, even with screening and treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current screening guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend women ages 30 to 65 have a Pap smear every three years, or every five years if an HPV test is done at the same time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/cervical-cancer-screening2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">draft recommendations issued last fall by USPSTF\u003c/a> recommended just one or the other — a Pap smear or an HPV test — instead of co-testing for women 30 and up. The organization has yet to issue final guidelines. This new study could prove important in deciding practice guidelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the start of the HPV FOCAL trial, some women received HPV testing and some had a Pap smear; those in the Pap smear group who tested negative had a second Pap after two years. Both groups were tested again using both methods after four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither method was foolproof. The final round of co-testing found additional abnormal cells in some women who originally tested negative in both groups. Women who originally had the Pap smear were more than twice as likely to have abnormal cells. Of the women who tested negative on the HPV test only 22 women showed abnormal cells (grade 3 or worse), while from the Pap smear group, 52 women ended up with abnormal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What our study shows is that by using HPV testing, we detect precancerous lesions earlier,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.spph.ubc.ca/person/gina-ogilvie/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lead author Dr. Gina Ogilvie\u003c/a>. \"If women have a negative HPV test, they are significantly less likely to have a precancerous lesion four years later, meaning we can extend screening time.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ogilvie, a professor of medicine at the University of British Columbia, says this study shows that the real value of co-testing actually comes from the HPV test, not the Pap smear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies like this one could lead to a change in guidelines, according to Dr. Chris Zahn, the vice president of practice for the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This study adds evidence to those that evaluated use of HPV as a primary screening modality, and the findings support the use of HPV only as a primary screen,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if guidelines do change for women over 30, the Pap smear is still important for women ages 21-29. They can't rely on HPV testing, Schmeler says, because almost everyone in that age group will contract HPV, and in many cases it goes away on its own. If the virus persists until their 30s, that's where problems come in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you tested everyone for HPV in their 20s, they are almost all going to be positive, but there's going to be all of this intervention that's not needed,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moving away from co-testing may not be a good idea, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.colposcopycenter.com/MeetDrMarkSpitzer.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mark Spitzer\u003c/a>, an OB-GYN and past president of American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. He wrote in an email that this new study actually shows the small but significant benefit of co-testing. He cites the small group of women who had abnormal cells discovered through a Pap smear at the end of the study period.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the U.S., co-testing is currently the recommended gold standard, and neither doctors nor their patients should be willing to give up the added benefit you get from screening with a Pap test and HPV test together,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/family-medicine/diane-m-harper-md-mph-ms\">Dr. Diane Harper,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine who researches HPV at the University of Michigan, argues that the study was \"extraordinarily well done\" and moving away from co-testing could result in a decrease of false positives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The whole reason for [co-testing] is that you get a slight improvement in sensitivity,\" Harper says. \"But your false positive rate blows up. It's up to 30 percent of people [who] are falsely positive.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women who have a positive Pap smear generally get a colposcopy, which is an even closer \u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/colposcopy/about/pac-20385036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">examination of the cervix, vagina and vulva \u003c/a>for signs of disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A false positive could mean going through a biopsy during a colposcopy. Biopsies come with risks like bleeding, infection and pelvic pain, according to the Mayo Clinic. Harper says false positives bring unnecessary costs and fears to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's a lot of women that are unnecessarily worried,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women can get a clear result from a simple HPV test and those who receive a negative result will be able to trust those results for several years, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really amazing — there's no other test that gives us this level of reassurance for that period of time for a cancer,\" Harper says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pap smears rely on the human eye to get results, she says, and it's far preferable to detect problems on a molecular level.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One caution about the study findings, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/carol-mangione\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Carol Mangione\u003c/a>, a USPSTF task force member and UCLA professor of medicine, is that screening — either kind — is what saves lives. She says the method of testing comes second to being sure that all women, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/10/11/556895389/could-making-cancer-screening-simpler-increase-womens-risk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">especially high-prevalence groups like black and Hispanic women\u003c/a>, are able to get the testing they need.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The study participants read short accounts of violent behavior: In one, a man smashed a beer bottle over someone’s head; in another, an assailant raped an acquaintance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gKdycmp0KoVJxcxC1F1K6WdKxrJ9rXZI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were then asked: \u003cem>Would you do that?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day before, half of them had had the frontmost region of their brains, responsible for such high-level functions as impulse control and moral judgments, electrically stimulated; the other half had not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The people whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated reported roughly half the likelihood of committing a violent act like the ones they watched, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania reported on Monday; they said they found such physical and sexual violence more morally wrong, compared with the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers hailed their results as evidence that “increasing activity in the prefrontal cortex can reduce intentions to commit aggression and enhance perceptions of moral judgment,” as they wrote in the Journal of Neuroscience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. Participants couldn’t tell if they were receiving the stimulation or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers aimed at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex because dozens of small neuro-imaging studies have \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784035/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> that in people deemed antisocial or aggressive or both, this region is typically smaller and less active than in other people. Such studies can’t tell whether an impaired prefrontal cortex causes aggression or vice versa, so the Penn study, a registered \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02427672\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, tried to figure that out.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dnHIsBbKjxIupKuLmg7VYu4mKCZSmb4l\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The next day, participants read one vignette about the beer-bottle assault and one about the rape, and rated how likely they were (from “no chance” to “definitely”) to act as the assaulter did. The brain-stimulated group reported a 47 percent lower likelihood that they would commit the non-sexual physical assault (1.15 vs. 2.19 on a scale of 0 to 10) and a 70 percent lower likelihood of committing the sexual assault (0.26 vs. 0.86) compared with the control group. The brain-stimulated group also rated the assaults as more morally wrong than the control group did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But while the brain stimulation decreased people’s self-reported likelihood of committing assault, their actions indicated otherwise. In the only assessment of actual behavior, the participants got to stick pins into a computer image of a doll representing a close friend, a common lab test of violent tendencies. Those whose prefrontal cortex was stimulated stuck in slightly more pins than the control group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What people say they will do with regard to violence and what they actually do may be two different things,” said Appelbaum. “Whether actual violence would be reduced [by brain stimulation] is unknown,” but “the data suggest no impact” on actual aggressive behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Choy, the paper’s lead author and now a psychologist at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, emphasized that the participants got only one 20-minute stimulation session. “It might be that repeated sessions over a longer time period could produce changes in behavior, but changes in behavior start with changing intent,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to find benign biological interventions [for criminal violence] that society will accept,” Penn psychologist Adrian Raine, who has studied the brain basis of violence and psychopathy for decades, said in a statement. “Transcranial direct-current stimulation is minimal risk. This isn’t a frontal lobotomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robin Mackenzie, a scholar of medical law and ethics at England’s University of Kent, called the study “promising and suggestive,” saying it “advances the field of biological interventions on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she, too, noted several concerns. One is that the brain-stimulated group had 24 women and 15 men, compared with 21 and 21 in the control group. That raises the question of whether the zapped group’s lower likelihood of endorsing rape and beer-bottle attacks might be driven by gender differences, especially on what constitutes rape, Mackenzie said: “Asking female participants to identify with a rapist to assess how likely they would be to rape a woman is inherently different from asking male participants to do so….It is at the very least possible that the gender distribution could have skewed the results.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"APQk5r3dfTy6mLZEMSYpZsZfNmt4Z4Oq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the study participants had no history of psychiatric or neurologic disease or injury, all of which are associated with violent tendencies. But the brain mechanisms causing that violence in these groups may differ from the mechanisms in normal people. Results on healthy, non-violent college students therefore might not apply to people with such brain abnormalities. “How far tDCS could affect [such people] is an open question,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if stimulation of the prefrontal cortex makes people express a heightened sense that violence is wrong, when they are asked their views the next day, it remains to be seen whether any such effect would last, or if people would have to be zapped frequently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of its shortcomings, the study worries some experts. If governments adopt brain zapping for violent offenders, would it be voluntary or, just as some states and countries mandate chemical castration for some male sex offenders, mandatory? And would governments be tempted to extend its use beyond violence, such as “to induce passivity in politically unruly groups?,” Appelbaum asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Neurotechnologies which affect identity, ways of being, and thought processes are particularly tempting for authorities seeking to secure control and cut costs,” Mackenzie said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/02/brain-electric-stimulation-violence/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other experts said the results were far less than advertised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re a long way from ‘Clockwork Orange,’” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, director of the Division of Law, Ethics, and Psychiatry at Columbia University’s Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, the Penn researchers randomly assigned 81 healthy adults (the average ago was 20) to receive “transcranial direct-current stimulation” of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, behind the top of the forehead, for 20 minutes via two scalp electrodes, or to get a low current for 30 seconds and then nothing, also via electrodes. 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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 150 marijuana businesses in California warned Friday that they could face crippling financial losses unless the state extends a July 1 deadline imposing strict standards for pot testing and packaging.[contextly_sidebar id=”0fHd0AejefxNkJsARNFShg1Layhsilve”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a letter to Gov. Jerry Brown, the United Cannabis Business Association said the changes would further unsettle the struggling legal marketplace that launched Jan. 1, potentially forcing businesses to close their doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trade group that represents cannabis companies said there are too few labs to handle the testing, and retailers would have to destroy vast amounts of unsold cannabis that does not meet the new standards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Association president Jerred Kiloh estimated that businesses could face nearly $400 million in losses if those unsold supplies are destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Forcing the industry into compliance … will further cripple the already struggling regulated market,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the state Bureau of Cannabis Control gave no indication it would consider rolling back the deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We issued our emergency regulations back in November, and at that time we were pretty clear about the fact that there would be a six-month transition period for retailers to use up their existing supply. We felt that was a sufficient amount of time to deplete stock on hand and adapt to California’s new rules,” agency spokesman Alex Traverso said in an email.[contextly_sidebar id=”024mYCqF9Xv8Y0Ohhnf1BPJQ8spoTbMY”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations are being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana and required that pot sold after Saturday meets strict quality standards. With the deadline approaching, retailers have been unloading untested inventory at bargain-basement prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollout of the nation’s largest legal pot market has been bumpy at best. The black market is still flourishing, and the industry complains about taxes that can approach 50 percent in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others fear a shortage of retailers for both adult-use and medicinal marijuana could shut down the supply chain, stranding growers with mountains of unsold pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is operating under temporary regulations, while the largest city, Los Angeles, has been slow to issue licenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of cannabis and edibles produced without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year, or for sale July 1, must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter depicted an emerging industry that is struggling to find its footing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said the 30 licensed labs that would test pot would be unable to handle demand, resulting in a shortage of products on shelves. A system intended to track plants from seed to sale has been delayed. And packaging companies are not ready to meet the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Customers and patients will turn to illicit market retailers and delivery services who will still have an abundance of products for sale. Licensed retailers will be forced to shut down,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The businesses and advocacy groups that signed the letter represent a fraction of the state’s legal marketplace. For example, over 3,300 cultivation licenses have been issued, and there are more than 400 licensed retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Brian Melley contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, the state Bureau of Cannabis Control gave no indication it would consider rolling back the deadline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We issued our emergency regulations back in November, and at that time we were pretty clear about the fact that there would be a six-month transition period for retailers to use up their existing supply. We felt that was a sufficient amount of time to deplete stock on hand and adapt to California’s new rules,” agency spokesman Alex Traverso said in an email.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulations are being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana and required that pot sold after Saturday meets strict quality standards. With the deadline approaching, retailers have been unloading untested inventory at bargain-basement prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rollout of the nation’s largest legal pot market has been bumpy at best. The black market is still flourishing, and the industry complains about taxes that can approach 50 percent in some areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others fear a shortage of retailers for both adult-use and medicinal marijuana could shut down the supply chain, stranding growers with mountains of unsold pot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California is operating under temporary regulations, while the largest city, Los Angeles, has been slow to issue licenses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of cannabis and edibles produced without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year, or for sale July 1, must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The letter depicted an emerging industry that is struggling to find its footing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said the 30 licensed labs that would test pot would be unable to handle demand, resulting in a shortage of products on shelves. A system intended to track plants from seed to sale has been delayed. And packaging companies are not ready to meet the new rules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Customers and patients will turn to illicit market retailers and delivery services who will still have an abundance of products for sale. Licensed retailers will be forced to shut down,” the letter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The businesses and advocacy groups that signed the letter represent a fraction of the state’s legal marketplace. For example, over 3,300 cultivation licenses have been issued, and there are more than 400 licensed retailers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Associated Press writer Brian Melley contributed to this report.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Bargain basement bud is on the menu in California, but you need to act fast to cash in on the cheap weed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"klE8bvGIu5iQdFjCjnLgbvKiZvSMLEOF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regulations being phased in six months after the state broadly legalized marijuana require that pot sold after Saturday meet strict quality standards, so retailers unloading untested inventory are offering blowout prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deep discounts on everything from edibles to joints reflect the last days of the heady first phase of legal recreational pot. They could be followed by empty shelves as many stores scramble to restock with properly tested and packaged products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can smell it. There’s a certain desperation from stores that bought too much and they have to dump it,” said John Atari, CEO of Source Cannabis Farms, a licensed cultivator in Los Angeles. “There’s going to be a big shortage of clean product come July 1.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At Firehaus, a shop along an LA freeway, a fire sale of sorts unfolded this month with a 50 percent off “summer blowout” sale advertised on a popular marijuana app and texted and emailed to regular customers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrons leaving the brick storefront on a recent day were happy to double their value, but were unaware of the reason behind the bargains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen of those interviewed said they welcomed testing designed to weed out pesticides and contaminants such as solvents and mold, though they were largely unconcerned about the safety of the cannabis they’ve used for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I smoked pot for 40 years that wasn’t tested, from dealers on the street, and it smelled like anything from gasoline to perfume,” said Catherine Lanzarotta, who stocked up on “Blue Dream.” ″So I’ve never had that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will also examine concentrations and potency of the ingredient that gives users a buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry in its legal infancy to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of grass grown and cookies and other products made without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year or for sale July 1 must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the legalization of recreational marijuana, testing of pot sold for medical purposes was largely done for marketing. Growers could promote the potency of their product or the fact that it was free of contaminants.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qFwHtuTaonMJke2ut1S76W4JUvNMUiGD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Martin, co-founder and CEO of CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, said the voluminous new rules are draconian, with a mandate to test for heavy metals, which he said is unnecessary, and one to keep tested samples 45 days. There are also requirements about what technicians must wear, and lab employees have to pick up test samples directly from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new regulations have us twisting,” Martin said. “We feel like we’re trying to do yoga on two mats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns that the 28 testing facilities licensed by the state will not be enough, though labs said even with a spike in recent months, they have been able to handle capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A larger concern is a lag in testing as business owners banked on delayed implementation of the new rules. That could put them in a precarious position as they try to push product through a limited pipeline to restock shops with clean weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear is there will be a repeat of what Oregon experienced two years ago as distributors held out for a rules reprieve that never materialized and held up the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting bottleneck at labs meant testing that should have taken days dragged on for weeks, said Lori Glauser, chief operating officer of EVIO Labs, which has locations in California, Oregon, Colorado, Florida and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glauser said the recent surge in business she’s seen indicates a similar scenario in California that will lead to a temporary shortage of marijuana in dispensaries once they can no longer sell untested product.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xuZZxhZSqmD9988cGK6v3jmvXA963u1P\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some shops prepared for the new regulations by gradually replacing pot they sold with products that pass the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Garzot said she reopened her Shasta Lake medical marijuana shop to recreational customers Jan. 1 with the same untested inventory as the day before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by February, she estimated, about 15 percent of inventory at 530 Cannabis had been approved by testing labs. In April, that jumped to about 50 percent, and earlier this month Garzot said she figured about 95 percent of her goods passed muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone in the game knew this was coming,” she said. “My hope is that everybody has been doing their job getting systems dialed in for an uninterrupted supply chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was waiting until the final days of the month to see what remained in her stockpiles that could go in a limited blowout sale.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patrons leaving the brick storefront on a recent day were happy to double their value, but were unaware of the reason behind the bargains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A half-dozen of those interviewed said they welcomed testing designed to weed out pesticides and contaminants such as solvents and mold, though they were largely unconcerned about the safety of the cannabis they’ve used for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I smoked pot for 40 years that wasn’t tested, from dealers on the street, and it smelled like anything from gasoline to perfume,” said Catherine Lanzarotta, who stocked up on “Blue Dream.” ″So I’ve never had that concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Testing will also examine concentrations and potency of the ingredient that gives users a buzz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The change in rules was part of the state’s decision to allow the industry in its legal infancy to get a running start at the beginning of the year. Shops were given six months to burn through supplies of grass grown and cookies and other products made without strict testing requirements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any marijuana harvested this year or for sale July 1 must meet quality and safety standards or be destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the legalization of recreational marijuana, testing of pot sold for medical purposes was largely done for marketing. Growers could promote the potency of their product or the fact that it was free of contaminants.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robert Martin, co-founder and CEO of CW Analytical Laboratories in Oakland, said the voluminous new rules are draconian, with a mandate to test for heavy metals, which he said is unnecessary, and one to keep tested samples 45 days. There are also requirements about what technicians must wear, and lab employees have to pick up test samples directly from suppliers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The new regulations have us twisting,” Martin said. “We feel like we’re trying to do yoga on two mats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are concerns that the 28 testing facilities licensed by the state will not be enough, though labs said even with a spike in recent months, they have been able to handle capacity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A larger concern is a lag in testing as business owners banked on delayed implementation of the new rules. That could put them in a precarious position as they try to push product through a limited pipeline to restock shops with clean weed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fear is there will be a repeat of what Oregon experienced two years ago as distributors held out for a rules reprieve that never materialized and held up the supply chain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resulting bottleneck at labs meant testing that should have taken days dragged on for weeks, said Lori Glauser, chief operating officer of EVIO Labs, which has locations in California, Oregon, Colorado, Florida and Massachusetts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glauser said the recent surge in business she’s seen indicates a similar scenario in California that will lead to a temporary shortage of marijuana in dispensaries once they can no longer sell untested product.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some shops prepared for the new regulations by gradually replacing pot they sold with products that pass the tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jamie Garzot said she reopened her Shasta Lake medical marijuana shop to recreational customers Jan. 1 with the same untested inventory as the day before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by February, she estimated, about 15 percent of inventory at 530 Cannabis had been approved by testing labs. In April, that jumped to about 50 percent, and earlier this month Garzot said she figured about 95 percent of her goods passed muster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Everyone in the game knew this was coming,” she said. “My hope is that everybody has been doing their job getting systems dialed in for an uninterrupted supply chain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She was waiting until the final days of the month to see what remained in her stockpiles that could go in a limited blowout sale.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a marijuana-derived drug for the treatment of two rare and serious forms of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, that begin in childhood but can persist in adulthood.[contextly_sidebar id=\"RsxfUCgh8UsJJJ0ikrZvWqEfpFs55Jwz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is made from purified cannabidiol, or CBD, a compound found in the cannabis plant. The drug will be marketed under the brand name Epidiolex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CBD has medicinal effects, but it does not cause the mind-altering high that comes from THC, the primary psychoactive component of marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/01/401246/cannabis-based-drug-reduces-seizures-children-treatment-resistant-epilepsy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco \u003c/a>introduced the first study looking at the effects of Epidiolex on children and young adults who suffer from severe forms of epilepsy. They found that patients had fewer seizures when treated with the purified cannabinoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says this is the first drug approved in the U.S. that contains a purified substance derived from marijuana. The agency has previously approved drugs made from synthetic versions of THC and other marijuana constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This approval serves as a reminder that advancing sound development programs that properly evaluate active ingredients contained in marijuana can lead to important medical therapies,\" said FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb during a call with reporters about the approval.[contextly_sidebar id=\"RBUAK4wZ7KHOssmYfHT8dDioQ0U69y4E\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several states \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have legalized CBD oil \u003c/a>specifically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders. And, as NPR has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/23/604307015/anxiety-relief-without-the-high-new-studies-on-cbd-a-cannabis-extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>, CBD supplements are available widely online and in dispensaries in the form of oils or tinctures. CBD oil has gained popularity with consumers as a remedy for a variety of other ailments. However, the legal status of these products is uncertain, as is their quality. They're not regulated the way pharmaceutical drugs are, so the consistency and dose can vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having an FDA-approved, pharmaceutical-grade CBD drug will open up a new treatment option for epilepsy patients by delivering a high-quality, consistent dose of CBD, says \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/brain-institute/person/robert-carson-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Carson\u003c/a> a pediatric neurologist at Vanderbilt University who treats patients with epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our biggest concerns with the artisanal [or supplement] versions of CBD were related to the consistency,\" Carson says. \"We can't guarantee the consistency.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson says he will likely prescribe Epidiolex going forward. \"I'm always excited about the potential for a new therapy that has been well-studied and has a great potential for benefit,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several researchers are studying the potential of CBD to treat psychiatric conditions. For instance, a \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03248167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial is underway\u003c/a> to test whether CBD can be an effective treatment for people with post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder. Another clinical trial will determine whether CBD could help \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01311778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent relapse\u003c/a> in opioid abusers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"TzTIWOn6t1b75631sBYWcr2CwFcxdgut\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approval of Epidiolex may help open the door to more CBD research, as it helps to lift one regulatory hurdle. Until now, the Drug Enforcement Administration has classified CBD as a Schedule 1 substance. Like other drugs in this category, which include heroin and LSD, these drugs are considered to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, with the approval of a CBD drug, the DEA will change this, according to Dr. Douglas Throckmorton, deputy director of regulatory programs at the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The DEA will need to make a different scheduling decision for CBD...because it now has an accepted medical use,\" he said during a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the reclassification is underway now.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Green+Lights+Marijuana-Based+Pharmaceutical+Drug+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved a marijuana-derived drug for the treatment of two rare and serious forms of epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, that begin in childhood but can persist in adulthood.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug is made from purified cannabidiol, or CBD, a compound found in the cannabis plant. The drug will be marketed under the brand name Epidiolex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CBD has medicinal effects, but it does not cause the mind-altering high that comes from THC, the primary psychoactive component of marijuana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2016/01/401246/cannabis-based-drug-reduces-seizures-children-treatment-resistant-epilepsy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital San Francisco \u003c/a>introduced the first study looking at the effects of Epidiolex on children and young adults who suffer from severe forms of epilepsy. They found that patients had fewer seizures when treated with the purified cannabinoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA says this is the first drug approved in the U.S. that contains a purified substance derived from marijuana. The agency has previously approved drugs made from synthetic versions of THC and other marijuana constituents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This approval serves as a reminder that advancing sound development programs that properly evaluate active ingredients contained in marijuana can lead to important medical therapies,\" said FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb during a call with reporters about the approval.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several states \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">have legalized CBD oil \u003c/a>specifically for the treatment of intractable epilepsy or seizure disorders. And, as NPR has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/04/23/604307015/anxiety-relief-without-the-high-new-studies-on-cbd-a-cannabis-extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a>, CBD supplements are available widely online and in dispensaries in the form of oils or tinctures. CBD oil has gained popularity with consumers as a remedy for a variety of other ailments. However, the legal status of these products is uncertain, as is their quality. They're not regulated the way pharmaceutical drugs are, so the consistency and dose can vary widely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having an FDA-approved, pharmaceutical-grade CBD drug will open up a new treatment option for epilepsy patients by delivering a high-quality, consistent dose of CBD, says \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/brain-institute/person/robert-carson-md-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Carson\u003c/a> a pediatric neurologist at Vanderbilt University who treats patients with epilepsy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our biggest concerns with the artisanal [or supplement] versions of CBD were related to the consistency,\" Carson says. \"We can't guarantee the consistency.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson says he will likely prescribe Epidiolex going forward. \"I'm always excited about the potential for a new therapy that has been well-studied and has a great potential for benefit,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several researchers are studying the potential of CBD to treat psychiatric conditions. For instance, a \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03248167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial is underway\u003c/a> to test whether CBD can be an effective treatment for people with post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorder. Another clinical trial will determine whether CBD could help \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01311778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">prevent relapse\u003c/a> in opioid abusers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approval of Epidiolex may help open the door to more CBD research, as it helps to lift one regulatory hurdle. Until now, the Drug Enforcement Administration has classified CBD as a Schedule 1 substance. Like other drugs in this category, which include heroin and LSD, these drugs are considered to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, with the approval of a CBD drug, the DEA will change this, according to Dr. Douglas Throckmorton, deputy director of regulatory programs at the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research,\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The DEA will need to make a different scheduling decision for CBD...because it now has an accepted medical use,\" he said during a conference call with reporters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He said the reclassification is underway now.\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=FDA+Green+Lights+Marijuana-Based+Pharmaceutical+Drug+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "First Phage Center In The U.S. Signals Growing Acceptance",
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"content": "\u003cp>When her husband was dying of a drug-resistant infection, Steffanie Strathdee had a last-ditch idea. They could try treating him with a virus that would kill the bacteria colonizing his insides. The method, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/28/phage-therapy-mallory-smith/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy\u003c/a>, was popular in former Soviet republics, but had mostly been abandoned in the U.S. Researchers had to \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2018/05/the-best-viral-news-youll-ever-read-antibiotic-resistance-phage-therapy-bacteriophage-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hunt\u003c/a> for the right virus in Texas pigsties and sewage treatment plants.[contextly_sidebar id=\"arHYIuUonCY76BgMGAom8CdlRJtFsuZL\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was 2016. Phage therapy is still very much experimental — but it’s come a long way since then. New companies have popped up, hoping to get approval to sell these viruses as drugs. A \u003ca href=\"https://phage.directory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage directory\u003c/a> has come together, lab by lab, helping doctors figure out who has which virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the U.S. is getting its first \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/medicine/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/center-innovative-phage-applications-and-therapeutics/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy center\u003c/a>, at the University of California, San Diego. Its mission is to run clinical trials, but also to streamline the mad dash to secure the right phage before a patient dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics simply gives a name — and $1.2 million — to an institute that already exists. After word got out that Strathdee and her husband’s doctors had managed to save his life with a bacteriophage — literally, a bacteria-eater — her inbox filled with pleas for a repeat performance. They came from all over: the U.S., the U.K., Australia, India, China, Albania. In almost every case, there was someone dying because of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Viruses that had specifically evolved to kill those microbes might be able to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Strathdee and her network couldn’t act fast enough, and the patient died. But occasionally, it worked out. “I’ve had a second job as a phage-wrangler,” said Strathdee, who is the associate dean of global health sciences at UCSD, and who has been named a co-director of the new center. “When we started to treat patients, each one was like reinventing the wheel all over again: The phone calls at the 11th hour, the paperwork.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"HWlHiwtZ3b4aS5iux0NZv3CbgJWJOIOp\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting phage therapy to a patient can be a bit a puzzle. These viruses are picky about the microbes they feast on, so you often need to take a swab of the patient’s bacteria, nurture it in a dish, and then test which phages are able to kill it off. You need to make sure that the phages in question will explode a bacterial cell, rather than settling comfortably in its nucleus like lice on a kindergartener’s scalp. And then you need to purify it before delivery, so there aren’t any bacterial leftovers that might poison the person instead of saving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also plenty of bureaucracy, because phages have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s often a crazy rush to find the right phage with emails and calls and tweets, then getting emergency experimental approval — and that was largely what happened for the five other patients who’ve been treated with phages at UCSD since Strathdee’s husband was revived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make it so it isn’t such a scramble,” said Dr. Robert “Chip” Schooley, an infectious disease \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/PhysicianDirectory/Helen-Boucher.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">specialist\u003c/a> at UCSD, who administered the phage to Strathdee’s husband, and who is also co-director of the new center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement is also symbolic of a wider shift. With the rise of antibiotics in the 1930s and ’40s, phages went out of fashion in the U.S. But the person who had named them, a Canadian microbiologist named Felix d’Herelle, moved to Tbilisi, in the republic of Georgia, continuing his research at an institute that attracted the admiration of Joseph Stalin himself. Even after d’Herelle’s death, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eliava-institute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliava Institute\u003c/a> kept the flame of phage therapy alive.[contextly_sidebar id=\"HGcjrnDFzg80OPCbEp1ow35PtAMePTXI\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hardly helped the viruses’ reputation in America during the Cold War. “It was commie science; there was a taint to it,” explained Dr. William Summers, a phage biologist, historian, and professor emeritus at Yale University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though phages continued to be an important part of lab science, the researchers who used them thought they were good for just that: research. The idea of using them for therapy was almost a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as antibiotic resistance grew into a worldwide crisis — one that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kills\u003c/a> some 23,000 Americans a year — that joke started sounding more and more appealing. The funding of a center to administer and collect data on phage therapy is a reversal, of sorts: An admission that this long-disparaged idea is worth a million-dollar second glance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trust me, at the Eliava, we have tried to convince people that phages are a safe and good alternative to antibiotics for many years,” said Mzia Kutateladze, the director of the Eliava Institute. “Finally the people agreed to use it, and we are very happy, of course.” She estimated that Eliava’s phage therapy center gets around 15 to 20 Americans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is, thankfully, some momentum building … around these non-traditional therapies,” said Dr. Helen Boucher, an infectious disease specialist at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, who is not involved with the UCSD project. “I would think of this more in a high-risk, high-reward category. This is largely uncharted territory. … At the end of the day, if you have a product that can work against antibiotic-resistant organisms that isn’t antibiotics, that would be huge.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"oZXWClXhDyGosKyti4BoRnGzhEfmXr3I\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that her brainchild had been funded took Strathdee by surprise in late May. She was at a ceremony for UCSD professors with endowed chairs, at which all of them received medals. “The chancellor’s literally putting the medal around my neck, and he said, ‘Hey, I just sent you some money today,’” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center will collaborate with companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ampliphibio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AmpliPhi Biosciences\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adaptive Phage Therapeutics\u003c/a> to treat future patients. Some of them will have cystic fibrosis, which causes mucus in the lungs to be overly sticky, often allowing drug-resistant microbes to proliferate. Others might have long-term infections that are preventing them from getting organ transplants. Yet others will have implanted devices, which sometimes provide the nooks and crannies where bacteria can grow into a slimy film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sad thing is that there is going to be no shortage of patients,” said Strathdee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/21/first-phage-therapy-center-in-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-subscribe-container ctx-personalization-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-social-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-module-container ctx_default_placement ctx-clearfix\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-module ctx-nodefs ctx-content-block2 ctx-module-default\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-sections-container ctx-nomar\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-section ctx-clearfix ctx-section-previous\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"ctx-links-header\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When her husband was dying of a drug-resistant infection, Steffanie Strathdee had a last-ditch idea. They could try treating him with a virus that would kill the bacteria colonizing his insides. The method, called \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/28/phage-therapy-mallory-smith/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy\u003c/a>, was popular in former Soviet republics, but had mostly been abandoned in the U.S. Researchers had to \u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2018/05/the-best-viral-news-youll-ever-read-antibiotic-resistance-phage-therapy-bacteriophage-virus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hunt\u003c/a> for the right virus in Texas pigsties and sewage treatment plants.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was 2016. Phage therapy is still very much experimental — but it’s come a long way since then. New companies have popped up, hoping to get approval to sell these viruses as drugs. A \u003ca href=\"https://phage.directory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage directory\u003c/a> has come together, lab by lab, helping doctors figure out who has which virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the U.S. is getting its first \u003ca href=\"https://medschool.ucsd.edu/som/medicine/divisions/infectious-diseases/research/center-innovative-phage-applications-and-therapeutics/Pages/default.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">phage therapy center\u003c/a>, at the University of California, San Diego. Its mission is to run clinical trials, but also to streamline the mad dash to secure the right phage before a patient dies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some ways, the Center for Innovative Phage Applications and Therapeutics simply gives a name — and $1.2 million — to an institute that already exists. After word got out that Strathdee and her husband’s doctors had managed to save his life with a bacteriophage — literally, a bacteria-eater — her inbox filled with pleas for a repeat performance. They came from all over: the U.S., the U.K., Australia, India, China, Albania. In almost every case, there was someone dying because of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Viruses that had specifically evolved to kill those microbes might be able to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, Strathdee and her network couldn’t act fast enough, and the patient died. But occasionally, it worked out. “I’ve had a second job as a phage-wrangler,” said Strathdee, who is the associate dean of global health sciences at UCSD, and who has been named a co-director of the new center. “When we started to treat patients, each one was like reinventing the wheel all over again: The phone calls at the 11th hour, the paperwork.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting phage therapy to a patient can be a bit a puzzle. These viruses are picky about the microbes they feast on, so you often need to take a swab of the patient’s bacteria, nurture it in a dish, and then test which phages are able to kill it off. You need to make sure that the phages in question will explode a bacterial cell, rather than settling comfortably in its nucleus like lice on a kindergartener’s scalp. And then you need to purify it before delivery, so there aren’t any bacterial leftovers that might poison the person instead of saving them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also plenty of bureaucracy, because phages have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s often a crazy rush to find the right phage with emails and calls and tweets, then getting emergency experimental approval — and that was largely what happened for the five other patients who’ve been treated with phages at UCSD since Strathdee’s husband was revived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to make it so it isn’t such a scramble,” said Dr. Robert “Chip” Schooley, an infectious disease \u003ca href=\"https://www.tuftsmedicalcenter.org/PhysicianDirectory/Helen-Boucher.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">specialist\u003c/a> at UCSD, who administered the phage to Strathdee’s husband, and who is also co-director of the new center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement is also symbolic of a wider shift. With the rise of antibiotics in the 1930s and ’40s, phages went out of fashion in the U.S. But the person who had named them, a Canadian microbiologist named Felix d’Herelle, moved to Tbilisi, in the republic of Georgia, continuing his research at an institute that attracted the admiration of Joseph Stalin himself. Even after d’Herelle’s death, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.eliava-institute.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliava Institute\u003c/a> kept the flame of phage therapy alive.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That hardly helped the viruses’ reputation in America during the Cold War. “It was commie science; there was a taint to it,” explained Dr. William Summers, a phage biologist, historian, and professor emeritus at Yale University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though phages continued to be an important part of lab science, the researchers who used them thought they were good for just that: research. The idea of using them for therapy was almost a joke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, as antibiotic resistance grew into a worldwide crisis — one that \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">kills\u003c/a> some 23,000 Americans a year — that joke started sounding more and more appealing. The funding of a center to administer and collect data on phage therapy is a reversal, of sorts: An admission that this long-disparaged idea is worth a million-dollar second glance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trust me, at the Eliava, we have tried to convince people that phages are a safe and good alternative to antibiotics for many years,” said Mzia Kutateladze, the director of the Eliava Institute. “Finally the people agreed to use it, and we are very happy, of course.” She estimated that Eliava’s phage therapy center gets around 15 to 20 Americans every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There really is, thankfully, some momentum building … around these non-traditional therapies,” said Dr. Helen Boucher, an infectious disease specialist at Tufts Medical Center in Boston, who is not involved with the UCSD project. “I would think of this more in a high-risk, high-reward category. This is largely uncharted territory. … At the end of the day, if you have a product that can work against antibiotic-resistant organisms that isn’t antibiotics, that would be huge.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news that her brainchild had been funded took Strathdee by surprise in late May. She was at a ceremony for UCSD professors with endowed chairs, at which all of them received medals. “The chancellor’s literally putting the medal around my neck, and he said, ‘Hey, I just sent you some money today,’” she recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new center will collaborate with companies such as \u003ca href=\"http://www.ampliphibio.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AmpliPhi Biosciences\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.aphage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adaptive Phage Therapeutics\u003c/a> to treat future patients. Some of them will have cystic fibrosis, which causes mucus in the lungs to be overly sticky, often allowing drug-resistant microbes to proliferate. Others might have long-term infections that are preventing them from getting organ transplants. Yet others will have implanted devices, which sometimes provide the nooks and crannies where bacteria can grow into a slimy film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The sad thing is that there is going to be no shortage of patients,” said Strathdee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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},
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},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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},
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},
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},
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},
"californiareport": {
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"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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}
},
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"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
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"order": 10
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"order": 1
},
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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}
},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
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